1
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Lin TE, Darvishi S. A Brief Review of In Situ and Operando Electrochemical Analysis of Bacteria by Scanning Probes. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:695. [PMID: 37504094 PMCID: PMC10377567 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are similar to social organisms that engage in critical interactions with one another, forming spatially structured communities. Despite extensive research on the composition, structure, and communication of bacteria, the mechanisms behind their interactions and biofilm formation are not yet fully understood. To address this issue, scanning probe techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), and scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) have been utilized to analyze bacteria. This review article focuses on summarizing the use of electrochemical scanning probes for investigating bacteria, including analysis of electroactive metabolites, enzymes, oxygen consumption, ion concentrations, pH values, biofilms, and quorum sensing molecules to provide a better understanding of bacterial interactions and communication. SECM has been combined with other techniques, such as AFM, inverted optical microscopy, SICM, and fluorescence microscopy. This allows a comprehensive study of the surfaces of bacteria while also providing more information on their metabolic activity. In general, the use of scanning probes for the detection of bacteria has shown great promise and has the potential to provide a powerful tool for the study of bacterial physiology and the detection of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Sorour Darvishi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Koley D. Electrochemical sensors for oral biofilm-biomaterials interface characterization: A review. Mol Oral Microbiol 2022; 37:292-298. [PMID: 36300593 PMCID: PMC9759506 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Important processes related to the interaction of the oral microbiome with the tooth surface happen directly at the interface. For example, the chemical microenvironment that exists at the interface of microbial biofilms and the native tooth structure is directly involved in caries development. Consequentially, a critical understanding of this interface and its chemical microenvironment would provide novel avenues in caries prevention, including secondary caries that often occurs at the interface of the dental biofilm, tooth structure, and dental material. Electrochemical sensors are a unique quantitative tool and have the inherent advantages of miniaturization, stability, and selectivity. That makes the electrochemical sensors ideal tools for studying these critical biofilm microenvironments with high precision. This review highlights the development and applications of several novel electrochemical sensors such as pH, Ca2+ , and hydrogen peroxide sensors as scanning electrochemical microscope probes in addition to flexible pH wire sensors for real-time bacterial biofilm-dental surface and dental materials interface studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Koley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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3
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Chen R, Alanis K, Welle TM, Shen M. Nanoelectrochemistry in the study of single-cell signaling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6121-6132. [PMID: 32424795 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Label-free biosensing has been the dream of scientists and biotechnologists as reported by Vollmer and Arnold (Nat Methods 5:591-596, 2008). The ability of examining living cells is crucial to cell biology as noted by Fang (Int J Electrochem 2011:460850, 2011). Chemical measurement with electrodes is label-free and has demonstrated capability of studying living cells. In recent years, nanoelectrodes of different functionality have been developed. These nanometer-sized electrodes, coupled with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), have further enabled nanometer spatial resolution study in aqueous environments. Developments in the field of nanoelectrochemistry have allowed measurement of signaling species at single cells, contributing to better understanding of cell biology. Leading studies using nanoelectrochemistry of a variety of cellular signaling molecules, including redox-active neurotransmitter (e.g., dopamine), non-redox-active neurotransmitter (e.g., acetylcholine), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Theresa M Welle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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4
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Dual microelectrodes decorated with nanotip arrays: Fabrication, characterization and spectroelectrochemical sensing. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Kolagatla S, Subramanian P, Schechter A. Simultaneous Mapping of Oxygen Reduction Activity and Hydrogen Peroxide Generation on Electrocatalytic Surfaces. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:2708-2714. [PMID: 30972916 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical scanning probe microscopies have become valuable experimental tools, owing to their capability of capturing topographic features in addition to mapping the electrochemical activity of nanoscale oxygen reduction catalysts. However, most scanning probe techniques lack the ability to correlate topographic features with the electrochemical oxygen reduction and peroxide formation in real time. In this report, we show that it is indeed possible to construct high-resolution catalytic current maps at an electrified solid-liquid interface by placing a specially made Au-coated SiO2 Pt atomic force microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM) dual electrode tip approximately 4-8 nm above the reaction center. The catalytic current measured every 16 nm and high collection efficiency (≈90 %) of the reverse current of peroxide byproducts was also demonstrated with the help of the dual electrode tip. Simultaneous oxygen reduction and intermediate peroxide oxidation current mapping was demonstrated using this Au-coated SiO2 Pt probe on two model surfaces, namely highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a glassy carbon surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex Schechter
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
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6
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Yu R, Ying Y, Gao R, Long Y. Confined Nanopipette Sensing: From Single Molecules, Single Nanoparticles, to Single Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3706-3714. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ru‐Jia Yu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced MaterialsSchool of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Lun Ying
- Key Laboratory for Advanced MaterialsSchool of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced MaterialsSchool of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced MaterialsSchool of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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7
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Yu R, Ying Y, Gao R, Long Y. Detektieren mit Nanopipetten im eingeschränkten Raum: von einzelnen Molekülen über Nanopartikel hin zu der Zelle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ru‐Jia Yu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced MaterialsSchool of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 VR China
| | - Yi‐Lun Ying
- Key Laboratory for Advanced MaterialsSchool of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 VR China
| | - Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced MaterialsSchool of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 VR China
| | - Yi‐Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced MaterialsSchool of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 VR China
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8
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Conzuelo F, Schulte A, Schuhmann W. Biological imaging with scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 474:20180409. [PMID: 30839832 PMCID: PMC6237495 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful and versatile technique for visualizing the local electrochemical activity of a surface as an ultramicroelectrode tip is moved towards or over a sample of interest using precise positioning systems. In comparison with other scanning probe techniques, SECM not only enables topographical surface mapping but also gathers chemical information with high spatial resolution. Considerable progress has been made in the analysis of biological samples, including living cells and immobilized biomacromolecules such as enzymes, antibodies and DNA fragments. Moreover, combinations of SECM with comple-mentary analytical tools broadened its applicability and facilitated multi-functional analysis with extended life science capabilities. The aim of this review is to present a brief topical overview on recent applications of biological SECM, with particular emphasis on important technical improvements of this surface imaging technique, recommended applications and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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9
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Wong Su S, Chieng A, Parres-Gold J, Chang M, Wang Y. Real-time determination of aggregated alpha-synuclein induced membrane disruption at neuroblastoma cells using scanning ion conductance microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2018; 210:131-143. [PMID: 29974096 PMCID: PMC6177297 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is recognized as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and has affected approximately one million people in the United States alone. A large body of evidence has suggested that deposition of aggregated alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), a brain protein abundant near presynaptic termini, in intracellular protein inclusions (Lewy bodies) results in neuronal cell damage and ultimately contributes to the progression of PD. However, the exact mechanism is still unclear. One hypothesis is that α-Syn aggregates disrupt the cell membrane's integrity, eventually leading to cell death. We used scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) to monitor the morphological changes of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and observed dramatic disruption of the cell membrane after adding α-Syn aggregates to the culturing media. This work demonstrates that SICM can be applied as a new approach to studying the cytotoxicity of α-Syn aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wong Su
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
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10
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Welle TM, Alanis K, Colombo ML, Sweedler JV, Shen M. A high spatiotemporal study of somatic exocytosis with scanning electrochemical microscopy and nanoITIES electrodes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4937-4941. [PMID: 29938020 PMCID: PMC5994989 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-synaptic exocytosis is an essential component of cellular communication. A knowledge gap exists in the exocytosis of the non-redox active transmitter acetylcholine. Using the nano-interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), a high resolution spatiotemporal study of acetylcholine exocytosis is shown from an individual neuronal soma. The nanoelectrode was positioned ∼140 nm away from the release sites on the soma using an SECM. The quantitative study enables the obtaining of key information related to cellular communication, including extracellular concentration of the neurotransmitter, cellular permeability, Ca2+ dependence on somatic release, vesicle density, number of molecules released and the release dynamics. Measurements were achieved with a high signal to noise ratio of 6-19. The released neurotransmitter with a concentration of 2.7 (±1.0) μM was detected at the nanoelectrodes with radii of 750 nm to 860 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Welle
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Michelle L Colombo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
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11
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Advances and Perspectives in Chemical Imaging in Cellular Environments Using Electrochemical Methods. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Zhou J, Jiang D, Chen HY. Nanoelectrochemical architectures for high-spatial-resolution single cell analysis. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Han D, Crouch GM, Fu K, Zaino Iii LP, Bohn PW. Single-molecule spectroelectrochemical cross-correlation during redox cycling in recessed dual ring electrode zero-mode waveguides. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5345-5355. [PMID: 28970913 PMCID: PMC5609146 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02250f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of zero-mode waveguides (ZMW) to guide light into subwavelength-diameter nanoapertures has been exploited for studying electron transfer dynamics in zeptoliter-volume nanopores under single-molecule occupancy conditions. In this work, we report the spectroelectrochemical detection of individual molecules of the redox-active, fluorogenic molecule flavin mononucleotide (FMN) freely diffusing in solution. Our approach is based on an array of nanopore-confined recessed dual ring electrodes, wherein repeated reduction and oxidation of a single molecule at two closely spaced annular working electrodes yields amplified electrochemical signals. We have articulated these structures with an optically transparent bottom, so that the nanopores are bifunctional, exhibiting both nanophotonic and nanoelectrochemical behaviors allowing the coupling between electron transfer and fluorescence dynamics to be studied under redox cycling conditions. We also investigated the electric field intensity in electrochemical ZMWs (E-ZMW) through finite-element simulations, and the amplification of fluorescence by redox cycling agrees well with predictions based on optical confinement effects inside the E-ZMW. Proof-of-principle experiments are conducted showing that electrochemical and fluorescence signals may be correlated to reveal single molecule fluctuations in the array population. Cross-correlation of single molecule fluctuations in amperometric response and single photon emission provides unequivocal evidence of single molecule sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 574 631 1849
| | - Garrison M Crouch
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 574 631 1849
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- Departmemt of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA
| | - Lawrence P Zaino Iii
- Departmemt of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 574 631 1849.,Departmemt of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA
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14
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Yuan L, Tao N, Wang W. Plasmonic Imaging of Electrochemical Impedance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:183-200. [PMID: 28301751 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measures the frequency spectrum of an electrochemical interface to resist an alternating current. This method allows label-free and noninvasive studies on interfacial adsorption and molecular interactions and has applications in biosensing and drug screening. Although powerful, traditional EIS lacks spatial resolution or imaging capability, hindering the study of heterogeneous electrochemical processes on electrodes. We have recently developed a plasmonics-based electrochemical impedance technique to image local electrochemical impedance with a submicron spatial resolution and a submillisecond temporal resolution. In this review, we provide a systematic description of the theory, instrumentation, and data analysis of this technique. To illustrate its present and future applications, we further describe several selected samples analyzed with this method, including protein microarrays, two-dimensional materials, and single cells. We conclude by summarizing the technique's unique features and discussing the remaining challenges and new directions of its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China ;
| | - Nongjian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China ;
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China ;
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15
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Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Multifunctional scanning ion conductance microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160889. [PMID: 28484332 PMCID: PMC5415692 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a nanopipette-based technique that has traditionally been used to image topography or to deliver species to an interface, particularly in a biological setting. This article highlights the recent blossoming of SICM into a technique with a much greater diversity of applications and capability that can be used either standalone, with advanced control (potential-time) functions, or in tandem with other methods. SICM can be used to elucidate functional information about interfaces, such as surface charge density or electrochemical activity (ion fluxes). Using a multi-barrel probe format, SICM-related techniques can be employed to deposit nanoscale three-dimensional structures and further functionality is realized when SICM is combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), with simultaneous measurements from a single probe opening up considerable prospects for multifunctional imaging. SICM studies are greatly enhanced by finite-element method modelling for quantitative treatment of issues such as resolution, surface charge and (tip) geometry effects. SICM is particularly applicable to the study of living systems, notably single cells, although applications extend to materials characterization and to new methods of printing and nanofabrication. A more thorough understanding of the electrochemical principles and properties of SICM provides a foundation for significant applications of SICM in electrochemistry and interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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16
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Page A, Kang M, Armitstead A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Quantitative Visualization of Molecular Delivery and Uptake at Living Cells with Self-Referencing Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3021-3028. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral
Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral
Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Armitstead
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral
Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral
Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral
Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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17
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Bondarenko A, Lin TE, Stupar P, Lesch A, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH, Pick H. Fixation and Permeabilization Approaches for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Living Cells. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11436-11443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bondarenko
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Petar Stupar
- Laboratory of the
Physics of Living Matter, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Joshi A, Chavan SN, Mandal D, Nagaiah TC. Ionic Liquid and Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanotubes Composite Material for Sensitive and Selective Detection of Dopamine. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anju Joshi
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar; Punjab 140 001 India
| | - Santosh N. Chavan
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar; Punjab 140 001 India
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar; Punjab 140 001 India
| | - Tharamani C. Nagaiah
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar; Punjab 140 001 India
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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20
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Nanoelectrodes: Applications in electrocatalysis, single-cell analysis and high-resolution electrochemical imaging. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Chang L, Hu J, Chen F, Chen Z, Shi J, Yang Z, Li Y, Lee LJ. Nanoscale bio-platforms for living cell interrogation: current status and future perspectives. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3181-3206. [PMID: 26745513 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06694h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The living cell is a complex entity that dynamically responds to both intracellular and extracellular environments. Extensive efforts have been devoted to the understanding intracellular functions orchestrated with mRNAs and proteins in investigation of the fate of a single-cell, including proliferation, apoptosis, motility, differentiation and mutations. The rapid development of modern cellular analysis techniques (e.g. PCR, western blotting, immunochemistry, etc.) offers new opportunities in quantitative analysis of RNA/protein expression up to a single cell level. The recent entries of nanoscale platforms that include kinds of methodologies with high spatial and temporal resolution have been widely employed to probe the living cells. In this tutorial review paper, we give insight into background introduction and technical innovation of currently reported nanoscale platforms for living cell interrogation. These highlighted technologies are documented in details within four categories, including nano-biosensors for label-free detection of living cells, nanodevices for living cell probing by intracellular marker delivery, high-throughput platforms towards clinical current, and the progress of microscopic imaging platforms for cell/tissue tracking in vitro and in vivo. Perspectives for system improvement were also discussed to solve the limitations remains in current techniques, for the purpose of clinical use in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Chang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
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22
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Filice FP, Li MSM, Henderson JD, Ding Z. Mapping Cd²⁺-induced membrane permeability changes of single live cells by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 908:85-94. [PMID: 26826690 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) is a powerful, non-invasive, analytical methodology that can be used to investigate live cell membrane permeability. Depth scan SECM imaging allowed for the generation of 2D current maps of live cells relative to electrode position in the x-z or y-z plane. Depending on resolution, one depth scan image can contain hundreds of probe approach curves (PACs). Individual PACs were obtained by simply extracting vertical cross-sections from the 2D image. These experimental PACs were overlaid onto theoretically generated PACs simulated at specific geometry conditions. Simulations were carried out using 3D models in COMSOL Multiphysics to determine the cell membrane permeability coefficients at different locations on the surface of the cells. Common in literature, theoretical PACs are generated using a 2D axially symmetric geometry. This saves on both compute time and memory utilization. However, due to symmetry limitations of the model, only one experimental PAC right above the cell can be matched with simulated PAC data. Full 3D models in this article were developed for the SECM system of live cells, allowing all experimental PACs over the entire cell to become usable. Cd(2+)-induced membrane permeability changes of single human bladder (T24) cells were investigated at several positions above the cell, displaced from the central axis. The experimental T24 cells under study were incubated with Cd(2+) in varying concentrations. It is experimentally observed that 50 and 100 μM Cd(2+) caused a decrease in membrane permeability, which was uniform across all locations over the cell regardless of Cd(2+) concentration. The Cd(2+) was found to have detrimental effects on the cell, with cells shrinking in size and volume, and the membrane permeability decreasing. A mapping technique for the analysis of the cell membrane permeability under the Cd(2+) stress is realized by the methodology presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P Filice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Michelle S M Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Holzinger A, Steinbach C, Kranz C. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM): Fundamentals and Applications in Life Sciences. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has made significant contributions to the life sciences. Innovative developments focusing on high-resolution imaging, developing novel operation modes, and combining SECM with complementary optical or scanning probe techniques renders SECM an attractive analytical approach. This chapter gives an introduction to the essential instrumentation and operation principles of SECM for studying biologically-relevant systems. Particular emphasis is given to applications aimed at imaging the activity of biochemical constituents such as enzymes, antibodies, and DNA, which play a pivotal role in biomedical diagnostics. Furthermore, the unique advantages of SECM and combined techniques for studying live cells is highlighted by discussion of selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Holzinger
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Charlotte Steinbach
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
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25
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Rapino S, Marcu R, Bigi A, Soldà A, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Pelicci PG, Giorgio M. Scanning electro-chemical microscopy reveals cancer cell redox state. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Kai T, Chen S, Monterroso E, Zhou F. Continuous Nanoflow-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Voltammetric Characterization and Application for Accurate and Reproducible Imaging of Enzyme-Labeled Protein Microarrays. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4523-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Kai
- College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Shu Chen
- College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Estuardo Monterroso
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
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27
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INO K. Microchemistry- and MEMS-based Integrated Electrochemical Devices for Bioassay Applications. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.83.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke INO
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
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28
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Li MSM, Filice FP, Ding Z. A time course study of cadmium effect on membrane permeability of single human bladder cancer cells using scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 136:177-83. [PMID: 24656893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cd(2+) is carcinogenic to both humans and experimental animals. We present quantitative time-course imaging of Cd(2+)-induced variation in the membrane permeability of single live human bladder cancer cells (T24) to ferrocenemethanol using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). High temporal resolution combined with non-invasive nature renders a time-lapse SECM depth scan, a promising method to quantitatively investigate the effectiveness, kinetics, and mechanism of metal ions based on the responses of single live cells in real time. Under unstimulated conditions, T24 cells have constant membrane permeability to ferrocenemethanol of approximately 5.0×10(-5) m/s. When cadmium is added in-situ to T24 cells, the membrane permeability increases up to 3.5×10(-4) m/s, allowing more flux of ferrocenemethanol to the ultramicroelectrode tip. This suggests an increased spreading between the phospholipid heads in the cytoplasmic membrane. Membrane permeability might be used as a measure to probe cell status in practical intoxication cases. The methodology reported here can be applied to many other metals and their interactions with extracellular biomolecules, leading insights into cell physiology and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S M Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Fraser P Filice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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29
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Hüske M, Stockmann R, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Redox cycling in nanoporous electrochemical devices. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:589-598. [PMID: 24247480 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale redox cycling is a powerful technique for detecting electrochemically active molecules, based on fast repetitive oxidation and reduction reactions. An ideal implementation of redox cycling sensors can be realized by nanoporous dual-electrode systems in easily accessible and scalable geometries. Here, we introduce a multi-electrode array device with highly efficient nanoporous redox cycling sensors. Each of the sensors holds up to 209,000 well defined nanopores with minimal pore radii of less than 40 nm and an electrode separation of ~100 nm. We demonstrate the efficiency of the nanopore array by screening a large concentration range over three orders of magnitude with area-specific sensitivities of up to 81.0 mA (cm(-2) mM(-1)) for the redox-active probe ferrocene dimethanol. Furthermore, due to the specific geometry of the material, reaction kinetics has a unique potential-dependent impact on the signal characteristics. As a result, redox cycling experiments in the nanoporous structure allow studies on heterogeneous electron transfer reactions revealing a surprisingly asymmetric transfer coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hüske
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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30
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Kranz C. Recent advancements in nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes used in combined scanning electrochemical microscopy techniques. Analyst 2014; 139:336-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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Kuss S, Kuss C, Trinh D, Schougaard SB, Mauzeroll J. Forced convection during scanning electrochemical microscopy imaging over living cells: Effect of topographies and kinetics on the microelectrode current. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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McKelvey K, Martin S, Robinson C, Unwin PR. Quantitative local photosynthetic flux measurements at isolated chloroplasts and thylakoid membranes using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7878-88. [PMID: 23751155 DOI: 10.1021/jp403048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) offers a fast and quantitative method to measure local fluxes within photosynthesis. In particular, we have measured the flux of oxygen and ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)6(4-)), from the artificial electron acceptor ferricyanide (Fe(CN)6(3-)), using a stationary ultramicroelectrode at chloroplasts and thylakoid membranes (sourced from chloroplasts). Oxygen generation at films of chloroplasts and thylakoid membranes was detected directly during photosynthesis, but in the case of thylakoid membranes, this switched to sustained oxygen consumption at longer illumination times. An initial oxygen concentration spike was detected over both chloroplast and thylakoid membrane films, and the kinetics of the oxygen generation were extracted by fitting the experimental data to a finite element method (FEM) simulation. In contrast to previous work, the oxygen generation spike was attributed to the limited size of the plastoquinone pool, a key component in the linear electron transport pathway and a contributing factor in photoinhibition. Finally, the mobile nature of the SECM probe, and its high spatial resolution, also allowed us to detect ferrocyanide produced from a single thylakoid membrane. These results further demonstrate the power of SECM for localized flux measurements in biological processes, in this case photosynthesis, and that the high time resolution, combined with FEM simulations, allows the elucidation of quantitative kinetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK CV4 7AL
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34
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Yakushenko A, Kätelhön E, Wolfrum B. Parallel On-Chip Analysis of Single Vesicle Neurotransmitter Release. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5483-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4006183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Yakushenko
- Institute of Bioelectronics
(PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich,
Germany
| | - Enno Kätelhön
- Institute of Bioelectronics
(PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich,
Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute of Bioelectronics
(PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich,
Germany
- IV. Institute of
Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074
Aachen, Germany
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35
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Bergner S, Vatsyayan P, Matysik FM. Recent advances in high resolution scanning electrochemical microscopy of living cells--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 775:1-13. [PMID: 23601970 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses advances in the field of high resolution scanning electrochemical microscopy (HR-SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) to study living cells. Relevant references from the advent of this technique in the late 1980s to most recent contributions in 2012 are presented with special discussion on high resolution images. A clear progress especially within the last 5 years can be seen in the field of HR-SECM. Furthermore, we also concentrate on the intrinsic properties of SECM imaging techniques e.g. different modes of image acquisition, their advantages and disadvantages in imaging living cells and strategies for further enhancement of image resolution, etc. Some of the recent advances of SECM in nanoimaging have also been discussed which may have potential applications in high resolution imaging of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bergner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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36
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Huang M, Maljusch A, Calle-Vallejo F, Henry JB, Koper MTM, Schuhmann W, Bandarenka AS. Electrochemical formation and surface characterisation of Cu2−xTe thin films with adjustable content of Cu. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42504e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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37
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Wang Y, Kececi K, Velmurugan J, Mirkin MV. Electron transfer/ion transfer mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM): a new tool for imaging and kinetic studies. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50825k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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38
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Guerrette JP, Percival SJ, Zhang B. Fluorescence Coupling for Direct Imaging of Electrocatalytic Heterogeneity. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 135:855-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Guerrette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Stephen J. Percival
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Oja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195,
United States
| | - Marissa Wood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195,
United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195,
United States
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40
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a scanning probe technique that utilizes the increase in access resistance that occurs if an electrolyte filled glass micro-pipette is approached towards a poorly conducting surface. Since an increase in resistance can be monitored before the physical contact between scanning probe tip and sample, this technique is particularly useful to investigate the topography of delicate samples such as living cells. SICM has shown its potential in various applications such as high resolution and long-time imaging of living cells or the determination of local changes in cellular volume. Furthermore, SICM has been combined with various techniques such as fluorescence microscopy or patch clamping to reveal localized information about proteins or protein functions. This review details the various advantages and pitfalls of SICM and provides an overview of the recent developments and applications of SICM in biological imaging. Furthermore, we show that in principle, a combination of SICM and ion selective micro-electrodes enables one to monitor the local ion activity surrounding a living cell.
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41
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The application of nanopipettes to conducting polymer fabrication, imaging and electrochemical characterization. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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42
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Lewis GEM, Dale SEC, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Barnes EO, Compton RG, Marken F. Square Wave Electroanalysis at Generator-Collector Gold-Gold Double Hemisphere Junctions. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Morris CA, Chen CC, Baker LA. Transport of redox probes through single pores measured by scanning electrochemical-scanning ion conductance microscopy (SECM-SICM). Analyst 2012; 137:2933-8. [PMID: 22278118 DOI: 10.1039/c2an16178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report scanning electrochemical microscopy-scanning ion conductance microscopy (SECM-SICM) experiments that describe transport of redox active molecules which emanate from single pores of a track-etch membrane. Experiments are performed with electrodes which consist of a thin gold layer deposited on one side of a nanopipet. Subsequent insulation of the electrode with parylene results in a hybrid electrode for SECM-SICM measurements. Electrode fabrication is straightforward and highly parallel. For image collection, ionic current measured at the nanopipet both controls the position of the electrode with respect to the membrane surface and reports the local conductance in the vicinity of the nanopipet, while faradaic current measured at the Au electrode reports the presence of redox-active molecules. Application of a transmembrane potential difference affords additional control over migration of charged species across the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste A Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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45
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Ansari U, Lovell NH, Suaning GJ. Measuring the electric field of bioelectrodes in saline during stimulation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2012:807-810. [PMID: 23366015 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6346054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to provide effective vision in a retinal prosthesis, it is necessary to provide sufficient phosphene quantities ideally by parallel stimulation of multiple electrodes. A common, limiting factor in parallel stimulation is the occurrence of cross talk, which can cause undesired tissue stimulation leading to inconsistent percepts. In this paper we present a system developed for measuring the electric field in an in vitro environment by stimulation of bioelectrodes immersed in an electrolyte. The results from this study provides a better understanding of the electric field generated by stimulating electrodes. Calculation of activation area can provide useful information in regards to electrode separation to eliminate cross talk during parallel stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Ansari
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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46
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Schulte A, Nebel M, Schuhmann W. Single Live Cell Topography and Activity Imaging with the Shear-Force-Based Constant-Distance Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. Methods Enzymol 2012; 504:237-54. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391857-4.00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Batchelor-McAuley C, Dickinson EJF, Rees NV, Toghill KE, Compton RG. New Electrochemical Methods. Anal Chem 2011; 84:669-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2026767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund J. F. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil V. Rees
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Toghill
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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48
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Shan X, Wang S, Wang W, Tao N. Plasmonic-based imaging of local square wave voltammetry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7394-9. [PMID: 21793508 DOI: 10.1021/ac201392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Square wave voltammetry (SWV) is widely used in electrochemical analysis and sensors because of its high sensitivity and efficient rejection of background current, but SWV by the conventional electrochemical detection method does not provide spatial resolution. We report here a plasmonic method to image local SWV, which opens the door for analyzing heterogeneous electrochemical reactions and for high-throughput detections of microarrays. We describe the basic principle, validate the principle by comparing the plasmonic-based SWV with those obtained with the conventional method, and demonstrate imaging capability for local electrochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Shan
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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49
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Zevenbergen MAG, Singh PS, Goluch ED, Wolfrum BL, Lemay SG. Stochastic sensing of single molecules in a nanofluidic electrochemical device. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:2881-6. [PMID: 21667924 DOI: 10.1021/nl2013423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the electrochemical detection of individual redox-active molecules as they freely diffuse in solution. Our approach is based on microfabricated nanofluidic devices, wherein repeated reduction and oxidation at two closely spaced electrodes yields a giant sensitivity gain. Single molecules entering and leaving the cavity are revealed as anticorrelated steps in the faradaic current measured simultaneously through the two electrodes. Cross-correlation analysis provides unequivocal evidence of single molecule sensitivity. We further find agreement with numerical simulations of the stochastic signals and analytical results for the distribution of residence times. This new detection capability can serve as a powerful alternative when fluorescent labeling is invasive or impossible. It further enables new fundamental (bio)electrochemical experiments, for example, localized detection of neurotransmitter release, studies of enzymes with redox-active products, and single-cell electrochemical assays. Finally, our lithography-based approach renders the devices suitable for integration in highly parallelized, all-electrical analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A G Zevenbergen
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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50
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Oleinick AI, Battistel D, Daniele S, Svir I, Amatore C. Simple and Clear Evidence for Positive Feedback Limitation by Bipolar Behavior during Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Unbiased Conductors. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4887-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2006075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Oleinick
- Département de Chimie, UMR 8640, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Dario Battistel
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Cà Foscari Venezia, Calle Larga S Marta, 2137 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Salvatore Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Cà Foscari Venezia, Calle Larga S Marta, 2137 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Irina Svir
- Département de Chimie, UMR 8640, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Christian Amatore
- Département de Chimie, UMR 8640, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
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