1
|
Saran C, Genç HY. Genetic diversity of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) populations in Türkiye. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:146. [PMID: 38236331 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an important worldwide pest of plants belonging to the Brassicaceae family. In this study, we investigated genetic diversity of DBM populations in Brassicaceae production areas in Türkiye using the partial mtDNA CO1 gene region. METHODS We determined 43 samples from 11 different populations for haplotype variations using the partial mitochondrial DNA sequences a 684 bp fragment of the CO1 gene. RESULTS The results indicated that, the average haplotype diversity (Hd) was determined as 0.962 and nucleotide diversity (π) was determined as 0.557%. In neutrality tests, negative values were obtained in Tajima's D and Fu' Fs tests (Fu' Fs=-0.40, Tajima's D=-0.01). Tajima's D test was not found significant (p > 0.05). Fst value among DBM population estimates ranged from 0 to 0.631. Barcode gap distance was determined as 1.6%, but the intraspecies of genetic distance were found to be 0.15%. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the presented study provided detailed and fundamental information about the genetic diversity of DBM populations in Türkiye. Further studies are needed to develop alternative pest management strategies for DBM populations integrating genetic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Saran
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, 17100, Turkey
| | - Hanife Yandayan Genç
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, 17100, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bharti DK, Pawar PY, Edgecombe GD, Joshi J. Genetic diversity varies with species traits and latitude in predatory soil arthropods (Myriapoda: Chilopoda). GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY : A JOURNAL OF MACROECOLOGY 2023; 32:1508-1521. [PMID: 38708411 PMCID: PMC7615927 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the drivers of intra-specific genetic diversity in centipedes, a group of ancient predatory soil arthropods. Location Asia, Australasia and Europe. Time Period Present. Major Taxa Studied Centipedes (Class: Chilopoda). Methods We assembled a database of 1245 mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences representing 128 centipede species from all five orders of Chilopoda. This sequence dataset was used to estimate genetic diversity for centipede species and compare its distribution with estimates from other arthropod groups. We studied the variation in centipede genetic diversity with species traits and biogeography using a beta regression framework, controlling for the effect of shared evolutionary history within a family. Results A wide variation in genetic diversity across centipede species (0-0.1713) falls towards the higher end of values among arthropods. Overall, 27.57% of the variation in mitochondrial COI genetic diversity in centipedes was explained by a combination of predictors related to life history and biogeography. Genetic diversity decreased with body size and latitudinal position of sampled localities, was greater in species showing maternal care and increased with geographic distance among conspecifics. Main Conclusions Centipedes fall towards the higher end of genetic diversity among arthropods, which may be related to their long evolutionary history and low dispersal ability. In centipedes, the negative association of body size with genetic diversity may be mediated by its influence on local abundance or the influence of ecological strategy on long-term population history. Species with maternal care had higher genetic diversity, which goes against expectations and needs further scrutiny. Hemispheric differences in genetic diversity can be due to historic climatic stability and lower seasonality in the southern hemisphere. Overall, we find that despite the differences in mean genetic diversity among animals, similar processes related to life-history strategy and biogeography are associated with the variation within them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Bharti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Jahnavi Joshi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Villacis-Perez E, Alba JM, Cotte J, van Loon Z, Breeuwer JAJ, Van Leeuwen T. Interactions With Plant Defences Isolate Sympatric Populations of an Herbivorous Mite. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.819894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host plant specialisation can promote evolutionary divergence between herbivore populations associated with different plant species. While the mechanisms by which specialist species exploit their hosts have been studied widely across taxa, less is known about the mechanisms that allow intraspecific variants to arise and to be maintained across spatial and temporal scales. To understand whether adaptations to plant defences against herbivory contribute to the co-existence of genetically distinct populations of an herbivore, we investigate the interaction between honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) and sympatric specialist and generalist populations of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. We found that mite folivory induces the production of sticky droplets on honeysuckle, which have a defensive role: they increase mite mortality directly, and potentially indirectly by increasing the arrestment of a predator. We show that droplet induction and the preference to feed on honeysuckle depend on mite genotype, where the generalist avoids this host and the specialist suppresses droplet production. These traits are heritable and dominant in F1 hybrids between generalists and specialists. Selection pressure from honeysuckle and differences in host preference likely reduce the opportunity of mating encounters on this host. We propose that the interplay between selection from host plant defences and ecological barriers to hybridisation contribute to the persistence of genetically distinct populations of a single species in sympatry.
Collapse
|
4
|
Whiteman NK. Evolution in small steps and giant leaps. Evolution 2022; 76:67-77. [PMID: 35040122 PMCID: PMC9387839 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The first Editor of Evolution was Ernst Mayr. His foreword to the first issue of Evolution published in 1947 framed evolution as a "problem of interaction" that was just beginning to be studied in this broad context. First, I explore progress and prospects on understanding the subsidiary interactions identified by Mayr, including interactions between parts of organisms, between individuals and populations, between species, and between the organism and its abiotic environment. Mayr's overall "problem of interaction" framework is examined in the context of coevolution within and among levels of biological organization. This leads to a comparison in the relative roles of biotic versus abiotic agents of selection and fluctuating versus directional selection, followed by stabilizing selection in shaping the genomic architecture of adaptation. Oligogenic architectures may be typical for traits shaped more by fluctuating selection and biotic selection. Conversely, polygenic architectures may be typical for traits shaped more by directional followed by stabilizing selection and abiotic selection. The distribution of effect sizes and turnover dynamics of adaptive alleles in these scenarios deserves further study. Second, I review two case studies on the evolution of acquired toxicity in animals, one involving cardiac glycosides obtained from plants and one involving bacterial virulence factors horizontally transferred to animals. The approaches used in these studies and the results gained directly flow from Mayr's vision of an evolutionary biology that revolves around the "problem of interaction."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah K. Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Extensive standing genetic variation from a small number of founders enables rapid adaptation in Daphnia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4306. [PMID: 34262034 PMCID: PMC8280168 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We lack a thorough understanding of the origin and maintenance of standing genetic variation that enables rapid evolutionary responses of natural populations. Whole genome sequencing of a resurrected Daphnia population shows that standing genetic variation in over 500 genes follows an evolutionary trajectory that parallels the pronounced and rapid adaptive evolution of multiple traits in response to predator-driven natural selection and its subsequent relaxation. Genetic variation carried by only five founding individuals from the regional genotype pool is shown to suffice at enabling the observed evolution. Our results provide insight on how natural populations can acquire the genomic variation, through colonization by a few regional genotypes, that fuels rapid evolution in response to strong selection pressures. While these evolutionary responses in our study population involved hundreds of genes, we observed no evidence of genetic erosion.
Collapse
|
6
|
Villacis-Perez E, Snoeck S, Kurlovs AH, Clark RM, Breeuwer JAJ, Van Leeuwen T. Adaptive divergence and post-zygotic barriers to gene flow between sympatric populations of a herbivorous mite. Commun Biol 2021; 4:853. [PMID: 34244609 PMCID: PMC8270941 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions promote the generation and maintenance of both plant and herbivore biodiversity. The antagonistic interactions between plants and herbivores lead to host race formation: the evolution of herbivore types specializing on different plant species, with restricted gene flow between them. Understanding how ecological specialization promotes host race formation usually depends on artificial approaches, using laboratory experiments on populations associated with agricultural crops. However, evidence on how host races are formed and maintained in a natural setting remains scarce. Here, we take a multidisciplinary approach to understand whether populations of the generalist spider mite Tetranychus urticae form host races in nature. We demonstrate that a host race co-occurs among generalist conspecifics in the dune ecosystem of The Netherlands. Extensive field sampling and genotyping of individuals over three consecutive years showed a clear pattern of host associations. Genome-wide differences between the host race and generalist conspecifics were found using a dense set of SNPs on field-derived iso-female lines and previously sequenced genomes of T. urticae. Hybridization between lines of the host race and sympatric generalist lines is restricted by post-zygotic breakdown, and selection negatively impacts the survival of generalists on the native host of the host race. Our description of a host race among conspecifics with a larger diet breadth shows how ecological and reproductive isolation aid in maintaining intra-specific variation in sympatry, despite the opportunity for homogenization through gene flow. Our findings highlight the importance of explicitly considering the spatial and temporal scale on which plant-herbivore interactions occur in order to identify herbivore populations associated with different plant species in nature. This system can be used to study the underlying genetic architecture and mechanisms that facilitate the use of a large range of host plant taxa by extreme generalist herbivores. In addition, it offers the chance to investigate the prevalence and mechanisms of ecological specialization in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Villacis-Perez
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Simon Snoeck
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Andre H Kurlovs
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Richard M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences and Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Johannes A J Breeuwer
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singh KS, Cordeiro EMG, Troczka BJ, Pym A, Mackisack J, Mathers TC, Duarte A, Legeai F, Robin S, Bielza P, Burrack HJ, Charaabi K, Denholm I, Figueroa CC, ffrench-Constant RH, Jander G, Margaritopoulos JT, Mazzoni E, Nauen R, Ramírez CC, Ren G, Stepanyan I, Umina PA, Voronova NV, Vontas J, Williamson MS, Wilson ACC, Xi-Wu G, Youn YN, Zimmer CT, Simon JC, Hayward A, Bass C. Global patterns in genomic diversity underpinning the evolution of insecticide resistance in the aphid crop pest Myzus persicae. Commun Biol 2021; 4:847. [PMID: 34234279 PMCID: PMC8263593 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aphid Myzus persicae is a destructive agricultural pest that displays an exceptional ability to develop resistance to both natural and synthetic insecticides. To investigate the evolution of resistance in this species we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly and living panel of >110 fully sequenced globally sampled clonal lines. Our analyses reveal a remarkable diversity of resistance mutations segregating in global populations of M. persicae. We show that the emergence and spread of these mechanisms is influenced by host-plant associations, uncovering the widespread co-option of a host-plant adaptation that also offers resistance against synthetic insecticides. We identify both the repeated evolution of independent resistance mutations at the same locus, and multiple instances of the evolution of novel resistance mechanisms against key insecticides. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the genomic responses of global insect populations to strong selective forces, and hold practical relevance for the control of pests and parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Saurabh Singh
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Erick M. G. Cordeiro
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz,”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Bartlomiej J. Troczka
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Adam Pym
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Joanna Mackisack
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Thomas C. Mathers
- grid.14830.3e0000 0001 2175 7246Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ana Duarte
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | | | | | - Pablo Bielza
- grid.218430.c0000 0001 2153 2602Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Hannah J. Burrack
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Kamel Charaabi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies, National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Biotechpole of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Ariana Tunisia
| | - Ian Denholm
- grid.5846.f0000 0001 2161 9644Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Christian C. Figueroa
- grid.10999.380000 0001 0036 2536Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Richard H. ffrench-Constant
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Georg Jander
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XBoyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - John T. Margaritopoulos
- Department of Plant Protection at Volos, Institute of Industrial and Fodder Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization ‘DEMETER’, Volos, Greece
| | - Emanuele Mazzoni
- grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Section Sustainable Crop and Food Protection, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ralf Nauen
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Monheim, Germany
| | - Claudio C. Ramírez
- grid.10999.380000 0001 0036 2536Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Guangwei Ren
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ilona Stepanyan
- grid.418094.00000 0001 1146 7878Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Science, Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Paul A. Umina
- Cesar, Parkville, Victoria Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSchool of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Nina V. Voronova
- grid.17678.3f0000 0001 1092 255XThe Department of General Ecology and Methods of Biology Teaching, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - John Vontas
- grid.4834.b0000 0004 0635 685XInstitute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece ,grid.10985.350000 0001 0794 1186Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Martin S. Williamson
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Alex C. C. Wilson
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL USA
| | - Gao Xi-Wu
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Young-Nam Youn
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Applied Biology, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Christoph T. Zimmer
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK ,grid.420222.40000 0001 0669 0426Present Address: Syngenta Crop Protection, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | | | - Alex Hayward
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Chris Bass
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Herrig DK, Vertacnik KL, Kohrs AR, Linnen CR. Support for the adaptive decoupling hypothesis from whole-transcriptome profiles of a hypermetamorphic and sexually dimorphic insect, Neodiprion lecontei. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4551-4566. [PMID: 34174126 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Though seemingly bizarre, the dramatic morphological and ecological transformation that occurs when immature life stages metamorphose into reproductive adults is one of the most successful developmental strategies on the planet. The adaptive decoupling hypothesis (ADH) proposes that metamorphosis is an adaptation for breaking developmental links between traits expressed in different life stages, thereby facilitating their independent evolution when exposed to opposing selection pressures. Here, we draw inspiration from the ADH to develop a conceptual framework for understanding changes in gene expression across ontogeny. We hypothesized that patterns of stage-biased and sex-biased gene expression are the product of both decoupling mechanisms and selection history. To test this hypothesis, we characterized transcriptome-wide patterns of gene-expression traits for three ecologically distinct larval stages (all male) and adult males and females of a hypermetamorphic insect (Neodiprion lecontei). We found that stage-biased gene expression was most pronounced between larval and adult males, which is consistent with the ADH. However, even in the absence of a metamorphic transition, considerable stage-biased expression was observed among morphologically and behaviourally distinct larval stages. Stage-biased expression was also observed across ecologically relevant Gene Ontology categories and genes, highlighting the role of ecology in shaping patterns of gene expression. We also found that the magnitude and prevalence of stage-biased expression far exceeded adult sex-biased expression. Overall, our results highlight how the ADH can shed light on transcriptome-wide patterns of gene expression in organisms with complex life cycles. For maximal insight, detailed knowledge of organismal ecology is also essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K Herrig
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kim L Vertacnik
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Anna R Kohrs
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jermy T, Szentesi Á. Why are there not more herbivorous insect species? ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2021. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.67.2.119.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect species richness is estimated to exceed three million species, of which roughly half is herbivorous. Despite the vast number of species and varied life histories, the proportion of herbivorous species among plant-consuming organisms is lower than it could be due to constraints that impose limits to their diversification. These include ecological factors, such as vague interspecific competition; anatomical and physiological limits, such as neural limits and inability of handling a wide range of plant allelochemicals; phylogenetic constraints, like niche conservatism; and most importantly, a low level of concerted genetic variation necessary to a phyletic conversion. It is suggested that diversification ultimately depends on what we call the intrinsic trend of diversification of the insect genome. In support of the above, we survey the major types of host-specificity, the mechanisms and constraints of host specialization, possible pathways of speciation, and hypotheses concerning insect diversification.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang L, Hood GR, Carroo I, Ott JR, Egan SP. Context-Dependent Reproductive Isolation: Host Plant Variability Drives Fitness of Hybrid Herbivores. Am Nat 2021; 197:732-739. [PMID: 33989147 DOI: 10.1086/714139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe role of divergent selection between alternative environments in promoting reproductive isolation (RI) between lineages is well recognized. However, most studies view each divergent environment as homogenous, thereby overlooking the potential role within-environment variation plays in RI between differentiating lineages. Here, we test the importance of microenvironmental variation in RI by using individual trees of two host plants, each harboring locally adapted populations of the cynipid wasp Belonocnema treatae. We compared the fitness surrogate (survival) of offspring from hybrid crosses with resident crosses across individual trees on each of two primary host plants, Quercus virginiana and Q. geminata. We found evidence of weak hybrid inviability between host-associated lineages of B. treatae despite strong genomic differentiation. However, averaging across environments masked great variation in hybrid fitness on individual trees, where hybrids performed worse than, equal to, or better than residents. Thus, considering the environmental context of hybridization is critical to improving the predictability of divergence under variable selection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Verschut TA, Billeter JC, Maan ME. Seven Questions on the Chemical Ecology and Neurogenetics of Resource-Mediated Speciation. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.640486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to different environments can result in reproductive isolation between populations and the formation of new species. Food resources are among the most important environmental factors shaping local adaptation. The chemosensory system, the most ubiquitous sensory channel in the animal kingdom, not only detects food resources and their chemical composition, but also mediates sexual communication and reproductive isolation in many taxa. Chemosensory divergence may thus play a crucial role in resource-mediated adaptation and speciation. Understanding how the chemosensory system can facilitate resource-mediated ecological speciation requires integrating mechanistic studies of the chemosensory system with ecological studies, to link the genetics and physiology of chemosensory properties to divergent adaptation. In this review, we use examples of insect research to present seven key questions that can be used to understand how the chemosensory system can facilitate resource-mediated ecological speciation in consumer populations.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hamann E, Blevins C, Franks SJ, Jameel MI, Anderson JT. Climate change alters plant-herbivore interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1894-1910. [PMID: 33111316 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions have evolved in response to coevolutionary dynamics, along with selection driven by abiotic conditions. We examine how abiotic factors influence trait expression in both plants and herbivores to evaluate how climate change will alter this long-standing interaction. The paleontological record documents increased herbivory during periods of global warming in the deep past. In phylogenetically corrected meta-analyses, we find that elevated temperatures, CO2 concentrations, drought stress and nutrient conditions directly and indirectly induce greater food consumption by herbivores. Additionally, elevated CO2 delays herbivore development, but increased temperatures accelerate development. For annual plants, higher temperatures, CO2 and drought stress increase foliar herbivory. Our meta-analysis also suggests that greater temperatures and drought may heighten florivory in perennials. Human actions are causing concurrent shifts in CO2 , temperature, precipitation regimes and nitrogen deposition, yet few studies evaluate interactions among these changing conditions. We call for additional multifactorial studies that simultaneously manipulate multiple climatic factors, which will enable us to generate more robust predictions of how climate change could disrupt plant-herbivore interactions. Finally, we consider how shifts in insect and plant phenology and distribution patterns could lead to ecological mismatches, and how these changes may drive future adaptation and coevolution between interacting species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hamann
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Cameron Blevins
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - M Inam Jameel
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ferreira EA, Lambert S, Verrier T, Marion-Poll F, Yassin A. Soft Selective Sweep on Chemosensory Genes Correlates with Ancestral Preference for Toxic Noni in a Specialist Drosophila Population. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010032. [PMID: 33383708 PMCID: PMC7824377 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how organisms adapt to environmental changes is a major question in evolution and ecology. In particular, the role of ancestral variation in rapid adaptation remains unclear because its trace on genetic variation, known as soft selective sweep, is often hardly recognizable from genome-wide selection scans. Here, we investigate the evolution of chemosensory genes in Drosophila yakuba mayottensis, a specialist subspecies on toxic noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruits on the island of Mayotte. We combine population genomics analyses and behavioral assays to evaluate the level of divergence in chemosensory genes and perception of noni chemicals between specialist and generalist subspecies of D. yakuba. We identify a signal of soft selective sweep on a handful of genes, with the most diverging ones involving a cluster of gustatory receptors expressed in bitter-sensing neurons. Our results highlight the potential role of ancestral genetic variation in promoting host plant specialization in herbivorous insects and identify a number of candidate genes underlying behavioral adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erina A. Ferreira
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (E.A.F.); (F.M.-P.)
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France; (S.L.); (T.V.)
| | - Sophia Lambert
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France; (S.L.); (T.V.)
| | - Thibault Verrier
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France; (S.L.); (T.V.)
| | - Frédéric Marion-Poll
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (E.A.F.); (F.M.-P.)
- AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Amir Yassin
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (E.A.F.); (F.M.-P.)
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France; (S.L.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bayega A, Djambazian H, Tsoumani KT, Gregoriou ME, Sagri E, Drosopoulou E, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Giorda K, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Oikonomopoulos S, Dewar K, Church DM, Papanicolaou A, Mathiopoulos KD, Ragoussis J. De novo assembly of the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) genome with linked-reads and long-read technologies minimizes gaps and provides exceptional Y chromosome assembly. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:259. [PMID: 32228451 PMCID: PMC7106766 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, is the most important pest in the olive fruit agribusiness industry. This is because female flies lay their eggs in the unripe fruits and upon hatching the larvae feed on the fruits thus destroying them. The lack of a high-quality genome and other genomic and transcriptomic data has hindered progress in understanding the fly's biology and proposing alternative control methods to pesticide use. RESULTS Genomic DNA was sequenced from male and female Demokritos strain flies, maintained in the laboratory for over 45 years. We used short-, mate-pair-, and long-read sequencing technologies to generate a combined male-female genome assembly (GenBank accession GCA_001188975.2). Genomic DNA sequencing from male insects using 10x Genomics linked-reads technology followed by mate-pair and long-read scaffolding and gap-closing generated a highly contiguous 489 Mb genome with a scaffold N50 of 4.69 Mb and L50 of 30 scaffolds (GenBank accession GCA_001188975.4). RNA-seq data generated from 12 tissues and/or developmental stages allowed for genome annotation. Short reads from both males and females and the chromosome quotient method enabled identification of Y-chromosome scaffolds which were extensively validated by PCR. CONCLUSIONS The high-quality genome generated represents a critical tool in olive fruit fly research. We provide an extensive RNA-seq data set, and genome annotation, critical towards gaining an insight into the biology of the olive fruit fly. In addition, elucidation of Y-chromosome sequences will advance our understanding of the Y-chromosome's organization, function and evolution and is poised to provide avenues for sterile insect technique approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bayega
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Haig Djambazian
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Konstantina T. Tsoumani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Gregoriou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimia Sagri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleni Drosopoulou
- Department of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Kristina Giorda
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., 1710 Commercial Park, Coralville, Iowa, 52241 USA
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Spyridon Oikonomopoulos
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ken Dewar
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Deanna M. Church
- Inscripta, Inc., 5500 Central Avenue #220, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
| | - Alexie Papanicolaou
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753 Australia
| | - Kostas D. Mathiopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Freedman MG, Jason C, Ramírez SR, Strauss SY. Host plant adaptation during contemporary range expansion in the monarch butterfly. Evolution 2020; 74:377-391. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micah G. Freedman
- Center for Population Biology University of California, Davis Davis California 95616
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California, Davis Davis California
| | - Christopher Jason
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California, Davis Davis California
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Vancouver Washington 98686
| | - Santiago R. Ramírez
- Center for Population Biology University of California, Davis Davis California 95616
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California, Davis Davis California
| | - Sharon Y. Strauss
- Center for Population Biology University of California, Davis Davis California 95616
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California, Davis Davis California
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lumley LM, Pouliot E, Laroche J, Boyle B, Brunet BMT, Levesque RC, Sperling FAH, Cusson M. Continent-wide population genomic structure and phylogeography of North America's most destructive conifer defoliator, the spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:914-927. [PMID: 32015854 PMCID: PMC6988549 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, is presumed to be panmictic across vast regions of North America. We examined the extent of panmixia by genotyping 3,650 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in 1975 individuals from 128 collections across the continent. We found three spatially structured subpopulations: Western (Alaska, Yukon), Central (southeastern Yukon to the Manitoba-Ontario border), and Eastern (Manitoba-Ontario border to the Atlantic). Additionally, the most diagnostic genetic differentiation between the Central and Eastern subpopulations was chromosomally restricted to a single block of SNPs that may constitute an island of differentiation within the species. Geographic differentiation in the spruce budworm parallels that of its principal larval host, white spruce (Picea glauca), providing evidence that spruce budworm and spruce trees survived in the Beringian refugium through the Last Glacial Maximum and that at least two isolated spruce budworm populations diverged with spruce/fir south of the ice sheets. Gene flow in the spruce budworm may also be affected by mountains in western North America, habitat isolation in West Virginia, regional adaptations, factors related to dispersal, and proximity of other species in the spruce budworm species complex. The central and eastern geographic regions contain individuals that assign to Eastern and Central subpopulations, respectively, indicating that these barriers are not complete. Our discovery of previously undetected geographic and genomic structure in the spruce budworm suggests that further population modelling of this ecologically important insect should consider regional differentiation, potentially co-adapted blocks of genes, and gene flow between subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Lumley
- Royal Alberta MuseumEdmontonABCanada
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQCCanada
- Université LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Esther Pouliot
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQCCanada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQCCanada
- Université LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saunders ME, Janes JK, O’Hanlon JC. Moving On from the Insect Apocalypse Narrative: Engaging with Evidence-Based Insect Conservation. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies showing temporal changes in local and regional insect populations received exaggerated global media coverage. Confusing and inaccurate science communication on this important issue could have counterproductive effects on public support for insect conservation. The insect apocalypse narrative is fuelled by a limited number of studies that are restricted geographically (predominantly the United Kingdom, Europe, the United States) and taxonomically (predominantly some bees, macrolepidoptera, and ground beetles). Biases in sampling and analytical methods (e.g., categorical versus continuous time series, different diversity metrics) limit the relevance of these studies as evidence of generalized global insect decline. Rather, the value of this research lies in highlighting important areas for priority investment. We summarize research, communication, and policy priorities for evidence-based insect conservation, including key areas of knowledge to increase understanding of insect population dynamics. Importantly, we advocate for a balanced perspective in science communication to better serve both public and scientific interests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmine K Janes
- University of New England, Armidale, Australia
- Vancouver Island University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Etges WJ. Evolutionary genomics of host plant adaptation: insights from Drosophila. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 36:96-102. [PMID: 31542627 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Variation in gene expression in response to the use of alternate host plants can reveal genetic and physiological mechanisms explaining why insect-host relationships vary from host specialism to generalism. Interpreting transcriptome variation relies on well-annotated genomes, making drosophilids valuable model systems, particularly those species with tractable ecological associations. Patterns of whole genome expression and alternate gene splicing in response to growth on different hosts have revealed expression of gene networks of known detoxification genes as well as novel functionally enriched genes of diverse metabolic and structural functions. Integrating trancriptomic responses with fitness differences and levels of phenotypic plasticity in response to alternate hosts will help to reveal the general nature of genotype-phenotype relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Etges
- Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, SCEN 632, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gene Expression and Diet Breadth in Plant-Feeding Insects: Summarizing Trends. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 35:259-277. [PMID: 31791830 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomic studies lend insights into the role of transcriptional plasticity in adaptation and specialization. Recently, there has been growing interest in understanding the relationship between variation in herbivorous insect gene expression and the evolution of diet breadth. We review the studies that have emerged on insect gene expression and host plant use, and outline the questions and approaches in the field. Many candidate genes underlying herbivory and specialization have been identified, and a few key studies demonstrate increased transcriptional plasticity associated with generalist compared with specialist species. Addressing the roles that transcriptional variation plays in insect diet breadth will have important implications for our understanding of the evolution of specialization and the genetic and environmental factors that govern insect-plant interactions.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bakovic V, Schuler H, Schebeck M, Feder JL, Stauffer C, Ragland GJ. Host plant-related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4648-4666. [PMID: 31495015 PMCID: PMC6899720 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms and conditions facilitating the formation of biodiversity are central topics in evolutionary biology. A growing number of studies imply that divergent ecological selection may often play a critical role in speciation by counteracting the homogenising effects of gene flow. Several examples involve phytophagous insects, where divergent selection pressures associated with host plant shifts may generate reproductive isolation, promoting speciation. Here, we use ddRADseq to assess the population structure and to test for host‐related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L., 1758) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This tephritid is distributed throughout Europe and western Asia, and has adapted to two different genera of host plants, Prunus spp. (cherries) and Lonicera spp. (honeysuckle). Our data imply that geographic distance and geomorphic barriers serve as the primary factors shaping genetic population structure across the species range. Locally, however, flies genetically cluster according to host plant, with consistent allele frequency differences displayed by a subset of loci between Prunus and Lonicera flies across four sites surveyed in Germany and Norway. These 17 loci display significantly higher FST values between host plants than others. They also showed high levels of linkage disequilibrium within and between Prunus and Lonicera flies, supporting host‐related selection and reduced gene flow. Our findings support the existence of sympatric host races in R. cerasi embedded within broader patterns of geographic variation in the fly, similar to the related apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, in North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vid Bakovic
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biology, IFM, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Han GZ. Origin and evolution of the plant immune system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:70-83. [PMID: 30575972 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 70 I. Introduction 70 II. Ancient associations between plants and microbes 72 III. Evolutionary dynamics of plant-pathogen interactions 74 IV. Evolutionary signature of plant-pathogen interactions 74 V. Origin and evolution of RLK proteins 75 VI. Origin and evolution of NLR proteins 77 VII. Origin and evolution of SA signaling 78 VIII. Origin and evolution of RNA-based defense 79 IX. Perspectives 79 Acknowledgements 80 References 80 SUMMARY: Microbes have engaged in antagonistic associations with plants for hundreds of millions of years. Plants, in turn, have evolved diverse immune strategies to combat microbial pathogens. The conflicts between plants and pathogens result in everchanging coevolutionary cycles known as 'Red Queen' dynamics. These ancient and ongoing plant-pathogen interactions have shaped the evolution of both plant and pathogen genomes. With the recent explosion of plant genome-scale data, comparative analyses provide novel insights into the coevolutionary dynamics of plants and pathogens. Here, we discuss the ancient associations between plants and microbes as well as the evolutionary principles underlying plant-pathogen interactions. We synthesize and review the current knowledge on the origin and evolution of key components of the plant immune system. We also highlight the importance of studying algae and nonflowering land plants in understanding the evolution of the plant immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Zhu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Autenrieth M, Hartmann S, Lah L, Roos A, Dennis AB, Tiedemann R. High-quality whole-genome sequence of an abundant Holarctic odontocete, the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Mol Ecol Resour 2018; 18:1469-1481. [PMID: 30035363 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is a highly mobile cetacean found across the Northern hemisphere. It occurs in coastal waters and inhabits basins that vary broadly in salinity, temperature and food availability. These diverse habitats could drive subtle differentiation among populations, but examination of this would be best conducted with a robust reference genome. Here, we report the first harbour porpoise genome, assembled de novo from an individual originating in the Kattegat Sea (Sweden). The genome is one of the most complete cetacean genomes currently available, with a total size of 2.39 Gb and 50% of the total length found in just 34 scaffolds. Using 122 of the longest scaffolds, we were able to show high levels of synteny with the genome of the domestic cattle (Bos taurus). Our draft annotation comprises 22,154 predicted genes, which we further annotated through matches to the NCBI nucleotide database, GO categorization and motif prediction. Within the predicted genes, we have confirmed the presence of >20 genes or gene families that have been associated with adaptive evolution in other cetaceans. Overall, this genome assembly and draft annotation represent a crucial addition to the genomic resources currently available for the study of porpoises and Phocoenidae evolution, phylogeny and conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Autenrieth
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hartmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ljerka Lah
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anna Roos
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alice B Dennis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ralph Tiedemann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blaazer CJH, Villacis-Perez EA, Chafi R, Van Leeuwen T, Kant MR, Schimmel BCJ. Why Do Herbivorous Mites Suppress Plant Defenses? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1057. [PMID: 30105039 PMCID: PMC6077234 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved numerous defensive traits that enable them to resist herbivores. In turn, this resistance has selected for herbivores that can cope with defenses by either avoiding, resisting or suppressing them. Several species of herbivorous mites, such as the spider mites Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus evansi, were found to maximize their performance by suppressing inducible plant defenses. At first glimpse it seems obvious why such a trait will be favored by natural selection. However, defense suppression appeared to readily backfire since mites that do so also make their host plant more suitable for competitors and their offspring more attractive for natural enemies. This, together with the fact that spider mites are infamous for their ability to resist (plant) toxins directly, justifies the question as to why traits that allow mites to suppress defenses nonetheless seem to be relatively common? We argue that this trait may facilitate generalist herbivores, like T. urticae, to colonize new host species. While specific detoxification mechanisms may, on average, be suitable only on a narrow range of similar hosts, defense suppression may be more broadly effective, provided it operates by targeting conserved plant signaling components. If so, resistance and suppression may be under frequency-dependent selection and be maintained as a polymorphism in generalist mite populations. In that case, the defense suppression trait may be under rapid positive selection in subpopulations that have recently colonized a new host but may erode in relatively isolated populations in which host-specific detoxification mechanisms emerge. Although there is empirical evidence to support these scenarios, it contradicts the observation that several of the mite species found to suppress plant defenses actually are relatively specialized. We argue that in these cases buffering traits may enable such mites to mitigate the negative side effects of suppression in natural communities and thus shield this trait from natural selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Joséphine H. Blaazer
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ernesto A. Villacis-Perez
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rachid Chafi
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernardus C. J. Schimmel
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vertacnik KL, Linnen CR. Evolutionary genetics of host shifts in herbivorous insects: insights from the age of genomics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1389:186-212. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|