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Yamagata A, Ito K, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Terada T, Shirouzu M. Structural basis for antiepileptic drugs and botulinum neurotoxin recognition of SV2A. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3027. [PMID: 38637505 PMCID: PMC11026379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
More than one percent of people have epilepsy worldwide. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a successful new-generation antiepileptic drug (AED), and its derivative, brivaracetam (BRV), shows improved efficacy. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2a (SV2A), a putative membrane transporter in the synaptic vesicles (SVs), has been identified as a target of LEV and BRV. SV2A also serves as a receptor for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which is the most toxic protein and has paradoxically emerged as a potent reagent for therapeutic and cosmetic applications. Nevertheless, no structural analysis on AEDs and BoNT recognition by full-length SV2A has been available. Here we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the full-length SV2A in complex with the BoNT receptor-binding domain, BoNT/A2 HC, and either LEV or BRV. The large fourth luminal domain of SV2A binds to BoNT/A2 HC through protein-protein and protein-glycan interactions. LEV and BRV occupy the putative substrate-binding site in an outward-open conformation. A propyl group in BRV creates additional contacts with SV2A, explaining its higher binding affinity than that of LEV, which was further supported by label-free spectral shift assay. Numerous LEV derivatives have been developed as AEDs and positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for neuroimaging. Our work provides a structural framework for AEDs and BoNT recognition of SV2A and a blueprint for the rational design of additional AEDs and PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamagata
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Kaori Ito
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tohru Terada
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Mishra S, Stany B, Das A, Kanagavel D, Vijayan M. A Comprehensive Review of Membrane Transporters and MicroRNA Regulation in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04135-2. [PMID: 38558361 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a distressing neurodegenerative condition characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles within the brain. The interconnectedness between membrane transporters (SLCs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in AD pathogenesis has gained increasing attention. This review explores the localization, substrates, and functions of SLC transporters in the brain, emphasizing the roles of transporters for glutamate, glucose, nucleosides, and other essential compounds. The examination delves into the significance of SLCs in AD, their potential for drug development, and the intricate realm of miRNAs, encompassing their transcription, processing, functions, and regulation. MiRNAs have emerged as significant players in AD, including those associated with mitochondria and synapses. Furthermore, this review discusses the intriguing nexus of miRNAs targeting SLC transporters and their potential as therapeutic targets in AD. Finally, the review underscores the interaction between SLC transporters and miRNA regulation within the context of Alzheimer's disease, underscoring the need for further research in this area. This comprehensive review aims to shed light on the complex mechanisms underlying the causation of AD and provides insights into potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatakshi Mishra
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - B Stany
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Anushka Das
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Deepankumar Kanagavel
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Murali Vijayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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3
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Kolen B, Borghans B, Kortzak D, Lugo V, Hannack C, Guzman RE, Ullah G, Fahlke C. Vesicular glutamate transporters are H +-anion exchangers that operate at variable stoichiometry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2723. [PMID: 37169755 PMCID: PMC10175566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporters accumulate glutamate in synaptic vesicles, where they also function as a major Cl- efflux pathway. Here we combine heterologous expression and cellular electrophysiology with mathematical modeling to understand the mechanisms underlying this dual function of rat VGLUT1. When glutamate is the main cytoplasmic anion, VGLUT1 functions as H+-glutamate exchanger, with a transport rate of around 600 s-1 at -160 mV. Transport of other large anions, including aspartate, is not stoichiometrically coupled to H+ transport, and Cl- permeates VGLUT1 through an aqueous anion channel with unitary transport rates of 1.5 × 105 s-1 at -160 mV. Mathematical modeling reveals that H+ coupling is sufficient for selective glutamate accumulation in model vesicles and that VGLUT Cl- channel function increases the transport efficiency by accelerating glutamate accumulation and reducing ATP-driven H+ transport. In summary, we provide evidence that VGLUT1 functions as H+-glutamate exchanger that is partially or fully uncoupled by other anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Kolen
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular- und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bart Borghans
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular- und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel Kortzak
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular- und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Victor Lugo
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular- und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Cora Hannack
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular- und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Raul E Guzman
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular- und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ghanim Ullah
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Christoph Fahlke
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular- und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
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4
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Südhof TC. The cell biology of synapse formation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202103052. [PMID: 34086051 PMCID: PMC8186004 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In a neural circuit, synapses transfer information rapidly between neurons and transform this information during transfer. The diverse computational properties of synapses are shaped by the interactions between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. How synapses are assembled to form a neural circuit, and how the specificity of synaptic connections is achieved, is largely unknown. Here, I posit that synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) organize synapse formation. Diverse SAMs collaborate to achieve the astounding specificity and plasticity of synapses, with each SAM contributing different facets. In orchestrating synapse assembly, SAMs likely act as signal transduction devices. Although many candidate SAMs are known, only a few SAMs appear to have a major impact on synapse formation. Thus, a limited set of collaborating SAMs likely suffices to account for synapse formation. Strikingly, several SAMs are genetically linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, suggesting that impairments in synapse assembly are instrumental in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Involvement of the Catecholamine Pathway in Glioblastoma Development. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030549. [PMID: 33806345 PMCID: PMC7998903 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). The standard of care improves the overall survival of patients only by a few months. Explorations of new therapeutic targets related to molecular properties of the tumor are under way. Even though neurotransmitters and their receptors normally function as mediators of interneuronal communication, growing data suggest that these molecules are also involved in modulating the development and growth of GBM by acting on neuronal and glioblastoma stem cells. In our previous DNA CpG methylation studies, gene ontology analyses revealed the involvement of the monoamine pathway in sequential GBM. In this follow-up study, we quantitated the expression levels of four selected catecholamine pathway markers (alpha 1D adrenergic receptor-ADRA1D; adrenergic beta receptor kinase 1 or G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2-ADRBK1/GRK2; dopamine receptor D2-DRD2; and synaptic vesicle monoamine transporter-SLC18A2) by immunohistochemistry, and compared the histological scores with the methylation levels within the promoters + genes of these markers in 21 pairs of sequential GBM and in controls. Subsequently, we also determined the promoter and gene methylation levels of the same markers in an independent database cohort of sequential GBM pairs. These analyses revealed partial inverse correlations between the catecholamine protein expression and promoter + gene methylation levels, when the tumor and control samples were compared. However, we found no differences in the promoter + gene methylation levels of these markers in either our own or in the database primary-recurrent GBM pairs, despite the higher protein expression of all markers in the primary samples. This observation suggests that regulation of catecholamine expression is only partially related to CpG methylation within the promoter + gene regions, and additional mechanisms may also influence the expression of these markers in progressive GBM. These analyses underscore the involvement of certain catecholamine pathway markers in GBM development and suggest that these molecules mediating or modulating tumor growth merit further exploration.
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Hasuzawa N, Tatsushima K, Tokubuchi R, Kabashima M, Nomura M. [VNUT Is a Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes and NASH]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:517-526. [PMID: 33790119 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ATP, used in cells as an energy currency, also acts as an extracellular signaling molecule. Studies of purinergic receptor subtypes have revealed that purinergic chemical transmission plays important roles in various cell types. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), the ninth transporter in the SLC17 organic anion transporter family, is essential for vesicular ATP storage and its subsequent release. The VNUT is localized on the membrane of secretory vesicles and actively transports ATP into vesicles using an electrochemical gradient of protons supplied by vacuolar proton ATPase (V-ATPase) as a driving force. ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), contributing to the persistence of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation induces systemic insulin resistance, which is the underlying pathology of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We previously demonstrated that ATP transported in insulin granules via the VNUT negatively regulates insulin secretion. We also found that hepatocytes release ATP in a VNUT-dependent manner, which elicits hepatic insulin resistance and inflammation. VNUT-knockout mice exhibited improved glucose tolerance and were resistant to the development of high fat diet-induced NAFLD. In this article, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of the VNUT, the development of inhibitors, and its pathological involvement in type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. The pharmacological inhibition of the VNUT may represent a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Hasuzawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | | | - Rie Tokubuchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Masaharu Kabashima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Masatoshi Nomura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
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Sundman AS, Pértille F, Lehmann Coutinho L, Jazin E, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Jensen P. DNA methylation in canine brains is related to domestication and dog-breed formation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240787. [PMID: 33119634 PMCID: PMC7595415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation act as mediators in the interaction between genome and environment. Variation in the epigenome can both affect phenotype and be inherited, and epigenetics has been suggested to be an important factor in the evolutionary process. During domestication, dogs have evolved an unprecedented between-breed variation in morphology and behavior in an evolutionary short period. In the present study, we explore DNA methylation differences in brain, the most relevant tissue with respect to behavior, between wolf and dog breeds. We optimized a combined method of genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) for its application in canines. Genomic DNA from the frontal cortex of 38 dogs of 8 breeds and three wolves was used. GBS and GBS-MeDIP libraries were prepared and sequenced on Illuma HiSeq2500 platform. The reduced sample represented 1.18 ± 0.4% of the total dog genome (2,4 billion BP), while the GBS-MeDIP covered 11,250,788 ± 4,042,106 unique base pairs. We find substantial DNA methylation differences between wolf and dog and between the dog breeds. The methylation profiles of the different groups imply that epigenetic factors may have been important in the speciation from dog to wolf, but also in the divergence of different dog breeds. Specifically, we highlight methylation differences in genes related to behavior and morphology. We hypothesize that these differences are involved in the phenotypic variation found among dogs, whereas future studies will have to find the specific mechanisms. Our results not only add an intriguing new dimension to dog breeding but are also useful to further understanding of epigenetic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sofie Sundman
- AVIAN Behaviour Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fábio Pértille
- AVIAN Behaviour Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science and Pastures Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/ Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science and Pastures Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/ Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elena Jazin
- Department of Organismal Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna
- AVIAN Behaviour Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per Jensen
- AVIAN Behaviour Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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8
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Hasuzawa N, Moriyama S, Moriyama Y, Nomura M. Physiopathological roles of vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), an essential component for vesicular ATP release. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183408. [PMID: 32652056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is the last identified member of the SLC17 organic anion transporter family, which plays a central role in vesicular storage in ATP-secreting cells. The discovery of VNUT demonstrated that, despite having been neglected for a long time, vesicular ATP release represents a major pathway for purinergic chemical transmission, which had been mainly attributed to ATP permeation channels. This article summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of VNUT and its physiopathological roles as well as the development of inhibitors. Regulating the activity and/or the expression of VNUT represents a new and promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Hasuzawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Sawako Moriyama
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nomura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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9
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Pietrancosta N, Djibo M, Daumas S, El Mestikawy S, Erickson JD. Molecular, Structural, Functional, and Pharmacological Sites for Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Regulation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3118-3142. [PMID: 32474835 PMCID: PMC7261050 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) control quantal size of glutamatergic transmission and have been the center of numerous studies over the past two decades. VGLUTs contain two independent transport modes that facilitate glutamate packaging into synaptic vesicles and phosphate (Pi) ion transport into the synaptic terminal. While a transmembrane proton electrical gradient established by a vacuolar-type ATPase powers vesicular glutamate transport, recent studies indicate that binding sites and flux properties for chloride, potassium, and protons within VGLUTs themselves regulate VGLUT activity as well. These intrinsic ionic binding and flux properties of VGLUTs can therefore be modulated by neurophysiological conditions to affect levels of glutamate available for release from synapses. Despite their extraordinary importance, specific and high-affinity pharmacological compounds that interact with these sites and regulate VGLUT function, distinguish between the various modes of transport, and the different isoforms themselves, are lacking. In this review, we provide an overview of the physiologic sites for VGLUT regulation that could modulate glutamate release in an over-active synapse or in a disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS, LBM, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Mahamadou Djibo
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, LCBPT, UMR 8601, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Daumas
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. .,Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 boulevard Lasalle, Verdun, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey D Erickson
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Moriyama Y, Hatano R, Moriyama S, Uehara S. Vesicular polyamine transporter as a novel player in amine-mediated chemical transmission. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183208. [PMID: 32004521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The solute carrier 18B1 (SLC18B1) is the most recently identified gene of the vesicular amine transporter family and is conserved in the animal kingdom from insects to humans. Proteoliposomes containing the purified human SLC18B1 protein transport not only monoamines, but also polyamines, such as spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), using an electrochemical gradient of H+ established by vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) as the driving force. SLC18B1 gene knockdown abolished the exocytosis of polyamines from mast cells, which affected the secretion of histamine. SLC18B1 gene knockout decreased polyamine levels by ~20% in the brain, and impaired short- and long-term memory. Thus, the SLC18B1 protein is responsible for the vesicular storage and release of polyamines, and functions as a vesicular polyamine transporter (VPAT). VPAT may define when, where, and how polyamine-mediated chemical transmission occurs, providing insights into the more versatile and complex features of amine-mediated chemical transmission than currently considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; CYRIC Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Medicinal Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Satomi Moriyama
- Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Uehara
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan
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11
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Gowrisankaran S, Milosevic I. Regulation of synaptic vesicle acidification at the neuronal synapse. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:568-576. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhuja Gowrisankaran
- European Neuroscience Institute (ENI)A Joint Initiative of the University Medical Center Göttingen and the Max Planck Society Göttingen Germany
| | - Ira Milosevic
- European Neuroscience Institute (ENI)A Joint Initiative of the University Medical Center Göttingen and the Max Planck Society Göttingen Germany
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12
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Thompson CM, Chao CK. VGLUT substrates and inhibitors: A computational viewpoint. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183175. [PMID: 31923412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) bind and move glutamate (Glu) from the cytosol into the lumen of synaptic vesicles using a H+-electrochemical gradient (ΔpH and Δψ) generated by the vesicular H+-ATPase. VGLUTs show very low Glu binding and to date, no three-dimensional structure has been elucidated. Prior studies have attempted to identify the key residues involved in binding VGLUT substrates and inhibitors using homology models and docking experiments. Recently, the inward and outward oriented crystal structures of d-galactonate transporter (DgoT) emerged as possible structure templates for VGLUT. In this review, a new homology model for VGLUT2 based on DgoT has been developed and used to conduct docking experiments to identify and differentiate residues and binding orientations involved in ligand interactions. This review describes small molecule-ligand interactions including docking using a VGLUT2 homology model derived from DgoT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Thompson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
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13
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Serrano-Saiz E, Vogt MC, Levy S, Wang Y, Kaczmarczyk KK, Mei X, Bai G, Singson A, Grant BD, Hobert O. SLC17A6/7/8 Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Homologs in Nematodes. Genetics 2020; 214:163-178. [PMID: 31776169 PMCID: PMC6944403 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the superfamily of solute carrier (SLC) transmembrane proteins transport diverse substrates across distinct cellular membranes. Three SLC protein families transport distinct neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles to enable synaptic transmission in the nervous system. Among them is the SLC17A6/7/8 family of vesicular glutamate transporters, which endows specific neuronal cell types with the ability to use glutamate as a neurotransmitter. The genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans encodes three SLC17A6/7/8 family members, one of which, eat-4/VGLUT, has been shown to be involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. Here, we describe our analysis of the two remaining, previously uncharacterized SLC17A6/7/8 family members, vglu-2 and vglu-3 These two genes directly neighbor one another and are the result of a recent gene duplication event in C. elegans, but not in other Caenorhabditis species. Compared to EAT-4, the VGLU-2 and VGLU-3 protein sequences display a more distant similarity to canonical, vertebrate VGLUT proteins. We tagged both genomic loci with gfp and detected no expression of vglu-3 at any stage of development in any cell type of both C. elegans sexes. In contrast, vglu-2::gfp is dynamically expressed in a restricted set of distinct cell types. Within the nervous system, vglu-2::gfp is exclusively expressed in a single interneuron class, AIA, where it localizes to vesicular structures in the soma, but not along the axon, suggesting that VGLU-2 may not be involved in synaptic transport of glutamate. Nevertheless, vglu-2 mutants are partly defective in the function of the AIA neuron in olfactory behavior. Outside the nervous system, VGLU-2 is expressed in collagen secreting skin cells where VGLU-2 most prominently localizes to early endosomes, and to a lesser degree to apical clathrin-coated pits, the trans-Golgi network, and late endosomes. On early endosomes, VGLU-2 colocalizes most strongly with the recycling promoting factor SNX-1, a retromer component. Loss of vglu-2 affects the permeability of the collagen-containing cuticle of the worm, and based on the function of a vertebrate VGLUT1 protein in osteoclasts, we speculate that vglu-2 may have a role in collagen trafficking in the skin. We conclude that C. elegans SLC17A6/7/8 family members have diverse functions within and outside the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Serrano-Saiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10027
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Merly C Vogt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10027
| | - Sagi Levy
- Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Karolina K Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10027
| | - Xue Mei
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Andrew Singson
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Barth D Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Oliver Hobert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10027
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14
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The solute carrier transporters and the brain: Physiological and pharmacological implications. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 15:131-144. [PMID: 32373195 PMCID: PMC7193445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carriers (SLCs) are the largest family of transmembrane transporters that determine the exchange of various substances, including nutrients, ions, metabolites, and drugs across biological membranes. To date, the presence of about 287 SLC genes have been identified in the brain, among which mutations or the resultant dysfunctions of 71 SLC genes have been reported to be correlated with human brain disorders. Although increasing interest in SLCs have focused on drug development, SLCs are currently still under-explored as drug targets, especially in the brain. We summarize the main substrates and functions of SLCs that are expressed in the brain, with an emphasis on selected SLCs that are important physiologically, pathologically, and pharmacologically in the blood-brain barrier, astrocytes, and neurons. Evidence suggests that a fraction of SLCs are regulated along with the occurrences of brain disorders, among which epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and autism are representative. Given the review of SLCs involved in the onset and procession of brain disorders, we hope these SLCs will be screened as promising drug targets to improve drug delivery to the brain.
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15
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Schmidt L, Wielsch N, Wang D, Boland W, Burse A. Tissue-specific profiling of membrane proteins in the salicin sequestering juveniles of the herbivorous leaf beetle, Chrysomela populi. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:81-91. [PMID: 30922827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sequestration of plant secondary metabolites is a detoxification strategy widespread in herbivorous insects including not only storage, but also usage of these metabolites for the insects' own benefit. Larvae of the poplar leaf beetle Chrysomela populi sequester plant-derived salicin to produce the deterrent salicylaldehyde in specialized exocrine glands. To identify putative transporters involved in the sequestration process we investigated integral membrane proteins of several tissues from juvenile C. populi by using a proteomics approach. Computational analyses led to the identification of 122 transport proteins in the gut, 105 in the Malpighian tubules, 94 in the fat body and 27 in the defensive glands. Among these, primary active transporters as well as electrochemical potential-driven transporters were most abundant in all tissues, including ABC transporters (especially subfamilies B, C and G) and sugar porters as most interesting families facilitating the sequestration of plant glycosides. Whereas ABC transporters are predominantly expressed simultaneously in several tissues, sugar porters are often expressed in only one tissue, suggesting that sugar porters govern more distinct functions than members of the ABC family. The inventory of transporters presented in this study provides the base for further functional characterizations on transport processes of sequestered glycosides in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Research Group Mass Spectrometry/ Proteomics, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ding Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Burse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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16
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Miras-Portugal MT, Menéndez-Méndez A, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Ortega F, Delicado EG, Pérez-Sen R, Gualix J. Physiopathological Role of the Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter (VNUT) in the Central Nervous System: Relevance of the Vesicular Nucleotide Release as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:224. [PMID: 31156398 PMCID: PMC6533569 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular storage of neurotransmitters, which allows their subsequent exocytotic release, is essential for chemical transmission in the central nervous system. Neurotransmitter uptake into secretory vesicles is carried out by vesicular transporters, which use the electrochemical proton gradient generated by a vacuolar H+-ATPase to drive neurotransmitter vesicular accumulation. ATP and other nucleotides are relevant extracellular signaling molecules that participate in a variety of biological processes. Although the active transport of nucleotides into secretory vesicles has been characterized from the pharmacological and biochemical point of view, the protein responsible for such vesicular accumulation remained unidentified for some time. In 2008, the human SLC17A9 gene, the last identified member of the SLC17 transporters, was found to encode the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT). VNUT is expressed in various ATP-secreting cells and is able to transport a wide variety of nucleotides in a vesicular membrane potential-dependent manner. VNUT knockout mice lack vesicular storage and release of ATP, resulting in blockage of the purinergic transmission. This review summarizes the current studies on VNUT and analyzes the physiological relevance of the vesicular nucleotide transport in the central nervous system. The possible role of VNUT in the development of some pathological processes, such as chronic neuropathic pain or glaucoma is also discussed. The putative involvement of VNUT in these pathologies raises the possibility of the use of VNUT inhibitors for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Menéndez-Méndez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Pérez-Sen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gualix
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Kawakami M, Juge N, Kato Y, Omote H, Moriyama Y, Miyaji T. Efficient Mass Spectral Analysis of Active Transporters Overexpressed in Escherichia coli. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1108-1119. [PMID: 29350038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural analysis of purified active membrane proteins can be performed by mass spectrometry (MS). However, no large-scale expression systems for active eukaryotic membrane proteins are available. Moreover, because membrane proteins cannot easily be digested by trypsin and ionized, they are difficult to analyze by MS. We developed a method for mass spectral analysis of eukaryotic membrane proteins combined with an overexpression system in Escherichia coli. Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2/SLC17A6) with a soluble α-helical protein and histidine tag on the N- and C-terminus, respectively, was overexpressed in E. coli, solubilized with detergent, and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Proteoliposomes containing VGLUT2 retained glutamate transport activity. For MS analysis, the detergent was removed from purified VGLUT2 by trichloroacetic acid precipitation, and VGLUT2 was then subjected to reductive alkylation and tryptic digestion. The resulting peptides were detected with 88% coverage by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS with or without liquid chromatography. Vesicular excitatory amino acid transporter and vesicular acetylcholine transporter were also detected with similar coverage by the same method. Thus this methodology could be used to analyze purified eukaryotic active transporters. Structural analysis with chemical modifiers by MS could have applications in functional binding analysis for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiyo Kawakami
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Narinobu Juge
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuri Kato
- Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Omote
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takaaki Miyaji
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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18
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Genetic variants in two pathways influence serum urate levels and gout risk: a systematic pathway analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3848. [PMID: 29497127 PMCID: PMC5832812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to identify candidate pathways associated with serum urate and to explore the genetic effect of those pathways on the risk of gout. Pathway analysis of the loci identified in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) showed that the ion transmembrane transporter activity pathway (GO: 0015075) and the secondary active transmembrane transporter activity pathway (GO: 0015291) were both associated with serum urate concentrations, with PFDR values of 0.004 and 0.007, respectively. In a Chinese population of 4,332 individuals, the two pathways were also found to be associated with serum urate (PFDR = 1.88E-05 and 3.44E-04, separately). In addition, these two pathways were further associated with the pathogenesis of gout (PFDR = 1.08E-08 and 2.66E-03, respectively) in the Chinese population and a novel gout-associated gene, SLC17A2, was identified (OR = 0.83, PFDR = 0.017). The mRNA expression of candidate genes also showed significant differences among different groups at pathway level. The present study identified two transmembrane transporter activity pathways (GO: 0015075 and GO: 0015291) were associations with serum urate concentrations and the risk of gout. SLC17A2 was identified as a novel gene that influenced the risk of gout.
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19
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Yousri NA, Fakhro KA, Robay A, Rodriguez-Flores JL, Mohney RP, Zeriri H, Odeh T, Kader SA, Aldous EK, Thareja G, Kumar M, Al-Shakaki A, Chidiac OM, Mohamoud YA, Mezey JG, Malek JA, Crystal RG, Suhre K. Whole-exome sequencing identifies common and rare variant metabolic QTLs in a Middle Eastern population. Nat Commun 2018; 9:333. [PMID: 29362361 PMCID: PMC5780481 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics-genome-wide association studies (mGWAS) have uncovered many metabolic quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) influencing human metabolic individuality, though predominantly in European cohorts. By combining whole-exome sequencing with a high-resolution metabolomics profiling for a highly consanguineous Middle Eastern population, we discover 21 common variant and 12 functional rare variant mQTLs, of which 45% are novel altogether. We fine-map 10 common variant mQTLs to new metabolite ratio associations, and 11 common variant mQTLs to putative protein-altering variants. This is the first work to report common and rare variant mQTLs linked to diseases and/or pharmacological targets in a consanguineous Arab cohort, with wide implications for precision medicine in the Middle East. Blood metabolites are influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Here, Yousri and colleagues perform a whole-exome sequencing study in combination with a metabolomics analysis to identify metabolic quantitative trait loci in a Middle Eastern population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A Yousri
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar. .,Computer and Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar. .,Sidra Medical Research Center, Department of Human Genetics, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Amal Robay
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Hassina Zeriri
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tala Odeh
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Abdul Kader
- Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eman K Aldous
- Genomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gaurav Thareja
- Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manish Kumar
- Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alya Al-Shakaki
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar M Chidiac
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasmin A Mohamoud
- Genomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jason G Mezey
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joel A Malek
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.,Genomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
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20
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Reconstitution and Transport Analysis of Eukaryotic Transporters in the Post-Genomic Era. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2017; 1700:343-352. [PMID: 29177840 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7454-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Measuring transport activity through reconstituted proteoliposomes is a key technique to resolve numerous problems found in the traditional methods. The system includes overexpression, purification, and reconstitution of transporters. Mixing of purified transporter with lipid and dilution below the critical micelle concentration result in rapid generation of proteoliposomes. Incubation of proteoliposomes in the presence of a driving force initiates substrate uptake. After starting the reaction, samples are passed through a gel filtration column to separate proteoliposomes from the reaction mixture. Here, we describe step-by-step procedures for such reconstitution assays.
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21
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Abstract
The evolution of a nervous system as a control system of the body's functions is a key innovation of animals. Its fundamental units are neurons, highly specialized cells dedicated to fast cell-cell communication. Neurons pass signals to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells at specialized junctions, the synapses, where transmitters are released from vesicles in a Ca2+-dependent fashion to activate receptors in the membrane of the target cell. Reconstructing the origins of neuronal communication out of a more simple process remains a central challenge in biology. Recent genomic comparisons have revealed that all animals, including the nerveless poriferans and placozoans, share a basic set of genes for neuronal communication. This suggests that the first animal, the Urmetazoan, was already endowed with neurosecretory cells that probably started to connect into neuronal networks soon afterward. Here, we discuss scenarios for this pivotal transition in animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Varoqueaux
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
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22
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Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT): appearance of an actress on the stage of purinergic signaling. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:387-404. [PMID: 28616712 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular storage of ATP is one of the processes initiating purinergic chemical transmission. Although an active transport mechanism was postulated to be involved in the processes, a transporter(s) responsible for the vesicular storage of ATP remained unidentified for some time. In 2008, SLC17A9, the last identified member of the solute carrier 17 type I inorganic phosphate transporter family, was found to encode the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) that is responsible for the vesicular storage of ATP. VNUT transports various nucleotides in a membrane potential-dependent fashion and is expressed in the various ATP-secreting cells. Mice with knockout of the VNUT gene lose vesicular storage and release of ATP from neurons and neuroendocrine cells, resulting in blockage of the initiation of purinergic chemical transmission. Thus, VNUT plays an essential role in the vesicular storage and release of ATP. The VNUT knockout mice exhibit resistance for neuropathic pain and a therapeutic effect against diabetes by way of increased insulin sensitivity. Thus, VNUT inhibitors and suppression of VNUT gene expression may be used for therapeutic purposes through suppression of purinergic chemical transmission. This review summarizes the studies to date on VNUT and discusses what we have learned about the relevance of vesicular ATP release as a potential drug target.
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23
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Moriyama S, Iharada M, Omote H, Moriyama Y, Hiasa M. Function and expression of a splicing variant of vesicular glutamate transporter 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:931-940. [PMID: 28188742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) is an active transporter responsible for vesicular storage of glutamate in synaptic vesicles and plays an essential role in glutamatergic neurotransmission. VGLUT consists of three isoforms, VGLUT1, VGLUT2, and VGLUT3. The VGLUT1 variant, VGLUT1v, with an additional 75-base pair sequence derived from a second intron between exons 2 and 3, which corresponds to 25 amino acid residues in the 1st loop of VGLUT1, is the only splicing variant among VGLUTs, although whether VGLUT1v protein is actually translated at the protein level remains unknown. In the present study, VGLUT1v was expressed in insect cells, solubilized, purified to near homogeneity, and its transport activity was examined. Proteoliposomes containing purified VGLUT1v were shown to accumulate glutamate upon imposition of an inside-positive membrane potential (Δψ). The Δψ-driven glutamate uptake activity requires Cl- and its pharmacological profile and kinetics are comparable to those of other VGLUTs. The retinal membrane contained two VGLUT1 moieties with apparent molecular masses of 65 and 57kDa. VGLUT1v-specific antibodies against an inserted 25-amino acid residue sequence identified a 65-kDa immunoreactive polypeptide. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that VGLUT1v immunoreactivity is present in photoreceptor cells and is associated with synaptic vesicles. VGLUT1v immunoreactivity is also present in pinealocytes, but not in other areas, including the brain. These results indicated that VGLUT1v exists in a functional state in rat photosensitive cells and is involved in glutamatergic chemical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Moriyama
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masafumi Iharada
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Omote
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Miki Hiasa
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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24
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Takeuchi T, Harada Y, Moriyama S, Furuta K, Tanaka S, Miyaji T, Omote H, Moriyama Y, Hiasa M. Vesicular Polyamine Transporter Mediates Vesicular Storage and Release of Polyamine from Mast Cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3909-3918. [PMID: 28082679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are secretory cells that play an important role in host defense by discharging various intragranular contents, such as histamine and serotonin, upon stimulation of Fc receptors. The granules also contain spermine and spermidine, which can act as modulators of mast cell function, although the mechanism underlying vesicular storage remains unknown. Vesicular polyamine transporter (VPAT), the fourth member of the SLC18 transporter family, is an active transporter responsible for vesicular storage of spermine and spermidine in neurons. In the present study, we investigated whether VPAT functions in mast cells. RT-PCR and Western blotting indicated VPAT expression in murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that VPAT is colocalized with VAMP3 but not with histamine, serotonin, cathepsin D, VAMP2, or VAMP7. Membrane vesicles from BMMCs accumulated spermidine upon the addition of ATP in a reserpine- and bafilomycin A1-sensitive manner. BMMCs secreted spermine and spermidine upon the addition of either antigen or A23187 in the presence of Ca2+, and the antigen-mediated release, which was shown to be temperature-dependent and sensitive to bafilomycin A1 and tetanus toxin, was significantly suppressed by VPAT gene RNA interference. Under these conditions, expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 was unaffected, but antigen-dependent histamine release was significantly suppressed, which was recovered by the addition of 1 mm spermine. These results strongly suggest that VPAT is expressed and is responsible for vesicular storage of spermine and spermidine in novel secretory granules that differ from histamine- and serotonin-containing granules and is involved in vesicular release of these polyamines from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takeuchi
- From the Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530
| | - Yuika Harada
- From the Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530
| | - Satomi Moriyama
- From the Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- the Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, and
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- the Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, and
| | - Takaaki Miyaji
- the Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Omote
- From the Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- From the Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530,
| | - Miki Hiasa
- From the Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530,
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Moriyama S, Hiasa M. Expression of Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter in the Mouse Retina. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:564-9. [PMID: 27040629 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is a membrane protein that is responsible for vesicular storage and subsequent vesicular release of nucleotides, such as ATP, and plays an essential role in purinergic chemical transmission. In the present study, we investigated whether VNUT is present in the rodent retina to define the site(s) of vesicular ATP release. In the mouse retina, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunological analyses using specific anti-VNUT antibodies indicated that VNUT is expressed as a polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 59 kDa. VNUT is widely distributed throughout the inner and outer retinal layers, particularly in the outer segment of photoreceptors, outer plexiform layer, inner plexiform layer, and ganglion cell layer. VNUT is colocalized with vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and synaptophysin in photoreceptor cells, while it is colocalized with vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter in amacrine cells and bipolar cells. VNUT is also present in astrocytes and Müller cells. The retina from VNUT knockout (VNUT(-/-)) mice showed the loss of VNUT immunoreactivity. The retinal membrane fraction took up radiolabeled ATP in diisothiocyanate stilbene disulfonic acid (DIDS)-, an inhibitor of VNUT, and bafilomycin A1-, a vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) inhibitor, in a sensitive manner, while membranes from VNUT(-/-) mice showed the loss of DIDS-sensitive ATP uptake. Taken together, these results indicate that functional VNUT is expressed in the rodent retina and suggest that ATP is released from photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and astrocytes as well as Müller cells to initiate purinergic chemical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Moriyama
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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