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Alberti M. Cities of the Anthropocene: urban sustainability in an eco-evolutionary perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220264. [PMID: 37952615 PMCID: PMC10645089 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cities across the globe are driving systemic change in social and ecological systems by accelerating the rates of interactions and intensifying the links between human activities and Earth's ecosystems, thereby expanding the scale and influence of human activities on fundamental processes that sustain life. Increasing evidence shows that cities not only alter biodiversity, they change the genetic makeup of many populations, including animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms. Urban-driven rapid evolution in species traits might have significant effects on socially relevant ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling, pollination, water and air purification and food production. Despite increasing evidence that cities are causing rapid evolutionary change, current urban sustainability strategies often overlook these dynamics. The dominant perspectives that guide these strategies are essentially static, focusing on preserving biodiversity in its present state or restoring it to pre-urban conditions. This paper provides a systemic overview of the socio-eco-evolutionary transition associated with global urbanization. Using examples of observed changes in species traits that play a significant role in maintaining ecosystem function and resilience, I propose that these evolutionary changes significantly impact urban sustainability. Incorporating an eco-evolutionary perspective into urban sustainability science and planning is crucial for effectively reimagining the cities of the Anthropocene. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alberti
- Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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2
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Søgaard Jørgensen P, Weinberger VP, Waring TM. Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220251. [PMID: 37952619 PMCID: PMC10645096 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
How did human societies evolve to become a major force of global change? What dynamics can lead societies on a trajectory of global sustainability? The astonishing growth in human population, economic activity and environmental impact has brought these questions to the fore. This theme issue pulls together a variety of traditions that seek to address these questions using different theories and methods. In this Introduction, we review and organize the major strands of work on how the Anthropocene evolved, how evolutionary dynamics are influencing sustainability efforts today, and what principles, strategies and capacities will be important to guide us towards global sustainability in the future. We present a set of synthetic insights and highlight frontiers for future research efforts which could contribute to a consolidated synthesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Søgaard Jørgensen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Stockholm 10405, Sweden
- Anthropocene Laboratory, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Stockholm 10405, Sweden
| | - Vanessa P. Weinberger
- Center for Resilience, Adaptation and Mitigation (CReAM), Universidad Mayor, Temuco, 4801043, Chile
| | - Timothy M. Waring
- Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine Orono, ME 04473, USA
- School of Economics, University of Maine Orono, ME 04473, USA
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3
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Galaz V, Rocha J, Sánchez-García PA, Dauriach A, Roukny T, S Gaard J Rgensen P. Financial influence on global risks of zoonotic emerging and re-emerging diseases: an integrative analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e951-e962. [PMID: 38056966 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), such as Ebola virus disease and highly pathogenic influenza, are serious threats to human health and wellbeing worldwide. The financial sector has an important, yet often ignored, influence as owners and investors in industries that are associated with anthropogenic land-use changes in ecosystems linked to increased EIDs risks. We aimed to analyse financial influence associated with EIDs risks that are affected by anthropogenic land-use changes. We also aimed to provide empirical assessments of such influence to help guide engagements by governments, private organisations, and non-governmental organisations with the financial sector to advance a planetary health agenda. METHODS For this integrative analysis, we identified regions in the world where there was evidence of a connection between EIDs and anthropogenic land-use changes between Nov 9, 1999, and Oct 25, 2021, through a targeted literature review of academic literature and grey literature to identify evidence of drivers of anthropogenic land-use change and their association with commodity production in these regions. We only included publications in English that showed a connection between deforestation and the production of one or more commodities. Publications merely describing spatial or temporal land-use change dynamics (eg, a reduction of forest or an increase of palm-oil plantations) were excluded. As we were assessing financial influence on corporate activities through ownership specifically, we focused our analysis on publicly listed companies. Equity data and data about ownership structure were extracted from Orbis, a company information database. We assessed financial influence by identifying financial entities with the largest equity ownership, descriptively mapping transboundary connections between investors and publicly listed companies. FINDINGS 227 public and private companies operating in five economic sectors (ie, production of palm oil, pulp and wood products, cocoa, soybeans, and beef) between Dec 15, 2020, and March 8, 2021, were identified. Of these 227, 99 (44%) were publicly listed companies, with 2310 unique shareholders. These publicly listed companies operated in six geographical regions, resulting in nine case-study regions. 54 (55%) companies with complete geographical information were included in the countries network. Four financial entities (ie, Dimensional, Vanguard, BlackRock, and Norway's sovereign wealth fund) each had ownership in 39 companies or more in three of the case-study regions (ie, north America, east Asia, and Europe). Four large US-based asset managers (ie, Vanguard, BlackRock, T Rowe Price, and State Street) were the largest owners of publicly listed companies in terms of total equity size, with ownership amounts for these four entities ranging from US$8 billion to $21 billion. The specific patterns of cross-national ownership depended on the region of interest; for example, financial influence on EIDs risks that was associated with commodity production in southeast and east Asia came from not only global asset managers but also Malaysian, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean financial entities. India, Brazil, the USA, Mexico, and Argentina were the countries towards which investments were most directed. INTERPRETATION Although commodity supply chains and financial markets are highly globalised, a small number of investors and countries could be viewed as disproportionally influential in sectors that increase EIDs risks. Such financial influence could be used to develop and implement effective policies to reduce ecological degradation and mitigate EIDs risks and their effects on population health. FUNDING Formas and Networks of Financial Rupture-how cascading changes in the climate and ecosystems could impact on the financial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Galaz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Juan Rocha
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Andrea Sánchez-García
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Alice Dauriach
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tarik Roukny
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter S Gaard J Rgensen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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Comerford MS, La TM, Carroll S, Egan SP. Spatial sorting promotes rapid (mal)adaptation in the red-shouldered soapberry bug after hurricane-driven local extinctions. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1856-1868. [PMID: 37813943 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Predicting future evolutionary change is a critical challenge in the Anthropocene as geographic range shifts and local extinction emerge as hallmarks of planetary change. Hence, spatial sorting-a driver of rapid evolution in which dispersal-associated traits accumulate along expanding range edges and within recolonized habitats-might be of growing importance in ecology and conservation. We report on the results of a natural experiment that monitored recolonization of host plants by the seed-feeding, red-shouldered soapberry bug, Jadera haematoloma, after local extinctions from catastrophic flooding in an extreme hurricane. We tested the contribution of spatial sorting to generate rapid and persistent evolution in dispersal traits, as well as in feeding traits unrelated to dispersal. Long-winged dispersal forms accumulated in recolonized habitats and due to genetic correlation, mouthparts also became longer and this shift persisted across generations. Those longer mouthparts were probably adaptive on one host plant species but maladaptive on two others based on matching the optimum depth of seeds within their host fruits. Moreover, spatial sorting eroded recently evolved adaptive divergence in mouthpart length among all host-associated biotypes, an outcome pointing to profound practical consequences of the extreme weather event for local adaptation, population resilience and evolutionary futures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatum M La
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Clements High School, Sugar Land, TX, USA
| | - Scott Carroll
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Blake S, Palmer J, Brenn-White M, Deem SL. Home ranges of box turtles in a rural woodland and an urban park in Saint Louis, MO; implications for turtle conservation. Urban Ecosyst 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-023-01354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe negative consequences of fragmentation, infrastructure development, and urbanization onbiodiversity are well known. However, careful urban planning can provide viable habitat for some species and communities. Generally, r-selected species are more likely to persist in urbanizing landscapes, while long lived, mobile species, such as turtles, are likely to decline toward extinction. Understanding species responses across urban gradients is important for developing mitigation planning. We used VHF telemetry to quantify ranging behavior of three-toed box turtles in fragmented urban forest patches and a semi-contiguous large rural forest in Saint Louis, Missouri. We then simulated movement trajectories based on empirical data from the two turtles with the largest and smallest home ranges, overlaid on forest cover and road network maps of Missouri, to quantify the state-wide probability of turtles encountering roads. Home range (HR) size varied from 1–250Ha. The mean home range estimate of rural turtles was > 9 times larger than that of urban turtles. Simulations indicated that the least mobile turtle (HR 1Ha) would have a 22% likelihood of encountering a road if placed randomly in suitable habitat anywhere in the state. The likelihood increased to 90% for the most mobile turtle (HR 250Ha), with 10 road crossings per year. High turtle mortality, range restriction and population fragmentation are likely even in rural areas. In urban cityscapes, large, roadless forest patches offer the highest conservation potential for this species.
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Brandt M, Groom Q, Magro A, Misevic D, Narraway CL, Bruckermann T, Beniermann A, Børsen T, González J, Meeus S, Roy HE, Sá-Pinto X, Torres JR, Jenkins T. Promoting scientific literacy in evolution through citizen science. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221077. [PMID: 35946159 PMCID: PMC9363982 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary understanding is central to biology. It is also an essential prerequisite to understanding and making informed decisions about societal issues such as climate change. Yet, evolution is generally poorly understood by civil society and many misconceptions exist. Citizen science, which has been increasing in popularity as a means to gather new data and promote scientific literacy, is one strategy through which people could learn about evolution. However, despite the potential for citizen science to promote evolution learning opportunities, very few projects implement them. In this paper, we make the case for incorporating evolution education into citizen science, define key learning goals, and suggest opportunities for designing and evaluating projects in order to promote scientific literacy in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Brandt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, Berlin, 10315, Germany
| | - Quentin Groom
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Magro
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier - Bâtiment 4R1, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.,ENSFEA-Univ. Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dusan Misevic
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, System Engineering and Evolution Dynamics, (CRI), 8bis Rue Charles V, 75004 Paris, France.,Learning Planet Institute, 8bis Rue Charles V, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Claire L Narraway
- Earthwatch Europe, Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DE, UK
| | - Till Bruckermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Schloßwender Str. 1, 30159 Hannover, Germany.,IPN - Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Olshausenstr. 62, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Beniermann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Børsen
- Department of Planning, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 25, DK-2450 Copenhagen, SV, Denmark
| | - Josefa González
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofie Meeus
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium
| | - Helen E Roy
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Xana Sá-Pinto
- Research Centre Didactics and Technology in the Education of Trainers, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge Roberto Torres
- La Ciència Al Teu Món, SciComm Association, Calle de Trafalgar 48, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Jenkins
- University of Geneva, Science II, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Léger A, Lambraki I, Graells T, Cousins M, Henriksson PJG, Harbarth S, Carson CA, Majowicz SE, Troell M, Parmley EJ, Jørgensen PS, Wernli D. Characterizing social-ecological context and success factors of antimicrobial resistance interventions across the One Health spectrum: analysis of 42 interventions targeting E. coli. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:873. [PMID: 34445962 PMCID: PMC8390193 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the most pressing One Health issues. While interventions and policies with various targets and goals have been implemented, evidence about factors underpinning success and failure of interventions in different sectors is lacking. The objective of this study is to identify characteristics of AMR interventions that increase their capacity to impact AMR. This study focuses on AMR interventions targeting E. coli. Methods We used the AMR-Intervene framework to extract descriptions of the social and ecological systems of interventions to determine factors contributing to their success. Results We identified 52 scientific publications referring to 42 unique E. coli AMR interventions. We mainly identified interventions implemented in high-income countries (36/42), at the national level (16/42), targeting primarily one sector of society (37/42) that was mainly the human sector (25/42). Interventions were primarily funded by governments (38/42). Most intervention targeted a low leverage point in the AMR system, (36/42), and aimed to change the epidemiology of AMR (14/42). Among all included publications, 55% (29/52) described at least one success factor or obstacle (29/52) and 19% (10/52) identified at least one success factor and one obstacle. Most reported success factors related to communication between the actors and stakeholders and the role of media, and stressed the importance of collaboration between disciplines and external partners. Described obstacles covered data quality, access to data and statistical analyses, and the validity of the results. Conclusions Overall, we identified a lack of diversity regarding interventions. In addition, most published E. coli interventions were poorly described with limited evidence of the factors that contributed to the intervention success or failure. Design and reporting guidelines would help to improve reporting quality and provide a valuable tool for improving the science of AMR interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06483-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Léger
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Case postale, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Irene Lambraki
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tiscar Graells
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melanie Cousins
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Patrik J G Henriksson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.,WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, 11960, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carolee A Carson
- Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | - Shannon E Majowicz
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Jane Parmley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Peter S Jørgensen
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Didier Wernli
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Case postale, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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Cook CN, Beever EA, Thurman LL, Thompson LM, Gross JE, Whiteley AR, Nicotra AB, Szymanski JA, Botero CA, Hall KR, Hoffmann AA, Schuurman GW, Sgrò CM. Supporting the adaptive capacity of species through more effective knowledge exchange with conservation practitioners. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1969-1979. [PMID: 34429742 PMCID: PMC8372063 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an imperative for conservation practitioners to help biodiversity adapt to accelerating environmental change. Evolutionary biologists are well-positioned to inform the development of evidence-based management strategies that support the adaptive capacity of species and ecosystems. Conservation practitioners increasingly accept that management practices must accommodate rapid environmental change, but harbour concerns about how to apply recommended changes to their management contexts. Given the interest from both conservation practitioners and evolutionary biologists in adjusting management practices, we believe there is an opportunity to accelerate the required changes by promoting closer collaboration between these two groups. We highlight how evolutionary biologists can harness lessons from other disciplines about how to foster effective knowledge exchange to make a substantive contribution to the development of effective conservation practices. These lessons include the following: (1) recognizing why practitioners do and do not use scientific evidence; (2) building an evidence base that will influence management decisions; (3) translating theory into a format that conservation practitioners can use to inform management practices; and (4) developing strategies for effective knowledge exchange. Although efforts will be required on both sides, we believe there are rewards for both practitioners and evolutionary biologists, not least of which is fostering practices to help support the long-term persistence of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly N. Cook
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Erik A. Beever
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyBozemanMTUSA
- Department of EcologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Lindsey L. Thurman
- Northwest Climate Adaptation Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyCorvallisORUSA
| | - Laura M. Thompson
- National Climate Adaptation Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyRestonVAUSA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and FisheriesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - John E. Gross
- Climate Change Response ProgramU.S. National Park ServiceFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Andrew R. Whiteley
- Wildlife Biology ProgramDepartment of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesFranke College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
| | - Adrienne B. Nicotra
- Division of Ecology and EvolutionResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciencesBio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | | | - Carla M. Sgrò
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
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Grace OM, Pérez-Escobar OA, Lucas EJ, Vorontsova MS, Lewis GP, Walker BE, Lohmann LG, Knapp S, Wilkie P, Sarkinen T, Darbyshire I, Lughadha EN, Monro A, Woudstra Y, Demissew S, Muasya AM, Díaz S, Baker WJ, Antonelli A. Botanical Monography in the Anthropocene. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:433-441. [PMID: 33579621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented changes in the Earth's biota are prompting urgent efforts to describe and conserve plant diversity. For centuries, botanical monographs - comprehensive systematic treatments of a family or genus - have been the gold standard for disseminating scientific information to accelerate research. The lack of a monograph compounds the risk that undiscovered species become extinct before they can be studied and conserved. Progress towards estimating the Tree of Life and digital information resources now bring even the most ambitious monographs within reach. Here, we recommend best practices to complete monographs urgently, especially for tropical plant groups under imminent threat or with expected socioeconomic benefits. We also highlight the renewed relevance and potential impact of monographies for the understanding, sustainable use, and conservation of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lúcia G Lohmann
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Knapp
- Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Peter Wilkie
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LP, UK
| | - Tiina Sarkinen
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LP, UK
| | | | | | | | - Yannick Woudstra
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, UK; Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Gothersgade 130, Copenhagen 1153, Denmark
| | - Sebsebe Demissew
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, National Herbarium, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Muthama Muasya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, UK; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41319 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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10
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Folke C, Polasky S, Rockström J, Galaz V, Westley F, Lamont M, Scheffer M, Österblom H, Carpenter SR, Chapin FS, Seto KC, Weber EU, Crona BI, Daily GC, Dasgupta P, Gaffney O, Gordon LJ, Hoff H, Levin SA, Lubchenco J, Steffen W, Walker BH. Our future in the Anthropocene biosphere. AMBIO 2021; 50:834-869. [PMID: 33715097 PMCID: PMC7955950 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed an interconnected and tightly coupled globalized world in rapid change. This article sets the scientific stage for understanding and responding to such change for global sustainability and resilient societies. We provide a systemic overview of the current situation where people and nature are dynamically intertwined and embedded in the biosphere, placing shocks and extreme events as part of this dynamic; humanity has become the major force in shaping the future of the Earth system as a whole; and the scale and pace of the human dimension have caused climate change, rapid loss of biodiversity, growing inequalities, and loss of resilience to deal with uncertainty and surprise. Taken together, human actions are challenging the biosphere foundation for a prosperous development of civilizations. The Anthropocene reality-of rising system-wide turbulence-calls for transformative change towards sustainable futures. Emerging technologies, social innovations, broader shifts in cultural repertoires, as well as a diverse portfolio of active stewardship of human actions in support of a resilient biosphere are highlighted as essential parts of such transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Folke
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Programme (GEDB), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Johan Rockström
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Victor Galaz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Marten Scheffer
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Beatrice I Crona
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Programme (GEDB), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Owen Gaffney
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Line J Gordon
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger Hoff
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Will Steffen
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Peniston JH, Barfield M, Holt RD, Orive ME. Environmental fluctuations dampen the effects of clonal reproduction on evolutionary rescue. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:710-722. [PMID: 33682225 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary rescue occurs when genetic change allows a population to persist in response to an environmental change that would otherwise have led to extinction. Most studies of evolutionary rescue assume that species have either fully clonal or fully sexual reproduction; however, many species have partially clonal reproductive strategies in which they reproduce both clonally and sexually. Furthermore, the few evolutionary rescue studies that have evaluated partially clonal reproduction did not consider fluctuations in the environment, which are nearly ubiquitous in nature. Here, we use individual-based simulations to investigate how environmental fluctuations (either uncorrelated or positively autocorrelated) influence the effect of clonality on evolutionary rescue. We show that, for moderate magnitudes of environmental fluctuations, as was found in the absence of fluctuations, increasing the degree of clonality increases the probability of population persistence in response to an abrupt environmental change, but decreases persistence in response to a continuous, directional environmental change. However, with large magnitudes of fluctuations, both the benefits of clonality following a step change and the detrimental effects of clonality following a continuous, directional change are generally reduced; in fact, in the latter scenario, increasing clonality can even become beneficial if environmental fluctuations are autocorrelated. We also show that increased generational overlap dampens the effects of environmental fluctuations. Overall, we demonstrate that understanding the evolutionary rescue of partially clonal organisms requires not only knowledge of the species life history and the type of environmental change, but also an understanding of the magnitude and autocorrelation of environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Peniston
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael Barfield
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert D Holt
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maria E Orive
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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12
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Schell CJ, Stanton LA, Young JK, Angeloni LM, Lambert JE, Breck SW, Murray MH. The evolutionary consequences of human-wildlife conflict in cities. Evol Appl 2021; 14:178-197. [PMID: 33519964 PMCID: PMC7819564 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-wildlife interactions, including human-wildlife conflict, are increasingly common as expanding urbanization worldwide creates more opportunities for people to encounter wildlife. Wildlife-vehicle collisions, zoonotic disease transmission, property damage, and physical attacks to people or their pets have negative consequences for both people and wildlife, underscoring the need for comprehensive strategies that mitigate and prevent conflict altogether. Management techniques often aim to deter, relocate, or remove individual organisms, all of which may present a significant selective force in both urban and nonurban systems. Management-induced selection may significantly affect the adaptive or nonadaptive evolutionary processes of urban populations, yet few studies explicate the links among conflict, wildlife management, and urban evolution. Moreover, the intensity of conflict management can vary considerably by taxon, public perception, policy, religious and cultural beliefs, and geographic region, which underscores the complexity of developing flexible tools to reduce conflict. Here, we present a cross-disciplinary perspective that integrates human-wildlife conflict, wildlife management, and urban evolution to address how social-ecological processes drive wildlife adaptation in cities. We emphasize that variance in implemented management actions shapes the strength and rate of phenotypic and evolutionary change. We also consider how specific management strategies either promote genetic or plastic changes, and how leveraging those biological inferences could help optimize management actions while minimizing conflict. Investigating human-wildlife conflict as an evolutionary phenomenon may provide insights into how conflict arises and how management plays a critical role in shaping urban wildlife phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Schell
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and SciencesUniversity of Washington TacomaTacomaWAUSA
| | - Lauren A. Stanton
- Department of Zoology and PhysiologyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWYUSA
- Program in EcologyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWYUSA
| | - Julie K. Young
- USDA‐WS‐National Wildlife Research Center‐Predator Research FacilityMillvilleUTUSA
| | | | - Joanna E. Lambert
- Program in Environmental Studies and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado‐BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Stewart W. Breck
- USDA‐WS‐National Wildlife Research CenterFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Maureen H. Murray
- Urban Wildlife Institute and Davee Center for Epidemiology and EndocrinologyChicagoILUSA
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13
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Neves JMM, Perez A, Fabré NN, Pereira RJ, Mott T. Integrative taxonomy reveals extreme morphological conservatism in sympatric
Mugil
species from the Tropical Southwestern Atlantic. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika M. M. Neves
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Alagoas Maceió Brazil
| | - Alfredo Perez
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Peixes e Pesca Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Alagoas Maceió Brazil
| | - Nidia Noemi Fabré
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Peixes e Pesca Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Alagoas Maceió Brazil
| | - Ricardo J. Pereira
- Division of Evolutionary Biology Faculty of Biology II Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
| | - Tamí Mott
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Alagoas Maceió Brazil
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14
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Matthews B, Jokela J, Narwani A, Räsänen K, Pomati F, Altermatt F, Spaak P, Robinson CT, Vorburger C. On biological evolution and environmental solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138194. [PMID: 32251887 PMCID: PMC7118648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drawing insights from multiple disciplines is essential for finding integrative solutions that are required to tackle complex environmental problems. Human activities are causing unprecedented influence on global ecosystems, culminating in the loss of species and fundamental changes in the selective environments of organisms across the tree of life. Our collective understanding about biological evolution can help identify and mitigate many of the environmental problems in the Anthropocene. To this end, we propose a stronger integration of environmental sciences with evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Matthews
- EAWAG, Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeochemistry, Seestrasse 79, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; EAWAG, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jukka Jokela
- EAWAG, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anita Narwani
- EAWAG, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Räsänen
- EAWAG, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Pomati
- EAWAG, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Altermatt
- EAWAG, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piet Spaak
- EAWAG, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Vorburger
- EAWAG, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Søgaard Jørgensen P, Folke C, Henriksson PJ, Malmros K, Troell M, Zorzet A. Coevolutionary Governance of Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:484-494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Nguyen BN, Shen EW, Seemann J, Correa AMS, O'Donnell JL, Altieri AH, Knowlton N, Crandall KA, Egan SP, McMillan WO, Leray M. Environmental DNA survey captures patterns of fish and invertebrate diversity across a tropical seascape. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6729. [PMID: 32317664 PMCID: PMC7174284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate, rapid, and comprehensive biodiversity assessments are critical for investigating ecological processes and supporting conservation efforts. Environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys show promise as a way to effectively characterize fine-scale patterns of community composition. We tested whether a single PCR survey of eDNA in seawater using a broad metazoan primer could identify differences in community composition between five adjacent habitats at 19 sites across a tropical Caribbean bay in Panama. We paired this effort with visual fish surveys to compare methods for a conspicuous taxonomic group. eDNA revealed a tremendous diversity of animals (8,586 operational taxonomic units), including many small taxa that would be undetected in traditional in situ surveys. Fish comprised only 0.07% of the taxa detected by a broad COI primer, yet included 43 species not observed in the visual survey. eDNA revealed significant differences in fish and invertebrate community composition across adjacent habitats and areas of the bay driven in part by taxa known to be habitat-specialists or tolerant to wave action. Our results demonstrate the ability of broad eDNA surveys to identify biodiversity patterns in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan N Nguyen
- Computational Biology Institute, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elaine W Shen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Janina Seemann
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | | | - James L O'Donnell
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew H Altieri
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nancy Knowlton
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Matthieu Leray
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
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17
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Four Paradoxes of the User–Provider Interface: A Responsible Innovation Framework for Sea Ice Services. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the Arctic region, sea ice retreat as a decadal-scale crisis is creating a challenging environment for navigating long-term sustainability. Innovations in sea ice services can help marine users to anticipate sea ice concentration, thickness and motion, plan ahead, as well as increase the safety and sustainability of marine operations. Increasingly however, policy makers and information service providers confront paradoxical decision-making contexts in which contradictory solutions are needed to manage uncertainties across different spatial and temporal scales. This article proposes a forward-looking sea ice services framework that acknowledges four paradoxes pressuring sea ice service provision: the paradoxes of performing, contradictory functions embedded in sea ice services, contradicting desired futures and the paradox of responsible innovation. We draw on the results from a multi-year co-production process of (sub)seasonal sea ice services structured around scoping interviews, workshops and a participatory scenario process with representatives of marine sectors, fishers, hunters, metservice providers, and policy experts. Our proposed framework identifies institutionalized coproduction processes, enhanced decision support, paradoxical thinking and dimensions of responsible innovation as tactics necessary to address existing tensions in sea ice services. We highlight the role of socio-economic scenarios in implementing these tactics in support of responsible innovation in sea ice social–ecological systems. The article concludes with a discussion of questions around equity and responsibility raised by the ultimate confirmation that enhanced information, data infrastructures, and service provisions will not benefit all actors equally.
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