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Tong Y, Xue J, Li Q, Zhang L. A generalist regulator: MYB transcription factors regulate the biosynthesis of active compounds in medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4729-4744. [PMID: 38767602 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are rich in a variety of secondary metabolites with therapeutic value. However, the yields of these metabolites are generally very low, making their extraction both time-consuming and labour-intensive. Transcription factor-targeted secondary metabolic engineering can efficiently regulate the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. v-Myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) transcription factors are involved in regulating various morphological and developmental processes, responses to stress, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. This review discusses the biological functions and transcription regulation mechanisms of MYB transcription factors and summarizes research progress concerning MYB transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis of representative active components. In the transcriptional regulatory network, MYB transcription factors regulate multiple synthase genes to mediate the biosynthesis of active compounds. This work will serve as a reference for an in-depth analysis of the MYB transcription factor family in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jianping Xue
- Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, China
| | - Qizhang Li
- Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Ma H, Steede T, Dewey RE, Lewis RS. Engineering Sclareol Production on the Leaf Surface of Nicotiana tabacum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38840459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Sclareol, a diterpene alcohol, is the most common starting material for the synthesis of ambrox, which serves as a sustainable substitute for ambergris, a valuable fragrance secreted by sperm whales. Sclareol has also been proposed to possess antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. However, in nature, sclareol is only produced by a few plant species, including Cistus creticus, Cleome spinosa, Nicotiana glutinosa, and Salvia sclarea, which limits its commercial application. In this study, we cloned the two genes responsible for sclareol biosynthesis in S. sclarea, labda-13-en-8-ol diphosphate synthase (LPPS) and sclareol synthase (SS), and overexpressed them in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The best transgenic tobacco lines accumulated 4.1 μg/cm2 of sclareol, which is comparable to the sclareol production of N. glutinosa, a natural sclareol producer. Thus, sclareol synthesis in tobacco represents a potential alternative means for the production of this high-value compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tyler Steede
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ralph E Dewey
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ramsey S Lewis
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Zhou X, Zhang X, Wang D, Luo R, Qin Z, Lin F, Xia X, Liu X, Hu G. Efficient Biosynthesis of Salidroside via Artificial in Vivo enhanced UDP-Glucose System Using Cheap Sucrose as Substrate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22386-22397. [PMID: 38799314 PMCID: PMC11112596 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Salidroside, a valuable phenylethanoid glycoside, is obtained from plants belonging to the Rhodiola genus, known for its diverse biological properties. At present, salidroside is still far from large-scale industrial production due to its lower titer and higher process cost. In this study, we have for the first time increased salidroside production by enhancing UDP-glucose supply in situ. We constructed an in vivo UDP-glucose regeneration system that works in conjunction with UDP-glucose transferase from Rhodiola innovatively to improve UDP-glucose availability. And a coculture was formed in order to enable de novo salidroside synthesis. Confronted with the influence of tyrosol on strain growth, an adaptive laboratory evolution strategy was implemented to enhance the strain's tolerance. Similarly, salidroside production was optimized through refinement of the fermentation medium, the inoculation ratio of the two microbes, and the inoculation size. The final salidroside titer reached 3.8 g/L. This was the highest titer achieved at the shake flask level in the existing reports. And this marked the first successful synthesis of salidroside in an in situ enhanced UDP-glucose system using sucrose. The cost was reduced by 93% due to the use of inexpensive substrates. This accomplishment laid a robust foundation for further investigations into the synthesis of other notable glycosides and natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhou
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- AgroParisTech, 22 place de l’Agronomie, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Dan Wang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ruoshi Luo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Qin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Fanzhen Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xue Xia
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ge Hu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
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Zhao Y, Ding WJ, Xu L, Sun JQ. A comprehensive comparative genomic analysis revealed that plant growth promoting traits are ubiquitous in strains of Stenotrophomonas. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1395477. [PMID: 38817968 PMCID: PMC11138164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas strains, which are often described as plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria, are ubiquitous in many environments. A total of 213 genomes of strains of Stenotrophomonas were analyzed using comparative genomics to better understand the ecological roles of these bacteria in the environment. The pan-genome of the 213 strains of Stenotrophomonas consists of 27,186 gene families, including 710 core gene families, 11,039 unique genes and 15,437 accessory genes. Nearly all strains of Stenotrophomonas harbor the genes for GH3-family cellulose degradation and GH2- and GH31-family hemicellulose hydrolase, as well as intact glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways. These abilities suggest that the strains of this genus can easily obtain carbon and energy from the environment. The Stenotrophomonas strains can respond to oxidative stress by synthesizing catalase, superoxide dismutase, methionine sulfoxide reductase, and disulfide isomerase, as well as managing their osmotic balance by accumulating potassium and synthesizing compatible solutes, such as betaine, trehalose, glutamate, and proline. Each Stenotrophomonas strain also contains many genes for resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. These genes that mediate stress tolerance increase the ability of Stenotrophomonas strains to survive in extreme environments. In addition, many functional genes related to attachment and plant colonization, growth promotion and biocontrol were identified. In detail, the genes associated with flagellar assembly, motility, chemotaxis and biofilm formation enable the strains of Stenotrophomonas to effectively colonize host plants. The presence of genes for phosphate-solubilization and siderophore production and the polyamine, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinin biosynthetic pathways confer the ability to promote plant growth. These strains can produce antimicrobial compounds, chitinases, lipases and proteases. Each Stenotrophomonas genome contained 1-9 prophages and 17-60 genomic islands, and the genes related to antibiotic and heavy metal resistance and the biosynthesis of polyamines, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinin may be acquired by horizontal gene transfer. This study demonstrates that strains of Stenotrophomonas are highly adaptable for different environments and have strong potential for use as plant growth-promoting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Lab for Microbial Resources, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wen-Jing Ding
- Lab for Microbial Resources, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji-Quan Sun
- Lab for Microbial Resources, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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Zhuang Z, Kong W, Wen Z, Tong N, Lin J, Zhang F, Fan Z, Yi L, Huang Y, Duan Y, Yan X, Zhu X. Combinatorial metabolic engineering of Streptomyces sp. CB03234-S for the enhanced production of anthraquinone-fused enediyne tiancimycins. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:128. [PMID: 38704580 PMCID: PMC11069151 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02399-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthraquinone-fused enediynes (AFEs) are excellent payloads for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The yields of AFEs in the original bacterial hosts are extremely low. Multiple traditional methods had been adopted to enhance the production of the AFEs. Despite these efforts, the production titers of these compounds are still low, presenting a practical challenge for their development. Tiancimycins (TNMs) are a class of AFEs produced by Streptomyces sp. CB03234. One of their salient features is that they exhibit rapid and complete cell killing ability against various cancer cell lines. RESULTS In this study, a combinatorial metabolic engineering strategy guided by the CB03234-S genome and transcriptome was employed to improve the titers of TNMs. First, re-sequencing of CB03234-S (Ribosome engineered mutant strains) genome revealed the deletion of a 583-kb DNA fragment, accounting for about 7.5% of its genome. Second, by individual or combined inactivation of seven potential precursor competitive biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in CB03234-S, a double-BGC inactivation mutant, S1009, was identified with an improved TNMs titer of 28.2 ± 0.8 mg/L. Third, overexpression of five essential biosynthetic genes, including two post-modification genes, and three self-resistance auxiliary genes, was also conducted, through which we discovered that mutants carrying the core genes, tnmE or tnmE10, exhibited enhanced TNMs production. The average TNMs yield reached 43.5 ± 2.4 mg/L in a 30-L fermenter, representing an approximately 360% increase over CB03234-S and the highest titer among all AFEs to date. Moreover, the resulting mutant produced TNM-W, a unique TNM derivative with a double bond instead of a common ethylene oxide moiety. Preliminary studies suggested that TNM-W was probably converted from TNM-A by both TnmE and TnmE10. CONCLUSIONS Based on the genome and transcriptome analyses, we adopted a combined metabolic engineering strategy for precursor enrichment and biosynthetic pathway reorganization to construct a high-yield strain of TNMs based on CB03234-S. Our study establishes a solid basis for the clinical development of AFE-based ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoukang Zhuang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Wenping Kong
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zhongqing Wen
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Nian Tong
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zhiying Fan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Liwei Yi
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discovery, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yanwen Duan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discovery, Changsha, 410011, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Xiangcheng Zhu
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discovery, Changsha, 410011, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, 410013, China.
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6
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Li Y, Grotewold E, Dudareva N. Enough is enough: feedback control of specialized metabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:514-523. [PMID: 37625949 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of plant metabolism have highlighted the significance of specialized metabolites in the regulation of gene expression associated with biosynthetic networks. This opinion article focuses on the molecular mechanisms of small-molecule-mediated feedback regulation at the transcriptional level and its potential modes of action, including metabolite signal perception, the nature of the sensor, and the signaling transduction mechanisms leading to transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, based on evidence available from plants and other kingdoms of life. We also discuss the challenges associated with identifying the occurrences, effects, and localization of small molecule-protein interactions. Further understanding of small-molecule-controlled metabolic fluxes will enable rational design of transcriptional regulation systems in metabolic engineering to produce high-value specialized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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7
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Xu Z, Li F, Liu Q, Ma T, Feng X, Zhao G, Zeng D, Li D, Jie H. Chemical composition and microbiota changes across musk secretion stages of forest musk deer. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1322316. [PMID: 38505545 PMCID: PMC10948612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1322316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Forest musk deer is the most important animal for natural musk production, and the musk composition changes periodically during musk secretion, accompanied by variation in the com-position of deer-symbiotic bacteria. GC-MS and 16S rRNA sequencing were conducted in this study, the dynamic changes to correlated chemical composition and the microbiota across musk secretion periods (prime musk secretion period, vigorous musk secretion period and late musk secretion period) were investigated by integrating its serum testosterone level in different mating states. Results showed that the testosterone level, musk composition and microbiota changed with annual cycle of musk secretion and affected by its mating state. Muscone and the testosterone level peaked at vigorous musk secretion period, and the microbiota of this stage was distinct from the other 2 periods. Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were dominant bacteria across musk secretion period. PICRUSt analysis demonstrated that bacteria were ubiquitous in musk pod and involved in the metabolism of antibiotics and terpenoids in musk. "Carbohydrates and amino acids," "fatty acids and CoA" and "secretion of metabolites" were enriched at 3 periods, respectively. Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Sulfuricurvum were potential biomarkers across musk secretion. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of genetic mechanism during musk secretion, emphasizing the importance of Actinobacteria and Corynebacterium in the synthesis of muscone and etiocholanone during musk secretion, which required further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Xu
- Sichuan Wildlife Rehabilitation and Breeding Research Center, Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Li
- Sichuan Wildlife Rehabilitation and Breeding Research Center, Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Sichuan Wildlife Rehabilitation and Breeding Research Center, Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Tianyuan Ma
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Feng
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Guijun Zhao
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Dejun Zeng
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Jie
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Dinday S, Ghosh S. Recent advances in triterpenoid pathway elucidation and engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108214. [PMID: 37478981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are among the most assorted class of specialized metabolites found in all the taxa of living organisms. Triterpenoids are the leading active ingredients sourced from plant species and are utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The triterpenoid precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene, which is biosynthesized via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway is structurally diversified by the oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and other scaffold-decorating enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and acyltransferases (ATs). A majority of the bioactive triterpenoids are harvested from the native hosts using the traditional methods of extraction and occasionally semi-synthesized. These methods of supply are time-consuming and do not often align with sustainability goals. Recent advancements in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have shown prospects for the green routes of triterpenoid pathway reconstruction in heterologous hosts such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana, which appear to be quite promising and might lead to the development of alternative source of triterpenoids. The present review describes the biotechnological strategies used to elucidate complex biosynthetic pathways and to understand their regulation and also discusses how the advances in triterpenoid pathway engineering might aid in the scale-up of triterpenoid production in engineered hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Dinday
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Cao K, Cui Y, Sun F, Zhang H, Fan J, Ge B, Cao Y, Wang X, Zhu X, Wei Z, Yao Q, Ma J, Wang Y, Meng C, Gao Z. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for producing high-value natural pigments in Microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108236. [PMID: 37586543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are microorganisms capable of producing bioactive compounds using photosynthesis. Microalgae contain a variety of high value-added natural pigments such as carotenoids, phycobilins, and chlorophylls. These pigments play an important role in many areas such as food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Natural pigments have a health value that is unmatched by synthetic pigments. However, the current commercial production of natural pigments from microalgae is not able to meet the growing market demand. The use of metabolic engineering and synthetic biological strategies to improve the production performance of microalgal cell factories is essential to promote the large-scale production of high-value pigments from microalgae. This paper reviews the health and economic values, the applications, and the synthesis pathways of microalgal pigments. Overall, this review aims to highlight the latest research progress in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in constructing engineered strains of microalgae with high-value pigments and the application of CRISPR technology and multi-omics in this context. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on the bottlenecks and challenges of microalgal pigment production and their future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yulin Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yujiao Cao
- School of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255090, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Zuoxi Wei
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qingshou Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jinju Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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10
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Poborsky M, Crocoll C, Motawie MS, Halkier BA. Systematic engineering pinpoints a versatile strategy for the expression of functional cytochrome P450 enzymes in Escherichia coli cell factories. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:219. [PMID: 37880718 PMCID: PMC10601251 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of plant secondary metabolites in engineered microorganisms provides a scalable and sustainable alternative to their sourcing from nature or through chemical synthesis. However, the biosynthesis of many valuable plant-derived products relies on cytochromes P450 - enzymes notoriously difficult to express in microbes. To improve their expression in Escherichia coli, an arsenal of engineering strategies was developed, often paired with an extensive screening of enzyme variants. Here, attempting to identify a broadly applicable strategy, we systematically evaluated six common cytochrome P450 N-terminal modifications and their effect on in vivo activity of enzymes from the CYP79 and CYP83 families. We found that transmembrane domain truncation was the only modification with a significantly positive effect for all seven tested enzymes, increasing their product titres by 2- to 170-fold. Furthermore, when comparing the changes in the protein titre and product generation, we show that higher protein expression does not directly translate to higher in vivo activity, thus making the protein titre an unreliable screening target in the context of cell factories. We propose the transmembrane domain truncation as a first-line approach that enables the expression of wide range of highly active P450 enzymes in E. coli and circumvents the time-consuming screening process. Our results challenge the notion that the engineering strategy must be tailored for each individual cytochrome P450 enzyme and have the potential to simplify and accelerate the future design of E. coli cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Poborsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawie
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Plant Biochemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark.
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11
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Mohammed Y, Ye D, He M, Wang H, Zhu Z, Sun Y. Production of Astaxanthin by Animal Cells via Introduction of an Entire Astaxanthin Biosynthetic Pathway. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1073. [PMID: 37760175 PMCID: PMC10525450 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a fascinating molecule with powerful antioxidant activity, synthesized exclusively by specific microorganisms and higher plants. To expand astaxanthin production, numerous studies have employed metabolic engineering to introduce and optimize astaxanthin biosynthetic pathways in microorganisms and plant hosts. Here, we report the metabolic engineering of animal cells in vitro to biosynthesize astaxanthin. This was accomplished through a two-step study to introduce the entire astaxanthin pathway into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T). First, we introduced the astaxanthin biosynthesis sub-pathway (Ast subp) using several genes encoding β-carotene ketolase and β-carotene hydroxylase enzymes to synthesize astaxanthin directly from β-carotene. Next, we introduced a β-carotene biosynthesis sub-pathway (β-Car subp) with selected genes involved in Ast subp to synthesize astaxanthin from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). As a result, we unprecedentedly enabled HEK293T cells to biosynthesize free astaxanthin from GGPP with a concentration of 41.86 µg/g dry weight (DW), which represented 66.19% of the total ketocarotenoids (63.24 µg/g DW). Through optimization steps using critical factors in the astaxanthin biosynthetic process, a remarkable 4.14-fold increase in total ketocarotenoids (262.10 µg/g DW) was achieved, with astaxanthin constituting over 88.82%. This pioneering study holds significant implications for transgenic animals, potentially revolutionizing the global demand for astaxanthin, particularly within the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Mohammed
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mudan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Houpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430072, China
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12
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Leykauf T, Klein J, Ernst M, Dorfner M, Ignatova A, Kreis W, Lanig H, Munkert J. Overexpression and RNAi-mediated Knockdown of Two 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroid dehydrogenase Genes in Digitalis lanata Shoot Cultures Reveal Their Role in Cardenolide Biosynthesis. PLANTA MEDICA 2023. [PMID: 37187191 DOI: 10.1055/a-2074-9186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroid dehydrogenases (3βHSDs) are supposed to be involved in 5β-cardenolide biosynthesis. Here, a novel 3βHSD (Dl3βHSD2) was isolated from Digitalis lanata shoot cultures and expressed in E. coli. Recombinant Dl3βHSD1 and Dl3βHSD2 shared 70% amino acid identity, reduced various 3-oxopregnanes and oxidised 3-hydroxypregnanes, but only rDl3βHSD2 converted small ketones and secondary alcohols efficiently. To explain these differences in substrate specificity, we established homology models using borneol dehydrogenase of Salvia rosmarinus (6zyz) as the template. Hydrophobicity and amino acid residues in the binding pocket may explain the difference in enzyme activities and substrate preferences. Compared to Dl3βHSD1, Dl3βHSD2 is weakly expressed in D. lanata shoots. High constitutive expression of Dl3βHSDs was realised by Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of Dl3βHSD genes fused to the CaMV-35S promotor into the genome of D. lanata wild type shoot cultures. Transformed shoots (35S:Dl3βHSD1 and 35S:Dl3βHSD2) accumulated less cardenolides than controls. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), which is known to inhibit cardenolide formation, were higher in the 35S:Dl3βHSD1 lines than in the controls. In the 35S:Dl3βHSD1 lines cardenolide levels were restored after adding of the substrate pregnane-3,20-dione in combination with buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH formation. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the Dl3βHSD1 yielded several shoot culture lines with strongly reduced cardenolide levels. In these lines, cardenolide biosynthesis was fully restored after addition of the downstream precursor pregnan-3β-ol-20-one, whereas upstream precursors such as progesterone had no effect, indicating that no shunt pathway could overcome the Dl3βHSD1 knockdown. These results can be taken as the first direct proof that Dl3βHSD1 is indeed involved in 5β-cardenolide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Leykauf
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Klein
- Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany
| | - Mona Ernst
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja Dorfner
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anastasiia Ignatova
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Lanig
- National High Performance Computing Center (NHR@FAU), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Nwachukwu BC, Ayangbenro AS, Babalola OO. Structural diversity of bacterial communities in two divergent sunflower rhizosphere soils. ANN MICROBIOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-023-01713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Farming practices on farmlands aim to improve nutrients in the fields or crops, soil quality and functions, as well as boost and sustain crop yield; however, the effect of loss of ecological diversity and degradation have impacted ecosystem functions. The beneficial rhizosphere-microorganism network and crop rotation may enhance a stable ecosystem. The use of next-generation sequencing technique will help characterize the entire bacterial species in the sunflower rhizosphere compared with the nearby bulk soils. We investigated the potential of the bacterial community structure of sunflower rhizosphere and bulk soils cultivated under different agricultural practices at two geographical locations in the North West Province of South Africa.
Methods
DNA was extracted from rhizosphere and bulk soils associated with sunflower plants from the crop rotation (rhizosphere soils from Lichtenburg (LTR) and bulk soils from Lichtenburg (LTB) and mono-cropping (rhizosphere soils from Krayburg (KRPR) and bulk soils from Krayburg (KRPB) sites, and sequenced employing 16S amplicon sequencing. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyse the sequenced dataset.
Results
Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes dominated the rhizosphere, while Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were predominant in bulk soils. Significant differences in bacterial structure at phyla and family levels and predicted functional categories between soils (P < 0.05) across the sites were revealed. The effect of physicochemical parameters was observed to influence bacterial dispersal across the sites.
Conclusion
This study provides information on the predominant bacterial community structure in sunflower soils and their predictive functional attributes at the growing stage, which suggests their future study for imminent crop production and management for enhanced agricultural yields.
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14
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Vasilev N. Medicinal Plants: Guests and Hosts in the Heterologous Expression of High-Value Products. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:1175-1189. [PMID: 34521134 DOI: 10.1055/a-1576-4148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants play an important dual role in the context of the heterologous expression of high-value pharmaceutical products. On the one hand, the classical biochemical and modern omics approaches allowed for the discovery of various genes encoding biosynthetic pathways in medicinal plants. Recombinant DNA technology enabled introducing these genes and regulatory elements into host organisms and enhancing the heterologous production of the corresponding secondary metabolites. On the other hand, the transient expression of foreign DNA in plants facilitated the production of numerous proteins of pharmaceutical importance. This review summarizes several success stories of the engineering of plant metabolic pathways in heterologous hosts. Likewise, a few examples of recombinant protein expression in plants for therapeutic purposes are also highlighted. Therefore, the importance of medicinal plants has grown immensely as sources for valuable products of low and high molecular weight. The next step ahead for bioengineering is to achieve more success stories of industrial-scale production of secondary plant metabolites in microbial systems and to fully exploit plant cell factories' commercial potential for recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Vasilev
- TU Dortmund University, Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical Biochemistry, Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Gavriilidou A, Kautsar SA, Zaburannyi N, Krug D, Müller R, Medema MH, Ziemert N. Compendium of specialized metabolite biosynthetic diversity encoded in bacterial genomes. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:726-735. [PMID: 35505244 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial specialized metabolites are a proven source of antibiotics and cancer therapies, but whether we have sampled all the secondary metabolite chemical diversity of cultivated bacteria is not known. We analysed ~170,000 bacterial genomes and ~47,000 metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) using a modified BiG-SLiCE and the new clust-o-matic algorithm. We estimate that only 3% of the natural products potentially encoded in bacterial genomes have been experimentally characterized. We show that the variation in secondary metabolite biosynthetic diversity drops significantly at the genus level, identifying it as an appropriate taxonomic rank for comparison. Equal comparison of genera based on relative evolutionary distance revealed that Streptomyces bacteria encode the largest biosynthetic diversity by far, with Amycolatopsis, Kutzneria and Micromonospora also encoding substantial diversity. Finally, we find that several less-well-studied taxa, such as Weeksellaceae (Bacteroidota), Myxococcaceae (Myxococcota), Pleurocapsa and Nostocaceae (Cyanobacteria), have potential to produce highly diverse sets of secondary metabolites that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Gavriilidou
- Translational Genome Mining for Natural Products, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Interfaculty Institute for Biomedical Informatics (IBMI), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Satria A Kautsar
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Chemistry Department, Scripps Research Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Nestor Zaburannyi
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Krug
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nadine Ziemert
- Translational Genome Mining for Natural Products, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Interfaculty Institute for Biomedical Informatics (IBMI), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections' (CMFI), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partnersite Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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Figueiredo G, Gomes M, Covas C, Mendo S, Caetano T. The Unexplored Wealth of Microbial Secondary Metabolites: the Sphingobacteriaceae Case Study. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:470-481. [PMID: 33987687 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on secondary metabolites (SMs) has been mostly focused on Gram-positive bacteria, especially Actinobacteria. The association of genomics with robust bioinformatics tools revealed the neglected potential of Gram-negative bacteria as promising sources of new SMs. The family Sphingobacteriaceae belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes having representatives in practically all environments including humans, rhizosphere, soils, wastewaters, among others. Some genera of this family have demonstrated great potential as plant growth promoters, bioremediators and producers of some value-added compounds such as carotenoids and antimicrobials. However, to date, Sphingobacteriaceae's SMs are still poorly characterized, and likewise, little is known about their chemistry. This study revealed that Sphingobacteriaceae pangenome encodes a total of 446 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which are distributed across 85 strains, highlighting the great potential of this bacterial family to produce SMs. Pedobacter, Mucilaginibacter and Sphingobacterium were the genera with the highest number of BGCs, especially those encoding the biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), terpenes, polyketides and nonribosomal peptides (NRPs). In Mucilaginibacter and Sphingobacterium genera, M. lappiensis ATCC BAA-1855, Mucilaginibacter sp. OK098 (both with 11 BGCs) and Sphingobacterium sp. 21 (6 BGCs) are the strains with the highest number of BGCs. Most of the BGCs found in these two genera did not have significant hits with the MIBiG database. These results strongly suggest that the bioactivities and environmental functions of these compounds, especially RiPPs, PKs and NRPs, are still unknown. Among RiPPs, two genera encoded the production of class I and class III lanthipeptides. The last are associated with LanKC proteins bearing uncommon lyase domains, whose dehydration mechanism deserves further investigation. This study translated genomics into functional information that unveils the enormous potential of environmental Gram-negative bacteria to produce metabolites with unknown chemistries, bioactivities and, more importantly, unknown ecological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Figueiredo
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gomes
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Claúdia Covas
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Caetano
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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17
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González Y, de los Santos-Villalobos S, Castro-Longoria E. Trichoderma Secondary Metabolites Involved in Microbial Inhibition. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Systems Metabolic Engineering of Methanotrophic Bacteria for Biological Conversion of Methane to Value-Added Compounds. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 180:91-126. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Iñiguez-Luna MI, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Soto-Hernández RM, Morales-Flores FJ, Cortes-Cruz M, Watanabe KN. Natural Bioactive Compounds of Sechium spp. for Therapeutic and Nutraceutical Supplements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:772389. [PMID: 35756862 PMCID: PMC9231563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.772389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are in great demand because certain secondary metabolites (SMs) are sources of antioxidants, flavorings, active substances, or anticancer agents with less aggressiveness and selectivity, among which triterpenes and flavonoids are of importance because they inhibit carcinogenesis. For Sechium spp. P. Br. (chayotes), there is scientific evidence of antiproliferative activity that has occurred when cancer cell lines have been treated with this fruit. In order to compare future therapeutic designs and identify new and ancestral characteristics, triterpenes and flavonoids were determined in contrasting Sechium genotypes. The obtained data were analyzed via a cladistics approach, with the aim of identifying the characteristics and state of phytochemicals and genetic variables. The concentrations of flavonoids and triterpenes were determined, and a more complex composition of secondary metabolites was found in the wild types as compared to their domesticated genotypes. Bitter fruits contained a higher number of SMs, followed by those with a neutral and sweet flavor. A cladogram showed the differentiation of the three groups based on the flavor of the fruits. The diversity of SMs decreases in evolutionary terms, in response to domestication and environmental adaptation. Therefore, genotypes can be feasibly selected based on fruit flavor for gross-breeding, and cytotoxicity can be reduced without losing possible therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Iñiguez-Luna
- Postgrado de Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Colegio de Postgraduados, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Postgrado de Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Colegio de Postgraduados, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Ramón Marcos Soto-Hernández
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
- Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Morales-Flores
- Postgrado de Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Colegio de Postgraduados, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Moisés Cortes-Cruz
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
- Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos-INIFAP, Tepatitlán, Mexico
| | - Kazuo N. Watanabe
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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20
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Comparative Metabolomics Reveals Fungal Conversion of Co-Existing Bacterial Metabolites within a Synthetic Aspergillus- Streptomyces Community. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090526. [PMID: 34564188 PMCID: PMC8472691 DOI: 10.3390/md19090526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, secondary metabolites have been proven to be the essential communication media between co-occurring microorganisms and to influence their relationship with each other. In this study, we conducted a metabolomics survey of the secondary metabolites of an artificial co-culture related to a hydrothermal vent fungal–bacterial community comprising Aspergillus sclerotiorum and Streptomyces and their reciprocal relationship. The fungal strain was found to increase the secretion of notoamides and the compound cyclo(Pro-Trp) produced by the actinomycetes strain was discovered to be the responsible molecule. This led to the hypothesis that the fungi transformed cyclo(Pro-Trp) synthesized by the actinomycetes as the biosynthetic precursors of notoamides in the chemical communication. Further analysis showed Streptomyces sp. WU20 was efficient in transforming amino acids into cyclo(Pro-Trp) and adding tryptophan as well as proline into the chemical communication enhanced the induction of the notoamide accumulation. Thus, we propose that the microbial transformation during the synthetic metabolically-mediated chemical communication might be a promising means of speeding up the discovery of novel bioactive molecules. The objective of this research was to clarify the mechanism of microbial transformation for the chemical communication. Besides, this research also highlights the utility of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics as an effective tool in the direct biochemical analysis of community metabolites.
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21
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Galanie S, Entwistle D, Lalonde J. Engineering biosynthetic enzymes for industrial natural product synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 37:1122-1143. [PMID: 32364202 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2020 Natural products and their derivatives are commercially important medicines, agrochemicals, flavors, fragrances, and food ingredients. Industrial strategies to produce these structurally complex molecules encompass varied combinations of chemical synthesis, biocatalysis, and extraction from natural sources. Interest in engineering natural product biosynthesis began with the advent of genetic tools for pathway discovery. Genes and strains can now readily be synthesized, mutated, recombined, and sequenced. Enzyme engineering has succeeded commercially due to the development of genetic methods, analytical technologies, and machine learning algorithms. Today, engineered biosynthetic enzymes from organisms spanning the tree of life are used industrially to produce diverse molecules. These biocatalytic processes include single enzymatic steps, multienzyme cascades, and engineered native and heterologous microbial strains. This review will describe how biosynthetic enzymes have been engineered to enable commercial and near-commercial syntheses of natural products and their analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Galanie
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
| | - David Entwistle
- Process Chemistry, Codexis, Inc., Redwood City, California, USA
| | - James Lalonde
- Microbial Digital Genome Engineering, Inscripta, Inc., Pleasanton, California, USA
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22
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Polturak G, Osbourn A. The emerging role of biosynthetic gene clusters in plant defense and plant interactions. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009698. [PMID: 34214143 PMCID: PMC8253395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Polturak
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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23
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Sajid M, Channakesavula CN, Stone SR, Kaur P. Synthetic Biology towards Improved Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050754. [PMID: 34069975 PMCID: PMC8157843 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a structurally diverse class of natural products that have been found to have a range of beneficial activities in humans. However, the clinical utilisation of these molecules has been limited due to their low solubility, chemical stability, bioavailability and extensive intestinal metabolism in vivo. Recently, the view has been formed that site-specific modification of flavonoids by methylation and/or glycosylation, processes that occur in plants endogenously, can be used to improve and adapt their biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties. The traditional source of flavonoids and their modified forms is from plants and is limited due to the low amounts present in biomass, intrinsic to the nature of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Access to greater amounts of flavonoids, and understanding of the impact of modifications, requires a rethink in terms of production, more specifically towards the adoption of plant biosynthetic pathways into ex planta synthesis approaches. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, aided by protein engineering and machine learning methods, offer attractive and exciting avenues for ex planta flavonoid synthesis. This review seeks to explore the applications of synthetic biology towards the ex planta biosynthesis of flavonoids, and how the natural plant methylation and glycosylation pathways can be harnessed to produce modified flavonoids with more favourable biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties for clinical use. It is envisaged that the development of viable alternative production systems for the synthesis of flavonoids and their methylated and glycosylated forms will help facilitate their greater clinical application.
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24
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Pujari I, Thomas A, Sankar Babu V. Native and non-native host assessment towards metabolic pathway reconstructions of plant natural products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e00619. [PMID: 33996523 PMCID: PMC8091882 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant metabolic networks are highly complex. Engineering the phytochemical pathways fully in heterologous hosts is challenging. Single plant cells with amplified multiple fission enable homogeneity. Homogeneity and high cell division rate can facilitate stable product scale-up.
Plant-based biopreparations are reasonably priced and are devoid of viral, prion and endotoxin contaminants. However, synthesizing these natural plant products by chemical methods is quite expensive. The structural complexity of plant-derived natural products poses a challenge for chemical synthesis at a commercial scale. Failure of commercial-scale synthesis is the chief reason why metabolic reconstructions in heterologous hosts are inevitable. This review discusses plant metabolite pathway reconstructions experimented in various heterologous hosts, and the inherent challenges involved. Plants as native hosts possess enhanced post-translational modification ability, along with rigorous gene edits, unlike microbes. To achieve a high yield of metabolites in plants, increased cell division rate is one of the requisites. This improved cell division rate will promote cellular homogeneity. Incorporation and maintenance of plant cell synchrony, in turn, can program stable product scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Pujari
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Abitha Thomas
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vidhu Sankar Babu
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Tiwari P, Khare T, Shriram V, Bae H, Kumar V. Plant synthetic biology for producing potent phyto-antimicrobials to combat antimicrobial resistance. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 48:107729. [PMID: 33705914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate and injudicious use of antimicrobial drugs in human health, hygiene, agriculture, animal husbandry and food industries has contributed significantly to rapid emergence and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), one of the serious global public health threats. The crisis of AMR versus slower discovery of newer antibiotics put forth a daunting task to control these drug-resistant superbugs. Several phyto-antimicrobials have been identified in recent years with direct-killing (bactericidal) and/or drug-resistance reversal (re-sensitization of AMR phenotypes) potencies. Phyto-antimicrobials may hold the key in combating AMR owing to their abilities to target major microbial drug-resistance determinants including cell membrane, drug-efflux pumps, cell communication and biofilms. However, limited distribution, low intracellular concentrations, eco-geographical variations, beside other considerations like dynamic environments, climate change and over-exploitation of plant-resources are major blockades in full potential exploration phyto-antimicrobials. Synthetic biology (SynBio) strategies integrating metabolic engineering, RNA-interference, genome editing/engineering and/or systems biology approaches using plant chassis (as engineerable platforms) offer prospective tools for production of phyto-antimicrobials. With expanding SynBio toolkit, successful attempts towards introduction of entire gene cluster, reconstituting the metabolic pathway or transferring an entire metabolic (or synthetic) pathway into heterologous plant systems highlight the potential of this field. Through this perspective review, we are presenting herein the current situation and options for addressing AMR, emphasizing on the significance of phyto-antimicrobials in this apparently post-antibiotic era, and effective use of plant chassis for phyto-antimicrobial production at industrial scales along with major SynBio tools and useful databases. Current knowledge, recent success stories, associated challenges and prospects of translational success are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Tiwari
- Molecular Metabolic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tushar Khare
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411016, India; Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Varsha Shriram
- Department of Botany, Prof. Ramkrishna More Arts, Commerce and Science College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Akurdi, Pune 411044, India
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Molecular Metabolic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411016, India; Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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Antileishmanial Activity of Lignans, Neolignans, and Other Plant Phenols. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 115:115-176. [PMID: 33797642 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64853-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SM) from organisms have served medicinal chemists over the past two centuries as an almost inexhaustible pool of new drugs, drug-like skeletons, and chemical probes that have been used in the "hunt" for new biologically active molecules with a "beneficial effect on human mind and body." Several secondary metabolites, or their derivatives, have been found to be the answer in the quest to search for new approaches to treat or even eradicate many types of diseases that oppress humanity. A special place among SM is occupied by lignans and neolignans. These phenolic compounds are generated biosynthetically via radical coupling of two phenylpropanoid monomers, and are known for their multitarget activity and low toxicity. The disadvantage of the relatively low specificity of phenylpropanoid-based SM turns into an advantage when structural modifications of these skeletons are made. Indeed, phenylpropanoid-based SM previously have proven to offer great potential as a starting point in drug development. Compounds such as Warfarin® (a coumarin-based anticoagulant) as well as etoposide and teniposide (podophyllotoxin-based anticancer drugs) are just a few examples. At the beginning of the third decade of the twenty-first century, the call for the treatment of more than a dozen rare or previously "neglected" diseases remains for various reasons unanswered. Leishmaniasis, a neglected disease that desperately needs new ways of treatment, is just one of these. This disease is caused by more than 20 leishmanial parasites that are pathogenic to humans and are spread by as many as 800 sandfly species across subtropical areas of the world. With continuing climate changes, the presence of Leishmania parasites and therefore leishmaniasis, the disease caused by these parasites, is spreading from previous locations to new areas. Thus, leishmaniasis is affecting each year a larger proportion of the world's population. The choice of appropriate leishmaniasis treatment depends on the severity of the disease and its form of manifestation. The success of current drug therapy is often limited, due in most cases to requiring long hospitalization periods (weeks to months) and the toxicity (side effects) of administered drugs, in addition to the increasing resistance of the parasites to treatment. It is thus important to develop new drugs and treatments that are less toxic, can overcome drug resistance, and require shorter periods of treatment. These aspects are especially important for the populations of developing countries. It was reported that several phenylpropanoid-based secondary metabolites manifest interesting antileishmanial activities and are used by various indigenous people to treat leishmaniasis. In this chapter, the authors shed some light on the various biological activities of phenylpropanoid natural products, with the main focus being on their possible applications in the context of antileishmanial treatment.
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Gani U, Vishwakarma RA, Misra P. Membrane transporters: the key drivers of transport of secondary metabolites in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1-18. [PMID: 32959124 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent updates in the area of transporters of plant secondary metabolites, including their applied aspects in metabolic engineering of economically important secondary metabolites. Plants have evolved biosynthetic pathways to produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites, which serve distinct functions, including defense against pathogens and herbivory, thereby playing a pivotal role in plant ecological interactions. These compounds often display interesting bioactivities and, therefore, have been used as repositories of natural drugs and phytoceuticals for humans. At an elevated level, plant secondary metabolites could be cytotoxic to the plant cell itself; therefore, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to sequester these compounds to prevent cytotoxicity. Many of these valuable natural compounds and their precursors are biosynthesized and accumulated at diverse subcellular locations, and few are even transported to sink organs via long-distance transport, implying the involvement of compartmentalization via intra- and intercellular transport mechanisms. The transporter proteins belonging to different families of transporters, especially ATP binding cassette (ABC) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) have been implicated in membrane-mediated transport of certain plant secondary metabolites. Despite increasing reports on the characterization of transporter proteins and their genes, our knowledge about the transporters of several medicinally and economically important plant secondary metabolites is still enigmatic. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the whole route of secondary metabolite transportome, in addition to the biosynthetic pathways, will aid in systematic and targeted metabolic engineering of high-value secondary metabolites. The present review embodies a comprehensive update on the progress made in the elucidation of transporters of secondary metabolites in view of basic and applied aspects of their transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Gani
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Prashant Misra
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Deguchi M, Kane S, Potlakayala S, George H, Proano R, Sheri V, Curtis WR, Rudrabhatla S. Metabolic Engineering Strategies of Industrial Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.): A Brief Review of the Advances and Challenges. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:580621. [PMID: 33363552 PMCID: PMC7752810 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a diploid (2n = 20), dioecious plant that is grown for fiber, seed, and oil. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in this crop because of its panoply of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other phenolic compounds. Specifically, hemp contains terpenophenolic compounds such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG), which act on cannabinoid receptors and positively regulate various human metabolic, immunological, and physiological functions. CBD and CBG have an effect on the cytokine metabolism, which has led to the examination of cannabinoids on the treatment of viral diseases, including COVID-19. Based on genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic studies, several synthetic pathways of hemp secondary metabolite production have been elucidated. Nevertheless, there are few reports on hemp metabolic engineering despite obvious impact on scientific and industrial sectors. In this article, recent status and current perspectives on hemp metabolic engineering are reviewed. Three distinct approaches to expedite phytochemical yield are discussed. Special emphasis has been placed on transgenic and transient gene delivery systems, which are critical for successful metabolic engineering of hemp. The advent of new tools in synthetic biology, particularly the CRISPR/Cas systems, enables environment-friendly metabolic engineering to increase the production of desirable hemp phytochemicals while eliminating the psychoactive compounds, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Deguchi
- The Central Pennsylvania Research and Teaching Laboratory for Biofuels, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States
| | - Shriya Kane
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Shobha Potlakayala
- The Central Pennsylvania Research and Teaching Laboratory for Biofuels, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States
| | - Hannah George
- The Central Pennsylvania Research and Teaching Laboratory for Biofuels, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States
| | - Renata Proano
- The Central Pennsylvania Research and Teaching Laboratory for Biofuels, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States
| | - Vijay Sheri
- The Central Pennsylvania Research and Teaching Laboratory for Biofuels, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States
| | - Wayne R. Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Sairam Rudrabhatla
- The Central Pennsylvania Research and Teaching Laboratory for Biofuels, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States
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Engineered biosynthetic pathways and biocatalytic cascades for sustainable synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 58:146-154. [PMID: 33152607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nature exploits biosynthetic cascades to construct numerous molecules from a limited set of starting materials. A deeper understanding of biosynthesis and extraordinary developments in gene technology has allowed the manipulation of natural pathways and construction of artificial cascades for the preparation of a range of molecules, which would be challenging to access using traditional synthetic chemical approaches. Alongside these metabolic engineering strategies, there has been continued interest in developing in vivo and in vitro biocatalytic cascades. Advancements in both metabolic engineering and biocatalysis are complementary, and this article aims to highlight some of the most exciting developments in these two areas with a particular focus on exploring those that have the potential to advance both pathway engineering and more traditional biocatalytic cascade development.
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Cadena-Zamudio JD, Nicasio-Torres P, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Guerrero-Analco JA, Ibarra-Laclette E. Integrated Analysis of the Transcriptome and Metabolome of Cecropia obtusifolia: A Plant with High Chlorogenic Acid Content Traditionally Used to Treat Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207572. [PMID: 33066422 PMCID: PMC7588936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation cultured Cecropia obtusifolia cells in suspension to evaluate the effect of nitrate deficiency on the growth and production of chlorogenic acid (CGA), a secondary metabolite with hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity that acts directly on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Using cell cultures in suspension, a kinetics time course was established with six time points and four total nitrate concentrations. The metabolites of interest were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the metabolome was analyzed using directed and nondirected approaches. Finally, using RNA-seq methodology, the first transcript collection for C. obtusifolia was generated. HPLC analysis detected CGA at all sampling points, while metabolomic analysis confirmed the identity of CGA and of precursors involved in its biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes and enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of CGA. C. obtusifolia probably expresses a key enzyme with bifunctional activity, the hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT/HCT), which recognizes shikimic acid or quinic acid as a substrate and incorporates either into one of the two routes responsible for CGA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge David Cadena-Zamudio
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Pilar Nicasio-Torres
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (CIBIS), Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Juan Luis Monribot-Villanueva
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - José Antonio Guerrero-Analco
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(228)-842-1823
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Prasad A, Muthamilarasan M, Prasad M. Synergistic antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 by plant-based molecules. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1109-1114. [PMID: 32561979 PMCID: PMC7303273 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The exponential spread of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emphasizes the immediate need for effective antiviral drugs and vaccines that could control and prevent the spread of this pandemic. Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway. The availability of genome sequence information of the virus and the identification of potential targets to neutralize and eradicate the infection have enabled the search for novel as well as existing molecules to perform the desired function. However, the application of plants in the development of potential biomolecules, such as antibiotics and vaccines, is limited. Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections. Still, in-depth studies are not available to explore the bioactive compounds of plant origin and their mechanism of action. Given this, the current opinion article conveys our thoughts and perspectives on the promising usage of plant-based biomolecules in circumventing SARS-CoV-2, and how these molecules can work synergistically with other potential drugs for treating SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mehanathan Muthamilarasan
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Li C, Zhang R, Wang J, Wilson LM, Yan Y. Protein Engineering for Improving and Diversifying Natural Product Biosynthesis. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:729-744. [PMID: 31954530 PMCID: PMC7274900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Proteins found in nature have traditionally been the most frequently used biocatalysts to produce numerous natural products ranging from commodity chemicals to pharmaceuticals. Protein engineering has emerged as a powerful biotechnological toolbox in the development of metabolic engineering, particularly for the biosynthesis of natural products. Recently, protein engineering has become a favored method to improve enzymatic activity, increase enzyme stability, and expand product spectra in natural product biosynthesis. This review summarizes recent advances and typical strategies in protein engineering, highlighting the paramount role of protein engineering in improving and diversifying the biosynthesis of natural products. Future prospects and research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Li
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lauren Marie Wilson
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yajun Yan
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Tiedge K, Muchlinski A, Zerbe P. Genomics-enabled analysis of specialized metabolism in bioenergy crops: current progress and challenges. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2020; 5:ysaa005. [PMID: 32995549 PMCID: PMC7445794 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a staggering diversity of specialized small molecule metabolites that play vital roles in mediating environmental interactions and stress adaptation. This chemical diversity derives from dynamic biosynthetic pathway networks that are often species-specific and operate under tight spatiotemporal and environmental control. A growing divide between demand and environmental challenges in food and bioenergy crop production has intensified research on these complex metabolite networks and their contribution to crop fitness. High-throughput omics technologies provide access to ever-increasing data resources for investigating plant metabolism. However, the efficiency of using such system-wide data to decode the gene and enzyme functions controlling specialized metabolism has remained limited; due largely to the recalcitrance of many plants to genetic approaches and the lack of 'user-friendly' biochemical tools for studying the diverse enzyme classes involved in specialized metabolism. With emphasis on terpenoid metabolism in the bioenergy crop switchgrass as an example, this review aims to illustrate current advances and challenges in the application of DNA synthesis and synthetic biology tools for accelerating the functional discovery of genes, enzymes and pathways in plant specialized metabolism. These technologies have accelerated knowledge development on the biosynthesis and physiological roles of diverse metabolite networks across many ecologically and economically important plant species and can provide resources for application to precision breeding and natural product metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Tiedge
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew Muchlinski
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Jacobowitz JR, Weng JK. Exploring Uncharted Territories of Plant Specialized Metabolism in the Postgenomic Era. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:631-658. [PMID: 32176525 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, humans have used plants for food, raw materials, and medicines, but only within the past two centuries have we begun to connect particular plant metabolites with specific properties and utilities. Since the utility of classical molecular genetics beyond model species is limited, the vast specialized metabolic systems present in the Earth's flora remain largely unstudied. With an explosion in genomics resources and a rapidly expanding toolbox over the past decade, exploration of plant specialized metabolism in nonmodel species is becoming more feasible than ever before. We review the state-of-the-art tools that have enabled this rapid progress. We present recent examples of de novo biosynthetic pathway discovery that employ various innovative approaches. We also draw attention to the higher-order organization of plant specialized metabolism at subcellular, cellular, tissue, interorgan, and interspecies levels, which will have important implications for the future design of comprehensive metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Jacobowitz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA;
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA;
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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35
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Kaur R, Sharma P, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F, Kumar D. Structure-Activity-Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E2070. [PMID: 32365518 PMCID: PMC7249135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which chiefly originatesfroma retrovirus named Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has impacted about 70 million people worldwide. Even though several advances have been made in the field of antiretroviral combination therapy, HIV is still responsible for a considerable number of deaths in Africa. The current antiretroviral therapies have achieved success in providing instant HIV suppression but with countless undesirable adverse effects. Presently, the biodiversity of the plant kingdom is being explored by several researchers for the discovery of potent anti-HIV drugs with different mechanisms of action. The primary challenge is to afford a treatment that is free from any sort of risk of drug resistance and serious side effects. Hence, there is a strong demand to evaluate drugs derived from plants as well as their derivatives. Several plants, such as Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Aegle marmelos, Wistaria floribunda, Lindera chunii, Xanthoceras sorbifolia and others have displayed significant anti-HIV activity. Here, weattempt to summarize the main results, which focus on the structures of most potent plant-based natural products having anti-HIV activity along with their mechanisms of action and IC50 values, structure-activity-relationships and important key findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Girish K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Pathankot 145001, India;
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
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Liu C, Kakeya H. Cryptic Chemical Communication: Secondary Metabolic Responses Revealed by Microbial Co‐culture. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:327-337. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular SciencesDivision of Bioinformatics and Chemical GenomicsGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Hideaki Kakeya
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular SciencesDivision of Bioinformatics and Chemical GenomicsGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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The Role of Phytoengineering in the Preparation and Production of Herbal Medicines. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Prabha R, Singh DP, Gupta S, Gupta VK, El-Enshasy HA, Verma MK. Rhizosphere Metagenomics of Paspalum scrobiculatum L. (Kodo Millet) Reveals Rhizobiome Multifunctionalities. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120608. [PMID: 31771141 PMCID: PMC6956225 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctionalities linked with the microbial communities associated with the millet crop rhizosphere has remained unexplored. In this study, we are analyzing microbial communities inhabiting rhizosphere of kodo millet and their associated functions and its impact over plant growth and survival. Metagenomics of Paspalum scrobiculatum L.(kodo millet) rhizopshere revealed taxonomic communities with functional capabilities linked to support growth and development of the plants under nutrient-deprived, semi-arid and dry biotic conditions. Among 65 taxonomically diverse phyla identified in the rhizobiome, Actinobacteria were the most abundant followed by the Proteobacteria. Functions identified for different genes/proteins led to revelations that multifunctional rhizobiome performs several metabolic functions including carbon fixation, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, iron and aromatic compound metabolism, stress response, secondary metabolite synthesis and virulence, disease, and defense. Abundance of genes linked with N, P, S, Fe and aromatic compound metabolism and phytohormone synthesis—along with other prominent functions—clearly justifies growth, development, and survival of the plants under nutrient deprived dry environment conditions. The dominance of actinobacteria, the known antibiotic producing communities shows that the kodo rhizobiome possesses metabolic capabilities to defend themselves against biotic stresses. The study opens avenues to revisit multi-functionalities of the crop rhizosphere for establishing link between taxonomic abundance and targeted functions that help plant growth and development in stressed and nutrient deprived soil conditions. It further helps in understanding the role of rhizosphere microbiome in adaptation and survival of plants in harsh abiotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Prabha
- Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 491107, India; (R.P.); (M.K.V.)
| | - Dhananjaya P. Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Kushmaur, Maunath Bhanjan 275101, UP, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Shailendra Gupta
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany;
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Hesham A. El-Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Mukesh K. Verma
- Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 491107, India; (R.P.); (M.K.V.)
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Anand U, Jacobo-Herrera N, Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N. A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Plants as Antimicrobial Therapeutics: Potential Avenues of Biocompatible Drug Discovery. Metabolites 2019; 9:E258. [PMID: 31683833 PMCID: PMC6918160 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The war on multidrug resistance (MDR) has resulted in the greatest loss to the world's economy. Antibiotics, the bedrock, and wonder drug of the 20th century have played a central role in treating infectious diseases. However, the inappropriate, irregular, and irrational uses of antibiotics have resulted in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This has resulted in an increased interest in medicinal plants since 30-50% of current pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals are plant-derived. The question we address in this review is whether plants, which produce a rich diversity of secondary metabolites, may provide novel antibiotics to tackle MDR microbes and novel chemosensitizers to reclaim currently used antibiotics that have been rendered ineffective by the MDR microbes. Plants synthesize secondary metabolites and phytochemicals and have great potential to act as therapeutics. The main focus of this mini-review is to highlight the potential benefits of plant derived multiple compounds and the importance of phytochemicals for the development of biocompatible therapeutics. In addition, this review focuses on the diverse effects and efficacy of herbal compounds in controlling the development of MDR in microbes and hopes to inspire research into unexplored plants with a view to identify novel antibiotics for global health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering (MCE), Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (JIBB), Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh 211007, India.
| | - Nadia Jacobo-Herrera
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Av. Vasco de Quiroga 15. Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI. C.P. Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Ammar Altemimi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq.
| | - Naoufal Lakhssassi
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Wang P, Wen J. Identification of the regulon FkbN for ascomycin biosynthesis and its interspecies conservation analysis as LAL family regulator. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu J, Song Z, Xu X, Ma Z, Bechthold A, Yu X. ToyA, a positive pathway-specific regulator for toyocamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7071-7084. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Trejo-Téllez LI, Estrada-Ortiz E, Gómez-Merino FC, Becker C, Krumbein A, Schwarz D. Flavonoid, Nitrate and Glucosinolate Concentrations in Brassica Species Are Differentially Affected by Photosynthetically Active Radiation, Phosphate and Phosphite. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:371. [PMID: 30972096 PMCID: PMC6445887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of phosphate (Pi-deficiency: 0.1 mM; Pi-sufficiency: 0.5 mM), phosphite (low-Phi: 0.1 mM; medium-Phi: 0.5 mM; and high-Phi: 2.5 mM), and two mean daily photosynthetically active radiations (lower PAR: 22.2 mol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ d-1; higher PAR: 29.7 mol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ d-1), as well as their interactions, on flavonoid, nitrate and glucosinolate (GL) concentrations and growth characteristics in hydroponically grown Brassica campestris cv. Mibuna Early and Brassica juncea cv. Red Giant. As expected, higher PAR increased dry matter and contrariwise decreased number of leaves but only in B. campestris. Total flavonoid and individual flavonoid compounds increased with the higher PAR value in B. campestris. Pi-sufficiency resulted in a lower quercetin concentration in both species, the isorhamnetin and total flavonoid concentrations in B. campestris, and the cyanidin concentration in B. juncea, in comparison to Pi-deficiency. Similarly, Pi-sufficient plants exhibited lower GL concentration, especially alkyl-GLs in B. campestris and alkenyl-GLs and an aryl-GL in B. juncea. Pi did not affect the nitrate concentration in either species, and nor did Phi influence the flavonoid concentrations in either species. In B. campestris, medium Phi (0.5 mM) increased the 1-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl GL concentration by 28.3%, as compared to that observed at low Phi. In B. juncea, high Phi level increased the but-3-enyl-GL concentration by 18.9%, in comparison to values recorded at medium Phi. B. campestris plants exposed to higher PAR increased total flavonoids concentration. In both Brassica species, higher PAR stimulated the alkyl-, alkenyl-, and indole-GLs. The interaction of lower PAR and increasing Phi significantly decreased flavonoid concentration in B. juncea, whereas increasing Phi at higher PAR increased such concentration in this species. The same combination reduced the concentration of 2-phenylethyl- and indol-3-ylmethyl-GL in B. juncea. The highest indol-3-ylmethyl-GL concentration was observed when Pi was deficient combined with medium Phi in B. juncea. Thus, PAR, Pi and Phi may modulate flavonoid, GL and nitrate concentrations in Brassica species, which may be a useful tool to improve the nutraceutical quality of these leafy vegetables if properly managed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christine Becker
- Department of Crop Protection, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Angelika Krumbein
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dietmar Schwarz,
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Nepal KK, Wang G. Streptomycetes: Surrogate hosts for the genetic manipulation of biosynthetic gene clusters and production of natural products. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:1-20. [PMID: 30312648 PMCID: PMC6343487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the worldwide prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and high incidence of diseases such as cancer, there is an urgent need for the discovery and development of new drugs. Nearly half of the FDA-approved drugs are derived from natural products that are produced by living organisms, mainly bacteria, fungi, and plants. Commercial development is often limited by the low yield of the desired compounds expressed by the native producers. In addition, recent advances in whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics have revealed an abundance of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters within microbial genomes. Genetic manipulation of clusters in the native host is commonly used to awaken poorly expressed or silent gene clusters, however, the lack of feasible genetic manipulation systems in many strains often hinders our ability to engineer the native producers. The transfer of gene clusters into heterologous hosts for expression of partial or entire biosynthetic pathways is an approach that can be used to overcome this limitation. Heterologous expression also facilitates the chimeric fusion of different biosynthetic pathways, leading to the generation of "unnatural" natural products. The genus Streptomyces is especially known to be a prolific source of drugs/antibiotics, its members are often used as heterologous expression hosts. In this review, we summarize recent applications of Streptomyces species, S. coelicolor, S. lividans, S. albus, S. venezuelae and S. avermitilis, as heterologous expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav K Nepal
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Guojun Wang
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA.
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Grijseels S, Pohl C, Nielsen JC, Wasil Z, Nygård Y, Nielsen J, Frisvad JC, Nielsen KF, Workman M, Larsen TO, Driessen AJM, Frandsen RJN. Identification of the decumbenone biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium decumbens and the importance for production of calbistrin. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2018; 5:18. [PMID: 30598828 PMCID: PMC6299560 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi are important producers of secondary metabolites, low molecular weight molecules that often have bioactive properties. Calbistrin A is a secondary metabolite with an interesting structure that was recently found to have bioactivity against leukemia cells. It consists of two polyketides linked by an ester bond: a bicyclic decalin containing polyketide with structural similarities to lovastatin, and a linear 12 carbon dioic acid structure. Calbistrin A is known to be produced by several uniseriate black Aspergilli, Aspergillus versicolor-related species, and Penicillia. Penicillium decumbens produces calbistrin A and B as well as several putative intermediates of the calbistrin pathway, such as decumbenone A-B and versiol. RESULTS A comparative genomics study focused on the polyketide synthase (PKS) sets found in three full genome sequence calbistrin producing fungal species, P. decumbens, A. aculeatus and A. versicolor, resulted in the identification of a novel, putative 13-membered calbistrin producing gene cluster (calA to calM). Implementation of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology in P. decumbens allowed the targeted deletion of genes encoding a polyketide synthase (calA), a major facilitator pump (calB) and a binuclear zinc cluster transcription factor (calC). Detailed metabolic profiling, using UHPLC-MS, of the ∆calA (PKS) and ∆calC (TF) strains confirmed the suspected involvement in calbistrin productions as neither strains produced calbistrin nor any of the putative intermediates in the pathway. Similarly analysis of the excreted metabolites in the ∆calB (MFC-pump) strain showed that the encoded pump was required for efficient export of calbistrin A and B. CONCLUSION Here we report the discovery of a gene cluster (calA-M) involved in the biosynthesis of the polyketide calbistrin in P. decumbens. Targeted gene deletions proved the involvement of CalA (polyketide synthase) in the biosynthesis of calbistrin, CalB (major facilitator pump) for the export of calbistrin A and B and CalC for the transcriptional regulation of the cal-cluster. This study lays the foundation for further characterization of the calbistrin biosynthetic pathway in multiple species and the development of an efficient calbistrin producing cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske Grijseels
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carsten Pohl
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Christian Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zahida Wasil
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Nygård
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mhairi Workman
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Arnold J. M. Driessen
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bedewitz MA, Jones AD, D'Auria JC, Barry CS. Tropinone synthesis via an atypical polyketide synthase and P450-mediated cyclization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5281. [PMID: 30538251 PMCID: PMC6290073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropinone is the first intermediate in the biosynthesis of the pharmacologically important tropane alkaloids that possesses the 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane core bicyclic structure that defines this alkaloid class. Chemical synthesis of tropinone was achieved in 1901 but the mechanism of tropinone biosynthesis has remained elusive. In this study, we identify a root-expressed type III polyketide synthase from Atropa belladonna (AbPYKS) that catalyzes the formation of 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoic acid. This catalysis proceeds through a non-canonical mechanism that directly utilizes an unconjugated N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium cation as the starter substrate for two rounds of malonyl-Coenzyme A mediated decarboxylative condensation. Subsequent formation of tropinone from 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoic acid is achieved through cytochrome P450-mediated catalysis by AbCYP82M3. Silencing of AbPYKS and AbCYP82M3 reduces tropane levels in A. belladonna. This study reveals the mechanism of tropinone biosynthesis, explains the in planta co-occurrence of pyrrolidines and tropanes, and demonstrates the feasibility of tropane engineering in a non-tropane producing plant. Tropinone is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids. Here, the authors discovered the enzymes AbPYKS and AbCYP82M3, a non-canonical polyketide synthase and a cytochrome P450, that work sequentially to form tropinone from N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Bedewitz
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John C D'Auria
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Abstract
Current understanding of many animal-microbial symbioses involving unculturable bacterial symbionts with much-reduced genomes derives almost entirely from nonquantitative inferences from genome data. To overcome this limitation, we reconstructed multipartner metabolic models that quantify both the metabolic fluxes within and between three xylem-feeding insects and their bacterial symbionts. This revealed near-complete metabolic segregation between cooccurring bacterial symbionts, despite extensive metabolite exchange between each symbiont and the host, suggestive of strict host controls over the metabolism of its symbionts. We extended the model analysis to investigate metabolic costs. The positive relationship between symbiont genome size and the metabolic cost incurred by the host points to fitness benefits to the host of bearing symbionts with small genomes. The multicompartment metabolic models developed here can be applied to other symbioses that are not readily tractable to experimental approaches. Various intracellular bacterial symbionts that provide their host with essential nutrients have much-reduced genomes, attributed largely to genomic decay and relaxed selection. To obtain quantitative estimates of the metabolic function of these bacteria, we reconstructed genome- and transcriptome-informed metabolic models of three xylem-feeding insects that bear two bacterial symbionts with complementary metabolic functions: a primary symbiont, Sulcia, that has codiversified with the insects, and a coprimary symbiont of distinct taxonomic origin and with different degrees of genome reduction in each insect species (Hodgkinia in a cicada, Baumannia in a sharpshooter, and Sodalis in a spittlebug). Our simulations reveal extensive bidirectional flux of multiple metabolites between each symbiont and the host, but near-complete metabolic segregation (i.e., near absence of metabolic cross-feeding) between the two symbionts, a likely mode of host control over symbiont metabolism. Genome reduction of the symbionts is associated with an increased number of host metabolic inputs to the symbiont and also reduced metabolic cost to the host. In particular, Sulcia and Hodgkinia with genomes of ≤0.3 Mb are calculated to recycle ∼30 to 80% of host-derived nitrogen to essential amino acids returned to the host, while Baumannia and Sodalis with genomes of ≥0.6 Mb recycle 10 to 15% of host nitrogen. We hypothesize that genome reduction of symbionts may be driven by selection for increased host control and reduced host costs, as well as by the stochastic process of genomic decay and relaxed selection.
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Matsuura HN, Malik S, de Costa F, Yousefzadi M, Mirjalili MH, Arroo R, Bhambra AS, Strnad M, Bonfill M, Fett-Neto AG. Specialized Plant Metabolism Characteristics and Impact on Target Molecule Biotechnological Production. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:169-183. [PMID: 29290031 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolism evolved in the context of highly organized and differentiated cells and tissues, featuring massive chemical complexity operating under tight environmental, developmental and genetic control. Biotechnological demand for natural products has been continuously increasing because of their significant value and new applications, mainly as pharmaceuticals. Aseptic production systems of plant secondary metabolites have improved considerably, constituting an attractive tool for increased, stable and large-scale supply of valuable molecules. Surprisingly, to date, only a few examples including taxol, shikonin, berberine and artemisinin have emerged as success cases of commercial production using this strategy. The present review focuses on the main characteristics of plant specialized metabolism and their implications for current strategies used to produce secondary compounds in axenic cultivation systems. The search for consonance between plant secondary metabolism unique features and various in vitro culture systems, including cell, tissue, organ, and engineered cultures, as well as heterologous expression in microbial platforms, is discussed. Data to date strongly suggest that attaining full potential of these biotechnology production strategies requires being able to take advantage of plant specialized metabolism singularities for improved target molecule yields and for bypassing inherent difficulties in its rational manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio Nitta Matsuura
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sonia Malik
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65.080-805, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Costa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Morteza Yousefzadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Randolph Arroo
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Avninder S Bhambra
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Yan F, Burgard C, Popoff A, Zaburannyi N, Zipf G, Maier J, Bernauer HS, Wenzel SC, Müller R. Synthetic biology approaches and combinatorial biosynthesis towards heterologous lipopeptide production. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7510-7519. [PMID: 30319751 PMCID: PMC6180311 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology techniques coupled with heterologous secondary metabolite production offer opportunities for the discovery and optimisation of natural products.
Synthetic biology techniques coupled with heterologous secondary metabolite production offer opportunities for the discovery and optimisation of natural products. Here we developed a new assembly strategy based on type IIS endonucleases and elaborate synthetic DNA platforms, which could be used to seamlessly assemble and engineer biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). By applying this versatile tool, we designed and assembled more than thirty different artificial myxochromide BGCs, each around 30 kb in size, and established heterologous expression platforms using a derivative of Myxococcus xanthus DK1622 as a host. In addition to the five native types of myxochromides (A, B, C, D and S), novel lipopeptide structures were produced by combinatorial exchange of nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) encoding genes from different myxochromide BGCs. Inspired by the evolutionary diversification of the native myxochromide megasynthetases, the ancestral A-type NRPS was engineered by inactivation, deletion, or duplication of catalytic domains and successfully converted into functional B-, C- and D-type megasynthetases. The constructional design approach applied in this study enables combinatorial engineering of complex synthetic BGCs and has great potential for the exploitation of other natural product biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Yan
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University , Saarland University Campus , Building E8.1 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Christian Burgard
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University , Saarland University Campus , Building E8.1 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Alexander Popoff
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University , Saarland University Campus , Building E8.1 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Nestor Zaburannyi
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University , Saarland University Campus , Building E8.1 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Gregor Zipf
- ATG:biosynthetics GmbH , Weberstraße 40 , 79249 Merzhausen , Germany
| | - Josef Maier
- IStLS - Information Services to Life Sciences , Härlestraße 24/1 , 78727 Oberndorf am Neckar/Boll , Germany
| | - Hubert S Bernauer
- ATG:biosynthetics GmbH , Weberstraße 40 , 79249 Merzhausen , Germany
| | - Silke C Wenzel
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University , Saarland University Campus , Building E8.1 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University , Saarland University Campus , Building E8.1 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
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Estrada P, Morita M, Hao Y, Schmidt EW, Nair SK. A Single Amino Acid Switch Alters the Isoprene Donor Specificity in Ribosomally Synthesized and Post-Translationally Modified Peptide Prenyltransferases. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8124-8127. [PMID: 29924593 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutation at a single amino acid alters the isoprene donor specificity of prenyltransferases involved in the modification of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Though most characterized RiPP prenyltransferases carry out the regiospecific transfer of C5 dimethylallyl donor to the side chain atoms on macrocyclic acceptor substrates, the elucidation of the cyanobactin natural product piricyclamide 70005E1 identifies an O-geranyl modification on Tyr, a reaction with little prior biochemical precedence. Reconstitution and kinetic studies of the presumptive geranyltransferase PirF shows that the enzyme utilizes a C10 donor, with no C5 transferase activity. The crystal structure of PirF reveals a single amino acid difference in the vicinity of the isoprene-binding pocket, relative to the C5 utilizing enzymes. Remarkably, only a single amino acid mutation is necessary to completely switch the donor specificity from a C5 to a C10 prenyltransferase, and vice versa. Lastly, we demonstrate that these enzymes may be used for the chemospecific attachment of C5 or C10 lipid groups on lanthipeptides, an unrelated class of RiPP natural products. These studies represent a rare example where prenyl donor specificity can be discretely altered, which expands the arsenal of synthetic biology tools for tuning biological activities of peptide natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maho Morita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | | | - Eric W Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
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Li Y, Zhang C, Liu C, Ju J, Ma J. Genome Sequencing of Streptomyces atratus SCSIOZH16 and Activation Production of Nocardamine via Metabolic Engineering. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1269. [PMID: 29963027 PMCID: PMC6011815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Actinomycetes are metabolically flexible microorganisms capable of producing a wide range of interesting compounds, including but by no means limited to, siderophores which have high affinity for ferric iron. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of marine-derived Streptomyces atratus ZH16 and the activation of an embedded siderophore gene cluster via the application of metabolic engineering methods. The S. atratus ZH16 genome reveals that this strain has the potential to produce 26 categories of natural products (NPs) barring the ilamycins. Our activation studies revealed S. atratus SCSIO ZH16 to be a promising source of the production of nocardamine-type (desferrioxamine) compounds which are important in treating acute iron intoxication and performing ecological remediation. We conclude that metabolic engineering provides a highly effective strategy by which to discover drug-like compounds and new NPs in the genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxiong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junying Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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