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Li XM, Jenke H, Strauss S, Bazakos C, Mosca G, Lymbouridou R, Kierzkowski D, Neumann U, Naik P, Huijser P, Laurent S, Smith RS, Runions A, Tsiantis M. Cell-cycle-linked growth reprogramming encodes developmental time into leaf morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:541-556.e15. [PMID: 38244542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
How is time encoded into organ growth and morphogenesis? We address this question by investigating heteroblasty, where leaf development and form are modified with progressing plant age. By combining morphometric analyses, fate-mapping through live-imaging, computational analyses, and genetics, we identify age-dependent changes in cell-cycle-associated growth and histogenesis that underpin leaf heteroblasty. We show that in juvenile leaves, cell proliferation competence is rapidly released in a "proliferation burst" coupled with fast growth, whereas in adult leaves, proliferative growth is sustained for longer and at a slower rate. These effects are mediated by the SPL9 transcription factor in response to inputs from both shoot age and individual leaf maturation along the proximodistal axis. SPL9 acts by activating CyclinD3 family genes, which are sufficient to bypass the requirement for SPL9 in the control of leaf shape and in heteroblastic reprogramming of cellular growth. In conclusion, we have identified a mechanism that bridges across cell, tissue, and whole-organism scales by linking cell-cycle-associated growth control to age-dependent changes in organ geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Min Li
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Jenke
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christos Bazakos
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rena Lymbouridou
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy (CeMic), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Purva Naik
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Huijser
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Laurent
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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Luo P, Shi C, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yang Y, Peng X, Xie T, Tang X. The nuclear-localized RNA helicase 13 is essential for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:5057-5071. [PMID: 37310806 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a semi-autonomous organelle with a double membrane structure, and its structural stability is a prerequisite for its correct function. Chloroplast development is regulated by known nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins or proteins encoded within the chloroplast itself. However, the mechanism of chloroplast development regulated by other organelles remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the nuclear-localized DEAD-box RNA helicase 13 (RH13) is essential for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana. RH13 is widely expressed in tissues and localized to the nucleolus. A homozygous rh13 mutant shows abnormal chloroplast structure and leaf morphogenesis. Proteomic analysis showed that the expression levels of photosynthesis-related proteins in chloroplasts were reduced due to loss of RH13. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing and proteomics data revealed decreases in the expression levels of these chloroplast-related genes, which undergo alternative splicing events in the rh13 mutant. Taken together, we propose that nucleolus-localized RH13 is critical for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ce Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yukun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiongbo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingchun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Tabeta H, Gunji S, Kawade K, Ferjani A. Leaf-size control beyond transcription factors: Compensatory mechanisms. Front Plant Sci 2023; 13:1024945. [PMID: 36756231 PMCID: PMC9901582 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1024945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves display abundant morphological richness yet grow to characteristic sizes and shapes. Beginning with a small number of undifferentiated founder cells, leaves evolve via a complex interplay of regulatory factors that ultimately influence cell proliferation and subsequent post-mitotic cell enlargement. During their development, a sequence of key events that shape leaves is both robustly executed spatiotemporally following a genomic molecular network and flexibly tuned by a variety of environmental stimuli. Decades of work on Arabidopsis thaliana have revisited the compensatory phenomena that might reflect a general and primary size-regulatory mechanism in leaves. This review focuses on key molecular and cellular events behind the organ-wide scale regulation of compensatory mechanisms. Lastly, emerging novel mechanisms of metabolic and hormonal regulation are discussed, based on recent advances in the field that have provided insights into, among other phenomena, leaf-size regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tabeta
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawade
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hao N, Cao J, Wang C, Zhu Y, Du Y, Wu T. Understanding the molecular mechanism of leaf morphogenesis in vegetable crops conduces to breeding process. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:971453. [PMID: 36570936 PMCID: PMC9773389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.971453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf morphology can affect the development and yield of plants by regulating plant architecture and photosynthesis. Several factors can determine the final leaf morphology, including the leaf complexity, size, shape, and margin type, which suggests that leaf morphogenesis is a complex regulation network. The formation of diverse leaf morphology is precisely controlled by gene regulation on translation and transcription levels. To further reveal this, more and more genome data has been published for different kinds of vegetable crops and advanced genotyping approaches have also been applied to identify the causal genes for the target traits. Therefore, the studies on the molecular regulation of leaf morphogenesis in vegetable crops have also been largely improved. This review will summarize the progress on identified genes or regulatory mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis and development in vegetable crops. These identified markers can be applied for further molecular-assisted selection (MAS) in vegetable crops. Overall, the review will contribute to understanding the leaf morphology of different crops from the perspective of molecular regulation and shortening the breeding cycle for vegetable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiajian Cao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yipeng Zhu
- Guiyang Productivity Promotion Center, Guiyang Science and Technology Bureau, Guiyang, China
| | - Yalin Du
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhou C, Han L. Genome-wide characterization of AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE family in Medicago truncatula reveals the significant roles of AINTEGUMENTAs in leaf growth. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1050462. [PMID: 36407624 PMCID: PMC9669440 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE (AIL) transcription factors are widely studied and play crucial roles in plant growth and development. However, the functions of the AIL family in legume species are largely unknown. In this study, 11 MtAIL genes were identified in the model legume Medicago truncatula, of which four of them are MtANTs. In situ analysis showed that MtANT1 was highly expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaf primordium. Characterization of mtant1 mtant2 mtant3 mtant4 quadruple mutants and MtANT1-overexpressing plants revealed that MtANTs were not only necessary but also sufficient for the regulation of leaf size, and indicated that they mainly function in the regulation of cell proliferation during secondary morphogenesis of leaves in M. truncatula. This study systematically analyzed the MtAIL family at the genome-wide level and revealed the functions of MtANTs in leaf growth. Thus, these genes may provide a potential application for promoting the biomass of legume forages.
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Gunji S, Kawade K, Tabeta H, Horiguchi G, Oikawa A, Asaoka M, Hirai MY, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. Tissue-targeted inorganic pyrophosphate hydrolysis in a fugu5 mutant reveals that excess inorganic pyrophosphate triggers developmental defects in a cell-autonomous manner. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:945225. [PMID: 35991393 PMCID: PMC9386291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.945225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excess PPi triggers developmental defects in a cell-autonomous manner. The level of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) must be tightly regulated in all kingdoms for the proper execution of cellular functions. In plants, the vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase (H+-PPase) has a pivotal role in PPi homeostasis. We previously demonstrated that the excess cytosolic PPi in the H+-PPase loss-of-function fugu5 mutant inhibits gluconeogenesis from seed storage lipids, arrests cell division in cotyledonary palisade tissue, and triggers a compensated cell enlargement (CCE). Moreover, PPi alters pavement cell (PC) shape, stomatal patterning, and functioning, supporting specific yet broad inhibitory effects of PPi on leaf morphogenesis. Whereas these developmental defects were totally rescued by the expression of the yeast soluble pyrophosphatase IPP1, sucrose supply alone canceled CCE in the palisade tissue but not the epidermal developmental defects. Hence, we postulated that the latter are likely triggered by excess PPi rather than a sucrose deficit. To formally test this hypothesis, we adopted a spatiotemporal approach by constructing and analyzing fugu5-1 PDF1 pro ::IPP1, fugu5-1 CLV1 pro ::IPP1, and fugu5-1 ICL pro ::IPP1, whereby PPi was removed specifically from the epidermis, palisade tissue cells, or during the 4 days following seed imbibition, respectively. It is important to note that whereas PC defects in fugu5-1 PDF1 pro ::IPP1 were completely recovered, those in fugu5-1 CLV1 pro ::IPP1 were not. In addition, phenotypic analyses of fugu5-1 ICL pro ::IPP1 lines demonstrated that the immediate removal of PPi after seed imbibition markedly improved overall plant growth, abolished CCE, but only partially restored the epidermal developmental defects. Next, the impact of spatial and temporal removal of PPi was investigated by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF MS). Our analysis revealed that the metabolic profiles are differentially affected among all the above transgenic lines, and consistent with an axial role of central metabolism of gluconeogenesis in CCE. Taken together, this study provides a conceptual framework to unveil metabolic fluctuations within leaf tissues with high spatio-temporal resolution. Finally, our findings suggest that excess PPi exerts its inhibitory effect in planta in the early stages of seedling establishment in a tissue- and cell-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
- United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawade
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Tabeta
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gorou Horiguchi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
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Guo K, Huang C, Miao Y, Cosgrove DJ, Hsia KJ. Leaf morphogenesis: The multifaceted roles of mechanics. Mol Plant 2022; 15:1098-1119. [PMID: 35662674 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a rich diversity of biological forms, and the diversity of leaves is especially notable. Mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis have been studied in the past two decades, with a growing focus on the interactive roles of mechanics in recent years. Growth of plant organs involves feedback by mechanical stress: growth induces stress, and stress affects growth and morphogenesis. Although much attention has been given to potential stress-sensing mechanisms and cellular responses, the mechanical principles guiding morphogenesis have not been well understood. Here we synthesize the overarching roles of mechanics and mechanical stress in multilevel and multiple stages of leaf morphogenesis, encompassing leaf primordium initiation, phyllotaxis and venation patterning, and the establishment of complex mature leaf shapes. Moreover, the roles of mechanics at multiscale levels, from subcellular cytoskeletal molecules to single cells to tissues at the organ scale, are articulated. By highlighting the role of mechanical buckling in the formation of three-dimensional leaf shapes, this review integrates the perspectives of mechanics and biology to provide broader insights into the mechanobiology of leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Guo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - K Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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8
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Shi Y, Jiang C, Song X, Tuskan GA, Zeng W, Zhang J, Lu M. The PagKNAT2/6b-PagBOP1/2a Regulatory Module Controls Leaf Morphogenesis in Populus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105581. [PMID: 35628391 PMCID: PMC9145908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf morphogenesis requires precise regulation of gene expression to achieve organ separation and flat-leaf form. The poplar KNOTTED-like homeobox gene PagKNAT2/6b could change plant architecture, especially leaf shape, in response to drought stress. However, its regulatory mechanism in leaf development remains unclear. In this work, gene expression analyses of PagKNAT2/6b suggested that PagKNAT2/6b was highly expressed during leaf development. Moreover, the leaf shape changes along the adaxial-abaxial, medial-lateral, and proximal-distal axes caused by the mis-expression of PagKNAT2/6b demonstrated that its overexpression (PagKNAT2/6b OE) and SRDX dominant repression (PagKNAT2/6b SRDX) poplars had an impact on the leaf axial development. The crinkle leaf of PagKNAT2/6b OE was consistent with the differential expression gene PagBOP1/2a (BLADE-ON-PETIOLE), which was the critical gene for regulating leaf development. Further study showed that PagBOP1/2a was directly activated by PagKNAT2/6b through a novel cis-acting element "CTCTT". Together, the PagKNAT2/6b-PagBOP1/2a module regulates poplar leaf morphology by affecting axial development, which provides insights aimed at leaf shape modification for further improving the drought tolerance of woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (C.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (C.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weilin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (C.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yangxin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (C.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Cheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (C.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xueqin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;
| | - Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (C.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (C.J.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.S.); (C.J.); (W.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (M.L.)
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He S, Ma R, Liu Z, Zhang D, Wang S, Guo Y, Chen M. Overexpression of BnaAGL11, a MADS-Box Transcription Factor, Regulates Leaf Morphogenesis and Senescence in Brassica napus. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:3420-3434. [PMID: 35261232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that SEEDSTICK/AGAMOUS-LIKE 11 (AtSTK/AtAGL11), a MADS-box transcription factor, plays important roles in many biological processes in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the function of BnaAGL11, an AtAGL11 homologous gene from Brassica napus, in leaf development remains unknown. Here, we found that the ectopic expression of any copy of Bna.C09.AGL11, Bna.A03.AGL11, and Bna.A09.AGL11 in A. thaliana led to smaller and curly leaves and promoted leaf senescence. Consistently, the overexpression of Bna.C09.AGL11 in B. napus also caused smaller and curly leaves and accelerated leaf senescence. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Bna.C09.AGL11 controlled leaf morphogenesis by indirectly downregulating the genes of Bna.A01.DWF4 and Bna.C07.PGX3 and promoted leaf senescence by indirectly upregulating the genes of Bna.A04.ABI5, Bna.A05.ABI5, Bna.C04.ABI5-1, and Bna.C01.SEN4 and directly activating the transcription of Bna.C04.ABI5-2 and Bna.C03.SEN4 genes. Our results provide new insights into the underlying regulatory mechanism of BnaAGL11 during leaf development in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Da Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingxun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Wang M, Wei H, Jeong BR. Lighting Direction Affects Leaf Morphology, Stomatal Characteristics, and Physiology of Head Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3157. [PMID: 33808879 PMCID: PMC8003708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses, and light is one of the most important factors that influences the plant morphology. This study was carried out to examine how the lighting direction affected the plant morphology by investigating the growth parameters, epidermal cell elongation, stomatal properties, and physiological changes. Seedlings of two head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars, Caesar Green and Polla, were subjected to a 12 h photoperiod with a 300 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided by light emitting diodes (LEDs) from three directions: the top, side, and bottom, relative to the plants. Compared with the top and side lighting, the bottom lighting increased the leaf angle and canopy by stimulating the epidermal cell elongation in leaf midrib, reduced the leaf number and root biomass, and induced large stomata with a low density, which is associated with reduced stomatal conductance and carbohydrate contents. However, the proline content and quantum yield exhibited no significant differences with the different lighting directions in both cultivars, which implies that the plants were under normal physiological conditions. In a conclusion, the lighting direction had a profound effect on the morphological characteristics of lettuce, where the plants adapted to the changing lighting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.W.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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11
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Zhang G, Hou X, Wang L, Xu J, Chen J, Fu X, Shen N, Nian J, Jiang Z, Hu J, Zhu L, Rao Y, Shi Y, Ren D, Dong G, Gao Z, Guo L, Qian Q, Luan S. PHOTO-SENSITIVE LEAF ROLLING 1 encodes a polygalacturonase that modifies cell wall structure and drought tolerance in rice. New Phytol 2021; 229:890-901. [PMID: 32858770 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis and modification of cell wall composition and structure are controlled by hundreds of enzymes and have a direct consequence on plant growth and development. However, the majority of these enzymes has not been functionally characterised. Rice mutants with leaf-rolling phenotypes were screened in a field. Phenotypic analysis under controlled conditions was performed for the selected mutant and the relevant gene was identified by map-based cloning. Cell wall composition was analysed by glycome profiling assay. We identified a photo-sensitive leaf rolling 1 (psl1) mutant with 'napping' (midday depression of photosynthesis) phenotype and reduced growth. The PSL1 gene encodes a cell wall-localised polygalacturonase (PG), a pectin-degrading enzyme. psl1 with a 260-bp deletion in its gene displayed leaf rolling in response to high light intensity and/or low humidity. Biochemical assays revealed PG activity of recombinant PSL1 protein. Significant modifications to cell wall composition in the psl1 mutant compared with the wild-type plants were identified. Such modifications enhanced drought tolerance of the mutant plants by reducing water loss under osmotic stress and drought conditions. Taken together, PSL1 functions as a PG that modifies cell wall biosynthesis, plant development and drought tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xin Hou
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xue Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Nianwei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jinqiang Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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12
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Magne K, Liu S, Massot S, Dalmais M, Morin H, Sibout R, Bendahmane A, Ratet P. Roles of BdUNICULME4 and BdLAXATUM-A in the non-domesticated grass Brachypodium distachyon. Plant J 2020; 103:645-659. [PMID: 32343459 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In cultivated grasses, tillering, spike architecture and seed shattering represent major agronomical traits. In barley, maize and rice, the NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE (NBCL) genes play important roles in development, especially in ligule development, tillering and flower identity. However, compared with dicots, the role of grass NBCL genes is underinvestigated. To better understand the role of grass NBCLs and to overcome any effects of domestication that might conceal their original functions, we studied TILLING nbcl mutants in the non-domesticated grass Brachypodium distachyon. In B. distachyon, the NBCL genes BdUNICULME4 (CUL4) and BdLAXATUM-A (LAXA) are orthologous, respectively, to the barley HvUniculme4 and HvLaxatum-a, to the maize Zmtassels replace upper ears1 and Zmtassels replace upper ears2 and to the rice OsBLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 and OsBLADE-ON-PETIOLE2/3. In B. distachyon, our reverse genetics study shows that CUL4 is not essential for the establishment of the blade-sheath boundary but is necessary for the development of the ligule and auricles. We report that CUL4 also exerts a positive role in tillering and a negative role in spikelet meristem activity. On the other hand, we demonstrate that LAXA plays a negative role in tillering, positively participates in spikelet development and contributes to the control of floral organ number and identity. In this work, we functionally characterized two new NBCL genes in a context of non-domesticated grass and highlighted original roles for grass NBCL genes that are related to important agronomical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Magne
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Shengbin Liu
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Massot
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Marion Dalmais
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Halima Morin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Richard Sibout
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
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13
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Chen S, Liu J, Liu Y, Chen L, Sun T, Yao N, Wang HB, Liu B. BIK1 and ERECTA Play Opposing Roles in Both Leaf and Inflorescence Development in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1480. [PMID: 31803215 PMCID: PMC6872632 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ cell-surface receptor-like kinases to detect extrinsic and intrinsic signals, thus make a trade-off between growth and immunity. The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases on the cytoplasmic side act as downstream components involved in the activation, transmission, and integration of intracellular signals. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the RLCK BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) associates with multiple RLKs to regulate pathogen defense responses and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. However, little is known about the biological functions of BIK1 in developmental processes in Arabidopsis. In this study, we established that mutation of ERECTA (ER), an important RLK, counteracts the developmental effects of loss of BIK1 function. BIK1 and ER play opposing roles in leaf morphogenesis and inflorescence architecture. Moreover, we confirmed that BIK1 is required to maintain appropriate auxin response during leaf margin morphogenesis. Finally, we found that BIK1 interacts with ER-family proteins and directly phosphorylates ER. Our findings might provide novel insight into the function of BIK1 in leaf and inflorescence development.
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14
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Chen W, Sheng Z, Cai Y, Li Q, Wei X, Xie L, Jiao G, Shao G, Tang S, Wang J, Hu P. Rice Morphogenesis and Chlorophyll Accumulation Is Regulated by the Protein Encoded by NRL3 and Its Interaction With NAL9. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:175. [PMID: 30838015 PMCID: PMC6390494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rice yield is closely related to plant leaf shape and chlorophyll content. In this study, we isolated and identified a narrow and rolled leaf mutant, temporarily named nrl3 with darker green leaves. Histological analysis showed that nrl3 has a reduced number of vascular bundles and undergoes abnormal abaxial sclerenchymatous cell differentiation. The NRL3 mutant phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene, fine-mapped to a 221 kb interval between Indel3 and RM2322 on Chr3. There are 42 ORF in this interval. Sequencing identified an SNP mutant leading to a premature stop in ORF 18, the candidate gene. Bioinformation analysis indicated that NRL3 encodes a novel protein with unknown function. NRL3 is localized in cytoplasm, membrane and nucleus. Expression analysis of nrl3 showed that genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis were significantly up-regulated while those involved in chlorophyll degradation and programmed cell death (PCD) were significantly down-regulated. The expression levels of photosynthesis genes were also affected. Y2H and BIFC assays indicated that NRL3 interacts directly with NAL9/VYL to regulate leaf morphology in rice. Thus, NRL3 plays an important role in leaf morphogenesis and chlorophyll accumulation, and can be used as a new gene resource for constructing improved rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Southern Grain and Oil Crops, Agricultural College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yicong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Southern Grain and Oil Crops, Agricultural College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Southern Grain and Oil Crops, Agricultural College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jianlong Wang, Peisong Hu,
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Southern Grain and Oil Crops, Agricultural College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jianlong Wang, Peisong Hu,
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15
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Ivanov OV, Maslova EV, Ignatov MS. Development of the sphagnoid areolation pattern in leaves of Palaeozoic protosphagnalean mosses. Ann Bot 2018; 122:915-925. [PMID: 29659704 PMCID: PMC6215045 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Protosphagnalean mosses constitute the largest group of extinct mosses of still uncertain affinity. Having the general morphology of the Bryopsida, some have leaves with an areolation pattern characteristic of modern Sphagna. This study describes the structure and variation of these patterns in protosphagnalean mosses and provides a comparison with those of modern Sphagna. METHODS Preparations of fossil mosses showing preserved leaf cell structure were obtained by dissolving rock, photographed, and the resulting images were transformed to graphical format and analysed with Areoana computer software. KEY RESULTS The sphagnoid areolation pattern is identical in its basic structure for both modern Sphagnum and Palaeozoic protosphagnalean mosses. However, in the former group the pattern develops through unequal oblique cell divisions, while in the latter the same pattern is a result of equal cell divisions taking place in a specific order with subsequent uneven cell growth. The protosphagnalean pathway leads to considerable variability in leaf structure. CONCLUSIONS Protosphagnalean mosses had a unique ability to switch the development of leaf areolation between a pathway unique to Sphagnum and another one common to all other mosses. This developmental polyvariancy hinders attempts to classify these mosses, as characters previously considered to be of generic significance can be shown to co-occur in one individual leaf. New understanding of the ontogeny has allowed us to re-evaluate the systematic significance of such diagnostic characters in these Palaeozoic plants, showing that their similarity to Sphagnum is less substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Ivanov
- Lebedev Institute of Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Michael S Ignatov
- Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, Russia
- Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Sarvepalli K, Nath U. CIN-TCP transcription factors: Transiting cell proliferation in plants. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:718-731. [PMID: 29934986 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leaves are the most conspicuous planar organs in plants, designed for efficient capture of sunlight and its conversion to energy that is channeled into sustaining the entire biosphere. How a few founder cells derived from the shoot apical meristem give rise to diverse leaf forms has interested naturalists and developmental biologists alike. At the heart of leaf morphogenesis lie two simple cellular processes, division and expansion, that are spatially and temporally segregated in a developing leaf. In leaves of dicot model species, cell division occurs predominantly at the base, concomitant with the expansion and differentiation of cells at the tip of the lamina that drives increase in leaf surface area. The timing of the transition from one cell fate (division) to the other (expansion) within a growing leaf lamina is a critical determinant of final leaf shape, size, complexity and flatness. The TCP proteins, unique to plant kingdom, are sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors that control several developmental and physiological traits. A sub-group of class II TCPs, called CINCINNATA-like TCPs (CIN-TCPs henceforth), are key regulators of the timing of the transition from division to expansion in dicot leaves. The current review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how the pattern of CIN-TCP activity is translated to the dynamic spatio-temporal control of cell-fate transition through the transactivation of cell-cycle regulators, growth-repressing microRNAs, and interactions with the chromatin remodeling machinery to modulate phytohormone responses. Unravelling how environmental inputs influence CIN-TCP-mediated growth control is a challenge for future studies. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(8):718-731, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Sarvepalli
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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17
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Min Y, Kramer EM. The Aquilegia JAGGED homolog promotes proliferation of adaxial cell types in both leaves and stems. New Phytol 2017; 216:536-548. [PMID: 27864962 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the functional conservation of JAGGED, a key gene involved in the sculpting of lateral organs in several model species, we identified its ortholog AqJAG in the lower eudicot species Aquilegia coerulea. We analyzed the expression patterns of AqJAG in various tissues and developmental stages, and used RNAi-based methods to generate knockdown phenotypes of AqJAG. AqJAG was strongly expressed in shoot apices, floral meristems, lateral root primordia and all lateral organ primordia. Silencing of AqJAG revealed a wide range of defects in the developing stems, leaves and flowers; strongest phenotypes include severe reduction of leaflet laminae due to a decrease in cell size and number, change of adaxial cell identity, outgrowth of laminar-like tissue on the inflorescence stem, and early arrest of floral meristems and floral organ primordia. Our results indicate that AqJAG plays a critical role in controlling primordia initiation and distal growth of floral organs, and laminar development of leaflets. Most strikingly, we demonstrated that AqJAG disproportionally controls the behavior of cells with adaxial identity in vegetative tissues, providing evidence of how cell proliferation is controlled in an identity-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Min
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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18
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Bhasin H, Hülskamp M. ANGUSTIFOLIA, a Plant Homolog of CtBP/BARS Localizes to Stress Granules and Regulates Their Formation. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1004. [PMID: 28659951 PMCID: PMC5469197 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene in Arabidopsis is important for a plethora of morphological phenotypes. Recently, AN was also reported to be involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It encodes a homolog of the animal C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs). In contrast to animal CtBPs, AN does not appear to function as a transcriptional co-repressor and instead functions outside nucleus where it might be involved in Golgi-associated membrane trafficking. In this study, we report a novel and unexplored role of AN as a component of stress granules (SGs). Interaction studies identified several RNA binding proteins that are associated with AN. AN co-localizes with several messenger ribonucleoprotein granule markers to SGs in a stress dependent manner. an mutants exhibit an altered SG formation. We provide evidence that the NAD(H) binding domain of AN is relevant in this context as proteins carrying mutations in this domain localize to a much higher degree to SGs and strongly reduce AN dimerization and its interaction with one interactor but not the others. Finally, we show that AN is a negative regulator of salt and osmotic stress responses in Arabidopsis suggesting a functional relevance in SGs.
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19
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Merelo P, Ram H, Pia Caggiano M, Ohno C, Ott F, Straub D, Graeff M, Cho SK, Yang SW, Wenkel S, Heisler MG. Regulation of MIR165/166 by class II and class III homeodomain leucine zipper proteins establishes leaf polarity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11973-8. [PMID: 27698117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of plant leaves is their flattened shape. This shape depends on an antagonism between the genes that specify adaxial (top) and abaxial (bottom) tissue identity; however, the molecular nature of this antagonism remains poorly understood. Class III homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) transcription factors are key mediators in the regulation of adaxial-abaxial patterning. Their expression is restricted adaxially during early development by the abaxially expressed microRNA (MIR)165/166, yet the mechanism that restricts MIR165/166 expression to abaxial leaf tissues remains unknown. Here, we show that class III and class II HD-ZIP proteins act together to repress MIR165/166 via a conserved cis-element in their promoters. Organ morphology and tissue patterning in plants, therefore, depend on a bidirectional repressive circuit involving a set of miRNAs and its targets.
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20
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Zhang J, Tian Y, Yan L, Zhang G, Wang X, Zeng Y, Zhang J, Ma X, Tan Y, Long N, Wang Y, Ma Y, He Y, Xue Y, Hao S, Yang S, Wang W, Zhang L, Dong Y, Chen W, Sheng J. Genome of Plant Maca (Lepidium meyenii) Illuminates Genomic Basis for High-Altitude Adaptation in the Central Andes. Mol Plant 2016; 9:1066-77. [PMID: 27174404 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp, 2n = 8x = 64), belonging to the Brassicaceae family, is an economic plant cultivated in the central Andes sierra in Peru (4000-4500 m). Considering that the rapid uplift of the central Andes occurred 5-10 million years ago (Ma), an evolutionary question arises regarding how plants such as maca acquire high-altitude adaptation within a short geological period. Here, we report the high-quality genome assembly of maca, in which two closely spaced maca-specific whole-genome duplications (WGDs; ∼6.7 Ma) were identified. Comparative genomic analysis between maca and closely related Brassicaceae species revealed expansions of maca genes and gene families involved in abiotic stress response, hormone signaling pathway, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis via WGDs. The retention and subsequent functional divergence of many duplicated genes may account for the morphological and physiological changes (i.e., small leaf shape and self-fertility) in maca in a high-altitude environment. In addition, some duplicated maca genes were identified with functions in morphological adaptation (i.e., LEAF CURLING RESPONSIVENESS) and abiotic stress response (i.e., GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEINS and DNA-DAMAGE-REPAIR/TOLERATION 2) under positive selection. Collectively, the maca genome provides useful information to understand the important roles of WGDs in the high-altitude adaptation of plants in the Andes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu'er 665000, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiajin Zhang
- School of Science and Information Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yuntao Tan
- College of Life Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Ni Long
- College of Life Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yangzi Wang
- College of Life Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yujin Ma
- College of Life Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Public Technical Service Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yu Xue
- College of Life Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shumei Hao
- Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yang Dong
- College of Life Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China; Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Jun Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu'er 665000, China.
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Das Gupta M, Aggarwal P, Nath U. CINCINNATA in Antirrhinum majus directly modulates genes involved in cytokinin and auxin signaling. New Phytol 2014; 204:901-12. [PMID: 25109749 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the CINCINNATA (CIN) gene in Antirrhinum majus and its orthologs in Arabidopsis result in crinkly leaves as a result of excess growth towards the leaf margin. CIN homologs code for TCP (TEOSINTE-BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 1 AND 2) transcription factors and are expressed in a broad zone in a growing leaf distal to the proliferation zone where they accelerate cell maturation. Although a few TCP targets are known, the functional basis of CIN-mediated leaf morphogenesis remains unclear. We compared the global transcription profiles of wild-type and the cin mutant of A. majus to identify the targets of CIN. We cloned and studied the direct targets using RNA in situ hybridization, DNA-protein interaction, chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter gene analysis. Many of the genes involved in the auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways showed altered expression in the cin mutant. Further, we showed that CIN binds to genomic regions and directly promotes the transcription of a cytokinin receptor homolog HISTIDINE KINASE 4 (AmHK4) and an IAA3/SHY2 (INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 3/SHORT HYPOCOTYL 2) homolog in A. majus. Our results suggest that CIN limits excess cell proliferation and maintains the flatness of the leaf surface by directly modulating the hormone pathways involved in patterning cell proliferation and differentiation during leaf growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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22
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Malinowski R. Understanding of Leaf Development-the Science of Complexity. Plants (Basel) 2013; 2:396-415. [PMID: 27137383 PMCID: PMC4844378 DOI: 10.3390/plants2030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The leaf is the major organ involved in light perception and conversion of solar energy into organic carbon. In order to adapt to different natural habitats, plants have developed a variety of leaf forms, ranging from simple to compound, with various forms of dissection. Due to the enormous cellular complexity of leaves, understanding the mechanisms regulating development of these organs is difficult. In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the use of technically advanced imaging techniques and computational modeling in studies of leaf development. Additionally, molecular tools for manipulation of morphogenesis were successfully used for in planta verification of developmental models. Results of these interdisciplinary studies show that global growth patterns influencing final leaf form are generated by cooperative action of genetic, biochemical, and biomechanical inputs. This review summarizes recent progress in integrative studies on leaf development and illustrates how intrinsic features of leaves (including their cellular complexity) influence the choice of experimental approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malinowski
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden-Centre for Biodiversity Protection in Powsin, ul Prawdziwka 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Momokawa N, Kadono Y, Kudoh H. Effects of light quality on leaf morphogenesis of a heterophyllous amphibious plant, Rotala hippuris. Ann Bot 2011; 108:1299-1306. [PMID: 21896573 PMCID: PMC3197461 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS For heterophyllous amphibious plants that experience fluctuating water levels, it is critical to control leaf development precisely in response to environmental cues that can serve as a quantitative index of water depth. Light quality can serve as such a cue because the ratio of red light relative to far-red light (R/FR) increases and blue-light intensity decreases with increasing water depth. Growth experiments were conducted to examine how R/FR and blue-light intensity alter leaf morphology of a heterophyllous amphibious plant, Rotala hippuris. METHODS Using combinations of far red (730 nm), red (660 nm) and blue (470 nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), growth experiments were used to quantitatively evaluate the effects of the R/FR ratio and blue-light intensity on leaf morphology. KEY RESULTS Under the natural light regime in an outside growth garden, R. hippuris produced distinct leaves under submerged and aerial conditions. R/FR and blue-light intensity were found to markedly affect heterophyllous leaf formation. Higher and lower R/FR caused leaf characters more typical of submerged and aerial leaves, respectively, in both aerial and submerged conditions, in accordance with natural distribution of leaf types and light under water. High blue light caused a shift of trait values toward those of typical aerial leaves, and the response was most prominent under conditions of R/FR that were expected near the water surface. CONCLUSIONS R/FR and blue-light intensity provides quantitative cues for R. hippuris to detect water depth and determine the developmental fates of leaves, especially near the water surface. The utilization of these quantitative cues is expected to be important in habitats where plants experience water-level fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Momokawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuro Kadono
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kudoh
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
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Kim GT, Tsukaya H, Uchimiya H. The ROTUNDIFOLIA3 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a new member of the cytochrome P-450 family that is required for the regulated polar elongation of leaf cells. Genes Dev 1998; 12:2381-91. [PMID: 9694802 PMCID: PMC317051 DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.15.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The polarized processes of cell elongation play a crucial role in morphogenesis of higher plants. We reported previously that the rotundifolia3 (rot3) mutant of Arabidopsis has a defect in the polar elongation of leaf cells. In the present study, we isolated two additional alleles with mutations in the ROT3 gene. The ROT3 gene was cloned by a T-DNA-tagging method and isolation of the gene was confirmed by a molecular analysis of three rot3 mutant alleles obtained from different mutagenesis. The ROT3 gene encodes a cytochrome P-450 (CYP90C1) with domains homologous to regions of steroid hydroxylases of animals and plants. Expression of the ROT3 gene was detected in all major plant organs. Especially, higher expression was detected in the tissues that had high activity of cell division. We confirmed that the ROT3 gene controls polar elongation specifically in leaf cells by an analysis of three rot3 mutants obtained from different mutagenesis experiments. Our results imply that the ROT3 protein is a member of a new class of cytochrome P-450 encoding putative steroid hydroxylases, which is required for the regulated polar elongation of cells in leaves of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Kim
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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