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Jiang X, Zhang L, Li Y, Long R, Yang Q, Kang J. Functional Characterization of the MsFKF1 Gene Reveals Its Dual Role in Regulating the Flowering Time and Plant Height in Medicago sativa L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:655. [PMID: 38475501 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Alfalfa (M. sativa), a perennial legume forage, is known for its high yield and good quality. As a long-day plant, it is sensitive to changes in the day length, which affects the flowering time and plant growth, and limits alfalfa yield. Photoperiod-mediated delayed flowering in alfalfa helps to extend the vegetative growth period and increase the yield. We isolated a blue-light phytohormone gene from the alfalfa genome that is an ortholog of soybean FKF1 and named it MsFKF1. Gene expression analyses showed that MsFKF1 responds to blue light and the circadian clock in alfalfa. We found that MsFKF1 regulates the flowering time through the plant circadian clock pathway by inhibiting the transcription of E1 and COL, thus suppressing FLOWERING LOCUS T a1 (FTa1) transcription. In addition, transgenic lines exhibited higher plant height and accumulated more biomass in comparison to wild-type plants. However, the increased fiber (NDF and ADF) and lignin content also led to a reduction in the digestibility of the forage. The key genes related to GA biosynthesis, GA20OX1, increased in the transgenic lines, while GA2OX1 decreased for the inactive GA transformation. These findings offer novel insights on the function of MsFKF1 in the regulation of the flowering time and plant height in cultivated M. sativa. These insights into MsFKF1's roles in alfalfa offer potential strategies for molecular breeding aimed at optimizing flowering time and biomass yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yajing Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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2
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Mbanjo EGN, Pasion EA, Jones H, Carandang S, Misra G, Ignacio JC, Kretzschmar T, Sreenivasulu N, Boyd LA. Unravelling marker trait associations linking nutritional value with pigmentation in rice seed. THE PLANT GENOME 2023; 16:e20360. [PMID: 37589249 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
While considerable breeding effort has focused on increasing the yields of staple crops such as rice and the levels of micronutrients such as iron and zinc, breeding to address the problems of the double-burden of malnutrition has received less attention. Pigmented rice has higher nutritional value and greater health benefits compared to white rice. However, the genetic associations underlying pericarp coloration and accumulation of nutritionally valuable compounds is still poorly understood. Here we report the targeted genetic analysis of 364 rice accessions, assessing the genetic relationship between pericarp coloration (measured using multi-spectral imaging) and a range of phenolic compounds with potential nutritional and health-promoting characteristics. A genome-wide association study resulted in the identification of over 280 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the traits of interest. Many of the SNPs were associated with more than one trait, colocalization occurring between nutritional traits, and nutritional and color-related traits. Targeted association analysis identified 67 SNPs, located within 52 candidate genes and associated with 24 traits. Six haplotypes identified within the genes Rc/bHLH17 and OsIPT5 indicated that these genes have an important role in the regulation of a wide range of phenolic compounds, and not only those directly conferring pericarp color. These identified genetic linkages between nutritionally valuable phenolic compounds and pericarp color present not only a valuable resource for the enhancement of the nutritional value of rice but an easy method of selection of suitable genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Gaby Nkouaya Mbanjo
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Erstelle A Pasion
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Huw Jones
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Cambridge, UK
| | - Socorro Carandang
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Gopal Misra
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tobias Kretzschmar
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Lesley Ann Boyd
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Cambridge, UK
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3
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Kanojia A, Bhola D, Mudgil Y. Light signaling as cellular integrator of multiple environmental cues in plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1485-1503. [PMID: 38076763 PMCID: PMC10709290 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile need to rapidly adapt to the constantly changing environment through modifications in their internal clock, metabolism, and gene expression. They have evolved an intricate system to perceive and transfer the signals from the primary environmental factors namely light, temperature and water to regulate their growth development and survival. Over past few decades rigorous research using molecular genetics approaches, especially in model plant Arabidopsis, has resulted in substantial progress in discovering various photoreceptor systems and light signaling components. In parallel several molecular pathways operating in response to other environmental cues have also been elucidated. Interestingly, the studies have shown that expression profiles of genes involved in photomorphogenesis can undergo modulation in response to other cues from the environment. Recently, the photoreceptor, PHYB, has been shown to function as a thermosensor. Downstream components of light signaling pathway like COP1 and PIF have also emerged as integrating hubs for various kinds of signals. All these findings indicate that light signaling components may act as central integrator of various environmental cues to regulate plant growth and development processes. In this review, we present a perspective on cross talk of signaling mechanisms induced in response to myriad array of signals and their integration with the light signaling components. By putting light signals on the central stage, we propose the possibilities of enhancing plant resilience to the changing environment by fine-tuning the genetic manipulation of its signaling components in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kanojia
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Diksha Bhola
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Yashwanti Mudgil
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
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4
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Jung JH, Seo PJ, Oh E, Kim J. Temperature perception by plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:924-940. [PMID: 37045740 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly face fluctuating ambient temperatures and must adapt to survive under stressful conditions. Temperature affects many aspects of plant growth and development through a complex network of transcriptional responses. Although temperature sensing is a crucial primary step in initiating transcriptional responses via Ca2+ and/or reactive oxygen species signaling, an understanding of how plants perceive temperature has remained elusive. However, recent studies have yielded breakthroughs in our understanding of temperature sensors and thermosensation mechanisms. We review recent findings on potential temperature sensors and emerging thermosensation mechanisms, including biomolecular condensate formation through phase separation in plants. We also compare the temperature perception mechanisms of plants with those of other organisms to provide insights into understanding temperature sensing by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eunkyoo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jungmook Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience, and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
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5
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Li H, Du H, He M, Wang J, Wang F, Yuan W, Huang Z, Cheng Q, Gou C, Chen Z, Liu B, Kong F, Fang C, Zhao X, Yu D. Natural variation of FKF1 controls flowering and adaptation during soybean domestication and improvement. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1671-1684. [PMID: 36811193 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a major source of protein and edible oil world-wide and is cultivated in a wide range of latitudes. However, it is extremely sensitive to photoperiod, which influences flowering time, maturity, and yield, and severely limits soybean latitude adaptation. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a novel locus in accessions harboring the E1 allele, called Time of flowering 8 (Tof8), which promotes flowering and enhances adaptation to high latitude in cultivated soybean. Gene functional analyses showed that Tof8 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis FKF1. We identified two FKF1 homologs in the soybean genome. Both FKF1 homologs are genetically dependent on E1 by binding to E1 promoter to activate E1 transcription, thus repressing FLOWERING LOCUS T 2a (FT2a) and FT5a transcription, which modulate flowering and maturity through the E1 pathway. We also demonstrate that the natural allele FKF1bH3 facilitated adaptation of soybean to high-latitude environments and was selected during domestication and improvement, leading to its rapid expansion in cultivated soybean. These findings provide novel insights into the roles of FKF1 in controlling flowering time and maturity in soybean and offer new means to fine-tune adaptation to high latitudes and increase grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haiping Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Milan He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenjie Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zerong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanjie Gou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Liu X, Jiang W, Li Y, Nie H, Cui L, Li R, Tan L, Peng L, Li C, Luo J, Li M, Wang H, Yang J, Zhou B, Wang P, Liu H, Zhu JK, Zhao C. FERONIA coordinates plant growth and salt tolerance via the phosphorylation of phyB. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:645-660. [PMID: 37012430 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation modification is required for the modulation of phytochrome B (phyB) thermal reversion, but the kinase(s) that phosphorylate(s) phyB and the biological significance of the phosphorylation are still unknown. Here we report that FERONIA (FER) phosphorylates phyB to regulate plant growth and salt tolerance, and the phosphorylation not only regulates dark-triggered photobody dissociation but also modulates phyB protein abundance in the nucleus. Further analysis indicates that phosphorylation of phyB by FER is sufficient to accelerate the conversion of phyB from the active form (Pfr) to the inactive form (Pr). Under salt stress, FER kinase activity is inhibited, leading to delayed photobody dissociation and increased phyB protein abundance in the nucleus. Our data also show that phyB mutation or overexpression of PIF5 attenuates growth inhibition and promotes plant survival under salt stress. Together, our study not only reveals a kinase that controls phyB turnover via a signature of phosphorylation, but also provides mechanistic insights into the role of the FER-phyB module in coordinating plant growth and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhen Nie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Cui
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxia Li
- Shanghai Bioprofile Technology Company Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Peng
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyan Luo
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Wang F, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yan J, Ahammed GJ, Bu X, Sun X, Liu Y, Xu T, Qi H, Qi M, Li T. SlFHY3 and SlHY5 act compliantly to enhance cold tolerance through the integration of myo-inositol and light signaling in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2127-2143. [PMID: 34936108 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated regulatory networks to cope with dynamically changing light and temperature environments during day-night and seasonal cycles. However, the integration mechanisms of light and low temperature remain largely unclear. Here, we show that low red : far-red ratio (LR : FR) induces FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (SlFHY3) transcription under cold stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Reverse genetic approaches revealed that knocking out SlFHY3 decreases myo-inositol accumulation and increases cold susceptibility, whereas overexpressing SlFHY3 induces myo-inositol accumulation and enhances cold tolerance in tomato plants. SlFHY3 physically interacts with ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (SlHY5) to promote the transcriptional activity of SlHY5 on MYO-INOSITOL-1-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 3 (SlMIPS3) and induce myo-inositol accumulation in tomato plants under cold stress. Disruption of SlHY5 and SlMIPS3 largely suppresses the cold tolerance of SlFHY3-overexpressing plants and myo-inositol accumulation in tomato. Furthermore, silencing of SlMIPS3 drastically reduces myo-inositol accumulation and compromises LR : FR-induced cold tolerance in tomato. Together, our results reveal a crucial role of SlFHY3 in LR : FR-induced cold tolerance in tomato and unravel a novel regulatory mechanism whereby plants integrate dynamic environmental light signals and internal cues (inositol biosynthesis) to induce and control cold tolerance in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiujie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jiarong Yan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Xin Bu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
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Bao L, Inoue N, Ishikawa M, Gotoh E, Teh OK, Higa T, Morimoto T, Ginanjar EF, Harashima H, Noda N, Watahiki M, Hiwatashi Y, Sekine M, Hasebe M, Wada M, Fujita T. A PSTAIRE-type cyclin-dependent kinase controls light responses in land plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk2116. [PMID: 35089781 PMCID: PMC8797184 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light is a critical signal perceived by plants to adapt their growth rate and direction. Although many signaling components have been studied, how plants respond to constantly fluctuating light remains underexplored. Here, we showed that in the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens, the PSTAIRE-type cyclin-dependent kinase PpCDKA is dispensable for growth. Instead, PpCDKA and its homolog in Arabidopsis thaliana control light-induced tropisms and chloroplast movements by probably influencing the cytoskeleton organization independently of the cell cycle. In addition, lower PpCDKA kinase activity was required to elicit light responses relative to cell cycle regulation. Thus, our study suggests that plant CDKAs may have been co-opted to control multiple light responses, and owing to the bistable switch properties of PSTAIRE-type CDKs, the noncanonical functions are widely conserved for eukaryotic environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Bao
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Natsumi Inoue
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ooi-Kock Teh
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0817, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tomoro Morimoto
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | | | - Hirofumi Harashima
- Cell Function Research Team, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Natsumi Noda
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaaki Watahiki
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuji Hiwatashi
- School of Food Industrial Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai 982-0215, Japan
| | - Masami Sekine
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi 921-8836, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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9
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Zhang X, Heuvelink E, Melegkou M, Yuan X, Jiang W, Marcelis LFM. Effects of Green Light on Elongation Do Not Interact with Far-Red, Unless the Phytochrome Photostationary State (PSS) Changes in Tomato. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010151. [PMID: 35053149 PMCID: PMC8773434 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This paper focuses on the role of phytochromes (phys) in the interaction between green light and far-red light effects on “shade avoidance syndrome”. We grew wild type and phy mutants of tomato under a set of light conditions with different combinations of green, blue, red, and far-red light. Partial (20%) replacement of red/blue by green light in the absence of far-red light hardly affected the tomato plant morphology. However, when the spectrum contained far-red light, partially replacing red/blue by green light resulted in more elongation, which was associated with a lower phytochrome photostationary state (PSS) value. There was no effect of partial substitution of red/blue with green light when the PSS was kept constant. Thus, this study has revealed an interaction between green and far-red light effects on elongation unless PSS was kept constant. Green light was often a bit neglected in photobiology, but now an increasing number of researchers are realizing that green light deserves more attention. This study advances the understanding of light quality and plant growth and finding the optimal spectrum when growing plants under LED lighting in controlled environment agriculture. Abstract Green light (G) could trigger a “shade avoidance syndrome” (SAS) similarly to far-red light. We aimed to test the hypothesis that G interacts with far-red light to induce SAS, with this interaction mediated by phytochromes (phys). The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker) wild-type (WT) and phyA, phyB1B2, and phyAB1B2 mutants were grown in a climate room with or without 30 µmol m−2 s−1 G on red/blue and red/blue/far-red backgrounds, maintaining the same photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm) of 150 µmol m−2 s−1 and red/blue ratio of 3. G hardly affected the dry mass accumulation or leaf area of WT, phyA, and phyB1B2 with or without far-red light. A lower phytochrome photostationary state (PSS) by adding far-red light significantly increased the total dry mass by enhancing the leaf area in WT plants but not in phy mutants. When the background light did not contain far-red light, partially replacing red/blue with G did not significantly affect stem elongation. However, when the background light contained far-red light, partially replacing red/blue with G enhanced elongation only when associated with a decrease in PSS, indicating that G interacts with far-red light on elongation only when the PSS changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (M.M.); (X.Y.)
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (M.M.); (X.Y.)
| | - Michaela Melegkou
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (M.M.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Yuan
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (M.M.); (X.Y.)
| | - Weijie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
- Correspondence: (W.J.); (L.F.M.M.)
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (M.M.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: (W.J.); (L.F.M.M.)
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10
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Zhang X, Zhang M, Xu B, Mujumdar AS, Guo Z. Light-emitting diodes (below 700 nm): Improving the preservation of fresh foods during postharvest handling, storage, and transportation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:106-126. [PMID: 34967490 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to maintain the original taste, flavors, and appearance, fresh foods usually do not go through complex processing prior to sale; this makes them prone to deterioration due to external factors. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have many unique advantages over traditional preservation technologies leading to their increasing application in the food industry. This paper reviews the luminescence principles of LED, the advantages of LED compared with traditional lighting equipment, and its possible preservation mechanism, and then critically summarizes the beneficial effects of LED irradiation on the ripening and aging process of various fruits and vegetables (climacteric and non-climacteric). The activity changes of many enzymes closely related to crop development and quality maintenance, and the variation of flavor components caused by LED irradiation are discussed. LED illumination with a specific spectrum also has the important effect of maintaining the original color and flavor of meat, seafood, and dairy products. For microorganisms attached to the surface of animal-derived food, both 400-460 nm LED irradiation based on photodynamic inactivation principle and UV-LED irradiation based on ultraviolet sterilization principle have high bactericidal efficacy. Although there is still a lack of useful standards for matching optimal LED irradiation dose with wavelength, perhaps in the near future, the improved LED irradiation system will be applied extensively in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Baoguo Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Arun S Mujumdar
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhimei Guo
- R&D Center, Wuxi Haihe Equipment Co., Wuxi, China
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11
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Pardi SA, Nusinow DA. Out of the Dark and Into the Light: A New View of Phytochrome Photobodies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:732947. [PMID: 34531891 PMCID: PMC8438518 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.732947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light is a critical environmental stimulus for plants, serving as an energy source via photosynthesis and a signal for developmental programming. Plants perceive light through various light-responsive proteins, termed photoreceptors. Phytochromes are red-light photoreceptors that are highly conserved across kingdoms. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, phytochrome B serves as a light and thermal sensor, mediating physiological processes such as seedling germination and establishment, hypocotyl growth, chlorophyll biogenesis, and flowering. In response to red light, phytochromes convert to a biologically active form, translocating from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and further compartmentalizes into subnuclear compartments termed photobodies. PhyB photobodies regulate phytochrome-mediated signaling and physiological outputs. However, photobody function, composition, and biogenesis remain undefined since their discovery. Based on photobody cellular dynamics and the properties of internal components, photobodies have been suggested to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, a process by which some membraneless compartments form. Here, we explore photobodies as environmental sensors, examine the role of their protein constituents, and outline the biophysical perspective that photobodies may be undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation. Understanding the molecular, cellular, and biophysical processes that shape how plants perceive light will help in engineering improved sunlight capture and fitness of important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Pardi
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dmitri A. Nusinow
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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12
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Li T, Lian H, Li H, Xu Y, Zhang H. HY5 regulates light-responsive transcription of microRNA163 to promote primary root elongation in Arabidopsis seedlings. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1437-1450. [PMID: 33860639 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in plants. Many miRNAs are responsive to environmental signals. Light is the first environmental signal perceived by plants after emergence from the soil. However, less is known about the roles and regulatory mechanism of miRNAs in response to light signal. Here, using small RNA sequencing, we determined that miR163 is significantly rapidly induced by light signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The light-inducible response of miR163 functions genetically downstream of LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a central positive regulator of photomorphogenesis. HY5 directly binds to the two G/C-hybrid elements in the miR163 promoter with unequal affinity; one of these elements, which is located next to the transcription start site, plays a major role in light-induced expression of miR163. Overexpression of miR163 rescued the defective primary root elongation of hy5 seedlings without affecting lateral root growth, whereas overexpressing of miR163 target PXMT1 inhibited primary root elongation. These findings provide insight into understanding the post-transcriptional regulation of root photomorphogenesis mediated by the HY5-miR163-PXMT1 network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hongmei Lian
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Haojie Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yufang Xu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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13
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Xiong X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Wang S, Li L, Gao M. Mutational analysis of MpPhy reveals magnetoreception and photosensitivity involvement in secondary metabolites biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 217:112164. [PMID: 33676287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light or low frequency magnetic field (LF-MF) as one of the cultivation environments affects secondary metabolites (SMs) production of M. purpureus. Phytochrome (Phy) is a hybrid histidine kinase possessing dual properties of photoreceptor and kinase to sense red and far-red light. The interaction effects of LF-MF and light on SMs of M. purpureus was investigated by knocking out the Phy-like gene in M. purpureus (MpPhy) by homologous recombination. A MpPhy-deletion (ΔMpPhy) strain produced less Monascus pigments (MPs) and monacolin K (mon K) than the wild-type (WT) strain and reduced citrinin production by 78.3% on 10th day but didn't affect the biomass. These results indicated that the MpPhy gene is involved in SMs biosynthesis of M. purpureus. MPs production in WT was decreased significantly when the inoculum was exposed to white/blue/green/red light (500 Lux). But it in ΔMpPhy was no significant difference when exposed to white/red light. The colony size of ΔMpPhy was smaller on potato dextrose agar media containing 0.01% SDS. These results indicated that the deletion of MpPhy gene affected the aerial hyphae and increased sensitivity to cell membrane stress but decreased sensitivity to red light. The inoculum of both WT and ΔMpPhy was exposure to the LF-MF (50 Hz). The accumulation of WT secondary metabolites was not changed, while SMs production of ΔMpPhy was significantly enhanced under exposed to 2.0 mT LF-MF. This indicated that the decrease of SMs caused by the deletion of MpPhy gene was restored by LF-MF. It revealed that there is a crosstalk between magnetoreception and photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Xiong
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yingbao Liu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Jialan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Shaojin Wang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Mengxiang Gao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
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14
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Roeber VM, Bajaj I, Rohde M, Schmülling T, Cortleven A. Light acts as a stressor and influences abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:645-664. [PMID: 33190307 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light is important for plants as an energy source and a developmental signal, but it can also cause stress to plants and modulates responses to stress. Excess and fluctuating light result in photoinhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation around photosystems II and I, respectively. Ultraviolet light causes photodamage to DNA and a prolongation of the light period initiates the photoperiod stress syndrome. Changes in light quality and quantity, as well as in light duration are also key factors impacting the outcome of diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Short day or shady environments enhance thermotolerance and increase cold acclimation. Similarly, shade conditions improve drought stress tolerance in plants. Additionally, the light environment affects the plants' responses to biotic intruders, such as pathogens or insect herbivores, often reducing growth-defence trade-offs. Understanding how plants use light information to modulate stress responses will support breeding strategies to enhance crop stress resilience. This review summarizes the effect of light as a stressor and the impact of the light environment on abiotic and biotic stress responses. There is a special focus on the role of the different light receptors and the crosstalk between light signalling and stress response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venja M Roeber
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ishita Bajaj
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mareike Rohde
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Bernula P, Pettkó-Szandtner A, Hajdu A, Kozma-Bognár L, Josse EM, Ádám É, Nagy F, Viczián A. SUMOylation of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3 promotes photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2050-2061. [PMID: 33078389 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, phytochrome B (phyB) is the dominant receptor of photomorphogenic development under red light. Phytochrome B interacts with a set of downstream regulatory proteins, including PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3 (PIF3). The interaction between PIF3 and photoactivated phyB leads to the rapid phosphorylation and degradation of PIF3 and also to the degradation of phyB, events which are required for proper photomorphogenesis. Here we report that PIF3 is SUMOylated at the Lys13 (K13) residue and that we could detect this posttranslational modification in a heterologous experimental system and also in planta. We also found that the SUMO acceptor site mutant PIF3(K13R) binds more strongly to the target promoters than its SUMOylated, wild-type counterpart. Seedlings expressing PIF3(K13R) show an elongated hypocotyl response, elevated photoprotection and higher transcriptional induction of red-light responsive genes compared with plantlets expressing wild-type PIF3. These observations are supported by the lower level of phyB in plants which possess only PIF3(K13R), indicating that SUMOylation of PIF3 also alters photomorphogenesis via the regulation of phyB levels. In conclusion, whereas SUMOylation is generally connected to different stress responses, it also fine-tunes light signalling by reducing the biological activity of PIF3, thus promoting photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bernula
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | | | - Anita Hajdu
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - László Kozma-Bognár
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Eve-Marie Josse
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Éva Ádám
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
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16
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Quian-Ulloa R, Stange C. Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Plastid Development in Plants: The Role of Light. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1184. [PMID: 33530294 PMCID: PMC7866012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is an important cue that stimulates both plastid development and biosynthesis of carotenoids in plants. During photomorphogenesis or de-etiolation, photoreceptors are activated and molecular factors for carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis are induced thereof. In fruits, light is absorbed by chloroplasts in the early stages of ripening, which allows a gradual synthesis of carotenoids in the peel and pulp with the onset of chromoplasts' development. In roots, only a fraction of light reaches this tissue, which is not required for carotenoid synthesis, but it is essential for root development. When exposed to light, roots start greening due to chloroplast development. However, the colored taproot of carrot grown underground presents a high carotenoid accumulation together with chromoplast development, similar to citrus fruits during ripening. Interestingly, total carotenoid levels decrease in carrots roots when illuminated and develop chloroplasts, similar to normal roots exposed to light. The recent findings of the effect of light quality upon the induction of molecular factors involved in carotenoid synthesis in leaves, fruit, and roots are discussed, aiming to propose consensus mechanisms in order to contribute to the understanding of carotenoid synthesis regulation by light in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
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17
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Improvement of Growth and Morphology of Vegetable Seedlings with Supplemental Far-Red Enriched LED Lights in a Plant Factory. HORTICULTURAE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae6040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although light-emitting diode (LED) lamps have been broadly applied in horticultural production to improve plant yield and quality, compared to natural light there is a disadvantage in the lack of far-red light in the LED spectrum. Far-red light has been studied widely to control plant growth and development. Therefore, this study aimed to find the effect of supplemental far-red-enriched LED lights to control the growth of tomato, red pepper, cucumber, gourd, watermelon and bottle gourd seedlings. The treatments were cool white LED:far-red LED at ratios of 5:0, 5:1, 5:2 and 5:3. The growth of tomato and red pepper seedlings, including hypocotyl length, was correlated to far-red light and light intensity. The phytochrome photostationary state (PSS) value of maximum hypocotyl length by supplemental far-red-enriched light ranged from 0.69 to 0.77 in tomato and red pepper seedlings. Although hypocotyl lengths of cucumber and watermelon were greatly affected by PSS, the PSS value for maximum hypocotyl length was lower than for tomato and red pepper. These results show that manipulating supplemental far-red enrichment can be used to control vegetable seedling growth with some variation among plant species.
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18
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Hahm J, Kim K, Qiu Y, Chen M. Increasing ambient temperature progressively disassembles Arabidopsis phytochrome B from individual photobodies with distinct thermostabilities. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1660. [PMID: 32245953 PMCID: PMC7125078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Warm temperature is postulated to induce plant thermomorphogenesis through a signaling mechanism similar to shade, as both destabilize the active form of the photoreceptor and thermosensor phytochrome B (phyB). At the cellular level, shade antagonizes phyB signaling by triggering phyB disassembly from photobodies. Here we report temperature-dependent photobody localization of fluorescent protein-tagged phyB (phyB-FP) in the epidermal cells of Arabidopsis hypocotyl and cotyledon. Our results demonstrate that warm temperature elicits different photobody dynamics than those by shade. Increases in temperature from 12 °C to 27 °C incrementally reduce photobody number by stimulating phyB-FP disassembly from selective thermo-unstable photobodies. The thermostability of photobodies relies on phyB's photosensory module. Surprisingly, elevated temperatures inflict opposite effects on phyB's functions in the hypocotyl and cotyledon despite inducing similar photobody dynamics, indicative of tissue/organ-specific temperature signaling circuitry either downstream of photobody dynamics or independent of phyB. Our results thus provide direct cell biology evidence supporting an early temperature signaling mechanism via dynamic assembly/disassembly of individual photobodies possessing distinct thermostabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hahm
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Keunhwa Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yongjian Qiu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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19
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Wu Q, Gao H, Zhang Z, Li T, Qu H, Jiang Y, Yun Z. Deciphering the Metabolic Pathways of Pitaya Peel after Postharvest Red Light Irradiation. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030108. [PMID: 32183356 PMCID: PMC7143668 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Red light irradiation can effectively prolong the shelf-life of many fruit. However, little is known about red light-induced metabolite and enzyme activities. In this study, pitaya fruit was treated with 100 Lux red light for 24 h. Red light irradiation significantly attenuated the variation trend of senescence traits, such as the decrease of total soluble solid (TSS) and TSS/acidity (titratable acidity, TA) ratio, the increase of TA, and respiratory rate. In addition, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) related characters, primary metabolites profiling, and volatile compounds profiling were determined. A total of 71 primary metabolites and 67 volatile compounds were detected and successfully identified by using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Red light irradiation enhanced glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, aldehydes metabolism, and antioxidant enzymes activities at early stage of postharvest storage, leading to the reduction of H2O2, soluble sugars, organic acids, and C-6 and C-7 aldehydes. At a later stage of postharvest storage, a larger number of resistance-related metabolites and enzyme activities were induced in red light-treated pitaya peel, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging, reducing power, fatty acids, and volatile aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixian Wu
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Q.W.); (T.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.J.)
| | - Huijun Gao
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510600, China;
| | - Zhengke Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Taotao Li
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Q.W.); (T.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.J.)
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Q.W.); (T.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Q.W.); (T.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.J.)
| | - Ze Yun
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Q.W.); (T.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-37252525
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20
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Menon C, Klose C, Hiltbrunner A. Arabidopsis FHY1 and FHY1-LIKE Are Not Required for Phytochrome A Signal Transduction in the Nucleus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100007. [PMID: 33404546 PMCID: PMC7748001 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptors of the phytochrome family control a multitude of responses in plants. Phytochrome A (phyA) is essential for far-red light perception, which is important for germination and seedling establishment in strong canopy shade. Translocation of phyA from the cytosol into nucleus is a key step in far-red light signaling and requires FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 1 (FHY1) and FHY1-LIKE (FHL). FHY1/FHL bind to phyA downstream signaling components. Therefore, it has been suggested that FHY1/FHL also have a function in assembling phyA transcription factor complexes in the nucleus. Yet, in this study, we show that constitutively nuclear-localized phyA is active in the absence of FHY1 and FHL. Furthermore, an artificial FHY1, consisting of an SV40 NLS, a phyA binding site, and a YFP tag as spacer between them, complements the fhy1-3 fhl-1 double mutant. These findings show that FHY1 and FHL are not required for phyA downstream signaling in the nucleus. However, we found that lines expressing phyA-NLS-YFP are hypersensitive to red and far-red light and that slightly increased levels of constitutively nuclear-localized phyA result in photomorphogenic development in the dark. Thus, restricting phyA to the cytosol and inducing nuclear transport in light by interaction with FHY1/FHL might be important to suppress photomorphogenesis in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Menon
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Klose
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiltbrunner
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Corresponding author
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21
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Zhang J, Hu R, Sreedasyam A, Garcia TM, Lipzen A, Wang M, Yerramsetty P, Liu D, Ng V, Schmutz J, Cushman JC, Borland AM, Pasha A, Provart NJ, Chen JG, Muchero W, Tuskan GA, Yang X. Light-responsive expression atlas reveals the effects of light quality and intensity in Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi, a plant with crassulacean acid metabolism. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa018. [PMID: 32135007 PMCID: PMC7058158 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a specialized mode of photosynthesis, enables plant adaptation to water-limited environments and improves photosynthetic efficiency via an inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism. Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi is an obligate CAM model featuring a relatively small genome and easy stable transformation. However, the molecular responses to light quality and intensity in CAM plants remain understudied. RESULTS Here we present a genome-wide expression atlas of K. fedtschenkoi plants grown under 12 h/12 h photoperiod with different light quality (blue, red, far-red, white light) and intensity (0, 150, 440, and 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1) based on RNA sequencing performed for mature leaf samples collected at dawn (2 h before the light period) and dusk (2 h before the dark period). An eFP web browser was created for easy access of the gene expression data. Based on the expression atlas, we constructed a light-responsive co-expression network to reveal the potential regulatory relationships in K. fedtschenkoi. Measurements of leaf titratable acidity, soluble sugar, and starch turnover provided metabolic indicators of the magnitude of CAM under the different light treatments and were used to provide biological context for the expression dataset. Furthermore, CAM-related subnetworks were highlighted to showcase genes relevant to CAM pathway, circadian clock, and stomatal movement. In comparison with white light, monochrome blue/red/far-red light treatments repressed the expression of several CAM-related genes at dusk, along with a major reduction in acid accumulation. Increasing light intensity from an intermediate level (440 μmol m-2 s-1) of white light to a high light treatment (1,000 μmol m-2 s-1) increased expression of several genes involved in dark CO2 fixation and malate transport at dawn, along with an increase in organic acid accumulation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a useful genomics resource for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the light regulation of physiology and metabolism in CAM plants. Our results support the hypothesis that both light intensity and light quality can modulate the CAM pathway through regulation of CAM-related genes in K. fedtschenkoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Rongbin Hu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Avinash Sreedasyam
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35801, USA
| | - Travis M Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pradeep Yerramsetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Degao Liu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Vivian Ng
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35801, USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Anne M Borland
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St #4038, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St #4038, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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22
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Jaškūnė K, Aleliūnas A, Statkevičiūtė G, Kemešytė V, Studer B, Yates S. Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify Candidate Loci for Biomass Formation Under Water Deficit in Perennial Ryegrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:570204. [PMID: 33519834 PMCID: PMC7841438 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.570204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is predicted to impact many agricultural areas, which will suffer from reduced water availability. Due to precipitation changes, mild summer droughts are expected to become more frequent, even in temperate regions. For perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), an important forage grass of the Poaceae family, leaf growth is a crucial factor determining biomass accumulation and hence forage yield. Although leaf elongation has been shown to be temperature-dependent under normal conditions, the genetic regulation of leaf growth under water deficit in perennial ryegrass is poorly understood. Herein, we evaluated the response to water deprivation in a diverse panel of perennial ryegrass genotypes, employing a high-precision phenotyping platform. The study revealed phenotypic variation for growth-related traits and significant (P < 0.05) differences in leaf growth under normal conditions within the subgroups of turf and forage type cultivars. The phenotypic data was combined with genotypic variants identified using genotyping-by-sequencing to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Using GWAS, we identified DNA polymorphisms significantly associated with leaf growth reduction under water deprivation. These polymorphisms were adjacent to genes predicted to encode for phytochrome B and a MYB41 transcription factor. The result obtained in the present study will increase our understanding on the complex molecular mechanisms involved in plant growth under water deficit. Moreover, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers identified will serve as a valuable resource in future breeding programs to select for enhanced biomass formation under mild summer drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jaškūnė
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Akademija, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Kristina Jaškūnė, ;
| | - Andrius Aleliūnas
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Akademija, Lithuania
| | - Gražina Statkevičiūtė
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Akademija, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Kemešytė
- Department of Grass Breeding, Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Akademija, Lithuania
| | - Bruno Studer
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven Yates
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Steven Yates,
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23
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Wolf BM, Blankenship RE. Far-red light acclimation in diverse oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:349-359. [PMID: 31222688 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis has historically been considered limited to be driven by the wavelengths of visible light. However, in the last few decades, various adaptations have been discovered that allow algae, cyanobacteria, and even plants to utilize longer wavelength light in the far-red spectral range. These adaptations provide distinct advantages to the species possessing them, allowing the effective utilization of shade light under highly filtered light environments. In prokaryotes, these adaptations include the production of far-red-absorbing chlorophylls d and f and the remodeling of phycobilisome antennas and reaction centers. Eukaryotes express specialized light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes that use interactions between pigments and their protein environment to spectrally tune the absorption of chlorophyll a. If these adaptations could be applied to crop plants, a potentially significant increase in photon utilization in lower shaded leaves could be realized, improving crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Wolf
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Robert E Blankenship
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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24
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Seed Germination and Seedling Growth on Knitted Fabrics as New Substrates for Hydroponic Systems. HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vertical farming is one of the suggested avenues for producing food for the growing world population. Concentrating the cultivation of crops such as herbs in large indoor farms makes food production susceptible to technical, biological or other problems that might destroy large amounts of food at once. Thus, there is a trend towards locally, self-sufficient food production in vertical systems on a small scale. Our study examined whether conventional knitted fabrics, such as patches of worn jackets, can be used for hydroponics instead of the specialized nonwoven materials used in large-scale indoor systems. To this end, seed germination and seedling growth of 14 different crop plant species on knitted fabrics with three different stitch sizes were compared. Our results showed that hydroponic culture on knitted fabrics are indeed possible and allow for growing a broad spectrum of plant species, suggesting recycling of old textile fabrics for this purpose. Among the 14 plant species studied, differences in germination success, average fresh and dry masses, as well as water contents were found, but these parameters were not affected by knitted fabric stitch size.
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25
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Orthogonal regulation of phytochrome B abundance by stress-specific plastidial retrograde signaling metabolite. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2904. [PMID: 31266952 PMCID: PMC6606753 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant survival necessitates constant monitoring of fluctuating light and balancing growth demands with adaptive responses, tasks mediated via interconnected sensing and signaling networks. Photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) and plastidial retrograde signaling metabolite methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) are evolutionarily conserved sensing and signaling components eliciting responses through unknown connection(s). Here, via a suppressor screen, we identify two phyB mutant alleles that revert the dwarf and high salicylic acid phenotypes of the high MEcPP containing mutant ceh1. Biochemical analyses show high phyB protein levels in MEcPP-accumulating plants resulting from reduced expression of phyB antagonists and decreased auxin levels. We show that auxin treatment negatively regulates phyB abundance. Additional studies identify CAMTA3, a MEcPP-activated calcium-dependent transcriptional regulator, as critical for maintaining phyB abundance. These studies provide insights into biological organization fundamentals whereby a signal from a single plastidial metabolite is transduced into an ensemble of regulatory networks controlling the abundance of phyB, positioning plastids at the information apex directing adaptive responses. MEcPP is an evolutionarily conserved metabolite that acts as a plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signal to regulate adaptive responses to fluctuating light. Here the authors show that MEcPP regulates seedling development by stabilizing the phyB photoreceptor in an auxin and Ca2+ dependent manner.
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26
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Phytochrome activates the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase for chloroplast biogenesis via nucleus-to-plastid signaling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2629. [PMID: 31201355 PMCID: PMC6570650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Light initiates chloroplast biogenesis by activating photosynthesis-associated genes encoded by not only the nuclear but also the plastidial genome, but how photoreceptors control plastidial gene expression remains enigmatic. Here we show that the photoactivation of phytochromes triggers the expression of photosynthesis-associated plastid-encoded genes (PhAPGs) by stimulating the assembly of the bacterial-type plastidial RNA polymerase (PEP) into a 1000-kDa complex. Using forward genetic approaches, we identified REGULATOR OF CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS (RCB) as a dual-targeted nuclear/plastidial phytochrome signaling component required for PEP assembly. Surprisingly, RCB controls PhAPG expression primarily from the nucleus by interacting with phytochromes and promoting their localization to photobodies for the degradation of the transcriptional regulators PIF1 and PIF3. RCB-dependent PIF degradation in the nucleus signals the plastids for PEP assembly and PhAPG expression. Thus, our findings reveal the framework of a nucleus-to-plastid anterograde signaling pathway by which phytochrome signaling in the nucleus controls plastidial transcription.
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27
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Yang EJ, Yoo CY, Liu J, Wang H, Cao J, Li FW, Pryer KM, Sun TP, Weigel D, Zhou P, Chen M. NCP activates chloroplast transcription by controlling phytochrome-dependent dual nuclear and plastidial switches. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2630. [PMID: 31201314 PMCID: PMC6570768 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes initiate chloroplast biogenesis by activating genes encoding the photosynthetic apparatus, including photosynthesis-associated plastid-encoded genes (PhAPGs). PhAPGs are transcribed by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP), but how phytochromes in the nucleus activate chloroplast gene expression remains enigmatic. We report here a forward genetic screen in Arabidopsis that identified NUCLEAR CONTROL OF PEP ACTIVITY (NCP) as a necessary component of phytochrome signaling for PhAPG activation. NCP is dual-targeted to plastids and the nucleus. While nuclear NCP mediates the degradation of two repressors of chloroplast biogenesis, PIF1 and PIF3, NCP in plastids promotes the assembly of the PEP complex for PhAPG transcription. NCP and its paralog RCB are non-catalytic thioredoxin-like proteins that diverged in seed plants to adopt nonredundant functions in phytochrome signaling. These results support a model in which phytochromes control PhAPG expression through light-dependent double nuclear and plastidial switches that are linked by evolutionarily conserved and dual-localized regulatory proteins. Phytochrome signaling in the nucleus can activate expression of photosynthesis-associated genes in plastids. Here Yang et al. show that NCP is a dual-targeted protein that promotes phytochrome B localization to photobodies in the nucleus while facilitating PEP polymerase assembly in the plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Yang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Chan Yul Yoo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jiangxin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Tai-Ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Abstract
Circadian oscillators are networks of biochemical feedback loops that generate 24-hour rhythms in organisms from bacteria to animals. These periodic rhythms result from a complex interplay among clock components that are specific to the organism, but share molecular mechanisms across kingdoms. A full understanding of these processes requires detailed knowledge, not only of the biochemical properties of clock proteins and their interactions, but also of the three-dimensional structure of clockwork components. Posttranslational modifications and protein–protein interactions have become a recent focus, in particular the complex interactions mediated by the phosphorylation of clock proteins and the formation of multimeric protein complexes that regulate clock genes at transcriptional and translational levels. This review covers the structural aspects of circadian oscillators, and serves as a primer for this exciting realm of structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Saini
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Seth J Davis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
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29
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Heyes DJ, Hardman SJO, Pedersen MN, Woodhouse J, De La Mora E, Wulff M, Weik M, Cammarata M, Scrutton NS, Schirò G. Light-induced structural changes in a full-length cyanobacterial phytochrome probed by time-resolved X-ray scattering. Commun Biol 2019; 2:1. [PMID: 30740537 PMCID: PMC6318211 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are photoreceptor proteins that transmit a light signal from a photosensory region to an output domain. Photoconversion involves protein conformational changes whose nature is not fully understood. Here, we use time-resolved X-ray scattering and optical spectroscopy to study the kinetics of structural changes in a full-length cyanobacterial phytochrome and in a truncated form with no output domain. X-ray and spectroscopic signals on the µs/ms timescale are largely independent of the presence of the output domain. On longer time-scales, large differences between the full-length and truncated proteins indicate the timeframe during which the structural transition is transmitted from the photosensory region to the output domain and represent a large quaternary motion. The suggested independence of the photosensory-region dynamics on the µs/ms timescale defines a time window in which the photoreaction can be characterized (e.g. for optogenetic design) independently of the nature of the engineered output domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derren J. Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Samantha J. O. Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Martin N. Pedersen
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Joyce Woodhouse
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Eugenio De La Mora
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Wulff
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Weik
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Marco Cammarata
- Univ. Rennes 1, CNRS, UBL, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR) - UMR 6251, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Giorgio Schirò
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
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30
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Sineshchekov V. Two molecular species of phytochrome A with distinct modes of action. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 46:118. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1071/fp18156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of plants to environmental light conditions is achieved via operation of a highly complex photoreceptor apparatus. It includes the phytochrome system comprising phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) as the major components. phyA differs from phyB by several properties, including its ability to mediate all three photoresponse modes – the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR respectively) and the high irradiance responses (HIR), whereas phyB is responsible for LFR. This review discusses the uniqueness of phyA in terms of its structural and functional heterogeneity. The photoreceptor is presented in monocots and dicots by two native molecular species, phyAʹ and phyAʹʹ, differing by spectroscopic, photochemical and phenomenological properties. phyA differentiation into substates includes post-translational phosphorylation of a serine residue(s) at the N-terminal extension of the molecule with phyAʹ being the phosphorylated species and phyAʹʹ, dephosphorylated. They differ also by their mode of action, which depends on the cellular context. The current working hypothesis is that phyAʹ mediates VLFR and phyAʹʹ, HIR and LFR. The content and functional activity of the two pools are regulated by light and by phosphatase/kinase equilibrium and pH in darkness, what contributes to the fine-tuning of the phytochrome system. Detection of the native pools of the cryptogamic plant fern Adiantum capillus-veneris phy1 (phy1ʹ and phy1ʹʹ) similar to those of phyA suggests that the structural and functional heterogeneity of phyA is not a unique phenomenon and may have arisen earlier in the molecular evolution of the phytochrome system than the appearance of the angiosperm phytochromes.
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31
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Sineshchekov V. Two molecular species of phytochrome A with distinct modes of action. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:118-135. [PMID: 32172754 DOI: 10.1071/fp18156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of plants to environmental light conditions is achieved via operation of a highly complex photoreceptor apparatus. It includes the phytochrome system comprising phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) as the major components. phyA differs from phyB by several properties, including its ability to mediate all three photoresponse modes - the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR respectively) and the high irradiance responses (HIR), whereas phyB is responsible for LFR. This review discusses the uniqueness of phyA in terms of its structural and functional heterogeneity. The photoreceptor is presented in monocots and dicots by two native molecular species, phyA' and phyA'', differing by spectroscopic, photochemical and phenomenological properties. phyA differentiation into substates includes post-translational phosphorylation of a serine residue(s) at the N-terminal extension of the molecule with phyA' being the phosphorylated species and phyA'', dephosphorylated. They differ also by their mode of action, which depends on the cellular context. The current working hypothesis is that phyA' mediates VLFR and phyA'', HIR and LFR. The content and functional activity of the two pools are regulated by light and by phosphatase/kinase equilibrium and pH in darkness, what contributes to the fine-tuning of the phytochrome system. Detection of the native pools of the cryptogamic plant fern Adiantum capillus-veneris phy1 (phy1' and phy1'') similar to those of phyA suggests that the structural and functional heterogeneity of phyA is not a unique phenomenon and may have arisen earlier in the molecular evolution of the phytochrome system than the appearance of the angiosperm phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sineshchekov
- Biology Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. Email
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Mahawar L, Shekhawat GS. Haem oxygenase: A functionally diverse enzyme of photosynthetic organisms and its role in phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis, cellular signalling and defence mechanisms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:483-500. [PMID: 29220548 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Haem oxygenase (HO) is a universal enzyme that catalyses stereospecific cleavage of haem to BV IX α and liberates Fe+2 ion and CO as by-product. Beside haem degradation, it has important functions in plants that include cellular defence, stomatal regulation, iron mobilization, phytochrome chromophore synthesis, and lateral root formation. Phytochromes are an extended family of photoreceptors with a molecular mass of 250 kDa and occur as a dimer made up of 2 equivalent subunits of 125 kDa each. Each subunit is made of two components: the chromophore, a light-capturing pigment molecule and the apoprotein. Biosynthesis of phytochrome (phy) chromophore includes the oxidative splitting of haem to biliverdin IX by an enzyme HO, which is the decisive step in the biosynthesis. In photosynthetic organisms, BVα is reduced to 3Z PΦB by a ferredoxin-dependent PΦB synthase that finally isomerised to PΦB. The synthesized PΦB assembles with the phytochrome apoprotein in the cytoplasm to generate holophytochrome. Thus, necessary for photomorphogenesis in plants, which has confirmed from the genetic studies, conducted on Arabidopsis thaliana and pea. Besides the phytochrome chromophore synthesis, the review also emphasises on the current advances conducted in plant HO implying its developmental and defensive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Mahawar
- Department of Botany, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, 342001, India
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Sineshchekov VA, Koppel LA, Bolle C. Two native types of phytochrome A, phyAʹ and phyAʺ, differ by the state of phosphorylation at the N-terminus as revealed by fluorescence investigations of the Ser/Ala mutant of rice phyA expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:150. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1071/fp16261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) mediates different photoresponses what may be connected with the existence of its two types, phyAʹ and phyAʹʹ, differing by spectroscopic, photochemical and functional properties. We investigated a role of phyA phosphorylation in their formation turning to transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) phyA or phyAphyB mutants overexpressing rice wild-type phyA (phyA WT) or mutant phyA (phyA SA) with the first 10 serines substituted by alanines. This prevents phyA phosphorylation at these sites and modifies photoresponses. Etiolated seedlings were employed and phyA parameters were evaluated with the use of low temperature fluorescence spectroscopy and photochemistry. Germination of seeds was induced by white light (WL) pre-treatment for 15 min or 3 h. Emission spectra of rice phyA WT and phyA SA were similar and their total content was comparable. However, the phyAʹ/phyAʹʹ proportion in phyA WT was high and varied with the duration of the WL pre-treatment, whereas in phyA SA it was substantially shifted towards phyAʹʹ and did not depend on the pre-illumination. This suggests that phyA SA comprises primarily or exclusively the phyAʹʹ pool and supports the notion that the two phyA types differ by the state of serine phosphorylation. phyAʹʹ was also found to be much more effective in the germination induction than phyAʹ.
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Sineshchekov VA, Koppel LA, Bolle C. Two native types of phytochrome A, phyA' and phyA", differ by the state of phosphorylation at the N-terminus as revealed by fluorescence investigations of the Ser/Ala mutant of rice phyA expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:150-159. [PMID: 32291029 DOI: 10.1071/fp16261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) mediates different photoresponses what may be connected with the existence of its two types, phyA' and phyA'', differing by spectroscopic, photochemical and functional properties. We investigated a role of phyA phosphorylation in their formation turning to transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) phyA or phyAphyB mutants overexpressing rice wild-type phyA (phyA WT) or mutant phyA (phyA SA) with the first 10 serines substituted by alanines. This prevents phyA phosphorylation at these sites and modifies photoresponses. Etiolated seedlings were employed and phyA parameters were evaluated with the use of low temperature fluorescence spectroscopy and photochemistry. Germination of seeds was induced by white light (WL) pre-treatment for 15min or 3h. Emission spectra of rice phyA WT and phyA SA were similar and their total content was comparable. However, the phyA'/phyA'' proportion in phyA WT was high and varied with the duration of the WL pre-treatment, whereas in phyA SA it was substantially shifted towards phyA'' and did not depend on the pre-illumination. This suggests that phyA SA comprises primarily or exclusively the phyA'' pool and supports the notion that the two phyA types differ by the state of serine phosphorylation. phyA'' was also found to be much more effective in the germination induction than phyA'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larissa A Koppel
- Biology Department, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Cordelia Bolle
- Biology Department, Ludwig Maximilian University, München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Viczián A, Klose C, Ádám É, Nagy F. New insights of red light-induced development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2457-2468. [PMID: 27943362 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The red/far-red light absorbing photoreceptors phytochromes regulate development and growth and thus play an essential role in optimizing adaptation of the sessile plants to the ever-changing environment. Our understanding of how absorption of a red/far-red photon by phytochromes initiates/modifies diverse physiological responses has been steadily improving. Research performed in the last 5 years has been especially productive and led to significant conceptual changes about the mode of action of these photoreceptors. In this review, we focus on the phytochrome B photoreceptor, the major phytochrome species active in light-grown plants. We discuss how its light-independent inactivation (termed dark/thermal reversion), post-translational modification, including ubiquitination, phosphorylation and sumoylation, as well as heterodimerization with other phytochrome species modify red light-controlled physiological responses. Finally, we discuss how photobiological properties of phytochrome B enable this photoreceptor to function also as a thermosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cornelia Klose
- Institute of Biology2/Botany, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Éva Ádám
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Molecular Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
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Novák A, Boldizsár Á, Gierczik K, Vágújfalvi A, Ádám É, Kozma-Bognár L, Galiba G. Light and Temperature Signalling at the Level of CBF14 Gene Expression in Wheat and Barley. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2017; 35:399-408. [PMID: 28751800 PMCID: PMC5504222 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-017-1035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The wheat and barley CBF14 genes have been newly defined as key components of the light quality-dependent regulation of the freezing tolerance by the integration of phytochrome-mediated light and temperature signals. To further investigate the wavelength dependence of light-induced CBF14 expression in cereals, we carried out a detailed study using monochromatic light treatments at an inductive and a non-inductive temperature. Transcript levels of CBF14 gene in winter wheat Cheyenne, winter einkorn G3116 and winter barley Nure genotypes were monitored. We demonstrated that (1) CBF14 is most effectively induced by blue light and (2) provide evidence that this induction does not arise from light-controlled CRY gene expression. (3) We demonstrate that temperature shifts induce CBF14 transcription independent of the light conditions and that (4) the effect of temperature and light treatments are additive. Based on these data, it can be assumed that temperature and light signals are relayed to the level of CBF14 expression via separate signalling routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliz Novák
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Festetics Doctoral School, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Ákos Boldizsár
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gierczik
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Festetics Doctoral School, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Attila Vágújfalvi
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Éva Ádám
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kozma-Bognár
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Galiba
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Festetics Doctoral School, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
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Zhang H, Lin C, Gu L. Light Regulation of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Plants. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:159-165. [PMID: 27925216 DOI: 10.1111/php.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a major post-transcriptional mechanism to enhance the diversity of proteome in response to environmental signals. Among the numerous external signals perceived by plants, light is the most crucial one. Plants utilize complex photoreceptor signaling networks to sense different light conditions and adjust their growth and development accordingly. Although light-mediated gene expression has been widely investigated, little is known regarding the mechanism of light affecting AS to modulate mRNA at the post-transcriptional level. In this minireview, we summarize current progresses on how light affects AS, and how sensory photoreceptors and retrograde signaling pathways may coordinately regulate AS of pre-mRNAs. In addition, we also discuss the possibility that AS of the mRNAs encoding photoreceptors may be involved in feedback control of AS. We hypothesize that light regulation of the expression and activity of splicing factors would be a major mechanism of light-mediated AS. The combination of genetic study and high-throughput analyses of AS and splicing complexes in response to light is likely to further advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying light control of AS and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangxiao Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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38
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García-Iriepa C, Ernst HA, Liang Y, Unterreiner AN, Frutos LM, Sampedro D. Study of Model Systems for Bilirubin and Bilin Chromophores: Determination and Modification of Thermal and Photochemical Properties. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6292-302. [PMID: 27391671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bilin chromophores and bilirubin are involved in relevant biological functions such as light perception in plants and as protective agents against Alzheimer and other diseases. Despite their extensive use, a deep rationalization of the main factors controlling the thermal and photochemical properties has not been performed yet, which in turn hampers further applications of these versatile molecules. In an effort to understand those factors and allow control of the relevant properties, a combined experimental and computational study has been carried out for diverse model systems to understand the interconversion between Z and E isomers. In this study, we have demonstrated the crucial role of steric hindrance and hydrogen-bond interactions in thermal stability and the ability to control them by designing novel compounds. We also determined several photochemical properties and studied the photodynamics of two model systems in more detail, observing a fast relaxation of the excited state shorter than 2 ps in both cases. Finally, the computational study allowed us to rationalize the experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina García-Iriepa
- Unidad Docente de Química Física, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hanna A Ernst
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Luis Manuel Frutos
- Unidad Docente de Química Física, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja , Madre de Dios 53, E-26006 Logroño, Spain
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Photoreceptors mapping from past history till date. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 162:223-231. [PMID: 27387671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The critical source of information in plants is light, which is perceived by receptors present in plants and animals. Receptors present in plant and animal system regulate important processes, and knowing the chromophores and signalling domains for each receptor could pave a way to trace out links between these receptors. The signalling mechanism for each receptor will give insight knowledge. This review has focussed on the photoreceptors from past history till date, that have evolved in the plant as well as in the animal system (to lesser extent). We have also focussed our attention on finding the links between the receptors by showing the commonalities as well as the differences between them, and also tried to trace out the links with the help of chromophores and signalling domain. Several photoreceptors have been traced out, which share similarity in the chromophore as well as in the signalling domain, which indicate towards the evolution of photoreceptors from one another. For instance, cryptochrome has been found to evolve three times from CPD photolyase as well as evolution of different types of phytochrome is a result of duplication and divergence. In addition, similarity between the photoreceptors suggested towards evolution from one another. This review has also discussed possible mechanism for each receptor i.e. how they regulate developmental processes and involve what kinds of regulators and also gives an insight on signalling mechanisms by these receptors. This review could also be a new initiative in the study of UVR8 associated studies.
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40
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Lazaro A, Mouriz A, Piñeiro M, Jarillo JA. Red Light-Mediated Degradation of CONSTANS by the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase HOS1 Regulates Photoperiodic Flowering in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2437-54. [PMID: 26373454 PMCID: PMC4815090 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of CONSTANS (CO) gene expression is crucial to accurately measure changes in daylength, which influences flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. CO expression is under both transcriptional and posttranslational control mechanisms. We previously showed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENES1 (HOS1) physically interacts with CO in Arabidopsis. This interaction is required to precisely modulate the timing of CO accumulation and, consequently, to maintain low levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T expression during the first part of the day. The data presented here demonstrate that HOS1 is involved in the red light-mediated degradation of CO that takes place in the early stages of the daylight period. Our results show that phytochrome B (phyB) is able to regulate flowering time, acting in the phloem companion cells, as previously described for CO and HOS1. Moreover, we reveal that phyB physically interacts with HOS1 and CO, indicating that the three proteins may be present in a complex in planta that is required to coordinate a correct photoperiodic response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lazaro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Mouriz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Piñeiro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Jarillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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41
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Klose C, Viczián A, Kircher S, Schäfer E, Nagy F. Molecular mechanisms for mediating light-dependent nucleo/cytoplasmic partitioning of phytochrome photoreceptors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:965-71. [PMID: 26042244 PMCID: PMC4406131 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The photoreceptors phytochromes monitor the red/far-red part of the spectrum, exist in the biologically active Pfr (far-red absorbing) or inactive Pr (red absorbing) forms, and function as red/far-red light-regulated molecular switches to modulate plant development and growth. Phytochromes are synthesized in the cytoplasm, and light induces translocation of the Pfr conformer into the nucleus. Nuclear import of phytochromes is a highly regulated process and is fine-tuned by the quality and quantity of light. It appears that phytochrome A (phyA) and phytochrome B (phyB) do not possess active endogenous nuclear import signals (NLSs), thus light-induced translocation of these photoreceptors into the nucleus requires direct protein–protein interactions with their NLS-containing signaling partners. Sub-cellular partitioning of the various phytochrome species is mediated by different molecular machineries. Translocation of phyA into the nucleus is promoted by FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 1 (FHY1) and FHY1-LIKE (FHL), but the identity of nuclear transport facilitators mediating the import of phyB-E into the nucleus remains elusive. Phytochromes localized in the nucleus are associated with specific protein complexes, termed photobodies. The size and distribution of these structures are regulated by the intensity and duration of irradiation, and circumstantial evidence indicates that they are involved in fine-tuning phytochrome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Klose
- Institute of Botany, University of FreiburgSchänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research CentreTemesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Botany, University of FreiburgSchänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schäfer
- Institute of Botany, University of FreiburgSchänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research CentreTemesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Plant Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
- Author for correspondence: Ferenc Nagy Tel: +36 62599718
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Chang N, Gao Y, Zhao L, Liu X, Gao H. Arabidopsis FHY3/CPD45 regulates far-red light signaling and chloroplast division in parallel. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9612. [PMID: 25872642 PMCID: PMC4397536 DOI: 10.1038/srep09612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CPD45 (chloroplast division45),which is also known as FHY3 (far-red elongated hypocotyl3), is a key factor in the far-red light signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. We previously showed that FHY3/CPD45 also regulates chloroplast division. Because light is also a regulator of chloroplast development and division, we sought to clarify the relationship between far-red light signaling and chloroplast division pathways. We found that the chloroplast division mutant arc5-3 had no defect in far-red light sensing, and that constitutive overexpression of ARC5 rescued the chloroplast division defect, but not the defect in far-red light signaling, of cpd45. fhy1, which is defective in far-red light signaling, exhibited normal chloroplast division. Constitutive overexpression of FHY1 rescued the far-red light signaling defect, but not the chloroplast division defect, of cpd45. Moreover, ARC5 and FHY1 expression were not affected in fhy1 and arc5-3, respectively. Based on these results, we propose that FHY3/CPD45 regulates far-red light signaling and chloroplast division in parallel by activating the expression of FHY1 and ARC5 independently. This work demonstrates how relationships between different pathways in a gene regulatory network can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuefang Gao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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43
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Wang H, Wang H. Phytochrome signaling: time to tighten up the loose ends. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:540-51. [PMID: 25670340 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red and far-red light photoreceptors that play fundamental roles in controlling many aspects of plant growth and development in response to light. The past two decades have witnessed the mechanistic elucidation of the action mode of phytochromes, including their regulation by external and endogenous factors and how they exert their function as transcriptional regulators. More importantly, recent advances have substantially deepened our understanding on the integration of the phytochrome-mediated signal into other cellular and developmental processes, such as elongation of hypocotyls, shoot branching, circadian clock, and flowering time, which often involves complex intercellular and interorgan signaling. Based on these advances, this review illustrates a blueprint of our current understanding of phytochrome signaling and its crosstalk with other signaling pathways, and also points out still open questions that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Sineshchekov V, Sudnitsin A, Ádám É, Schäfer E, Viczián A. phyA-GFP is spectroscopically and photochemically similar to phyA and comprises both its native types, phyA’ and phyA”. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1671-1679. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1039/c4pp00220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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45
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Sineshchekov V, Sudnitsin A, Ádám É, Schäfer E, Viczián A. phyA-GFP is spectroscopically and photochemically similar to phyA and comprises both its native types, phyA' and phyA''. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1671-9. [PMID: 25297540 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature fluorescence investigations of phyA-GFP used in experiments on its nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning were carried out. In etiolated hypocotyls of phyA-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana expressing phyA-GFP, it was found that it is similar to phyA in spectroscopic parameters with both its native types, phyA' and phyA'', present and their ratio shifted towards phyA'. In transgenic tobacco hypocotyls, native phyA and rice phyA-GFP were also identical to phyA in the wild type whereas phyA-GFP belonged primarily to the phyA' type. Finally, truncated oat Δ6-12 phyA-GFP expressed in phyA-deficient Arabidopsis was represented by the phyA' type in contrast to full-length oat phyA-GFP with an approximately equal proportion of the two phyA types. This correlates with a previous observation that Δ6-12 phyA-GFP can form only numerous tiny subnuclear speckles while its wild-type counterpart can also localize into bigger and fewer subnuclear protein complexes. Thus, phyA-GFP is spectroscopically and photochemically similar or identical to the native phyA, suggesting that the GFP tag does not affect the chromophore. phyA-GFP comprises phyA'-GFP and phyA''-GFP, suggesting that both of them are potential participants in nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning, which may contribute to its complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sineshchekov
- Biology Department, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
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46
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Arabidopsis cell expansion is controlled by a photothermal switch. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4848. [PMID: 25258215 PMCID: PMC4200516 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, the seedling hypocotyl has emerged as an exemplar model system to study light and temperature control of cell expansion. Light sensitivity of this organ is epitomized in the fluence rate response where suppression of hypocotyl elongation increases incrementally with light intensity. This finely calibrated response is controlled by the photoreceptor, phytochrome B, through the deactivation and proteolytic destruction of phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs). Here we show that this classical light response is strictly temperature dependent: a shift in temperature induces a dramatic reversal of response from inhibition to promotion of hypocotyl elongation by light. Applying an integrated experimental and mathematical modelling approach, we show how light and temperature coaction in the circuitry drives a molecular switch in PIF activity and control of cell expansion. This work provides a paradigm to understand the importance of signal convergence in evoking different or non-intuitive alterations in molecular signalling. Light and temperature interact to control hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. Here, Johansson et al. use experimental data and mathematical modelling to describe a photothermal molecular switch where temperature governs whether light represses or activates elongation.
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Kula M, Rys M, Skoczowski A. Far-red light (720 or 740 nm) improves growth and changes the chemical composition ofChlorella vulgaris. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kula
- Department of Developmental Biology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology; Polish Academy of Sciences Cracow Poland
| | - Magdalena Rys
- Department of Developmental Biology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology; Polish Academy of Sciences Cracow Poland
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Sethi V, Raghuram B, Sinha AK, Chattopadhyay S. A mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade module, MKK3-MPK6 and MYC2, is involved in blue light-mediated seedling development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3343-57. [PMID: 25139007 PMCID: PMC4371833 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.128702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are involved in several signal transduction processes in eukaryotes. Light signal transduction pathways have been extensively studied in plants; however, the connection between MAPK and light signaling pathways is currently unknown. Here, we show that MKK3-MPK6 is activated by blue light in a MYC2-dependent manner. MPK6 physically interacts with and phosphorylates a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, MYC2, and is phosphorylated by a MAPK kinase, MKK3. Furthermore, MYC2 binds to the MPK6 promoter and regulates its expression in a feedback regulatory mechanism in blue light signaling. We present mutational and physiological studies that illustrate the function of the MKK3-MPK6-MYC2 module in Arabidopsis thaliana seedling development and provide a revised mechanistic view of photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishmita Sethi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Badmi Raghuram
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, India
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Casal JJ, Candia AN, Sellaro R. Light perception and signalling by phytochrome A. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2835-45. [PMID: 24220656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In etiolated seedlings, phytochrome A (phyA) mediates very-low-fluence responses (VLFRs), which initiate de-etiolation at the interphase between the soil and above-ground environments, and high-irradiance responses (HIR), which complete de-etiolation under dense canopies and require more sustained activation with far-red light. Light-activated phyA is transported to the nucleus by FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 (FHY1). The nuclear pool of active phyA increases under prolonged far-red light of relatively high fluence rates. This condition maximizes the rate of FHY1-phyA complex assembly and disassembly, allowing FHY1 to return to the cytoplasm to translocate further phyA to the nucleus, to replace phyA degraded in the proteasome. The core signalling pathways downstream of nuclear phyA involve the negative regulation of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1, which targets for degradation transcription factors required for photomorphogenesis, and PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs, which are transcription factors that repress photomorphogenesis. Under sustained far-red light activation, released FHY1 can also be recruited with active phyA to target gene promoters as a transcriptional activator, and nuclear phyA signalling activates a positive regulatory loop involving BELL-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN 1 that reinforces the HIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Casal
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A N Candia
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Sellaro
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Warnasooriya SN, Brutnell TP. Enhancing the productivity of grasses under high-density planting by engineering light responses: from model systems to feedstocks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2825-34. [PMID: 24868036 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The successful commercialization of bioenergy grasses as lignocellulosic feedstocks requires that they be produced, processed, and transported efficiently. Intensive breeding for higher yields in food crops has resulted in varieties that perform optimally under high-density planting but often with high input costs. This is particularly true of maize, where most yield gains in the past have come through increased planting densities and an abundance of fertilizer. For lignocellulosic feedstocks, biomass rather than grain yield and digestibility of cell walls are two of the major targets for improvement. Breeding for high-density performance of lignocellulosic crops has been much less intense and thus provides an opportunity for improving the feedstock potential of these grasses. In this review, we discuss the role of vegetative shade on growth and development and suggest targets for manipulating this response to increase harvestable biomass under high-density planting. To engineer grass architecture and modify biomass properties at increasing planting densities, we argue that new model systems are needed and recommend Setaria viridis, a panicoid grass, closely related to major fuel and bioenergy grasses as a model genetic system.
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