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Nimerovsky E, Kosteletos S, Lange S, Becker S, Lange A, Andreas LB. Homonuclear Simplified Preservation of Equivalent Pathways Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6272-6278. [PMID: 38856103 PMCID: PMC11194807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Recently developed homonuclear transverse mixing optimal control pulses (hTROP) revealed an elegant way to enhance the detected signal in multidimensional magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Inspired by their work, we present two homonuclear simplified preservation of equivalent pathways spectroscopy (hSPEPS) sequences for recoupling CA-CO and CA-CB dipolar couplings under fast and ultrafast MAS rates, theoretically enabling a √2 improvement in sensitivity for each indirect dimension. The efficiencies of hSPEPS are evaluated for non-deuterated samples of influenza A M2 and bacterial rhomboid protease GlpG under two different external magnetic fields (600 and 1200 MHz) and MAS rates (55 and 100 kHz). Three-dimensional (H)CA(CO)NH, (H)CO(CA)NH, and (H)CB(CA)NH spectra demonstrate the high robustness of hSPEPS elements to excite carbon-carbon correlations, especially in the (H)CB(CA)NH spectrum, where hSPEPS outperforms the J-based sequence by a factor of, on average, 2.85.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Nimerovsky
- Department
of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck
Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Spyridon Kosteletos
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Sascha Lange
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department
of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck
Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Adam Lange
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Loren B. Andreas
- Department
of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck
Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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2
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Biedenbänder T, Bensons ER, Corzilius B. Serial Polarization Transfer by Combination of Cross-Relaxation and Rotational Resonance for Sensitivity-Enhanced Solid-State NMR. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300206. [PMID: 37306393 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Methods which induce site-specificity and sensitivity enhancement in solid-state magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy become more important for structural biology due to the increasing size of molecules under investigation. Recently, several strategies have been developed to increase site specificity and thus reduce signal overlap. Under dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) for NMR signal enhancement, it is possible to use cross-relaxation transfer induced by select dynamic groups within the molecules which is exploited by SCREAM-DNP (Specific Cross Relaxation Enhancement by Active Motions under DNP). Here, we present an approach where we additionally reintroduce the homonuclear dipolar coupling with rotational resonance (R2 ) during SCREAM-DNP to further boost the selectivity of the experiment. Detailed analysis of the polarization buildup dynamics of 13 C-methyl polarization source and 13 C-carbonyl target in 2-13 C-ethyl 1-13 C-acetate provides information about the sought-after and spurious transfer pathways. We show that dipolar-recoupled transfer rates greatly exceed the DNP buildup dynamics in our model system, indicating that significantly larger distances can be selectively and efficiently hyperpolarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Biedenbänder
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 27, 18059, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Edvards R Bensons
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 27, 18059, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Björn Corzilius
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 27, 18059, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059, Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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3
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Wurl A, Saalwächter K, Mendes Ferreira T. Time-domain proton-detected local-field NMR for molecular structure determination in complex lipid membranes. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2023; 4:115-127. [PMID: 37904803 PMCID: PMC10583295 DOI: 10.5194/mr-4-115-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Proton-detected local-field (PDLF) NMR spectroscopy, using magic-angle spinning and dipolar recoupling, is presently the most powerful experimental technique for obtaining atomistic structural information from small molecules undergoing anisotropic motion. Common examples include peptides, drugs, or lipids in model membranes and molecules that form liquid crystals. The measurements on complex systems are however compromised by the larger number of transients required. Retaining sufficient spectral quality in the direct dimension requires that the indirect time-domain modulation becomes too short for yielding dipolar splittings in the frequency domain. In such cases, the dipolar couplings can be obtained by fitting the experimental data; however ideal models often fail to fit PDLF data properly due to effects of radiofrequency field (RF) spatial inhomogeneity. Here, we demonstrate that by accounting for RF spatial inhomogeneity in the modeling of R-symmetry-based PDLF NMR experiments, the fitting accuracy is improved, facilitating the analysis of the experimental data. In comparison to the analysis of dipolar splittings without any fitting procedure, the accurate modeling of PDLF measurements makes possible three important improvements: the use of shorter experiments that enable the investigation of samples with a higher level of complexity, the measurement of C-H bond order parameters with smaller magnitudes | S CH | and of smaller variations of | S CH | caused by perturbations of the system, and the determination of | S CH | values with small differences from distinct sites having the same chemical shift. The increase in fitting accuracy is demonstrated by comparison with 2 H NMR quadrupolar echo experiments on mixtures of deuterated and non-deuterated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-s n -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE) membranes. Accurate modeling of PDLF NMR experiments is highly useful for investigating complex membrane systems. This is exemplified by application of the proposed fitting procedure for the characterization of membranes composed of a brain lipid extract with many distinct lipid types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Wurl
- NMR group, Institute for Physics, Martin Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- NMR group, Institute for Physics, Martin Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tiago Mendes Ferreira
- NMR group, Institute for Physics, Martin Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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4
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Sehrawat N, Nehra E, Kumar Rohilla K, Kobayashi T, Nishiyama Y, Kumar Pandey M. Determination of the relative orientation between 15N- 1H dipolar coupling and 1H chemical shift anisotropy tensors under fast MAS solid-state NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 350:107428. [PMID: 37018911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have proposed a proton-detected three-dimensional (3D) 15N-1H dipolar coupling (DIP)/1H chemical shift anisotropy (CSA)/1H chemical shift (CS) correlation experiment to measure the relative orientation between the 15N-1H dipolar coupling and the 1H CSA tensors under fast magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR. In the 3D correlation experiment, the 15N-1H dipolar coupling and 1H CSA tensors are recoupled using our recently developed windowless C-symmetry-based C331-ROCSA (recoupling of chemical shift anisotropy) DIPSHIFT and C331-ROCSA pulse-based methods, respectively. The 2D 15N-1H DIP/1H CSA powder lineshapes extracted using the proposed 3D correlation method are shown to be sensitive to the sign and asymmetry of the 1H CSA tensor, a feature that allows the determination of the relative orientation between the two correlating tensors with improved accuracy. The experimental method developed in this study is demonstrated on a powdered U-15N L-Histidine.HCl·H2O sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Ekta Nehra
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | | | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- U.S. DOE, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3020, United States
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; JEOL Ltd., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan.
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India.
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5
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Nimerovsky E, Najbauer EÉ, Becker S, Andreas LB. Great Offset Difference Internuclear Selective Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3939-3945. [PMID: 37078685 PMCID: PMC10150390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon dipolar recoupling sequences are frequently used building blocks in routine magic-angle spinning NMR experiments. While broadband homonuclear first-order dipolar recoupling sequences mainly excite intra-residue correlations, selective methods can detect inter-residue transfers and long-range correlations. Here, we present the great offset difference internuclear selective transfer (GODIST) pulse sequence optimized for selective carbonyl or aliphatic recoupling at fast magic-angle spinning, here, 55 kHz. We observe a 3- to 5-fold increase in intensities compared with broadband RFDR recoupling for perdeuterated microcrystalline SH3 and for the membrane protein influenza A M2 in lipid bilayers. In 3D (H)COCO(N)H and (H)CO(CO)NH spectra, inter-residue carbonyl-carbonyl correlations up to about 5 Å are observed in uniformly 13C-labeled proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Nimerovsky
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Eszter Éva Najbauer
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Loren B Andreas
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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6
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Nishiyama Y, Hou G, Agarwal V, Su Y, Ramamoorthy A. Ultrafast Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Advances in Methodology and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:918-988. [PMID: 36542732 PMCID: PMC10319395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is one of the most commonly used techniques to study the atomic-resolution structure and dynamics of various chemical, biological, material, and pharmaceutical systems spanning multiple forms, including crystalline, liquid crystalline, fibrous, and amorphous states. Despite the unique advantages of solid-state NMR spectroscopy, its poor spectral resolution and sensitivity have severely limited the scope of this technique. Fortunately, the recent developments in probe technology that mechanically rotate the sample fast (100 kHz and above) to obtain "solution-like" NMR spectra of solids with higher resolution and sensitivity have opened numerous avenues for the development of novel NMR techniques and their applications to study a plethora of solids including globular and membrane-associated proteins, self-assembled protein aggregates such as amyloid fibers, RNA, viral assemblies, polymorphic pharmaceuticals, metal-organic framework, bone materials, and inorganic materials. While the ultrafast-MAS continues to be developed, the minute sample quantity and radio frequency requirements, shorter recycle delays enabling fast data acquisition, the feasibility of employing proton detection, enhancement in proton spectral resolution and polarization transfer efficiency, and high sensitivity per unit sample are some of the remarkable benefits of the ultrafast-MAS technology as demonstrated by the reported studies in the literature. Although the very low sample volume and very high RF power could be limitations for some of the systems, the advantages have spurred solid-state NMR investigation into increasingly complex biological and material systems. As ultrafast-MAS NMR techniques are increasingly used in multidisciplinary research areas, further development of instrumentation, probes, and advanced methods are pursued in parallel to overcome the limitations and challenges for widespread applications. This review article is focused on providing timely comprehensive coverage of the major developments on instrumentation, theory, techniques, applications, limitations, and future scope of ultrafast-MAS technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishiyama
- JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo196-8558, Japan
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa230-0045, Japan
| | - Guangjin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian116023, China
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Hyderabad500 046, India
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan41809-1055, United States
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7
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Smith AN, Harrabi R, Halbritter T, Lee D, Aussenac F, van der Wel PCA, Hediger S, Sigurdsson ST, De Paëpe G. Fast magic angle spinning for the characterization of milligram quantities of organic and biological solids at natural isotopic abundance by 13C- 13C correlation DNP-enhanced NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2023; 123:101850. [PMID: 36592488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We show that multidimensional solid-state NMR 13C-13C correlation spectra of biomolecular assemblies and microcrystalline organic molecules can be acquired at natural isotopic abundance with only milligram quantities of sample. These experiments combine fast Magic Angle Spinning of the sample, low-power dipolar recoupling, and dynamic nuclear polarization performed with AsymPol biradicals, a recently introduced family of polarizing agents. Such experiments are essential for structural characterization as they provide short- and long-range distance information. This approach is demonstrated on diverse sample types, including polyglutamine fibrils implicated in Huntington's disease and microcrystalline ampicillin, a small antibiotic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Smith
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, MEM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Rania Harrabi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, MEM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Halbritter
- University of Iceland, Department of Chemistry, Science Institute, Dunhaga 3, 107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel Lee
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, MEM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Hediger
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, MEM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Snorri Th Sigurdsson
- University of Iceland, Department of Chemistry, Science Institute, Dunhaga 3, 107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gaël De Paëpe
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, MEM, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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8
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Liang L, Shang C, Chen K, Hou G. Supercycled R-symmetry sequences for robust heteronuclear polarization transfer in solid-state NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 344:107310. [PMID: 36334491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce supercycle of R-symmetry sequences (SR-sequences) and incomplete supercycle schemes of R-symmetry sequences (iSR-I- and iSR-II-sequences) to improve the robustness of PRESTO for heteronuclear polarization transfer in MAS NMR. The constructions of SR- and iSR-I/II- sequences are based on the different phase-inverted supercycles of R-symmetry sequences, and such supercycles can suppress the influence of CSA, resonance offset and RF mismatch when incorporated into the PRESTO method. Moreover, the SR- and iSR-II-sequences are more efficient in suppressing the interference of homonuclear dipolar coupling. The improved robustness of SR-, iSR-I- and iSR-II-PRESTO over the original R-PRESTO has been verified by numerical simulations and NMR experiments on NH4H2PO4 and gamma-alumina at fast MAS conditions. It is also important to note that the SR- and iSR-II-PRESTO can greatly lengthen the transverse relaxation times and lead to much higher polarization transfer efficiency compared to R-PRESTO, thanks to their superior tolerance to RF inhomogeneity and homonuclear dipolar coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kuizhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangjin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China.
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9
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Ahlawat S, Mote KR, Raran-Kurussi S, Agarwal V. Mechanism of selective polarization exchange amongst chemically similar and distinct protons during weak rf irradiation at fast magic angle spinning. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 340:107236. [PMID: 35609347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Band Selective Spectral Spin-Diffusion (BASS-SD) is a method to obtain selective 1H-1H contacts between chemically similar protons within a distance range of 5-6 Å in fully protonated proteins. BASS-SD combines low-amplitude proton spinlock radio frequency (rf) pulses with fast MAS frequency to enable selective polarization exchange in fully protonated molecules. The selectivity of transfer is dictated by the bandwidth of the spinlock pulse and has been used to observe selective HN-HN, Hα-Ηα and Hmethyl-Hmethyl correlations. These proton-proton spatial contacts are similar to those observed in perdeuterated samples and serve as useful structural restraints towards de novo protein structure determination. This study employs bimodal Floquet theory to derive the first- and second-order effective Hamiltonians necessary to understand the spin dynamics during BASS-SD. Analytical calculations combined with numerical simulations delineate two different mechanisms for polarization transfer amongst the proton spins. The BASS-SD recoupling condition has been reoptimized to observe selective correlations between chemically different protons (e.g., HN-Hα) while retaining the spatial contacts between chemically similar protons (e.g., HN-HN). The new BASS-SD condition is integrated with simultaneous and sequential acquisition approaches to generate four different types of structural restraints (HN-HN, Hα-Ηα, HN-Hα, Hα-HN) in one experiment. The approach has been demonstrated on microcrystalline U-[13C,15N] labeled GB1 protein at ∼ 95-100 kHz MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Ahlawat
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Kaustubh R Mote
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Sreejith Raran-Kurussi
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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10
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Lusky OS, Goldbourt A. Pulse induced resonance with angular dependent total enhancement of multi-dimensional solid-state NMR correlation spectra. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 338:107191. [PMID: 35325706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new resonance condition that obeys the relation Δδ=nνR/2, where Δδ is the chemical shift difference between two homonuclear-coupled spins, νR is the magic-angle spinning speed and n is an integer. This modulation on the rotational resonance recoupling condition is obtained by the application of rotor-synchronous 1H pulses when at least one proton is dipolar-coupled to one of the homonuclear spins. We suggest a new experimental scheme entitled 'pulse induced resonance with angular dependent total enhancement' (PIRATE) that can enhance proton-driven spin diffusion by the application of a single 1H pulse every rotor period. Experimental evidence is demonstrated on the two carbon spins of glycine and on the Y21M mutant of fd bacteriophage virus. Numerical simulations reveal the existence of the resonances and report on the important interactions governing these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orr Simon Lusky
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Goldbourt
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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11
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Novakovic M, Hanopolskyi A, Wi S, Frydman L. HORRENDOUS NMR: Establishing correlations in solution-state NMR by reinstating non-secular J-coupling terms. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 337:107176. [PMID: 35272112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Homonuclear isotropic mixing modules allow J-coupled spins to exchange magnetization even when separated by chemical shift offsets that exceed their couplings. This is exploited in TOtal Correlation SpectroscopY (TOCSY) experiments and its variants, which facilitate these homonuclear polarization exchanges by applying broadband RF pulses. These then establish an effective Hamiltonian in which chemical shift offsets are erased, while J-coupling terms -including flip-flop components- remain active. The polarization that these non-secular terms will transfer among systems of chemically inequivalent sites over the course of a mixing period, are widely used modules in 1D and in multidimensional liquid-state NMR. Homonuclear correlation experiments are also common in solids NMR, particularly among X = 13C or 15N nuclei. Solids NMR experiments are often challenged by high-power RF demands which have led to a family of homonuclear solid-state correlation experiments that avoid pulsing on the nuclei of interest, and focus instead on the 1Hs that are bonded to them. These solid experiments usually reintroduce/strengthen 1H-X dipolar couplings; these, in conjunction with assistance from rotational resonance effects, bring back the truncated X-X dipolar interactions and facilitate the generation of cross peaks. The present study explores whether a similar goal can be achieved for solution-state counterparts, based on the reintroduction of truncated flip-flop terms in the J-coupling Hamiltonian via the pulsing on other, heteronuclear species. A proposal to achieve this is derived, and the resulting HOmonucleaR Recoupling by hEteroNuclear DecOUplingS (HORRENDOUS) approach to provide correlations between like nuclei without pulsing on them, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihajlo Novakovic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anton Hanopolskyi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sungsool Wi
- US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA.
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA.
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12
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Ahlawat S, Mote KR, Lakomek NA, Agarwal V. Solid-State NMR: Methods for Biological Solids. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9643-9737. [PMID: 35238547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy has transformed from a spectroscopic technique investigating small molecules and industrial polymers to a potent tool decrypting structure and underlying dynamics of complex biological systems, such as membrane proteins, fibrils, and assemblies, in near-physiological environments and temperatures. This transformation can be ascribed to improvements in hardware design, sample preparation, pulsed methods, isotope labeling strategies, resolution, and sensitivity. The fundamental engagement between nuclear spins and radio-frequency pulses in the presence of a strong static magnetic field is identical between solution and ssNMR, but the experimental procedures vastly differ because of the absence of molecular tumbling in solids. This review discusses routinely employed state-of-the-art static and MAS pulsed NMR methods relevant for biological samples with rotational correlation times exceeding 100's of nanoseconds. Recent developments in signal filtering approaches, proton methodologies, and multiple acquisition techniques to boost sensitivity and speed up data acquisition at fast MAS are also discussed. Several examples of protein structures (globular, membrane, fibrils, and assemblies) solved with ssNMR spectroscopy have been considered. We also discuss integrated approaches to structurally characterize challenging biological systems and some newly emanating subdisciplines in ssNMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Ahlawat
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P Gopanpally, Serilingampally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Kaustubh R Mote
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P Gopanpally, Serilingampally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Nils-Alexander Lakomek
- University of Düsseldorf, Institute for Physical Biology, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P Gopanpally, Serilingampally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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13
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Atterberry BA, Carnahan SL, Chen Y, Venkatesh A, Rossini AJ. Double echo symmetry-based REDOR and RESPDOR pulse sequences for proton detected measurements of heteronuclear dipolar coupling constants. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 336:107147. [PMID: 35149335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
1H{X} symmetry-based rotational echo double resonance pulse sequences (S-REDOR) and symmetry-based rotational echo saturation pulse double resonance (S-RESPDOR) solid-state NMR experiments have found widespread application for 1H detected measurements of difference NMR spectra, dipolar coupling constants, and internuclear distances under conditions of fast magic angle spinning (MAS). In these experiments the supercycled R412 (SR412) symmetry-based recoupling pulse sequence is typically applied to the 1H spins to reintroduce heteronuclear dipolar couplings. However, the timing of SR412 and other symmetry-based pulse sequences must be precisely synchronized with the rotation of the sample, otherwise, the evolution of 1H CSA and other interactions will not be properly refocused. For this reason, significant distortions are often observed in experimental dipolar dephasing difference curves obtained with S-REDOR or S-RESPDOR pulse sequences. Here we introduce a family of double echo (DE) S-REDOR/S-RESPDOR pulse sequences that function in an analogous manner to the recently introduced t1-noise eliminated (TONE) family of dipolar heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (D-HMQC) pulse sequences. Through numerical simulations and experiments the DE S-REDOR/S-RESPDOR sequences are shown to provide dephasing difference curves similar to those obtained with S-REDOR/S-RESPDOR. However, the DE sequences are more robust to the deviations of the MAS frequency from the ideal value that occurs during typical solid-state NMR experiments. The DE sequences are shown to provide more reliable 1H detected dipolar dephasing difference curves for nuclei such as 15N (with isotopic labelling), 183W and 35Cl. The double echo sequences are therefore recommended to be used in place of conventional S-REDOR/S-RESPDOR sequences for measurement of weak dipolar coupling constants and long-range distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Atterberry
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Scott L Carnahan
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yunhua Chen
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Amrit Venkatesh
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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14
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Liang L, Ji Y, Chen K, Gao P, Zhao Z, Hou G. Solid-State NMR Dipolar and Chemical Shift Anisotropy Recoupling Techniques for Structural and Dynamical Studies in Biological Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9880-9942. [PMID: 35006680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the development of NMR methodology and technology during the past decades, solid-state NMR (ssNMR) has become a particularly important tool for investigating structure and dynamics at atomic scale in biological systems, where the recoupling techniques play pivotal roles in modern high-resolution MAS NMR. In this review, following a brief introduction on the basic theory of recoupling in ssNMR, we highlight the recent advances in dipolar and chemical shift anisotropy recoupling methods, as well as their applications in structural determination and dynamical characterization at multiple time scales (i.e., fast-, intermediate-, and slow-motion). The performances of these prevalent recoupling techniques are compared and discussed in multiple aspects, together with the representative applications in biomolecules. Given the recent emerging advances in NMR technology, new challenges for recoupling methodology development and potential opportunities for biological systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kuizhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Pan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhenchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangjin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
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15
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Shcherbakov AA, Medeiros-Silva J, Tran N, Gelenter MD, Hong M. From Angstroms to Nanometers: Measuring Interatomic Distances by Solid-State NMR. Chem Rev 2021; 122:9848-9879. [PMID: 34694769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Internuclear distances represent one of the main structural constraints in molecular structure determination using solid-state NMR spectroscopy, complementing chemical shifts and orientational restraints. Although a large number of magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR techniques have been available for distance measurements, traditional 13C and 15N NMR experiments are inherently limited to distances of a few angstroms due to the low gyromagnetic ratios of these nuclei. Recent development of fast MAS triple-resonance 19F and 1H NMR probes has stimulated the design of MAS NMR experiments that measure distances in the 1-2 nm range with high sensitivity. This review describes the principles and applications of these multiplexed multidimensional correlation distance NMR experiments, with an emphasis on 19F- and 1H-based distance experiments. Representative applications of these long-distance NMR methods to biological macromolecules as well as small molecules are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Shcherbakov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - João Medeiros-Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nhi Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin D Gelenter
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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16
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Ivanov KL, Mote KR, Ernst M, Equbal A, Madhu PK. Floquet theory in magnetic resonance: Formalism and applications. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 126-127:17-58. [PMID: 34852924 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Floquet theory is an elegant mathematical formalism originally developed to solve time-dependent differential equations. Besides other fields, it has found applications in optical spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This review attempts to give a perspective of the Floquet formalism as applied in NMR and shows how it allows one to solve various problems with a focus on solid-state NMR. We include both matrix- and operator-based approaches. We discuss different problems where the Hamiltonian changes with time in a periodic way. Such situations occur, for example, in solid-state NMR experiments where the time dependence of the Hamiltonian originates either from magic-angle spinning or from the application of amplitude- or phase-modulated radiofrequency fields, or from both. Specific cases include multiple-quantum and multiple-frequency excitation schemes. In all these cases, Floquet analysis allows one to define an effective Hamiltonian and, moreover, to treat cases that cannot be described by the more popularly used and simpler-looking average Hamiltonian theory based on the Magnus expansion. An important example is given by spin dynamics originating from multiple-quantum phenomena (level crossings). We show that the Floquet formalism is a very general approach for solving diverse problems in spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomographic Center, Institutskaya 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kaustubh R Mote
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Matthias Ernst
- ETH Zurich, Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Asif Equbal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Perunthiruthy K Madhu
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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17
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Liang L, Ji Y, Zhao Z, Quinn CM, Han X, Bao X, Polenova T, Hou G. Accurate heteronuclear distance measurements at all magic-angle spinning frequencies in solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11554-11564. [PMID: 34567504 PMCID: PMC8409495 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteronuclear dipolar coupling is indispensable in revealing vital information related to the molecular structure and dynamics, as well as intermolecular interactions in various solid materials. Although numerous approaches have been developed to selectively reintroduce heteronuclear dipolar coupling under MAS, most of them lack universality and can only be applied to limited spin systems. Herein, we introduce a new and robust technique dubbed phase modulated rotary resonance (PMRR) for reintroducing heteronuclear dipolar couplings while suppressing all other interactions under a broad range of MAS conditions. The standard PMRR requires the radiofrequency (RF) field strength of only twice the MAS frequency, can efficiently recouple the dipolar couplings with a large scaling factor of 0.50, and is robust to experimental imperfections. Moreover, the adjustable window modification of PMRR, dubbed wPMRR, can improve its performance remarkably, making it well suited for the accurate determination of dipolar couplings in various spin systems. The robust performance of such pulse sequences has been verified theoretically and experimentally via model compounds, at different MAS frequencies. The application of the PMRR technique was demonstrated on the H-ZSM-5 zeolite, where the interaction between the Brønsted acidic hydroxyl groups of H-ZSM-5 and the absorbed trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO) were probed, revealing the detailed configuration of super acid sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhenchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Xiuwen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Guangjin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
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18
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Duong NT, Lee D, Mentink-Vigier F, Lafon O, De Paëpe G. On the use of radio-frequency offsets for improving double-quantum homonuclear dipolar recoupling of half-integer-spin quadrupolar nuclei. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:991-1008. [PMID: 33624858 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Detecting proximities between nuclei is crucial for atomic-scale structure determination with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Different from spin-1/2 nuclei, the methodology for quadrupolar nuclei is limited for solids due to the complex spin dynamics under simultaneous magic-angle spinning (MAS) and radio-frequency irradiation. Herein, the performances of several homonuclear rotary recoupling (HORROR)-based homonuclear dipolar recoupling sequences are evaluated for 27 Al (spin-5/2). It is shown numerically and experimentally on mesoporous alumina that BR 2 2 1 outperforms the supercycled S3 sequence and its pure double-quantum (DQ) (bracketed) version, [S3 ], both in terms of DQ transfer efficiency and bandwidth. This result is surprising since the S3 sequence is among the best low-power recoupling schemes for spin-1/2. The superiority of BR 2 2 1 is thoroughly explained, and the crucial role of radio-frequency offsets during its spin dynamics is highlighted. The analytical approximation of BR 2 2 1 , derived in an offset-toggling frame, clarifies the interplay between offset and DQ efficiency, namely, the benefits of off-resonance irradiation and the trough in DQ efficiency for BR 2 2 1 when the irradiation is central between two resonances, both for spin-1/2 and half-integer-spin quadrupolar nuclei. Additionally, density matrix propagations show that the BR 2 2 1 sequence, applied to quadrupolar nuclei subject to quadrupolar interaction much larger than radio-frequency frequency field, can create single- and multiple-quantum coherences for near on-resonance irradiation. This significantly perturbs the creation of DQ coherences between central transitions of neighboring quadrupolar nuclei. This effect explains the DQ efficiency trough for near on-resonance irradiation, in the case of both cross-correlation and autocorrelation peaks. Overall, this work aids experimental acquisition of homonuclear dipolar correlation spectra of half-integer-spin quadrupolar nuclei and provides theoretical insights towards improving recoupling schemes at high magnetic field and fast MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia Tuan Duong
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, Grenoble, 38000, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Daniel Lee
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | | | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, F-59000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, 75231, France
| | - Gaël De Paëpe
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, Grenoble, 38000, France
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19
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Ji Y, Liang L, Bao X, Hou G. Recent progress in dipolar recoupling techniques under fast MAS in solid-state NMR spectroscopy. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2021; 112:101711. [PMID: 33508579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2020.101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the recent advances in NMR hardware and probe design technology, magic-angle spinning (MAS) rates over 100 kHz are accessible now, even on commercial solid NMR probes. Under such fast MAS conditions, excellent spectral resolution has been achieved by efficient suppression of anisotropic interactions, which also opens an avenue to the proton-detected NMR experiments in solids. Numerous methods have been developed to take full advantage of fast MAS during the last decades. Among them, dipolar recoupling techniques under fast MAS play vital roles in the determination of the molecular structure and dynamics, and are also key elements in multi-dimensional correlation NMR experiments. Herein, we review the dipolar recoupling techniques, especially those developed in the past two decades for fast-to-ultrafast MAS conditions. A major focus for our discussion is the ratio of RF field strength (in frequency) to MAS frequency, ν1/νr, in different pulse sequences, which determines whether these dipolar recoupling techniques are suitable for NMR experiments under fast MAS conditions. Systematic comparisons are made among both heteronuclear and homonuclear dipolar recoupling schemes. In addition, the schemes developed specially for proton-detection NMR experiments under ultrafast MAS conditions are highlighted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lixin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Guangjin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.
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20
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Jardón-Álvarez D, Kahn N, Houben L, Leskes M. Oxygen Vacancy Distribution in Yttrium-Doped Ceria from 89Y- 89Y Correlations via Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2964-2969. [PMID: 33730494 PMCID: PMC8006133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Comprehending the oxygen vacancy distribution in oxide ion conductors requires structural insights over various length scales: from the local coordination preferences to the possible formation of agglomerates comprising a large number of vacancies. In Y-doped ceria, 89Y NMR enables differentiation of yttrium sites by quantification of the oxygen vacancies in their first coordination sphere. Because of the extremely low sensitivity of 89Y, longer-range information was so far not available from NMR. Herein, we utilize metal ion-based dynamic nuclear polarization, where polarization from Gd(III) dopants provides large sensitivity enhancements homogeneously throughout the bulk of the sample. This enables following 89Y-89Y homonuclear dipolar correlations and probing the local distribution of yttrium sites, which show no evidence of the formation of oxygen vacancy rich regions. The presented approach can provide valuable structural insights for designing oxide ion conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jardón-Álvarez
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nitzan Kahn
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lothar Houben
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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21
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Reif B, Ashbrook SE, Emsley L, Hong M. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:2. [PMID: 34368784 PMCID: PMC8341432 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-020-00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an atomic-level method used to determine the chemical structure, three-dimensional structure, and dynamics of solids and semi-solids. This Primer summarizes the basic principles of NMR as applied to the wide range of solid systems. The fundamental nuclear spin interactions and the effects of magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses on nuclear spins are the same as in liquid-state NMR. However, because of the anisotropy of the interactions in the solid state, the majority of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectra is measured under magic-angle spinning (MAS), which has profound effects on the types of radiofrequency pulse sequences required to extract structural and dynamical information. We describe the most common MAS NMR experiments and data analysis approaches for investigating biological macromolecules, organic materials, and inorganic solids. Continuing development of sensitivity-enhancement approaches, including 1H-detected fast MAS experiments, dynamic nuclear polarization, and experiments tailored to ultrahigh magnetic fields, is described. We highlight recent applications of solid-state NMR to biological and materials chemistry. The Primer ends with a discussion of current limitations of NMR to study solids, and points to future avenues of development to further enhance the capabilities of this sophisticated spectroscopy for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Reif
- Technische Universität München, Department Chemie, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Sharon E. Ashbrook
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des sciences et ingénierie chimiques, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
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22
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Fu Y, Guan H, Yin J, Kong X. Probing molecular motions in metal-organic frameworks with solid-state NMR. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Solid-state NMR approaches to investigate large enzymes in complex with substrates and inhibitors. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 49:131-144. [PMID: 33367567 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis is omnipresent in the cell. The mechanisms by which highly evolved protein folds enable rapid and specific chemical transformation of substrates belong to the marvels of structural biology. Targeting of enzymes with inhibitors has immediate application in drug discovery, from chemotherapeutics over antibiotics to antivirals. NMR spectroscopy combines multiple assets for the investigation of enzyme function. The non-invasive technique can probe enzyme structure and dynamics and map interactions with substrates, cofactors and inhibitors at the atomic level. With experiments performed at close to native conditions, catalytic transformations can be monitored in real time, giving access to kinetic parameters. The power of NMR in the solid state, in contrast with solution, lies in the absence of fundamental size limitations, which is crucial for enzymes that are either membrane-embedded or assemble into large soluble complexes exceeding hundreds of kilodaltons in molecular weight. Here we review recent progress in solid-state NMR methodology, which has taken big leaps in the past years due to steady improvements in hardware design, notably magic angle spinning, and connect it to parallel biochemical advances that enable isotope labelling of increasingly complex enzymes. We first discuss general concepts and requirements of the method and then highlight the state-of-the-art in sample preparation, structure determination, dynamics and interaction studies. We focus on examples where solid-state NMR has been instrumental in elucidating enzyme mechanism, alone or in integrative studies.
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24
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Potnuru LR, Duong NT, Ahlawat S, Raran-Kurussi S, Ernst M, Nishiyama Y, Agarwal V. Accuracy of 1H- 1H distances measured using frequency selective recoupling and fast magic-angle spinning. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:084202. [PMID: 32872876 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective recoupling of protons (SERP) is a method to selectively and quantitatively measure magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between protons and, in turn, the proton-proton distance in solid-state samples at fast magic-angle spinning. We present a bimodal operator-based Floquet approach to describe the numerically optimized SERP recoupling sequence. The description calculates the allowed terms in the first-order effective Hamiltonian, explains the origin of selectivity during recoupling, and shows how different terms are modulated as a function of the radio frequency amplitude and the phase of the sequence. Analytical and numerical simulations have been used to evaluate the effect of higher-order terms and offsets on the polarization transfer efficiency and quantitative distance measurement. The experimentally measured 1H-1H distances on a fully protonated thymol sample are ∼10%-15% shorter than those reported from diffraction studies. A semi-quantitative model combined with extensive numerical simulations is used to rationalize the effect of the third-spin and the role of different parameters in the experimentally observed shorter distances. Measurements at high magnetic fields improve the match between experimental and diffraction distances. The measurement of 1H-1H couplings at offsets different from the SERP-offset has also been explored. Experiments were also performed on a perdeuterated ubiquitin sample to demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneously measuring multiple quantitative distances and to evaluate the accuracy of the measured distance in the absence of multispin effects. The estimation of proton-proton distances provides a boost to structural characterization of small pharmaceuticals and biomolecules, given that the positions of protons are generally not well defined in x-ray structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokeswara Rao Potnuru
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 107, India
| | - Nghia Tuan Duong
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, and Nano-Crystallography Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sahil Ahlawat
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 107, India
| | - Sreejith Raran-Kurussi
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 107, India
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, and Nano-Crystallography Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 107, India
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25
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Gelenter MD, Dregni AJ, Hong M. Pulsed Third-Spin-Assisted Recoupling NMR for Obtaining Long-Range 13C- 13C and 15N- 13C Distance Restraints. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7138-7151. [PMID: 32700540 PMCID: PMC8324326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a class of pulsed third-spin-assisted recoupling (P-TSAR) magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR techniques that achieve efficient polarization transfer over long distances to provide important restraints for structure determination. These experiments utilize second-order cross terms between strong 1H-13C and 1H-15N dipolar couplings to achieve 13C-13C and 15N-13C polarization transfer, similar to the principle of continuous-wave (CW) TSAR experiments. However, in contrast to the CW-TSAR experiments, these P-TSAR experiments require much less radiofrequency (rf) energy and allow a much simpler routine for optimizing the rf field strength. We call the technique PULSAR (pulsed proton-assisted recoupling) for homonuclear spin pairs. For heteronuclear spin pairs, we improve the recently introduced PERSPIRATIONCP (proton-enhanced rotor-echo short pulse irradiation cross-polarization) experiment by shifting the pulse positions and removing the z-filters, which significantly broaden the bandwidth and increase the efficiency of polarization transfer. We demonstrate the PULSAR and PERSPIRATIONCP techniques on the model protein GB1 and found cross peaks for distances as long as 10 and 8 Å for 13C-13C and 15N-13C spin pairs, respectively. We then apply these methods to the amyloid fibrils formed by the peptide hormone glucagon and show that long-range correlation peaks are readily observed to constrain intermolecular packing in this cross-β fibril. We provide an analytical model for the PULSAR and PERSPIRATIONCP experiments to explain the measured and simulated chemical shift dependence and pulse flip angle dependence of polarization transfer. These two techniques are useful for measuring long-range distance restraints to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Gelenter
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Aurelio J. Dregni
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
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26
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Duong NT, Raran-Kurussi S, Nishiyama Y, Agarwal V. Can proton-proton recoupling in fully protonated solids provide quantitative, selective and efficient polarization transfer? JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 317:106777. [PMID: 32619889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dipolar recoupling sequences have been used to probe spatial proximity of nuclear spins and were traditionally designed to probe rare spins such as 13C and/or 15N nuclei. The multi-spin dipolar-coupling network of the rare spins is weak due to smaller couplings and large chemical shift dispersion. Therefore, the recoupling approaches were tailored to design offset compensated or broadband sequences. In contrast, protons have a substantially stronger dipolar-coupling network and much narrower chemical shift range. Broadband recoupling sequences such as radio-frequency driven recoupling (RFDR), back-to-back (BABA), and lab frame proton-proton spin diffusion have been routinely used to characterize the structures of protein/macromolecules and small molecules. Recently selective 1H-1H recoupling sequences have been proposed that combine chemical shift offset of the resolved proton spectrum (at fast MAS) with first- and second-order dipolar recoupling Hamiltonians to obtain quantitative and qualitative proton distances, respectively. Herein, we evaluate the performances of broadband and selective proton recoupling sequences such as finite pulse RFDR (fp-RFDR), band-selective spectral spin diffusion (BASS-SD), second-order cross-polarization (SOCP), and selective recoupling of proton (SERP) in terms of the selectivity and efficiency of 1H-1H polarization transfers in a dense network of proton spins and explore the possibility of measuring 1H-1H distances. We use theoretical considerations, numerical simulations, and experiments to support the distinct advantages and disadvantages of each recoupling sequence. Experiments were performed on L-histidine.HCl.H2O at a MAS frequency of 71.43 kHz. This study rationalizes the proper selection of 1H-1H recoupling sequences when working with fully protonated solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia Tuan Duong
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, and Nano-Crystallography Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sreejith Raran-Kurussi
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 107, India
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, and Nano-Crystallography Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; JEOL RESONANCE Inc., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan.
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 107, India.
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27
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Yu Y, Keil P, Stevensson B, Hansen MR, Edén M. Assessment of new symmetry-based dipolar recoupling schemes for homonuclear magnetization exchange between quadrupolar nuclei in two-dimensional correlation MAS NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 316:106734. [PMID: 32590307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We provide an extensive experimental and numerical evaluation of MQ-phase (S)M supercycles with M={3,4} of three groups of symmetry-based homonuclear dipolar recoupling rf-pulse sequences, [Formula: see text] , for establishing proximities among half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei under moderately fast magic-angle-spinning (MAS) conditions in single-quantum-single-quantum (1Q-1Q) correlation NMR experiments. The relative merits of the (S)M schemes for variations in resonance offsets and rf-amplitude errors were assessed by numerically simulated magnetization transfers in spin-3/2 pairs with variable isotropic chemical shifts and quadrupolar coupling constants. Experimental demonstrations of 23Na (spin-3/2) NMR on Na2MoO4·2H2O and 27Al (spin-5/2) NMR on AlPO-CJ19 [(NH4)2Al4(PO4)4HPO4·H2O] are presented at 14.1 T and 24 kHz MAS. We recommend using the (SR221)3 or (SR221)4 supercycles for samples that exhibit small chemical-shift dispersions (<3 kHz), and any (SRNNN/2)3 scheme with N⩾10 for larger spreads of isotropic chemical shifts. However, because the (SRNNN/2)3 sequences recouple heteronuclear dipolar interactions, their application to proton-bearing samples requires high-power proton decoupling during the mixing period. Alternatively, the (SR241)3 and (SR241)4 schemes may be employed in the absence of proton decoupling, but with poorer compensation to resonance-offsets and rf-amplitude errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Keil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48 149 Münster, Germany
| | - Baltzar Stevensson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48 149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mattias Edén
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is one of the most prominent methods of sensitivity enhancement in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Even though solid-state DNP under magic-angle spinning (MAS) has left the proof-of-concept phase and has become an important tool for structural investigations of biomolecules as well as materials, it is still far from mainstream applicability because of the potentially overwhelming combination of unique instrumentation, complex sample preparation, and a multitude of different mechanisms and methods available. In this review, I introduce the diverse field and history of DNP, combining aspects of NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance. I then explain the general concepts and detailed mechanisms relevant at high magnetic field, including solution-state methods based on Overhauser DNP but with a greater focus on the more established MAS DNP methods. Finally, I review practical considerations and fields of application and discuss future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corzilius
- Institute of Chemistry and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany;
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29
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Dagys L, Klimkevičius V, Klimavicius V, Aidas K, Makuška R, Balevicius V. CP MAS kinetics in soft matter: Spin diffusion, local disorder and thermal equilibration in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2020; 105:101641. [PMID: 31887667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The 1H-13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning kinetics was studied in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA), i.e. a soft material with high degrees of internal freedom and molecular disorder, having the purpose to track the influence of increasing local incoherent contributions to the effects of coherent nature in the open quantum spin systems. The experimental CP MAS kinetic curves were analyzed in the frame of the models of isotropic and anisotropic spin diffusion with thermal equilibration. The rates of spin diffusion and spin-lattice relaxation as well as the profiles of distribution of dipolar coupling, the parameters accounting the effective size of spin clusters and the local order parameters were determined. The intensities of the peaks of periodic quasi-equilibrium origin gradually decrease with increasing disorder, i.e. going from most ordered to more disordered sites in the polymer. Assuming that the thermal motion induced by the temperature gradients is much faster than the equilibration driven by spin diffusion due the difference in spin temperatures, it was deduced that the thermal equilibration in pHEMA occurs in the time scale of 10-4 s. This is one order of magnitude faster than the spectral spin diffusion, which occurs between spins having different resonance frequencies. The thermal equilibration in the case of remote spin clusters was described by the 'stretched exponent' decay. This led to the fractal dimension Dp ≈ 1.65 for both carbon sites (quaternary and carbonyl). The obtained Dp value corresponds to the aggregates, which images are very similar to those for pHEMA and some other related polymer structures are usually conceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurynas Dagys
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Vytautas Klimavicius
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania; Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, University of Technology Darmstadt, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kęstutis Aidas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ričardas Makuška
- Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, LT-03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Balevicius
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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30
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Yu Y, Keil P, Hansen MR, Edén M. Improved Magnetization Transfers among Quadrupolar Nuclei in Two-Dimensional Homonuclear Correlation NMR Experiments Applied to Inorganic Network Structures. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020337. [PMID: 31947638 PMCID: PMC7024165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that supercycles of previously introduced two-fold symmetry dipolar recoupling schemes may be utilized successfully in homonuclear correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for probing proximities among half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei in network materials undergoing magic-angle-spinning (MAS). These (SR221)M, (SR241)M, and (SR281)M recoupling sequences with M=3 and M=4 offer comparably efficient magnetization transfers in single-quantum–single-quantum (1Q–1Q) correlation NMR experiments under moderately fast MAS conditions, as demonstrated at 14.1 T and 24 kHz MAS in the contexts of 11B NMR on a Na2O–CaO–B2O3–SiO2 glass and 27Al NMR on the open framework aluminophosphate AlPO-CJ19 [(NH4)2Al4(PO4)4HPO4·H2O]. Numerically simulated magnetization transfers in spin–3/2 pairs revealed a progressively enhanced tolerance to resonance offsets and rf-amplitude errors of the recoupling pulses along the series (SR221)M< (SR241)M< (SR281)M for increasing differences in chemical shifts between the two nuclei. Nonetheless, for scenarios of a relatively minor chemical-shift dispersions (≲3 kHz), the (SR221)M supercycles perform best both experimentally and in simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Philipp Keil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48 149 Münster, Germany; (P.K.); (M.R.H.)
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48 149 Münster, Germany; (P.K.); (M.R.H.)
| | - Mattias Edén
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
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31
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Yu Y, Stevensson B, Pujari-Palmer M, Guo H, Engqvist H, Edén M. The Monetite Structure Probed by Advanced Solid-State NMR Experimentation at Fast Magic-Angle Spinning. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246356. [PMID: 31861132 PMCID: PMC6940740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy study of the local 31P and 1H environments in monetite [CaHPO4; dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA)], as well as their relative spatial proximities. Each of the three 1H NMR peaks was unambiguously assigned to its respective crystallographically unique H site of monetite, while their pairwise spatial proximities were probed by homonuclear 1H–1H double quantum–single quantum NMR experimentation under fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) of 66 kHz. We also examined the relative 1H–31P proximities among the inequivalent {P1, P2} and {H1, H2, H3} sites in monetite; the corresponding shortest internuclear 1H–31P distances accorded well with those of a previous neutron diffraction study. The NMR results from the monetite phase were also contrasted with those observed from the monetite component present in a pyrophosphate-bearing calcium phosphate cement, demonstrating that while the latter represents a disordered form of monetite, it shares all essential local features of the monetite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (Y.Y.); (B.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Baltzar Stevensson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (Y.Y.); (B.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Michael Pujari-Palmer
- Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering, Uppsala University, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.P.-P.); (H.E.)
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (Y.Y.); (B.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering, Uppsala University, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.P.-P.); (H.E.)
| | - Mattias Edén
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (Y.Y.); (B.S.); (H.G.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Duong NT, Rossi F, Makrinich M, Goldbourt A, Chierotti MR, Gobetto R, Nishiyama Y. Accurate 1H- 14N distance measurements by phase-modulated RESPDOR at ultra-fast MAS. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 308:106559. [PMID: 31345769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The combination of a phase-modulated (PM) saturation pulse and symmetry-based dipolar recoupling into a rotational-echo saturation-pulse double-resonance (RESPDOR) sequence has been employed to measure 1H-14N distances. Such a measurement is challenging owing to the quadrupolar interaction of 14N nucleus and the intense 1H-1H homonuclear dipolar interactions. Thanks to the recent advances in probe technology, the homonuclear dipolar interaction can be sufficiently suppressed at a fast MAS frequency (νR ≥ 60 kHz). PM pulse is robust to large variations of parameters on quadrupolar spins, but it has not been demonstrated under very fast MAS conditions. On the other hand, the RESPDOR sequence is applicable to such condition when it employs symmetry-based pulses during the recoupling period, but a prior knowledge on the system is required. In this article, we demonstrated the PM-RESPDOR combination for providing accurate 1H-14N distances at a very fast MAS frequency of 70 kHz on two samples, namely L-tyrosine⋅HCl and N-acetyl-L-alanine. This sequence, supported by simulations and experiments, has shown its feasibility at νR = 70 kHz as well as the robustness to the 14N quadrupolar interaction. It is applicable to a wide range of 1H-14N dipolar coupling constants when a radio frequency field on the 14N channel is approximately 80 kHz or more, while the PM pulse length lasts 10 rotor periods. For the first time, multiple 1H-14N heteronuclear dipolar couplings, thus multiple quantitative distances, are simultaneously and reliably extracted by fitting the experimental fraction curves with the analytical expression. The size of the 1H-14N dipolar interaction is solely used as a fitting parameter. These determined distances are in excellent agreement with those derived from diffraction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia Tuan Duong
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, and Nano-Crystallography Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Federica Rossi
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, V.P. Giuria 7, 10125, Italy
| | - Maria Makrinich
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Amir Goldbourt
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Michele R Chierotti
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, V.P. Giuria 7, 10125, Italy
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, V.P. Giuria 7, 10125, Italy
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, and Nano-Crystallography Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; JEOL RESONANCE Inc., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan.
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33
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Smith AN, Märker K, Hediger S, De Paëpe G. Natural Isotopic Abundance 13C and 15N Multidimensional Solid-State NMR Enabled by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4652-4662. [PMID: 31361489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has made feasible solid-state NMR experiments that were previously thought impractical due to sensitivity limitations. One such class of experiments is the structural characterization of organic and biological samples at natural isotopic abundance (NA). Herein, we describe the many advantages of DNP-enabled ssNMR at NA, including the extraction of long-range distance constraints using dipolar recoupling pulse sequences without the deleterious effects of dipolar truncation. In addition to the theoretical underpinnings in the analysis of these types of experiments, numerous applications of DNP-enabled ssNMR at NA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Smith
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, MEM , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Katharina Märker
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, MEM , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Sabine Hediger
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, MEM , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Gaël De Paëpe
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, MEM , F-38000 Grenoble , France
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34
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Thureau P, Sturniolo S, Zilka M, Ziarelli F, Viel S, Yates JR, Mollica G. Reducing the computational cost of NMR crystallography of organic powders at natural isotopic abundance with the help of 13 C- 13 C dipolar couplings. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:256-264. [PMID: 30735578 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structure determination of functional organic compounds remains a formidable challenge when the sample exists as a powder. Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography approaches based on the comparison of experimental and Density Functional Theory (DFT)-computed 1 H chemical shifts have already demonstrated great potential for structure determination of organic powders, but limitations still persist. In this study, we discuss the possibility of using 13 C-13 C dipolar couplings quantified on powdered theophylline at natural isotopic abundance with the help of dynamic nuclear polarization, to realize a DFT-free, rapid screening of a pool of structures predicted by ab initio random structure search. We show that although 13 C-13 C dipolar couplings can identify structures possessing long range structural motifs and unit cell parameters close to those of the true structure, it must be complemented with other data to recover information about the presence and the chemical nature of the supramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Sturniolo
- Scientific Computing Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - Miri Zilka
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM FR1739, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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35
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Pandey MK, Damron JT, Ramamoorthy A, Nishiyama Y. Proton-detected 3D 1H anisotropic/ 14N/ 1H isotropic chemical shifts correlation NMR under fast magic angle spinning on solid samples without isotopic enrichment. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 97:40-45. [PMID: 30623800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) interaction of a nucleus is an important indicator of the local electronic environment particularly for the contributions arising from hydrogen (H)-bonding, electrostatic and π-π interactions. CSAs of protons bonded to nitrogen atoms are of significant interest due to their common role as H-bonding partners in many chemical, pharmaceutical and biological systems. Although very fast (∼100 kHz) magic angle sample spinning (MAS) experiments have enabled the measurement of proton CSAs directly from solids, due to a narrow chemical shift (CS) distribution, overlapping NH proton resonances are common and necessitate the introduction of an additional frequency dimension to the regular 2D 1H CSA/1H CS correlation method to achieve sufficient resolution. While this can be accomplished by using the isotropic shift frequency of 14N or 15N nuclei, the use of the naturally-abundant 14N nucleus avoids 15N isotopic labeling and therefore would be useful for a variety of solids. To this end, we propose a proton-detected 3D 1H CSA/14N/1H CS correlation method under fast MAS (90 kHz) to determine the CSA tensors of NH protons in samples without isotopic enrichment. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed 3D NMR experiment is capable of resolving the overlapping 1H resonances of amide (NH) groups through the 14N isotropic shift frequency dimension and enables the accurate measurement of site-specific 1H CSAs directly from powder samples under fast MAS conditions. In addition to the 3D 1H CSA/14N/1H CS experiment, an approach employing 14N-edited 2D 1H CSA/1H CS experiment is also demonstrated as an additional means to address spectral overlap of NH resonances with aliphatic and other proton resonances in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, 140001, Punjab, India.
| | - Joshua T Damron
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA; Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; JEOL RESONANCE Inc., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan.
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36
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Dagys L, Klimavicius V, Gutmann T, Buntkowsky G, Balevicius V. Quasi-Equilibria and Polarization Transfer Between Adjacent and Remote Spins: 1H- 13C CP MAS Kinetics in Glycine. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8938-8947. [PMID: 30354129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b09036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 1H-13C CP MAS kinetic curves were measured in glycine powder sample at the MAS rates of 7, 10, and 12 kHz. Each experimental curve contained up to 1000 equidistant points over the whole contact time range of 10 μs - 10 ms. The CP kinetic data for CH2 group, i.e., for the system containing adjacent 1H-13C spin pairs with a definite dominant dipolar coupling can be described in the frame of the isotropic spin-diffusion approach. The local order parameter ⟨ S⟩ ≈ 1.0, determined as the ratio of the measured dipolar 1H-13C coupling constant and the calculated static dipolar coupling constant, is very close to the values deduced in series of other amino acids. The strong narrow peaks observed in the spin coupling spectrum at multiples of the MAS frequency can be considered as the confirmation that the periodic quasi-equilibrium state can appear also in the powder samples. The anisotropic spin-diffusion approach improved by the introducing of the thermal equilibration in the proton bath is the most proper model to describe the CP kinetics in the system containing remote spins. Very realistic values of the spin-cluster size ( N) have been obtained without any constraint on the flow of the nonlinear curve fitting. The finite values of N ≤ 4 means that CP transfer is located within one glycine molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurynas Dagys
- Institute of Chemical Physics , Vilnius University , Sauletekio av. 3 , LT-10257 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Klimavicius
- Institute of Chemical Physics , Vilnius University , Sauletekio av. 3 , LT-10257 Vilnius , Lithuania.,Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , University of Technology Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , University of Technology Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , University of Technology Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Vytautas Balevicius
- Institute of Chemical Physics , Vilnius University , Sauletekio av. 3 , LT-10257 Vilnius , Lithuania
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37
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Smith AN, Märker K, Piretra T, Boatz JC, Matlahov I, Kodali R, Hediger S, van der Wel PCA, De Paëpe G. Structural Fingerprinting of Protein Aggregates by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization-Enhanced Solid-State NMR at Natural Isotopic Abundance. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14576-14580. [PMID: 30339373 PMCID: PMC6287890 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A pathological hallmark
of Huntington’s disease (HD) is
the formation of neuronal protein deposits containing mutant huntingtin
fragments with expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) domains. Prior studies
have shown the strengths of solid-state NMR (ssNMR) to probe the atomic
structure of such aggregates, but have required in vitro isotopic labeling. Herein, we present an approach for the structural
fingerprinting of fibrils through ssNMR at natural isotopic abundance
(NA). These methods will enable the spectroscopic fingerprinting of
unlabeled (e.g., ex vivo) protein aggregates and
the extraction of valuable new long-range 13C–13C distance constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Smith
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, INAC, MEM, F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Katharina Märker
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, INAC, MEM, F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Talia Piretra
- Department of Structural Biology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 United States
| | - Jennifer C Boatz
- Department of Structural Biology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 United States
| | - Irina Matlahov
- Department of Structural Biology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 United States
| | - Ravindra Kodali
- Department of Chemistry , Duquesne University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15282 , United States
| | - Sabine Hediger
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, INAC, MEM, F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Department of Structural Biology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 United States
| | - Gaël De Paëpe
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, INAC, MEM, F-38000 Grenoble , France
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38
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Roos M, Mandala VS, Hong M. Determination of Long-Range Distances by Fast Magic-Angle-Spinning Radiofrequency-Driven 19F- 19F Dipolar Recoupling NMR. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:9302-9313. [PMID: 30211552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanometer-range distances are important for restraining the three-dimensional structure and oligomeric assembly of proteins and other biological molecules. Solid-state NMR determination of protein structures typically utilizes 13C-13C and 13C-15N distance restraints, which can only be measured up to ∼7 Å because of the low gyromagnetic ratios of these nuclear spins. To extend the distance reach of NMR, one can harvest the power of 19F, whose large gyromagnetic ratio in principle allows distances up to 2 nm to be measured. However, 19F possesses large chemical shift anisotropies (CSAs) as well as large isotropic chemical shift dispersions, which pose challenges to dipolar coupling measurements. Here, we demonstrate 19F-19F distance measurements at high magnetic fields under fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) using radiofrequency-driven dipolar recoupling (RFDR). We show that 19F-19F cross-peaks for distances up to 1 nm can be readily observed in two-dimensional 19F-19F correlation spectra using less than 5 ms of RFDR mixing. This efficient 19F-19F dipolar recoupling is achieved using practically accessible MAS frequencies of 15-55 kHz, moderate 19F radio frequency field strengths, and no 1H decoupling. Experiments and simulations show that the fastest polarization transfer for aromatic fluorines with the highest distance accuracy is achieved using either fast MAS (e.g., 60 kHz) with large pulse duty cycles (>50%) or slow MAS with strong 19F pulses. Fast MAS considerably reduces relaxation losses during the RFDR π-pulse train, making finite-pulse RFDR under fast-MAS the method of choice. Under intermediate MAS frequencies (25-40 kHz) and intermediate pulse duty cycles (15-30%), the 19F CSA tensor orientation has a quantifiable effect on the polarization transfer rate; thus, the RFDR buildup curves encode both distance and orientation information. At fast MAS, the impact of CSA orientation is minimized, allowing pure distance restraints to be extracted. We further investigate how relayed transfer and dipolar truncation in multifluorine environments affect polarization transfer. This fast-MAS 19F RFDR approach is complementary to 19F spin diffusion for distance measurements and will be the method of choice under high-field fast-MAS conditions that are increasingly important for protein structure determination by solid-state NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Roos
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 170 Albany Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Venkata S Mandala
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 170 Albany Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 170 Albany Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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39
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Roos M, Wang T, Shcherbakov AA, Hong M. Fast Magic-Angle-Spinning 19F Spin Exchange NMR for Determining Nanometer 19F- 19F Distances in Proteins and Pharmaceutical Compounds. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2900-2911. [PMID: 29486126 PMCID: PMC6312665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Internuclear distances measured using NMR provide crucial constraints of three-dimensional structures but are often restricted to about 5 Å due to the weakness of nuclear-spin dipolar couplings. For studying macromolecular assemblies in biology and materials science, distance constraints beyond 1 nm will be extremely valuable. Here we present an extensive and quantitative analysis of the feasibility of 19F spin exchange NMR for precise and robust measurements of interatomic distances up to 1.6 nm at a magnetic field of 14.1 T, under 20-40 kHz magic-angle spinning (MAS). The measured distances are comparable to those achievable from paramagnetic relaxation enhancement but have higher precision, which is better than ±1 Å for short distances and ±2 Å for long distances. For 19F spins with the same isotropic chemical shift but different anisotropic chemical shifts, intermediate MAS frequencies of 15-25 kHz without 1H irradiation accelerate spin exchange. For spectrally resolved 19F-19F spin exchange, 1H-19F dipolar recoupling significantly speeds up 19F-19F spin exchange. On the basis of data from five fluorinated synthetic, pharmaceutical, and biological compounds, we obtained two general curves for spin exchange between CF groups and between CF3 and CF groups. These curves allow 19F-19F distances to be extracted from the measured spin exchange rates after taking into account 19F chemical shifts. These results demonstrate the robustness of 19F spin exchange NMR for distance measurements in a wide range of biological and chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Roos
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 170 Albany Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 170 Albany Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Alexander A Shcherbakov
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 170 Albany Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 170 Albany Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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40
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Abstract
Various recent developments in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy have enabled an array of new insights regarding the structure, dynamics, and interactions of biomolecules. In the ever more integrated world of structural biology, ssNMR studies provide structural and dynamic information that is complementary to the data accessible by other means. ssNMR enables the study of samples lacking a crystalline lattice, featuring static as well as dynamic disorder, and does so independent of higher-order symmetry. The present study surveys recent applications of biomolecular ssNMR and examines how this technique is increasingly integrated with other structural biology techniques, such as (cryo) electron microscopy, solution-state NMR, and X-ray crystallography. Traditional ssNMR targets include lipid bilayer membranes and membrane proteins in a lipid bilayer environment. Another classic application has been in the area of protein misfolding and aggregation disorders, where ssNMR has provided essential structural data on oligomers and amyloid fibril aggregates. More recently, the application of ssNMR has expanded to a growing array of biological assemblies, ranging from non-amyloid protein aggregates, protein–protein complexes, viral capsids, and many others. Across these areas, multidimensional magic angle spinning (MAS) ssNMR has, in the last decade, revealed three-dimensional structures, including many that had been inaccessible by other structural biology techniques. Equally important insights in structural and molecular biology derive from the ability of MAS ssNMR to probe information beyond comprehensive protein structures, such as dynamics, solvent exposure, protein–protein interfaces, and substrate–enzyme interactions.
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41
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Jolly MM, Jarvis JA, Carravetta M, Levitt MH, Williamson PTF. Bidirectional band-selective magnetization transfer along the protein backbone doubles the information content of solid-state NMR correlation experiments. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2017; 69:197-205. [PMID: 29116557 PMCID: PMC5736786 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-017-0147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Resonance assignment is the first stage towards solving the structure of a protein. This is normally achieved by the employment of separate inter and intra residue experiments. By utilising the mixed rotation and rotary recoupling (MIRROR) condition it is possible to double the information content through the efficient bidirectional transfer of magnetization from the CO to its adjacent Cα and the Cα of the subsequent amino acid. We have incorporated this into a 3D experiment, a 3D-MIRROR-NCOCA, where correlations present in the 3D spectrum permit the sequential assignment of the protein backbone from a single experiment as we have demonstrated on a microcrystalline preparation of GB3. Furthermore, the low-power requirements of the MIRROR recoupling sequence facilitate the development of a low-power 3D-NCOCA experiment. This has enabled us to realise significant reductions in acquisition times, allowing the acquisition of a single 3D-NCOCA spectrum suitable for a full backbone resonance assignment of GB3 in less than 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Jolly
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - J A Jarvis
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - M Carravetta
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - M H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - P T F Williamson
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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42
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Lilly Thankamony AS, Wittmann JJ, Kaushik M, Corzilius B. Dynamic nuclear polarization for sensitivity enhancement in modern solid-state NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 102-103:120-195. [PMID: 29157490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of dynamic nuclear polarization has undergone tremendous developments and diversification since its inception more than 6 decades ago. In this review we provide an in-depth overview of the relevant topics involved in DNP-enhanced MAS NMR spectroscopy. This includes the theoretical description of DNP mechanisms as well as of the polarization transfer pathways that can lead to a uniform or selective spreading of polarization between nuclear spins. Furthermore, we cover historical and state-of-the art aspects of dedicated instrumentation, polarizing agents, and optimization techniques for efficient MAS DNP. Finally, we present an extensive overview on applications in the fields of structural biology and materials science, which underlines that MAS DNP has moved far beyond the proof-of-concept stage and has become an important tool for research in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aany Sofia Lilly Thankamony
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes J Wittmann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Monu Kaushik
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Björn Corzilius
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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43
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van der Wel PCA. Insights into protein misfolding and aggregation enabled by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2017; 88:1-14. [PMID: 29035839 PMCID: PMC5705391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of proteins and peptides into a variety of insoluble, and often non-native, aggregated states plays a central role in many devastating diseases. Analogous processes undermine the efficacy of polypeptide-based biological pharmaceuticals, but are also being leveraged in the design of biologically inspired self-assembling materials. This Trends article surveys the essential contributions made by recent solid-state NMR (ssNMR) studies to our understanding of the structural features of polypeptide aggregates, and how such findings are informing our thinking about the molecular mechanisms of misfolding and aggregation. A central focus is on disease-related amyloid fibrils and oligomers involved in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. SSNMR-enabled structural and dynamics-based findings are surveyed, along with a number of resulting emerging themes that appear common to different amyloidogenic proteins, such as their compact alternating short-β-strand/β-arc amyloid core architecture. Concepts, methods, future prospects and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C A van der Wel
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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44
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Mananga ES. Equivalence of the Floquet–Magnus and Fer Expansions to Investigate the Dynamics of a Spin System in the Three-Level System. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6063-6078. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Stephane Mananga
- Ph.D. Program in
Physics and Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
- Department of Engineering, Physics, and Technology, The City University of New York, BCC, 2155 University Avenue, CPH 118, Bronx, New York 10453, United States
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45
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Ni QZ, Markhasin E, Can TV, Corzilius B, Tan KO, Barnes AB, Daviso E, Su Y, Herzfeld J, Griffin RG. Peptide and Protein Dynamics and Low-Temperature/DNP Magic Angle Spinning NMR. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:4997-5006. [PMID: 28437077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In DNP MAS NMR experiments at ∼80-110 K, the structurally important -13CH3 and -15NH3+ signals in MAS spectra of biological samples disappear due to the interference of the molecular motions with the 1H decoupling. Here we investigate the effect of these dynamic processes on the NMR line shapes and signal intensities in several typical systems: (1) microcrystalline APG, (2) membrane protein bR, (3) amyloid fibrils PI3-SH3, (4) monomeric alanine-CD3, and (5) the protonated and deuterated dipeptide N-Ac-VL over 78-300 K. In APG, the three-site hopping of the Ala-Cβ peak disappears completely at 112 K, concomitant with the attenuation of CP signals from other 13C's and 15N's. Similarly, the 15N signal from Ala-NH3+ disappears at ∼173 K, concurrent with the attenuation in CP experiments of other 15N's as well as 13C's. In bR and PI3-SH3, the methyl groups are attenuated at ∼95 K, while all other 13C's remain unaffected. However, both systems exhibit substantial losses of intensity at ∼243 K. Finally, with spectra of Ala and N-Ac-VL, we show that it is possible to extract site specific dynamic data from the temperature dependence of the intensity losses. Furthermore, 2H labeling can assist with recovering the spectral intensity. Thus, our study provides insight into the dynamic behavior of biological systems over a wide range of temperatures, and serves as a guide to optimizing the sensitivity and resolution of structural data in low temperature DNP MAS NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhe Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Evgeny Markhasin
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thach V Can
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Björn Corzilius
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kong Ooi Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander B Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eugenio Daviso
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University , Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Judith Herzfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University , Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Robert G Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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46
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Shankar R, Ernst M, Madhu PK, Vosegaard T, Nielsen NC, Nielsen AB. A general theoretical description of the influence of isotropic chemical shift in dipolar recoupling experiments for solid-state NMR. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:134105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4979123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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Märker K, Hediger S, De Paëpe G. Efficient 2D double-quantum solid-state NMR spectroscopy with large spectral widths. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9155-9158. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04890d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
STiC phase shifts enable the use of supercycled recoupling sequences for recording 2D DQ–SQ correlation spectra with arbitrary spectral widths.
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48
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Märker K, Paul S, Fernández-de-Alba C, Lee D, Mouesca JM, Hediger S, De Paëpe G. Welcoming natural isotopic abundance in solid-state NMR: probing π-stacking and supramolecular structure of organic nanoassemblies using DNP. Chem Sci 2016; 8:974-987. [PMID: 28451235 PMCID: PMC5354064 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The low natural abundance of 13C combined with MAS-DNP enables 13C–13C polarization transfer up to ∼7 Å and observation of π-stacking.
The self-assembly of small organic molecules is an intriguing phenomenon, which provides nanoscale structures for applications in numerous fields from medicine to molecular electronics. Detailed knowledge of their structure, in particular on the supramolecular level, is a prerequisite for the rational design of improved self-assembled systems. In this work, we prove the feasibility of a novel concept of NMR-based 3D structure determination of such assemblies in the solid state. The key point of this concept is the deliberate use of samples that contain 13C at its natural isotopic abundance (NA, 1.1%), while exploiting magic-angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS-DNP) to compensate for the reduced sensitivity. Since dipolar truncation effects are suppressed to a large extent in NA samples, unique and highly informative spectra can be recorded which are impossible to obtain on an isotopically labeled system. On the self-assembled cyclic diphenylalanine peptide, we demonstrate the detection of long-range internuclear distances up to ∼7 Å, allowing us to observe π-stacking through 13C–13C correlation spectra, providing a powerful tool for the analysis of one of the most important non-covalent interactions. Furthermore, experimental polarization transfer curves are in remarkable agreement with numerical simulations based on the crystallographic structure, and can be fully rationalized as the superposition of intra- and intermolecular contributions. This new approach to NMR crystallography provides access to rich and precise structural information, opening up a new avenue to de novo crystal structure determination by NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Märker
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France . .,CEA , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Subhradip Paul
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France . .,CEA , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Carlos Fernández-de-Alba
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France . .,CEA , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Daniel Lee
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France . .,CEA , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Jean-Marie Mouesca
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France . .,CEA , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Sabine Hediger
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France . .,CEA , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France.,CNRS , MEM , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Gaël De Paëpe
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France . .,CEA , INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France
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49
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Wilson BW, Parker AA, Gullion T. Determining the relative orientation between the chemical shift anisotropy and heteronuclear dipolar tensors in static solids by SEDOR NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2016; 79:1-5. [PMID: 27690305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of the dipolar interaction between two spins provides the distance between nuclei. A better structural picture emerges when the distance is combined with the orientation of the internuclear vector in the principal axis system of the chemical shift anisotropy tensor. The SEDOR experiment is used on a static sample of alanine to show that the orientation of the vector connecting the nitrogen and carboxylate carbon nuclei can be accurately determined in the CSA PAS of the 13C carboxylate spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan W Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Arlo A Parker
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Terry Gullion
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
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50
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Wang J, Li F, Ma C. Recent progress in designing inhibitors that target the drug-resistant M2 proton channels from the influenza A viruses. Biopolymers 2016; 104:291-309. [PMID: 25663018 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are the causative agents for seasonal influenza, which results in thousands of deaths and millions of hospitalizations each year. Moreover, sporadic transmission of avian or swan influenza viruses to humans often leads to an influenza pandemic, as there is no preimmunity in the human body to fight against such novel strains. The metastable genome of the influenza viruses, coupled with the reassortment of different strains from a wide range of host origins, leads to the continuous evolution of the influenza virus diversity. Such characteristics of influenza viruses present a grand challenge in devising therapeutic strategies to combat influenza virus infection. This review summarizes recent progress in designing small molecule inhibitors that target the drug-resistant influenza A virus M2 proton channels and highlights the contribution of mechanistic studies of proton conductance to drug discovery. The lessons learned throughout the course of M2 drug discovery might provide insights for designing inhibitors that target other therapeutically important ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721.,BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
| | - Chunlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
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