1
|
Alsharabasy AM, Sankar M, Biggs M, Farràs P, Pandit A. Iron protoporphyrin IX-hyaluronan hydrogel-supported luminol chemiluminescence for the detection of nitric oxide in physiological solutions. Talanta 2024; 278:126522. [PMID: 38991408 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Due to its role as a free radical signal-transducing agent with a short lifespan, precise measurement of nitric oxide (●NO) levels presents significant challenges. Various analytical techniques offer distinct advantages and disadvantages for ●NO detection. This research aims to simplify the detection process by developing a hydrogel system using iron(III)-protoporphyrin IX (hemin)-loaded hyaluronan for the detection of ●NO in solution. Various hydrogel formulations were created, and the effects of their components on hydrogel-supported luminol chemiluminescence (CL) kinetics, radical scavenging, and physicochemical properties were analysed through factorial analysis. The candidate formulations were then evaluated using two ●NO donors. An increase in the degree of crosslinking in unloaded formulations enhanced interactions with the CL reaction components, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and luminol, thereby affecting light generation. However, hemin loading negated these effects, resulting in more prominent luminescence kinetics in formulations with lower crosslinking degrees. Similarly, ●NO influenced the kinetics differently, interacting with both the CL reaction and hydrogel components. Hemin-loaded formulations exhibited enhanced signal propagation when exposed to ●NO, followed by H2O2 and luminol, whereas reversing the order of addition inhibited this propagation. The magnitude of these luminescence changes depended on the type and concentration of the ●NO donor, demonstrating greater sensitivity to ●NO levels compared to amperometric sensing. These findings suggest that the studied hydrogel platform has potential for the facile and accurate detection of ●NO in solution, requiring minimal sample sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Alsharabasy
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland.
| | - Magesh Sankar
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Manus Biggs
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Pau Farràs
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sheet PS, Park S, Nguyen AT, George S, Maier C, Koley D. Triple-function carbon-based Ca 2+ ion-selective pH ring microelectrode to study real-time bacteria-mediated hydroxyapatite corrosion. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1321:343042. [PMID: 39155097 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The local pH change mediated by the pathogenic bacterial species Streptococcus mutans plays a significant role in the corrosion of hydroxyapatite (HA) present in the tooth in the dynamic oral cavity. The acid produced by the bacteria decreases the local pH and releases Ca2+ ions from the HA. We studied the bacteria-mediated demineralization of HA by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) after growing S. mutans biofilm on HA for 7 days. RESULTS We notably developed a triple-function SECM-compatible tip that could be positioned above the biofilm. It can also measure the pH and [Ca2+] change simultaneously above the biofilm-HA substrate. The triple-function SECM tip is a combination of a potentiometric pH sensor deposited with iridium oxide and a dual-function carbon-based Ca2+ ion-selective membrane electrode with a slope of 67 mV/pH and 34.3 mV/log [Ca2+], respectively. The distance-controlled triple-function SECM tip monitored real-time pH and [Ca2+] changes 30 μm above the S. mutans biofilm. The high temporal resolution pH data demonstrated that after approximately 20 min of sucrose addition, S. mutans started to produce acid to titrate the solution buffer, causing a pH change from 7.2 to 6.5 for HA and from 7.2 to 5 for the glass substrate. We observed that, after 30 min of acid production, ∼300 μM of Ca2+ ions were increased at pH 6.5 above the biofilm surface as a result of the pH change in the local microenvironment. After the release of Ca2+ from HA, the pH environment again shifted toward the neutral side, from 6.5 to 7.2. Therefore, precipitation of Ca2+ happens at the top of the biofilm, thus corroding the HA from underneath. For a glass substrate, in contrast, no Ca2+ ions were released, and the pH did not change back to 7.2. We were able to observe the dynamics of the HA demineralization-remineralization process simultaneously with our newly developed triple-function SECM tip or microprobe. SIGNIFICANCE This technique could notably advance the study of similar complex processes, such as bacteria-mediated corrosion in biomedical and environmental contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha S Sheet
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA, 97331
| | - Suji Park
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA, 97331
| | - Anh Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA, 97331
| | - Sneha George
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA, 97331
| | - Claudia Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA, 97331
| | - Dipankar Koley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA, 97331.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lipovka A, Fatkullin M, Averkiev A, Pavlova M, Adiraju A, Weheabby S, Al-Hamry A, Kanoun O, Pašti I, Lazarevic-Pasti T, Rodriguez RD, Sheremet E. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry: The Ultimate Chemical Sensing and Manipulation Combination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:110-134. [PMID: 35435777 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2063683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the lessons we learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is that the need for ultrasensitive detection systems is now more critical than ever. While sensors' sensitivity, portability, selectivity, and low cost are crucial, new ways to couple synergistic methods enable the highest performance levels. This review article critically discusses the synergetic combinations of optical and electrochemical methods. We also discuss three key application fields-energy, biomedicine, and environment. Finally, we selected the most promising approaches and examples, the open challenges in sensing, and ways to overcome them. We expect this work to set a clear reference for developing and understanding strategies, pros and cons of different combinations of electrochemical and optical sensors integrated into a single device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Olfa Kanoun
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Igor Pašti
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Lazarevic-Pasti
- Department of Physical Chemistry, "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Vinca, Serbia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aruchamy G, Kim BK. Recent Trends and Perspectives in Single-Entity Electrochemistry: A Review with Focus on a Water Splitting Reaction. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38829955 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2358492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements involving single nanoparticles have attracted considerable research attention. In recent years, various studies have been conducted on single-entity electrochemistry (SEE) for the in-depth analyses of catalytic reactions. Although, several electrocatalysts have been developed for H2 energy production, designing innovative electrocatalysts for this purpose remains a challenging task. Stochastic collision electrochemistry is gaining increased attention because it has led to new findings in the SEE field. Importantly, it facilitates establishing structure activity relationships for electrocatalysts by monitoring transient signals. This article reviews the recent achievements related to hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) using different electrocatalysts at the nanoscale level. In particular, it discusses the electrocatalytic activities of noble metal nanoparticles, including Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd nanoparticles, at the single-particle level. Because heterogeneity is a key factor affecting the catalytic activity of nanostructures, our work focuses on the influence of heterogeneities in catalytic materials on the OER and HER activities. These results may help to achieve a better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in the water splitting reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gowrisankar Aruchamy
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang SH, Amemiya S. Transient theory for scanning electrochemical microscopy of biological membrane transport: uncovering membrane-permeant interactions. Analyst 2024; 149:3115-3122. [PMID: 38647017 PMCID: PMC11131039 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00411f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has emerged as a powerful method to quantitatively investigate the transport of molecules and ions across various biological membranes as represented by living cells. Advantageously, SECM allows for the in situ and non-destructive imaging and measurement of high membrane permeability under simple steady-state conditions, thereby facilitating quantitative data analysis. The SECM method, however, has not provided any information about the interactions of a transported species, i.e., a permeant, with a membrane through its components, e.g., lipids, channels, and carriers. Herein, we propose theoretically that SECM enables the quantitative investigation of membrane-permeant interactions by employing transient conditions. Specifically, we model the membrane-permeant interactions based on a Langmuir-type isotherm to define the strength and kinetics of the interactions as well as the concentration of interaction sites. Finite element simulation predicts that each of the three parameters uniquely affects the chronoamperometric current response of an SECM tip to a permeant. Significantly, this prediction implies that all three parameters are determinable from an experimental chronoamperometric response of the SECM tip. Complimentarily, the steady-state current response of the SECM tip yields the overall membrane permeability based on the combination of the three parameters. Interestingly, our simulation also reveals the optimum strength of membrane-permeant interactions to maximize the transient flux of the permeant from the membrane to the tip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siao-Han Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mesa CA, Sachs M, Pastor E, Gauriot N, Merryweather AJ, Gomez-Gonzalez MA, Ignatyev K, Giménez S, Rao A, Durrant JR, Pandya R. Correlating activities and defects in (photo)electrocatalysts using in-situ multi-modal microscopic imaging. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3908. [PMID: 38724495 PMCID: PMC11082147 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Photo(electro)catalysts use sunlight to drive chemical reactions such as water splitting. A major factor limiting photocatalyst development is physicochemical heterogeneity which leads to spatially dependent reactivity. To link structure and function in such systems, simultaneous probing of the electrochemical environment at microscopic length scales and a broad range of timescales (ns to s) is required. Here, we address this challenge by developing and applying in-situ (optical) microscopies to map and correlate local electrochemical activity, with hole lifetimes, oxygen vacancy concentrations and photoelectrode crystal structure. Using this multi-modal approach, we study prototypical hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoelectrodes. We demonstrate that regions of α-Fe2O3, adjacent to microstructural cracks have a better photoelectrochemical response and reduced back electron recombination due to an optimal oxygen vacancy concentration, with the film thickness and extended light exposure also influencing local activity. Our work highlights the importance of microscopic mapping to understand activity, in even seemingly homogeneous photoelectrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo A Mesa
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castelló, Spain
- Sociedad de Doctores e Investigadores de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación - BioGRID, Bogotá, 111011, Colombia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, UAB Campus, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Sachs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Pastor
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castelló, Spain
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Gauriot
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alice J Merryweather
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miguel A Gomez-Gonzalez
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin Ignatyev
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Sixto Giménez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castelló, Spain
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 7AX, United Kingdom
| | - Raj Pandya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK.
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ivinskij V, Zinovicius A, Dzedzickis A, Subaciute-Zemaitiene J, Rozene J, Bucinskas V, Macerauskas E, Tolvaisiene S, Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene I. Fast detection of micro-objects using scanning electrochemical microscopy based on visual recognition and machine learning. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 259:113937. [PMID: 38359633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2024.113937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a scanning probe microscope with an ultramicroelectrode (UME) as a probe. The technique is advantageous in the characterization of the electrochemical properties of surfaces. However, the limitations, such as slow imaging and many functions depending on the user, only allow us to use some of the possibilities. Therefore, we applied visual recognition and machine learning to detect micro-objects from the image and determine their electrochemical activity. The reconstruction of the image from several approach curves allows it to scan faster and detect active areas of the sample. Therefore, the scanning time and presence of the user is diminished. An automated scanning electrochemical microscope with visual recognition has been developed using commercially available modules, relatively low-cost components, design, software solutions proven in other fields, and an original control and data fusion algorithm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadimas Ivinskij
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Antanas Zinovicius
- Department of Mechatronics, Robotics, and Digital Manufacturing, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Dzedzickis
- Department of Mechatronics, Robotics, and Digital Manufacturing, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurga Subaciute-Zemaitiene
- Department of Mechatronics, Robotics, and Digital Manufacturing, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Juste Rozene
- Department of Mechatronics, Robotics, and Digital Manufacturing, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Bucinskas
- Department of Mechatronics, Robotics, and Digital Manufacturing, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eugenijus Macerauskas
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sonata Tolvaisiene
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Inga Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li CY, Tian ZQ. Sixty years of electrochemical optical spectroscopy: a retrospective. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3579-3605. [PMID: 38421335 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00734k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Sixty years ago, Reddy, Devanatan, and Bockris performed the first in situ electrochemical ellipsometry experiment, which ushered in a new era in the study of electrochemistry, using optical spectroscopy. After six decades of development, electrochemical optical spectroscopy, particularly electrochemical vibrational spectroscopy, has advanced from a phase of immaturity with few methods and limited applications to a phase of maturity with excellent substrate generality and significantly improved resolutions. Here, we divide the development of electrochemical optical spectroscopy into four phases, focusing on the proof-of-concept of different electrochemical optical spectroscopy studies, the emergence of plasmonic enhancement-based electrochemical optical spectroscopic (in particular vibrational spectroscopic) methods, the realization of electrochemical vibrational spectroscopy on well-defined surfaces, and the efforts to achieve operando spectroelectrochemical applications. Finally, we discuss the future development trend of electrochemical optical spectroscopy, as well as examples of new methodology and research paradigms for operando spectroelectrochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ino K, Utagawa Y, Shiku H. Microarray-Based Electrochemical Biosensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:317-338. [PMID: 37306698 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays are widely utilized in bioanalysis. Electrochemical biosensing techniques are often applied in microarray-based assays because of their simplicity, low cost, and high sensitivity. In such systems, the electrodes and sensing elements are arranged in arrays, and the target analytes are detected electrochemically. These sensors can be utilized for high-throughput bioanalysis and the electrochemical imaging of biosamples, including proteins, oligonucleotides, and cells. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress on these topics. We categorize electrochemical biosensing techniques for array detection into four groups: scanning electrochemical microscopy, electrode arrays, electrochemiluminescence, and bipolar electrodes. For each technique, we summarize the key principles and discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and bioanalysis applications. Finally, we present conclusions and perspectives about future directions in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Utagawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vicente RA, Raju SP, Gomes HVN, Neckel IT, Tolentino HCN, Fernández PS. Development of Electrochemical Cells and Their Application for Spatially Resolved Analysis Using a Multitechnique Approach: From Conventional Experiments to X-Ray Nanoprobe Beamlines. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16144-16152. [PMID: 37883715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Real (electro)catalysts are often heterogeneous, and their activity and selectivity depend on the properties of specific active sites. Therefore, unveiling the so-called structure-activity relationship is essential for a rational search for better materials and, consequently, for the development of the field of (electro-)catalysis. Thus, spatially resolved techniques are powerful tools as they allow us to characterize and/or measure the activity and selectivity of different regions of heterogeneous catalysts. To take full advantage of that, we have developed spectroelectrochemical cells to perform spatially resolved analysis using X-ray nanoprobe synchrotron beamlines and conventional pieces of equipment. Here, we describe the techniques available at the Carnaúba beamline at the Sirius-LNLS storage ring, and then we show how our cells enable obtaining X-ray (XRF, XRD, XAS, etc.) and vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR and Raman) contrast images. Through some proof-of-concept experiments, we demonstrate how using a multi-technique approach could render a complete and detailed analysis of an (electro)catalyst overall performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Alcides Vicente
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
| | - Swathi Patchaiammal Raju
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Vampré Nascimento Gomes
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
| | - Itamar Tomio Neckel
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000 - Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Hélio Cesar Nogueira Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000 - Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastián Fernández
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gulati K, Adachi T. Profiling to Probing: Atomic force microscopy to characterize nano-engineered implants. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:15-38. [PMID: 37562516 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of implants in the nanoscale or implant nano-engineering has been recognized as a strategy for augmenting implant bioactivity and achieving long-term implant success. Characterizing and optimizing implant characteristics is crucial to achieving desirable effects post-implantation. Modified implant enables tailored, guided and accelerated tissue integration; however, our understanding is limited to multicellular (bulk) interactions. Finding the nanoscale forces experienced by a single cell on nano-engineered implants will aid in predicting implants' bioactivity and engineering the next generation of bioactive implants. Atomic force microscope (AFM) is a unique tool that enables surface characterization and understanding of the interactions between implant surface and biological tissues. The characterization of surface topography using AFM to gauge nano-engineered implants' characteristics (topographical, mechanical, chemical, electrical and magnetic) and bioactivity (adhesion of cells) is presented. A special focus of the review is to discuss the use of single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) employing AFM to investigate the minute forces involved with the adhesion of a single cell (resident tissue cell or bacterium) to the surface of nano-engineered implants. Finally, the research gaps and future perspectives relating to AFM-characterized current and emerging nano-engineered implants are discussed towards achieving desirable bioactivity performances. This review highlights the use of advanced AFM-based characterization of nano-engineered implant surfaces via profiling (investigating implant topography) or probing (using a single cell as a probe to study precise adhesive forces with the implant surface). STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nano-engineering is emerging as a surface modification platform for implants to augment their bioactivity and achieve favourable treatment outcomes. In this extensive review, we closely examine the use of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to characterize the properties of nano-engineered implant surfaces (topography, mechanical, chemical, electrical and magnetic). Next, we discuss Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy (SCFS) via AFM towards precise force quantification encompassing a single cell's interaction with the implant surface. This interdisciplinary review will appeal to researchers from the broader scientific community interested in implants and cell adhesion to implants and provide an improved understanding of the surface characterization of nano-engineered implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Gulati
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Herston QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rajapakse D, Meckstroth J, Jantz DT, Camarda KV, Yao Z, Leonard KC. Deconvoluting Kinetic Rate Constants of Catalytic Substrates from Scanning Electrochemical Approach Curves with Artificial Neural Networks. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:103-112. [PMID: 37090257 PMCID: PMC10120032 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracting information from experimental measurements in the chemical sciences typically requires curve fitting, deconvolution, and/or solving the governing partial differential equations via numerical (e.g., finite element analysis) or analytical methods. However, using numerical or analytical methods for high-throughput data analysis typically requires significant postprocessing efforts. Here, we show that deep learning artificial neural networks can be a very effective tool for extracting information from experimental data. As an example, reactivity and topography information from scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach curves are highly convoluted. This study utilized multilayer perceptrons and convolutional neural networks trained on simulated SECM data to extract kinetic rate constants of catalytic substrates. Our key findings were that multilayer perceptron models performed very well when the experimental data were close to the ideal conditions with which the model was trained. However, convolutional neural networks, which analyze images as opposed to direct data, were able to accurately predict the kinetic rate constant of Fe-doped nickel (oxy)hydroxide catalyst at different applied potentials even though the experimental approach curves were not ideal. Due to the speed at which machine learning models can analyze data, we believe this study shows that artificial neural networks could become powerful tools in high-throughput data analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinuka Rajapakse
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
| | - Josh Meckstroth
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Dylan T. Jantz
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
| | - Kyle Vincent Camarda
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Zijun Yao
- Department
of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, The University of Kansas, 2001 Eaton Hall, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jin Z. High-Spatiotemporal-Resolution Electrochemical Measurements of Electrocatalytic Reactivity. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6477-6489. [PMID: 37023363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The real-time measurement of the individual or local electrocatalytic reactivity of catalyst particles instead of ensemble behavior is considerably challenging but very critical to uncover fundamental insights into catalytic mechanisms. Recent remarkable efforts have been made to the development of high-spatiotemporal-resolution electrochemical techniques, which allow the imaging of the topography and reactivity of fast electron-transfer processes at the nanoscale. This Perspective summarizes emerging powerful electrochemical measurement techniques for studying various electrocatalytic reactions on different types of catalysts. Principles of scanning electrochemical microscopy, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy, single-entity measurement, and molecular probing technique have been discussed for the purpose of measuring important parameters in electrocatalysis. We further demonstrate recent advances in these techniques that reveal quantitative information about the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of catalysts for various electrocatalytic reactions associated with our perspectives. Future research on the next-generation electrochemical techniques is anticipated to be focused on the development of instrumentation, correlative multimodal techniques, and new applications, thus enabling new opportunities for elucidating structure-reactivity relationships and dynamic information at the single active-site level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Jin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu K, Chen R, Zhou Z, Chen X, Lv Y, Ma J, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y. Elucidating Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Kinetics via Intermediates by Time-Dependent Electrochemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217078. [PMID: 36591995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Facile evaluation of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics for electrocatalysts is critical for sustainable fuel-cell development and industrial H2 O2 production. Despite great success in ORR studies using mainstream strategies, such as the membrane electrode assembly, rotation electrodes, and advanced surface-sensitive spectroscopy, the time and spatial distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) intermediates in the diffusion layer remain unknown. Using time-dependent electrochemiluminescence (Td-ECL), we report an intermediate-oriented method for ORR kinetics analysis. Owing to multiple ultrasensitive stoichiometric reactions between ROS and the ECL emitter, except for electron transfer numbers and rate constants, the potential-dependent time and spatial distribution of ROS were successfully obtained for the first time. Such exclusively uncovered information would guide the development of electrocatalysts for fuel cells and H2 O2 production with maximized activity and durability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xinghua Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanqin Lv
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Inoue KI, Mao J, Okamoto R, Shibata Y, Song W, Ye S. Development of Line-Detected UV-Vis Absorption Microscope and Its Application to Quantitative Evaluation of Lithium Surface Reactivity. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4550-4555. [PMID: 36826446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions in practical batteries occur in confined environments where anode and cathode electrodes are separated only by a thin separator. Therefore, their electrochemical behaviors may differ from those obtained in the conventional experimental cells, where the two electrodes (working and counter electrodes) are largely separated compared to the batteries. The spatial and temporal distributions of the chemical species in the vicinity of each electrode are highly expected to be determined for quantitatively understanding the phenomena in confined environments. In the present study, we developed a line-detected UV-vis absorption microscope that simultaneously measures space-resolved UV-vis absorption spectra. This novel technique has been successfully applied to evaluate the reactivities of the highly reactive lithium (Li) surfaces in organic electrolyte solutions under in situ conditions. The quantitative evaluations of the dissolution rate of Li and the diffusion constant of the product were successfully realized by analyzing the space- and time-resolved absorption spectra based on Fick's law of diffusion. The microscopic technique is expected to open the door to understanding the fundamental electrochemistry in batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jianxin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Rika Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shibata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Wenbo Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
S. G. Selva J, Sukeri A, Bacil RP, H. P. Serrano S, Bertotti M. Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction on a Platinum-Decorated Nanoporous Gold Surface Studied by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
17
|
Ragazzon G, Malferrari M, Arduini A, Secchi A, Rapino S, Silvi S, Credi A. Autonomous Non-Equilibrium Self-Assembly and Molecular Movements Powered by Electrical Energy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214265. [PMID: 36422473 PMCID: PMC10107654 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to exploit energy autonomously is one of the hallmarks of life. Mastering such processes in artificial nanosystems can open technological opportunities. In the last decades, light- and chemically driven autonomous systems have been developed in relation to conformational motion and self-assembly, mostly in relation to molecular motors. In contrast, despite electrical energy being an attractive energy source to power nanosystems, its autonomous harnessing has received little attention. Herein we consider an operation mode that allows the autonomous exploitation of electrical energy by a self-assembling system. Threading and dethreading motions of a pseudorotaxane take place autonomously in solution, powered by the current flowing between the electrodes of a scanning electrochemical microscope. The underlying autonomous energy ratchet mechanism drives the self-assembly steps away from equilibrium with a higher energy efficiency compared to other autonomous systems. The strategy is general and might be extended to other redox-driven systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ragazzon
- Institut de Science et d'Ingégnierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marco Malferrari
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,CLAN-Center for Light-Activated Nanostructures (CLAN), Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light-Activated Nanostructures (CLAN), Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen H, Tian L, Sun X, Ma R, Zhang M. New Horizons for Estimating the Time Since Deposition of Fingermarks: Combining Label-Free Physical Visualization and Electrochemical Characterization. Anal Chem 2023; 95:889-897. [PMID: 36537841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The time since deposition (TSD) of latent fingermarks (LFMs) serves as "witnesses" for crime scene reconstructions. Nevertheless, existing TSD prediction approaches focused on either physical or chemical aging parameters leading to inaccurate estimation. A novel label-free protocol has been developed, where both physical ridge patterns and lipid oxide (LipOx) degradation kinetics are realized using optical microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and combined for TSD prediction. Specifically, the surface interrogation (SI)-SECM titration was utilized to monitor the LipOx degradation in LFM arrays aligned by hole array masks, through which we derived the LipOx degradation function. After establishing the relationship between several titration parameters and titrated area by experimental and numerical simulation methods, the titrated area could be reasonably estimated and subsequently used to calculate the surface coverage of LipOx. Results demonstrated that the tip transient revealed the LipOx coverage of deposited LFMs. Notably, LipOx coverage was found to increase during the first day and then decrease over time, whose degradation rate was susceptible to light. Thus, TSD candidates of an LFM could be limited to two values through the established function. Due to the nonmonotonic trend of LipOx aging, a physical parameter "the gray value ratio (GVR) of furrows to ridges" was proposed to exclude irrelevant TSD through support vector machine (SVM) classification. Ultimately, we predicted TSDs of seven LFMs with estimation errors of 2.2-26.8%. Overall, our strategy, with the outperformed capability of gleaning physical and electrochemical information on LFMs, can provide a truly label-free way of studying LFMs and hold great promise for multidimensional fingerprint information analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Lu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Rongliang Ma
- Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Beijing100038, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bedendi G, De Moura Torquato LD, Webb S, Cadoux C, Kulkarni A, Sahin S, Maroni P, Milton RD, Grattieri M. Enzymatic and Microbial Electrochemistry: Approaches and Methods. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:517-541. [PMID: 36573075 PMCID: PMC9783092 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of enzymes and/or intact bacteria with electrodes has been vastly investigated due to the wide range of existing applications. These span from biomedical and biosensing to energy production purposes and bioelectrosynthesis, whether for theoretical research or pure applied industrial processes. Both enzymes and bacteria offer a potential biotechnological alternative to noble/rare metal-dependent catalytic processes. However, when developing these biohybrid electrochemical systems, it is of the utmost importance to investigate how the approaches utilized to couple biocatalysts and electrodes influence the resulting bioelectrocatalytic response. Accordingly, this tutorial review starts by recalling some basic principles and applications of bioelectrochemistry, presenting the electrode and/or biocatalyst modifications that facilitate the interaction between the biotic and abiotic components of bioelectrochemical systems. Focus is then directed toward the methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of enzyme/bacteria-electrode interaction and the insights that they provide. The basic concepts of electrochemical methods widely employed in enzymatic and microbial electrochemistry, such as amperometry and voltammetry, are initially presented to later focus on various complementary methods such as spectroelectrochemistry, fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy, and surface analytical/characterization techniques such as quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy. The tutorial review is thus aimed at students and graduate students approaching the field of enzymatic and microbial electrochemistry, while also providing a critical and up-to-date reference for senior researchers working in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Bedendi
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Sophie Webb
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Cadoux
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Amogh Kulkarni
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Selmihan Sahin
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Plinio Maroni
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Ross D. Milton
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Grattieri
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Bari “Aldo Moro”, via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
- IPCF-CNR
Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sciurti E, Biscaglia F, Prontera C, Giampetruzzi L, Blasi L, Francioso L. Nanoelectrodes for Intracellular and Intercellular electrochemical detection: working principles, fabrication techniques and applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
21
|
Sarkar S, Herath AC, Mukherjee D, Mandler D. Ionic strength induced local electrodeposition of ZnO nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
Understanding the structure-activity relationship at electrochemical interfaces is crucial in improving the performance of practical electrochemical devices, ranging from fuel cells, electrolyzers, and batteries to electrochemical sensors. However, functional electrochemical interfaces are often complex and contain various surface structures, creating heterogeneity in electrochemical activity. In this Perspective, we highlight the role of heterogeneity in electrochemistry, especially in the context of electrocatalysis. Current methods for revealing the heterogeneity at electrochemical interfaces, including nanoelectrochemistry tools and single-entity approaches, are discussed. Lastly, we provide perspectives on what one can learn by studying heterogeneity and how one can use heterogeneity to design more efficient electrochemical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyein Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heekwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ma Y, Zhao Y, Liu R, Wang D. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Featuring Transient Current Signals in Carbon Nanopipets with Dilute or No Redox Mediator. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11124-11128. [PMID: 35920511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a sensitive scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) method based on the high transient current signals in carbon nanopipets (CNPs) under step potential waveforms. Taking advantage of the transient peak current, the approach curve can be conducted with very dilute (1 μM) or even no redox mediator and fitted by the scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) theory. In addition, a trace amount of electroactive species generated at the substrate can also be directly revealed from the transient current at the CNP tips. With the established feedback and generation/collection methods, we present the constant-height topography and electroactivity imaging of the substrates with only 1 μM K4Fe(CN)6. The developed new SECM method would allow the usage of CNPs to achieve both high sensitivity and spatial resolution with dilute or no redox mediator and thus find great potential applications in biological and electrocatalytic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Ma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rujia Liu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Visualization of electrochemical reactions on microelectrodes using light-addressable potentiometric sensor imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1224:340237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
25
|
Iwama T, Inoue KY, Shiku H. Fabrication of High-Density Vertical Closed Bipolar Electrode Arrays by Carbon Paste Filling Method for Two-Dimensional Chemical Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8857-8866. [PMID: 35700401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a carbon paste filling method was proposed as a simple strategy for fabricating high-density bipolar electrode (BPE) arrays for bipolar electrochemical microscopy (BEM). High spatiotemporal resolution imaging was achieved using the fabricated BPE array. BEM, which is an emerging microscopic system in recent years, achieves label-free and high spatiotemporal resolution imaging of molecular distributions using high-density BPE arrays and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signals. We devised a simple method to fabricate a BPE array by filling a porous plate with carbon paste and succeeded in fabricating a high-density BPE array (15 μm pitch). After a detailed observation of the surface of the BPE array using a scanning electron microscope, the basic electrochemical and ECL emission characteristics were evaluated using potassium ferricyanide solution as a sample solution. Moreover, inflow imaging of the sample molecules was conducted to evaluate the imaging ability of the prepared BPE array. In addition, Prussian Blue containing carbon ink was applied to the sample solution side of the BPE array to provide catalytic activity to hydrogen peroxide, and the quantification and inflow imaging of hydrogen peroxide by ECL signals was achieved. This simple fabrication method of the BPE array can accelerate the research and development of BEM. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide imaging by BEM is an important milestone for achieving bioimaging with high spatiotemporal resolution such as biomolecule imaging using enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Iwama
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kumi Y Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.,Center for Basic Education, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Caniglia G, Sportelli MC, Heinzmann A, Picca RA, Valentini A, Barth H, Mizaikoff B, Cioffi N, Kranz C. Silver-fluoropolymer (Ag-CFX) films: Kinetic study of silver release, and spectroscopic-microscopic insight into the inhibition of P. fluorescens biofilm formation. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1212:339892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Murphy JG, Raybin JG, Sibener SJ. Correlating polymer structure, dynamics, and function with atomic force microscopy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia G. Murphy
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Jonathan G. Raybin
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Steven J. Sibener
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Enhanced electrochemiluminescence at silica nanochannel membrane studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
29
|
McKenzie ECR, Hosseini S, Petro AGC, Rudman KK, Gerroll BHR, Mubarak MS, Baker LA, Little RD. Versatile Tools for Understanding Electrosynthetic Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3292-3335. [PMID: 34919393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a popular, green alternative to traditional organic methods. Understanding the mechanisms is not trivial yet is necessary to optimize reaction processes. To this end, a multitude of analytical tools is available to identify and quantitate reaction products and intermediates. The first portion of this review serves as a guide that underscores electrosynthesis fundamentals, including instrumentation, electrode selection, impacts of electrolyte and solvent, cell configuration, and methods of electrosynthesis. Next, the broad base of analytical techniques that aid in mechanism elucidation are covered in detail. These methods are divided into electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic, microscopic, and computational. Technique selection is dependent on predicted reaction pathways and electrogenerated intermediates. Often, a combination of techniques must be utilized to ensure accuracy of the proposed model. To conclude, future prospects that aim to enhance the field are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C R McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Seyyedamirhossein Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ana G Couto Petro
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kelly K Rudman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin H R Gerroll
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - R Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhou Y, Sun L, Watanabe S, Ando T. Recent Advances in the Glass Pipet: from Fundament to Applications. Anal Chem 2021; 94:324-335. [PMID: 34841859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Karg A, Rößler T, Mark A, Markus P, Lauster T, Helfricht N, Papastavrou G. A Versatile and Simple Approach to Electrochemical Colloidal Probes for Direct Force Measurements. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13537-13547. [PMID: 34752120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The colloidal probe technique, which is based on micrometer-sized colloidal particles that are attached to the end of a cantilever, revolutionized direct force measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Its major advantages are a defined interaction geometry and a high force sensitivity. Here, we present a versatile and simple approach for preparing spherical electrodes in the micrometer range on an otherwise insulated AFM cantilever. Thereby, it becomes possible to combine direct force measurements and potentiostatic control of the probe for various types of electrode materials. Two examples for the use of such electrochemical colloidal probes (eCP) are presented: First, on soft, conductive films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) the adhesion behavior was studied. The current through the contact area between the probe and film remained constant until the jump-out of contact, indicating a constant geometrical contact area. Second, the long-range forces due to diffuse layer overlap between an eCP and a glass surface have been determined as a function of the externally applied potential. The resulting interaction force profiles are in good agreement with those calculated based on charge regulation and solutions of the full Poisson-Boltzmann equation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Karg
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tamino Rößler
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Mark
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paul Markus
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tobias Lauster
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nicolas Helfricht
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Papastavrou
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Oswald E, Gaus AL, Kund J, Küllmer M, Romer J, Weizenegger S, Ullrich T, Mengele AK, Petermann L, Leiter R, Unwin PR, Kaiser U, Rau S, Kahnt A, Turchanin A, von Delius M, Kranz C. Cobaloxime Complex Salts: Synthesis, Patterning on Carbon Nanomembranes and Heterogeneous Hydrogen Evolution Studies. Chemistry 2021; 27:16896-16903. [PMID: 34713512 PMCID: PMC9299159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cobaloximes are promising, earth‐abundant catalysts for the light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Typically, these cobalt(III) complexes are prepared in situ or employed in their neutral form, for example, [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl], even though related complex salts have been reported previously and could, in principle, offer improved catalytic activity as well as more efficient immobilization on solid support. Herein, we report an interdisciplinary investigation into complex salts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+BArF−. We describe their strategic syntheses from the commercially available complex [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] and demonstrate that these double and single complex salts are potent catalysts for the light‐driven HER. We also show that scanning electrochemical cell microscopy can be used to deposit arrays of catalysts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] on supported and free‐standing amino‐terminated ∼1‐nm‐thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). Photocatalytic H2 evolution at such arrays was quantified with Pd microsensors by scanning electrochemical microscopy, thus providing a new approach for catalytic evaluation and opening up novel routes for the creation and analysis of “designer catalyst arrays”, nanoprinted in a desired pattern on a solid support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Oswald
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Kund
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Romer
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Weizenegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lydia Petermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Leiter
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shi Y, Feng G, Li X, Yang X, Ghanim AH, Ruchhoeft P, Jackson D, Mubeen S, Shan X. Electrochemical Impedance Imaging on Conductive Surfaces. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12320-12328. [PMID: 34460223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful tool to measure and quantify the system impedance. However, EIS only provides an average result from the entire electrode surface. Here, we demonstrated a reflection impedance microscope (RIM) that allows us to image and quantify the localized impedance on conductive surfaces. The RIM is based on the sensitive dependence between the materials' optical properties, such as permittivity, and their local surface charge densities. The localized charge density variations introduced by the impedance measurements will lead to optical reflectivity changes on electrode surfaces. Our experiments demonstrated that reflectivity modulations are linearly proportional to the surface charge density on the electrode and the measurements show good agreement with the simple free electron gas model. The localized impedance distribution was successfully extracted from the reflectivity measurements together with the Randles equivalent circuit model. In addition, RIM is used to quantify the impedance on different conductive surfaces, such as indium tin oxide, gold film, and stainless steel electrodes. A polydimethylsiloxane-patterned electrode surface was used to demonstrate the impedance imaging capability of RIM. In the end, a single-cell impedance imaging was obtained by RIM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Shi
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States of America
| | - Guangxia Feng
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States of America
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States of America
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States of America
| | - Abdulsattar H Ghanim
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States of America
| | - Paul Ruchhoeft
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States of America
| | - David Jackson
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States of America
| | - Syed Mubeen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States of America
| | - Xiaonan Shan
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ciocci P, Lemineur JF, Noël JM, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Differentiating electrochemically active regions of indium tin oxide electrodes for hydrogen evolution and reductive decomposition reactions. An in situ optical microscopy approach. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
35
|
Xia Y, Ni W, Wang X, Yu Y, Zheng Q, Huang X. Exploring a molecular switch for dopamine oxidation induced by charge reversal using scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
36
|
Gonzalez J, Lamaka SV, Mei D, Scharnagl N, Feyerabend F, Zheludkevich ML, Willumeit‐Römer R. Mg Biodegradation Mechanism Deduced from the Local Surface Environment under Simulated Physiological Conditions. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100053. [PMID: 34050703 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although certified magnesium-based implants are launched some years ago, the not well-defined Mg degradation mechanism under physiological conditions makes it difficult to standardize its use as a degradable biomaterial for a wide range of implant applications. Among other variables influencing the Mg degradation mechanism, monitoring the pH in the corrosive solution and, especially, at the corroding interface is important due to its direct relation with the formation and stability of the degradation products layer. The interface pH (pH at the Mg/solution interface) developed on Mg-2Ag and E11 alloys are studied in situ during immersion under dynamic conditions (1.5 mL min-1 ) in HBSS with and without the physiological amount of Ca2+ cations (2.5 × 10-3 m). The results show that the precipitation/dissolution of amorphous phosphate-containing phases, that can be associated with apatitic calcium-phosphates Ca10- x (PO4 )6- x (HPO4 or CO3 )x (OH or ½ CO3 )2- x with 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 (Ap-CaP), promoted in the presence of Ca2+ generates an effective local pH buffering system at the surface. Thus, high alkalinization is prevented, and the interface pH is stabilized in the range of 7.6 to 8.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gonzalez
- Institute of Metallic Biomaterials Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Sviatlana V. Lamaka
- Institute of Surface Science Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Di Mei
- Institute of Surface Science Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Geesthacht 21502 Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Nico Scharnagl
- Institute of Surface Science Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Frank Feyerabend
- Institute of Metallic Biomaterials Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Mikhail L. Zheludkevich
- Institute of Surface Science Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Geesthacht 21502 Germany
- Institute for Materials Science Faculty of Engineering Kiel University Kiel D‐24143 Germany
| | - Regine Willumeit‐Römer
- Institute of Metallic Biomaterials Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Geesthacht 21502 Germany
- Institute for Materials Science Faculty of Engineering Kiel University Kiel D‐24143 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huang SC, Bao YF, Wu SS, Huang TX, Sartin MM, Wang X, Ren B. Electrochemical Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: An In Situ Nanospectroscopy for Electrochemistry. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:213-234. [PMID: 33400554 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-061020-053442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Revealing the intrinsic relationships between the structure, properties, and performance of the electrochemical interface is a long-term goal in the electrochemistry and surface science communities because it could facilitate the rational design of electrochemical devices. Achieving this goal requires in situ characterization techniques that provide rich chemical information and high spatial resolution. Electrochemical tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-TERS), which provides molecular fingerprint information with nanometer-scale spatial resolution, is a promising technique for achieving this goal. Since the first demonstration of this technique in 2015, EC-TERS has been developed for characterizing various electrochemical processes at the nanoscale and molecular level. Here, we review the development of EC-TERS over the past 5 years. We discuss progress in addressing the technical challenges, including optimizing the EC-TERS setup and solving tip-related issues, and provide experimental guidelines. We also survey the important applications of EC-TERS for probing molecular protonation, molecular adsorption, electrochemical reactions, and photoelectrochemical reactions. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in the future development of this young technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Yi-Fan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Si-Si Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Teng-Xiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Matthew M Sartin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang X, Li X, Khochare SD, Ruchhoeft P, Shih WC, Shan X. Imaging the Electrochemical Impedance of Single Cells via Conductive Polymer Thin Film. ACS Sens 2021; 6:485-492. [PMID: 33251805 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many fundamentally important biological phenomena involve the cells to establish and break down the adhesive interactions with the substrate. Here, we report a novel optical method that could directly image the electrochemical impedance of cell-substrate interactions at the single cell level with conventional microscopes and cameras. A thin conductive polymer layer on top of the ITO substrate (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS) is used as the impedance imaging and sensing layer. A sinusoidal electrochemical potential is applied to the conductive polymer film, and the ion intercalation and transportation in the PEDOT:PSS layer will change the absorption spectrum of the polymer film. The attachment of the cells to the substrate will block and affect the ion doping and dedoping process, and therefore change the color of the polymer film. This process can be captured by any upright or inverted microscope with a simple camera. Utilizing this method, we have successfully imaged the impedance of single-cell attachment, observed the variations of cell-substrate interactions, and measured the impedance changes at different stages of the attachment process. This paper has proposed and successfully demonstrated a new strategy that translates the electrochemical impedance information to an optical signal that could be imaged and used to quantify the local responses. In addition, this method does not need any specially designed optical setup, which may lead to its broad applications in the clinics and biological research laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Suraj D. Khochare
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Paul Ruchhoeft
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Xiaonan Shan
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Santos CS, Macedo F, Kowaltowski AJ, Bertotti M, Unwin PR, Marques da Cunha F, Meloni GN. Unveiling the contribution of the reproductive system of individual Caenorhabditis elegans on oxygen consumption by single-point scanning electrochemical microscopy measurements. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1146:88-97. [PMID: 33461723 PMCID: PMC7836392 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic analysis in animals is usually either evaluated as whole-body measurements or in isolated tissue samples. To reveal tissue specificities in vivo, this study uses scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to provide localized oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in different regions of single adult Caenorhabditis elegans individuals. This is achieved by measuring the oxygen reduction current at the SECM tip electrode and using a finite element method model of the experiment that defines oxygen concentration and flux at the surface of the organism. SECM mapping measurements uncover a marked heterogeneity of OCR along the worm, with high respiration rates at the reproductive system region. To enable sensitive and quantitative measurements, a self-referencing approach is adopted, whereby the oxygen reduction current at the SECM tip is measured at a selected point on the worm and in bulk solution (calibration). Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, our SECM measurements indicate that viable eggs in the reproductive system are the main contributors in the total oxygen consumption of adult Caenorhabditis elegans. The finding that large regional differences in OCR exist within the animal provides a new understanding of oxygen consumption and metabolic measurements, paving the way for tissue-specific metabolic analyses and toxicity evaluation within single organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Santos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua três de Maio, 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Marques da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua três de Maio, 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Berg KE, Leroux YR, Hapiot P, Henry CS. SECM Investigation of Carbon Composite Thermoplastic Electrodes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1304-1309. [PMID: 33373524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic electrodes (TPEs) are carbon composite electrodes consisting of graphite and thermoplastic polymer binder. TPE production is a solvent-based method, which makes it easy to fabricate and pattern into complex geometries, contrary to classical carbon composite electrodes. Depending on the composition (carbon type, binder, and composition ratio), TPEs can give excellent electrochemical performance and high conductivity. However, these TPEs are relatively new electrode materials, and thorough electrochemical characterization is still missing to understand and predict why large differences between TPEs exist. We used scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) as a screening tool to characterize TPEs. SECM data treatment based on scanning probe microscopy imaging allows a fast and easy comparison of the numerous images, as well as the optimization of the preparation. Experiments suggest that TPEs behave as a network of interacting microelectrodes made by electrochemically active islands isolated between less active areas. Higher carbon content in TPEs is not always indicative of more uniform electrodes with better electrochemical performances. Using various SECM redox probes, it is possible to select a specific graphite or polymer type for the analyte of interest. For example, TPEs made with COC:3569 are the best compromise for general detection, whereas PMMA:11 μm is better suited for catechol-like polyphenol analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yann R Leroux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kranz C, Wächtler M. Characterizing photocatalysts for water splitting: from atoms to bulk and from slow to ultrafast processes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1407-1437. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00526f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview on characterisation techniques for light-driven redox-catalysts highlighting spectroscopic, microscopic, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kranz
- Ulm University
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Department Functional Interfaces
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zong C, Zhang C, Lin P, Yin J, Bai Y, Lin H, Ren B, Cheng JX. Real-time imaging of surface chemical reactions by electrochemical photothermal reflectance microscopy. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1930-1936. [PMID: 34163957 PMCID: PMC8179047 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05132b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional electrochemical measurements based on either current or potential responses only present the average contribution of an entire electrode's surface. Here, we present an electrochemical photothermal reflectance microscope (EPRM) in which a potential-dependent nonlinear photothermal signal is exploited to map an electrochemical process with sub-micron spatial resolution. By using EPRM, we are able to monitor the photothermal signal of a Pt electrode during the electrochemical reaction at an imaging speed of 0.3 s per frame. The potential-dependent photothermal signal, which is sensitive to the free electron density, clearly revealed the evolution of surface species on the Pt surface. Our results agreed well with the reported spectroelectrochemical techniques under similar conditions but with a much faster imaging speed. We further mapped the potential oscillation during the oxidation of formic acid on the Pt surface. The photothermal images from the Pt electrode well matched the potential change. This technique opens new prospects for real-time imaging of surface chemical reaction to reveal the heterogeneity of electrochemical reactivity, which enables broad applications to the study of catalysis, energy storage, and light harvest systems. The potential-dependent photothermal signal, which is sensitive to the free electron density, map the evolution of surface species on the electrode in real time. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA .,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Jiaze Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Yeran Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Haonan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Photonics Center, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Limani N, Boudet A, Blanchard N, Jousselme B, Cornut R. Local probe investigation of electrocatalytic activity. Chem Sci 2020; 12:71-98. [PMID: 34163583 PMCID: PMC8178752 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04319b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world energy crisis remains a long-term challenge, development and access to renewable energy sources are crucial for a sustainable modern society. Electrochemical energy conversion devices are a promising option for green energy supply, although the challenge associated with electrocatalysis have caused increasing complexity in the materials and systems, demanding further research and insights. In this field, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) represents a specific source of knowledge and understanding. Thus, our aim is to present recent findings on electrocatalysts for electrolysers and fuel cells, acquired mainly through scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and other related scanning probe techniques. This review begins with an introduction to the principles of several SPM techniques and then proceeds to the research done on various energy-related reactions, by emphasizing the progress on non-noble electrocatalytic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Limani
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - A Boudet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - N Blanchard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - B Jousselme
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - R Cornut
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gunasekara DB, Wijesinghe MB, Pichetsurnthorn P, Lunte SM. Evaluation of dual electrode configurations for microchip electrophoresis used for voltammetric characterization of electroactive species. Analyst 2020; 145:865-872. [PMID: 31820743 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection is more popular than voltammetric detection due to the lower limits of detection that can be achieved. However, voltammetry provides additional information about the redox properties of the analyte that can be used for peak identification. In this paper, two dual electrode configurations for microchip electrophoresis are described and evaluated for obtaining voltammetric information using amperometry. The dual-series electrode configuration was first evaluated to generate current ratios in a single run by applying two different potentials to the working electrodes placed perpendicular to the separation channel. However, it was found that it is difficult to obtain realistic current ratios with this configuration, primarily due to the relative placement of electrodes with respect to the channel end of the simple-t microchip. Correction factors were needed to obtain current ratios similar to those that would be obtained for sequential injections at two different potentials using a single electrode. A second approach using a dual-channel chip with two parallel electrodes was then developed and evaluated for obtaining voltammetric identification. The newly developed microchip permitted the injection of same amount of sample into two unique separation channels, each with an electrode at a different detection potential. Migration times and current ratios for several biologically important molecules and potential interferences including nitrite, tyrosine, hydrogen peroxide, and azide were obtained and compared to the responses obtained for analytes found in macrophage cell lysates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dulan B Gunasekara
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li HK, Pedro de Souza J, Zhang Z, Martis J, Sendgikoski K, Cumings J, Bazant MZ, Majumdar A. Imaging Arrangements of Discrete Ions at Liquid-Solid Interfaces. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7927-7932. [PMID: 33079557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The individual and collective behavior of ions near electrically charged interfaces is foundational to a variety of electrochemical phenomena encountered in biology, energy, and the environment. While many theories have been developed to predict the interfacial arrangements of counterions, direct experimental observations and validations have remained elusive. Utilizing cryo-electron microscopy, here we directly visualize individual counterions and reveal their discrete interfacial layering. Comparison with simulations suggests the strong effects of finite ionic size and electrostatic interactions. We also uncover correlated ionic structures under extreme confinement, with the channel widths approaching the ionic diameter (∼1 nm). Our work reveals the roles of ionic size, valency, and confinement in determining the structures of liquid-solid interfaces and opens up new opportunities to study such systems at the single-ion level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Kun Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - J Pedro de Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Joel Martis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kyle Sendgikoski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - John Cumings
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Abstract
Single-molecule-level measurements are bringing about a revolution in our understanding of chemical and biochemical processes. Conventional measurements are performed on large ensembles of molecules. Such ensemble-averaged measurements mask molecular-level dynamics and static and dynamic fluctuations in reactivity, which are vital to a holistic understanding of chemical reactions. Watching reactions on the single-molecule level provides access to this otherwise hidden information. Sub-diffraction-limited spatial resolution fluorescence imaging methods, which have been successful in the field of biophysics, have been applied to study chemical processes on single-nanoparticle and single-molecule levels, bringing us new mechanistic insights into physiochemical processes. However, the scope of chemical processes that can be studied using fluorescence imaging is considerably limited; the chemical reaction has to be designed such that it involves fluorophores or fluorogenic probes. In this article, we review optical imaging modalities alternative to fluorescence imaging, which expand greatly the range of chemical processes that can be probed with nanoscale or even single-molecule resolution. First, we show that the luminosity, wavelength, and intermittency of solid-state photoluminescence (PL) can be used to probe chemical transformations on the single-nanoparticle-level. Next, we highlight case studies where localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) scattering is used for tracking solid-state, interfacial, and near-field-driven chemical reactions occurring in individual nanoscale locations. Third, we explore the utility of surface- and tip-enhanced Raman scattering to monitor individual bond-dissociation and bond-formation events occurring locally in chemical reactions on surfaces. Each example has yielded some new understanding about molecular mechanisms or location-to-location heterogeneity in chemical activity. The review finishes with new and complementary tools that are expected to further enhance the scope of knowledge attainable through nanometer-scale resolution chemical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Dinumol Devasia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Prashant K Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Materials Research Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ma C, Wei HF, Wang MX, Wu S, Chang YC, Zhang J, Jiang LP, Zhu W, Chen Z, Lin Y. Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Monitored by Electrochemiluminescence Blinking at Single-Nanoparticle Level. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5008-5016. [PMID: 32515975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and characterization methods that provide performance tracking of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the single-nanoparticle level can greatly advance our understanding of catalysts' structure and activity relationships. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy is implemented for the first time to identify HER activities of single nanocatalysts and to provide a direction for further optimization. Here, we develop a novel ECL blinking technique at the single-nanoparticle level to directly monitor H2 nanobubbles generated from hollow carbon nitride nanospheres (HCNSs). The ECL ON and OFF mechanisms are identified being closely related to the generation, growth, and collapse of H2 nanobubbles. The power-law distributed durations of ON and OFF states demonstrate multiple catalytic sites with stochastic activities on a single HCNS. The power-law coefficients of ECL blinking increase with improved HER activities from modified HCNSs with other active HER catalysts. Besides, ECL blinking phenomenon provides an explanation for the low cathodic ECL efficiency of semiconductor nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Fang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Min-Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Chung Chang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Wenlei Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Zixuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dorfi AE, Zhou S, West AC, Wright J, Esposito DV. Probing the Speed Limits of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with In situ Colorimetric Imaging. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Dorfi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable EnergyColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Shijie Zhou
- Department of Electrical EngineeringColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Alan C. West
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable EnergyColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - John Wright
- Department of Electrical EngineeringColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Daniel V. Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable EnergyColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zanut A, Fiorani A, Canola S, Saito T, Ziebart N, Rapino S, Rebeccani S, Barbon A, Irie T, Josel HP, Negri F, Marcaccio M, Windfuhr M, Imai K, Valenti G, Paolucci F. Insights into the mechanism of coreactant electrochemiluminescence facilitating enhanced bioanalytical performance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2668. [PMID: 32472057 PMCID: PMC7260178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful transduction technique with a leading role in the biosensing field due to its high sensitivity and low background signal. Although the intrinsic analytical strength of ECL depends critically on the overall efficiency of the mechanisms of its generation, studies aimed at enhancing the ECL signal have mostly focused on the investigation of materials, either luminophores or coreactants, while fundamental mechanistic studies are relatively scarce. Here, we discover an unexpected but highly efficient mechanistic path for ECL generation close to the electrode surface (signal enhancement, 128%) using an innovative combination of ECL imaging techniques and electrochemical mapping of radical generation. Our findings, which are also supported by quantum chemical calculations and spin trapping methods, led to the identification of a family of alternative branched amine coreactants, which raises the analytical strength of ECL well beyond that of present state-of-the-art immunoassays, thus creating potential ECL applications in ultrasensitive bioanalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zanut
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sofia Canola
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Toshiro Saito
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, 882, Ichige, Hitachinaka-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 312-8504, Japan
| | - Nicole Ziebart
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Rebeccani
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Takashi Irie
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, 882, Ichige, Hitachinaka-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 312-8504, Japan
| | | | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Kyoko Imai
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, 882, Ichige, Hitachinaka-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 312-8504, Japan
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|