1
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Le Gloanec C, Gómez-Felipe A, Alimchandani V, Branchini E, Bauer A, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Kierzkowski D. Modulation of cell differentiation and growth underlies the shift from bud protection to light capture in cauline leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:1214-1230. [PMID: 39106417 PMCID: PMC11444300 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Plant organs have evolved into diverse shapes for specialized functions despite emerging as simple protrusions at the shoot apex. Cauline leaves serve as photosynthetic organs and protective structures for emerging floral buds. However, the growth patterns underlying this dual function remain unknown. Here, we investigate the developmental dynamics shaping Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cauline leaves underlying their functional diversification from other laminar organs. We show that cauline leaves display a significant delay in overall elongation compared with rosette leaves. Using live imaging, we reveal that their functional divergence hinges on early modulation of the timing of cell differentiation and cellular growth rates. In contrast to rosette leaves and sepals, cell differentiation is delayed in cauline leaves, fostering extended proliferation, prolonged morphogenetic activity, and growth redistribution within the organ. Notably, cauline leaf growth is transiently suppressed during the early stages, keeping the leaf small and unfolded during the initiation of the first flowers. Our findings highlight the unique developmental timing of cauline leaves, underlying their shift from an early protective role to a later photosynthetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Le Gloanec
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Andrea Gómez-Felipe
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Viraj Alimchandani
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Elvis Branchini
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Amélie Bauer
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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2
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Granero-Moya I, Venturini V, Belthier G, Groenen B, Molina-Jordán M, González-Martín M, Trepat X, van Rheenen J, Andreu I, Roca-Cusachs P. Nucleocytoplasmic transport senses mechanical forces independently of cell density in cell monolayers. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262363. [PMID: 39120491 PMCID: PMC11423809 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells sense and respond to mechanical forces through mechanotransduction, which regulates processes in health and disease. In single adhesive cells, mechanotransduction involves the transmission of force from the extracellular matrix to the cell nucleus, where it affects nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) and the subsequent nuclear localization of transcriptional regulators, such as YAP (also known as YAP1). However, if and how NCT is mechanosensitive in multicellular systems is unclear. Here, we characterize and use a fluorescent sensor of nucleocytoplasmic transport (Sencyt) and demonstrate that NCT responds to mechanical forces but not cell density in cell monolayers. Using monolayers of both epithelial and mesenchymal phenotype, we show that NCT is altered in response both to osmotic shocks and to the inhibition of cell contractility. Furthermore, NCT correlates with the degree of nuclear deformation measured through nuclear solidity, a shape parameter related to nuclear envelope tension. In contrast, YAP is sensitive to cell density, showing that the YAP response to cell-cell contacts is not via a mere mechanical effect of NCT. Our results demonstrate the generality of the mechanical regulation of NCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Granero-Moya
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08014 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Venturini
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08014 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Belthier
- Oncode Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Groenen
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08014 Barcelona, Spain
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Molina-Jordán
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08014 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Martín
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08014 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08014 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08014 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Oncode Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ion Andreu
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08014 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Alonso-Serra J, Cheddadi I, Kiss A, Cerutti G, Lang M, Dieudonné S, Lionnet C, Godin C, Hamant O. Water fluxes pattern growth and identity in shoot meristems. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6944. [PMID: 39138210 PMCID: PMC11322635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, tissue outgrowth creates a new water sink, modifying local hydraulic patterns. Although water fluxes are often considered passive by-products of development, their contribution to morphogenesis remains largely unexplored. Here, we mapped cell volumetric growth across the shoot apex in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that, as organs grow, a subpopulation of cells at the organ-meristem boundary shrinks. Growth simulations using a model that integrates hydraulics and mechanics revealed water fluxes and predicted a water deficit for boundary cells. In planta, a water-soluble dye preferentially allocated to fast-growing tissues and failed to enter the boundary domain. Cell shrinkage next to fast-growing domains was also robust to different growth conditions and different topographies. Finally, a molecular signature of water deficit at the boundary confirmed our conclusion. Taken together, we propose that the differential sink strength of emerging organs prescribes the hydraulic patterns that define boundary domains at the shoot apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alonso-Serra
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, INRIA 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France.
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ibrahim Cheddadi
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, INRIA 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, Grenoble, France
| | - Annamaria Kiss
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, INRIA 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Cerutti
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, INRIA 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Marianne Lang
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, INRIA 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Sana Dieudonné
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, INRIA 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Lionnet
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, INRIA 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, INRIA 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, INRIA 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France.
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4
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Sessa G, Carabelli M, Sassi M. The Ins and Outs of Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper/Hormone Networks in the Regulation of Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5657. [PMID: 38891845 PMCID: PMC11171833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of complex plant architectures depends on the interactions among different molecular regulatory networks that control the growth of cells within tissues, ultimately shaping the final morphological features of each structure. The regulatory networks underlying tissue growth and overall plant shapes are composed of intricate webs of transcriptional regulators which synergize or compete to regulate the expression of downstream targets. Transcriptional regulation is intimately linked to phytohormone networks as transcription factors (TFs) might act as effectors or regulators of hormone signaling pathways, further enhancing the capacity and flexibility of molecular networks in shaping plant architectures. Here, we focus on homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) proteins, a class of plant-specific transcriptional regulators, and review their molecular connections with hormonal networks in different developmental contexts. We discuss how HD-ZIP proteins emerge as key regulators of hormone action in plants and further highlight the fundamental role that HD-ZIP/hormone networks play in the control of the body plan and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimiliano Sassi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.S.); (M.C.)
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5
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Mathew MM, Ganguly A, Prasad K. Multiple feedbacks on self-organized morphogenesis during plant regeneration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:553-559. [PMID: 37984062 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research have primarily emphasized genetic blueprint as the driving force behind plant regeneration. The flow of information from genetics, which manifests as biochemical properties, including hormones, has been extensively implicated in plant regeneration. However, recent advancements have unveiled additional intrinsic modules within this information flow. Here, we explore the three core modules of plant regeneration: biochemical properties, mechanical forces acting on cells, and cell geometry. We debate their roles and interactions during morphogenesis, emphasizing the potential for multiple feedbacks between these core modules to drive pattern formation during regeneration. We propose that de novo organ regeneration is a self-organized event driven by multidirectional information flow between these core modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Maria Mathew
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Akansha Ganguly
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Kalika Prasad
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
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6
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Clarke DN, Martin AC. EGFR-dependent actomyosin patterning coordinates morphogenetic movements between tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.573057. [PMID: 38187543 PMCID: PMC10769333 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.573057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The movements that give rise to the body's structure are powered by cell shape changes and rearrangements that are coordinated at supracellular scales. How such cellular coordination arises and integrates different morphogenetic programs is unclear. Using quantitative imaging, we found a complex pattern of adherens junction (AJ) levels in the ectoderm prior to gastrulation onset in Drosophila. AJ intensity exhibited a double-sided gradient, with peaks at the dorsal midline and ventral neuroectoderm. We show that this dorsal-ventral AJ pattern is regulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling and that this signal is required for ectoderm cell movement during mesoderm invagination and axis extension. We identify AJ levels and junctional actomyosin as downstream effectors of EGFR signaling. Overall, our study demonstrates a mechanism of coordination between tissue folding and convergent extension that facilitates embryo-wide gastrulation movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam C Martin
- Dept. of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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7
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Burda I, Martin AC, Roeder AHK, Collins MA. The dynamics and biophysics of shape formation: Common themes in plant and animal morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2850-2866. [PMID: 38113851 PMCID: PMC10752614 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of tissue form in multicellular organisms results from the complex interplay between genetics and physics. In both plants and animals, cells must act in concert to pattern their behaviors. Our understanding of the factors sculpting multicellular form has increased dramatically in the past few decades. From this work, common themes have emerged that connect plant and animal morphogenesis-an exciting connection that solidifies our understanding of the developmental basis of multicellular life. In this review, we will discuss the themes and the underlying principles that connect plant and animal morphogenesis, including the coordination of gene expression, signaling, growth, contraction, and mechanical and geometric feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Burda
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Genetic Genomics and Development Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Genetic Genomics and Development Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Collins
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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8
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Choudury SG, Husbands AY. Pick a side: Integrating gene expression and mechanical forces to polarize aerial organs. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102460. [PMID: 37775406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
How organs acquire their shapes is a central question in developmental biology. In plants, aerial lateral organs such as leaves initiate at the flanks of the growing meristem as dome-shaped primordia. These simple structures then grow out along multiple polarity axes to achieve a dizzying array of final shapes. Many of the hormone signaling pathways and genetic interactions that influence growth along these axes have been identified in the past few decades. Open questions include how and when initial gene expression patterns are set in organ primordia, and how these patterns are translated into the physical outcomes observed at the cellular and tissue levels. In this review, we highlight recent studies into the auxin signaling and gene expression dynamics that govern adaxial-abaxial patterning, and the contributions of mechanical forces to the development of flattened structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Choudury
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Aman Y Husbands
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA.
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9
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Agarwal P, Cadart C, Fort L, Gahan J, Greenspan L, Juan T, Kameneva P, Miao Y. Pathway to Independence: the future of developmental biology. Development 2023; 150:dev202360. [PMID: 37812057 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2022, Development launched its Pathway to Independence (PI) Programme, aimed at supporting postdocs as they transition to their first independent position. We selected eight talented researchers as the first cohort of PI Fellows. In this article, each of our Fellows provides their perspective on the future of their field. Together, they paint an exciting picture of the current state of and open questions in developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Clotilde Cadart
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Loic Fort
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 465 21st Avenue South, U 3200 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240-7935, USA
| | - James Gahan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Leah Greenspan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Juan
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Polina Kameneva
- The Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Peng Z, Alique D, Xiong Y, Hu J, Cao X, Lü S, Long M, Wang Y, Wabnik K, Jiao Y. Differential growth dynamics control aerial organ geometry. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4854-4868.e5. [PMID: 36272403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
How gene activities and biomechanics together direct organ shapes is poorly understood. Plant leaf and floral organs develop from highly similar initial structures and share similar gene expression patterns, yet they gain drastically different shapes later-flat and bilateral leaf primordia and radially symmetric floral primordia, respectively. We analyzed cellular growth patterns and gene expression in young leaves and flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana and found significant differences in cell growth rates, which correlate with convergence sites of phytohormone auxin that require polar auxin transport. In leaf primordia, the PRESSED-FLOWER-expressing middle domain grows faster than adjacent adaxial domain and coincides with auxin convergence. In contrast, in floral primordia, the LEAFY-expressing domain shows accelerated growth rates and pronounced auxin convergence. This distinct cell growth dynamics between leaf and flower requires changes in levels of cell-wall pectin de-methyl-esterification and mechanical properties of the cell wall. Data-driven computer model simulations at organ and cellular levels demonstrate that growth differences are central to obtaining distinct organ shape, corroborating in planta observations. Together, our study provides a mechanistic basis for the establishment of early aerial organ symmetries through local modulation of differential growth patterns with auxin and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Peng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daniel Alique
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yuanyuan Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinrong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mian Long
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China.
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11
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Joshi R, Han SB, Cho WK, Kim DH. The role of cellular traction forces in deciphering nuclear mechanics. Biomater Res 2022; 26:43. [PMID: 36076274 PMCID: PMC9461125 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular forces exerted on the extracellular matrix (ECM) during adhesion and migration under physiological and pathological conditions regulate not only the overall cell morphology but also nuclear deformation. Nuclear deformation can alter gene expression, integrity of the nuclear envelope, nucleus-cytoskeletal connection, chromatin architecture, and, in some cases, DNA damage responses. Although nuclear deformation is caused by the transfer of forces from the ECM to the nucleus, the role of intracellular organelles in force transfer remains unclear and a challenging area of study. To elucidate nuclear mechanics, various factors such as appropriate biomaterial properties, processing route, cellular force measurement technique, and micromanipulation of nuclear forces must be understood. In the initial phase of this review, we focused on various engineered biomaterials (natural and synthetic extracellular matrices) and their manufacturing routes along with the properties required to mimic the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discussed the principle of tools used to measure the cellular traction force generated during cell adhesion and migration, followed by recently developed techniques to gauge nuclear mechanics. In the last phase of this review, we outlined the principle of traction force microscopy (TFM), challenges in the remodeling of traction forces, microbead displacement tracking algorithm, data transformation from bead movement, and extension of 2-dimensional TFM to multiscale TFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Joshi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Ki Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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12
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Guo K, Huang C, Miao Y, Cosgrove DJ, Hsia KJ. Leaf morphogenesis: The multifaceted roles of mechanics. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1098-1119. [PMID: 35662674 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a rich diversity of biological forms, and the diversity of leaves is especially notable. Mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis have been studied in the past two decades, with a growing focus on the interactive roles of mechanics in recent years. Growth of plant organs involves feedback by mechanical stress: growth induces stress, and stress affects growth and morphogenesis. Although much attention has been given to potential stress-sensing mechanisms and cellular responses, the mechanical principles guiding morphogenesis have not been well understood. Here we synthesize the overarching roles of mechanics and mechanical stress in multilevel and multiple stages of leaf morphogenesis, encompassing leaf primordium initiation, phyllotaxis and venation patterning, and the establishment of complex mature leaf shapes. Moreover, the roles of mechanics at multiscale levels, from subcellular cytoskeletal molecules to single cells to tissues at the organ scale, are articulated. By highlighting the role of mechanical buckling in the formation of three-dimensional leaf shapes, this review integrates the perspectives of mechanics and biology to provide broader insights into the mechanobiology of leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Guo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - K Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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13
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Andreu I, Granero-Moya I, Chahare NR, Clein K, Molina-Jordán M, Beedle AEM, Elosegui-Artola A, Abenza JF, Rossetti L, Trepat X, Raveh B, Roca-Cusachs P. Mechanical force application to the nucleus regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:896-905. [PMID: 35681009 PMCID: PMC7614780 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force controls fundamental cellular processes in health and disease, and increasing evidence shows that the nucleus both experiences and senses applied forces. Such forces can lead to the nuclear translocation of proteins, but whether force controls nucleocytoplasmic transport, and how, remains unknown. Here we show that nuclear forces differentially control passive and facilitated nucleocytoplasmic transport, setting the rules for the mechanosensitivity of shuttling proteins. We demonstrate that nuclear force increases permeability across nuclear pore complexes, with a dependence on molecular weight that is stronger for passive than for facilitated diffusion. Owing to this differential effect, force leads to the translocation of cargoes into or out of the nucleus within a given range of molecular weight and affinity for nuclear transport receptors. Further, we show that the mechanosensitivity of several transcriptional regulators can be both explained by this mechanism and engineered exogenously by introducing appropriate nuclear localization signals. Our work unveils a mechanism of mechanically induced signalling, probably operating in parallel with others, with potential applicability across signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Andreu
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universidad de Navarra, TECNUN Escuela de Ingeniería, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Ignasi Granero-Moya
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nimesh R Chahare
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kessem Clein
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marc Molina-Jordán
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy E M Beedle
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Elosegui-Artola
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, UK
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Juan F Abenza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leone Rossetti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barak Raveh
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Nakayama H, Koga H, Long Y, Hamant O, Ferjani A. Looking beyond the gene network - metabolic and mechanical cell drivers of leaf morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275072. [PMID: 35438169 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The above-ground organs in plants display a rich diversity, yet they grow to characteristic sizes and shapes. Organ morphogenesis progresses through a sequence of key events, which are robustly executed spatiotemporally as an emerging property of intrinsic molecular networks while adapting to various environmental cues. This Review focuses on the multiscale control of leaf morphogenesis. Beyond the list of known genetic determinants underlying leaf growth and shape, we focus instead on the emerging novel mechanisms of metabolic and biomechanical regulations that coordinate plant cell growth non-cell-autonomously. This reveals how metabolism and mechanics are not solely passive outcomes of genetic regulation but play instructive roles in leaf morphogenesis. Such an integrative view also extends to fluctuating environmental cues and evolutionary adaptation. This synthesis calls for a more balanced view on morphogenesis, where shapes are considered from the standpoints of geometry, genetics, energy and mechanics, and as emerging properties of the cellular expression of these different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuchen Long
- Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, 184-8501 Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Stöckle D, Reyes-Hernández BJ, Barro AV, Nenadić M, Winter Z, Marc-Martin S, Bald L, Ursache R, Fujita S, Maizel A, Vermeer JEM. Microtubule-based perception of mechanical conflicts controls plant organ morphogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm4974. [PMID: 35138892 PMCID: PMC8827652 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Precise coordination between cells and tissues is essential for differential growth in plants. During lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana, the endodermis is actively remodeled to allow outgrowth of the new organ. Here, we show that microtubule arrays facing lateral root founder cells display a higher order compared to arrays on the opposite side of the same cell, and this asymmetry is required for endodermal remodeling and lateral root initiation. We identify that MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 70-5 (MAP70-5) is necessary for the establishment of this spatially defined microtubule organization and endodermis remodeling and thus contributes to lateral root morphogenesis. We propose that MAP70-5 and cortical microtubule arrays in the endodermis integrate the mechanical signals generated by lateral root outgrowth, facilitating the channeling of organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Stöckle
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Amaya Vilches Barro
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milica Nenadić
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zsofiá Winter
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Marc-Martin
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lotte Bald
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robertas Ursache
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Lausanne, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Lausanne, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Joop EM Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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16
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Atakhani A, Bogdziewiez L, Verger S. Characterising the mechanics of cell-cell adhesion in plants. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e2. [PMID: 37077973 PMCID: PMC10095952 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion is a fundamental feature of multicellular organisms. To ensure multicellular integrity, adhesion needs to be tightly controlled and maintained. In plants, cell-cell adhesion remains poorly understood. Here, we argue that to be able to understand how cell-cell adhesion works in plants, we need to understand and quantitatively measure the mechanics behind it. We first introduce cell-cell adhesion in the context of multicellularity, briefly explain the notions of adhesion strength, work and energy and present the current knowledge concerning the mechanisms of cell-cell adhesion in plants. Because still relatively little is known in plants, we then turn to animals, but also algae, bacteria, yeast and fungi, and examine how adhesion works and how it can be quantitatively measured in these systems. From this, we explore how the mechanics of cell adhesion could be quantitatively characterised in plants, opening future perspectives for understanding plant multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Atakhani
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Léa Bogdziewiez
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Author for correspondence: S. Verger, E-mail:
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17
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The physical basis of mollusk shell chiral coiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109210118. [PMID: 34810260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109210118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Snails are model organisms for studying the genetic, molecular, and developmental bases of left-right asymmetry in Bilateria. However, the development of their typical helicospiral shell, present for the last 540 million years in environments as different as the abyss or our gardens, remains poorly understood. Conversely, ammonites typically have a bilaterally symmetric, planispiraly coiled shell, with only 1% of 3,000 genera displaying either a helicospiral or a meandering asymmetric shell. A comparative analysis suggests that the development of chiral shells in these mollusks is different and that, unlike snails, ammonites with asymmetric shells probably had a bilaterally symmetric body diagnostic of cephalopods. We propose a mathematical model for the growth of shells, taking into account the physical interaction during development between the soft mollusk body and its hard shell. Our model shows that a growth mismatch between the secreted shell tube and a bilaterally symmetric body in ammonites can generate mechanical forces that are balanced by a twist of the body, breaking shell symmetry. In gastropods, where a twist is intrinsic to the body, the same model predicts that helicospiral shells are the most likely shell forms. Our model explains a large diversity of forms and shows that, although molluscan shells are incrementally secreted at their opening, the path followed by the shell edge and the resulting form are partly governed by the mechanics of the body inside the shell, a perspective that explains many aspects of their development and evolution.
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18
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Malivert A, Erguvan Ö, Chevallier A, Dehem A, Friaud R, Liu M, Martin M, Peyraud T, Hamant O, Verger S. FERONIA and microtubules independently contribute to mechanical integrity in the Arabidopsis shoot. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001454. [PMID: 34767544 PMCID: PMC8612563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive, cells must constantly resist mechanical stress. In plants, this involves the reinforcement of cell walls, notably through microtubule-dependent cellulose deposition. How wall sensing might contribute to this response is unknown. Here, we tested whether the microtubule response to stress acts downstream of known wall sensors. Using a multistep screen with 11 mutant lines, we identify FERONIA (FER) as the primary candidate for the cell’s response to stress in the shoot. However, this does not imply that FER acts upstream of the microtubule response to stress. In fact, when performing mechanical perturbations, we instead show that the expected microtubule response to stress does not require FER. We reveal that the feronia phenotype can be partially rescued by reducing tensile stress levels. Conversely, in the absence of both microtubules and FER, cells appear to swell and burst. Altogether, this shows that the microtubule response to stress acts as an independent pathway to resist stress, in parallel to FER. We propose that both pathways are required to maintain the mechanical integrity of plant cells. In all living organisms, cells must resist mechanical stress to survive. This study of the model plant Arabidopsis reveals that the candidate cell wall mechanoreceptor FERONIA and microtubules independently contribute to this mechanical feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Malivert
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Özer Erguvan
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Chevallier
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Dehem
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Rodrigue Friaud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Mengying Liu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Théophile Peyraud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (OH); (SV)
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (OH); (SV)
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19
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Saunders TE, Telley IA. Editorial: Special Issue on Mechanics in Development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:1-2. [PMID: 34696988 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Tiwari P, Rengarajan H, Saunders TE. Scaling of internal organs during Drosophila embryonic development. Biophys J 2021; 120:4264-4276. [PMID: 34087212 PMCID: PMC8516638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species show a diverse range of sizes; for example, domestic dogs have large variation in body mass. Yet, the internal structure of the organism remains similar, i.e., the system scales to organism size. Drosophila melanogaster has been a powerful model system for exploring scaling mechanisms. In the early embryo, gene expression boundaries scale very precisely to embryo length. Later in development, the adult wings grow with remarkable symmetry and scale well with animal size. Yet, our knowledge of whether internal organs initially scale to embryo size remains largely unknown. Here, we utilize artificially small Drosophila embryos to explore how three critical internal organs-the heart, hindgut, and ventral nerve cord (VNC)-adapt to changes in embryo morphology. We find that the heart scales precisely with embryo length. Intriguingly, reduction in cardiac cell length, rather than number, appears to be important in controlling heart length. The hindgut, which is the first chiral organ to form, displays scaling with embryo size under large-scale changes in the artificially smaller embryos but shows few hallmarks of scaling within wild-type size variation. Finally, the VNC only displays weak scaling behavior; even large changes in embryo geometry result in only small shifts in VNC length. This suggests that the VNC may have an intrinsic minimal length that is largely independent of embryo length. Overall, our work shows that internal organs can adapt to embryo size changes in Drosophila, but the extent to which they scale varies significantly between organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Tiwari
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Timothy E Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)Star, Singapore, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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21
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Abstract
The temporal coordination of events at cellular and tissue scales is essential for the proper development of organisms, and involves cell-intrinsic processes that can be coupled by local cellular signalling and instructed by global signalling, thereby creating spatial patterns of cellular states that change over time. The timing and structure of these patterns determine how an organism develops. Traditional developmental genetic methods have revealed the complex molecular circuits regulating these processes but are limited in their ability to predict and understand the emergent spatio-temporal dynamics. Increasingly, approaches from physics are now being used to help capture the dynamics of the system by providing simplified, generic descriptions. Combined with advances in imaging and computational power, such approaches aim to provide insight into timing and patterning in developing systems.
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22
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is one of the most remarkable examples of biological pattern formation. Despite substantial progress in the field, we still do not understand the organizational principles responsible for the robust convergence of the morphogenesis process across scales to form viable organisms under variable conditions. Achieving large-scale coordination requires feedback between mechanical and biochemical processes, spanning all levels of organization and relating the emerging patterns with the mechanisms driving their formation. In this review, we highlight the role of mechanics in the patterning process, emphasizing the active and synergistic manner in which mechanical processes participate in developmental patterning rather than merely following a program set by biochemical signals. We discuss the value of applying a coarse-grained approach toward understanding this complex interplay, which considers the large-scale dynamics and feedback as well as complementing the reductionist approach focused on molecular detail. A central challenge in this approach is identifying relevant coarse-grained variables and developing effective theories that can serve as a basis for an integrated framework for understanding this remarkable pattern-formation process. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonit Maroudas-Sacks
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; .,Network Biology Research Laboratories and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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23
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Reduction in organ-organ friction is critical for corolla elongation in morning glory. Commun Biol 2021; 4:285. [PMID: 33674689 PMCID: PMC7935917 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In complex structures such as flowers, organ-organ interactions are critical for morphogenesis. The corolla plays a central role in attracting pollinators: thus, its proper development is important in nature, agriculture, and horticulture. Although the intraorgan mechanism of corolla development has been studied, the importance of organ-organ interactions during development remains unknown. Here, using corolla mutants of morning glory described approximately 200 years ago, we show that glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) regulate floral organ interactions needed for corolla morphogenesis. Defects in GST development in perianth organs result in folding of the corolla tube, and release of mechanical stress by sepal removal restores corolla elongation. Computational modeling shows that the folding occurs because of buckling caused by mechanical stress from friction at the distal side of the corolla. Our results suggest a novel function of GSTs in regulating the physical interaction of floral organs for macroscopic morphogenesis of the corolla.
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