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Rosenbaum SR, Hughes CJ, Fields KM, Purdy SC, Gustafson A, Wolin A, Hampton D, Turner N, Ebmeier C, Costello JC, Ford HL. An EYA3/NF-κB/CCL2 signaling axis suppresses cytotoxic NK cells in the pre-metastatic niche to promote triple negative breast cancer metastasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.31.606072. [PMID: 39211066 PMCID: PMC11360953 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.31.606072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Patients with Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) exhibit high rates of metastases and poor prognoses. The Eyes absent (EYA) family of proteins are developmental transcriptional cofactors/phosphatases that are re-expressed and/or upregulated in numerous cancers. Herein, we demonstrate that EYA3 correlates with decreased survival in breast cancer, and that it strongly, and specifically, regulates metastasis via a novel mechanism that involves NF-kB signaling and an altered innate immune profile at the pre-metastatic niche (PMN). Remarkably, restoration of NF-kB signaling downstream of Eya3 knockdown (KD) restores metastasis without restoring primary tumor growth, isolating EYA3/NF-kB effects to the metastatic site. We show that secreted CCL2, regulated downstream of EYA3/NF-kB, specifically decreases cytotoxic NK cells in the PMN and that re-expression of Ccl2 in Eya3 -KD cells is sufficient to rescue activation/levels of cytotoxic NK cells in vitro and at the PMN, where EYA3-mediated decreases in cytotoxic NK cells are required for metastatic outgrowth. Importantly, analysis of public breast cancer datasets uncovers a significant correlation of EYA3 with NF-kB/CCL2, underscoring the relevance of EYA3/NF-kB/CCL2 to human disease. Our findings suggest that inhibition of EYA3 could be a powerful means to re-activate the innate immune response at the PMN, inhibiting TNBC metastasis. Significance EYA3 promotes metastasis of TNBC cells by promoting NF-kB-mediated CCL2 expression and inhibiting cytotoxic NK cells at the pre-metastatic niche, highlighting a potential therapeutic target in this subset of breast cancer.
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Alderman C, Anderson R, Zhang L, Hughes CJ, Li X, Ebmeier C, Wagley ME, Ahn NG, Ford HL, Zhao R. Biochemical characterization of the Eya and PP2A-B55α interaction. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107408. [PMID: 38796066 PMCID: PMC11328874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The eyes absent (Eya) proteins were first identified as co-activators of the six homeobox family of transcription factors and are critical in embryonic development. These proteins are also re-expressed in cancers after development is complete, where they drive tumor progression. We have previously shown that the Eya3 N-terminal domain (NTD) contains Ser/Thr phosphatase activity through an interaction with the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-B55α holoenzyme and that this interaction increases the half-life of Myc through pT58 dephosphorylation. Here, we showed that Eya3 directly interacted with the NTD of Myc, recruiting PP2A-B55α to Myc. We also showed that Eya3 increased the Ser/Thr phosphatase activity of PP2A-B55α but not PP2A-B56α. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the NTD (∼250 amino acids) of Eya3 was completely disordered, and it used a 38-residue segment to interact with B55α. In addition, knockdown and phosphoproteomic analyses demonstrated that Eya3 and B55α affected highly similar phosphosite motifs with a preference for Ser/Thr followed by Pro, consistent with Eya3's apparent Ser/Thr phosphatase activity being mediated through its interaction with PP2A-B55α. Intriguingly, mutating this Pro to other amino acids in a Myc peptide dramatically increased dephosphorylation by PP2A. Not surprisingly, MycP59A, a naturally occurring mutation hotspot in several cancers, enhanced Eya3-PP2A-B55α-mediated dephosphorylation of pT58 on Myc, leading to increased Myc stability and cell proliferation, underscoring the critical role of this phosphosite in regulating Myc stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Alderman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryan Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Connor J Hughes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Xueni Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Chris Ebmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Marisa E Wagley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Natalie G Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Heide L Ford
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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Hughes CJ, Alderman C, Wolin AR, Fields KM, Zhao R, Ford HL. All eyes on Eya: A unique transcriptional co-activator and phosphatase in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189098. [PMID: 38555001 PMCID: PMC11111358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The Eya family of proteins (consisting of Eyas1-4 in mammals) play vital roles in embryogenesis by regulating processes such as proliferation, migration/invasion, cellular survival and pluripotency/plasticity of epithelial and mesenchymal states. Eya proteins carry out such diverse functions through a unique combination of transcriptional co-factor, Tyr phosphatase, and PP2A/B55α-mediated Ser/Thr phosphatase activities. Since their initial discovery, re-expression of Eyas has been observed in numerous tumor types, where they are known to promote tumor progression through a combination of their transcriptional and enzymatic activities. Eya proteins thus reinstate developmental processes during malignancy and represent a compelling class of therapeutic targets for inhibiting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Hughes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Christopher Alderman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Arthur R Wolin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Kaiah M Fields
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhao
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Heide L Ford
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
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Weasner BM, Kumar JP. The timing of cell fate decisions is crucial for initiating pattern formation in the Drosophila eye. Development 2022; 149:274084. [PMID: 35072208 PMCID: PMC8917411 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The eye-antennal disc of Drosophila is composed of three cell layers: a columnar epithelium called the disc proper (DP); an overlying sheet of squamous cells called the peripodial epithelium (PE); and a strip of cuboidal cells that joins the other two cellular sheets to each other and comprises the outer margin (M) of the disc. The M cells play an important role in patterning the eye because it is here that the Hedgehog (Hh), Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and JAK/STAT pathways function to initiate pattern formation. Dpp signaling is lost from the margin of eyes absent (eya) mutant discs and, as a result, the initiation of retinal patterning is blocked. Based on these observations, Eya has been proposed to control the initiation of the morphogenetic furrow via regulation of Dpp signaling within the M. We show that the failure in pattern formation surprisingly results from M cells prematurely adopting a head epidermis fate. This switch in fate normally takes place during pupal development after the eye has been patterned. Our results suggest that the timing of cell fate decisions is essential for correct eye development.
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Rafiq A, Aashaq S, Jan I, Beigh MA. SIX1 transcription factor: A review of cellular functions and regulatory dynamics. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1151-1164. [PMID: 34742853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sine Oculis Homeobox 1 (SIX1) is a member of homeobox transcription factor family having pivotal roles in organismal development and differentiation. This protein functionally acts to regulate the expression of different proteins that are involved in organ development during embryogenesis and in disorders like cancer. Aberrant expression of this homeoprotein has therefore been reported in multiple pathological complexities like hearing impairment and renal anomalies during development and tumorigenesis in adult life. Most of the cellular effects mediated by it are mostly due to its role as a transcription factor. This review presents a concise narrative of its structure, interaction partners and cellular functions vis a vis its role in cancer. We thoroughly discuss the reported molecular mechanisms that govern its function in cellular milieu. Its post-translational regulation by phosphorylation and ubiquitination are also discussed with an emphasis on yet to be explored mechanistic insights regulating its molecular dynamics to fully comprehend its role in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rafiq
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India
| | - Sabreena Aashaq
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar JK-190011, India
| | - Iqra Jan
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India
| | - Mushtaq A Beigh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India.
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Recent advances in PTP1B signaling in metabolism and cancer. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:230148. [PMID: 34726241 PMCID: PMC8630396 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is one of the major post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells and represents a critical regulatory mechanism of a wide variety of signaling pathways. Aberrant protein tyrosine phosphorylation has been linked to various diseases, including metabolic disorders and cancer. Few years ago, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) were considered as tumor suppressors, able to block the signals emanating from receptor tyrosine kinases. However, recent evidence demonstrates that misregulation of PTPs activity plays a critical role in cancer development and progression. Here, we will focus on PTP1B, an enzyme that has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity through the regulation of insulin and leptin signaling, and with a promoting role in the development of different types of cancer through the activation of several pro-survival signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the molecular aspects that support the crucial role of PTP1B in different cellular processes underlying diabetes, obesity and cancer progression, and its visualization as a promising therapeutic target.
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Liu ZK, Li C, Zhang RY, Wei D, Shang YK, Yong YL, Kong LM, Zheng NS, Liu K, Lu M, Liu M, Hu CX, Yang XZ, Chen ZN, Bian H. EYA2 suppresses the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via SOCS3-mediated blockade of JAK/STAT signaling. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:79. [PMID: 34044846 PMCID: PMC8157759 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic mutations are involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, but the genetic mechanism associated to hepatocarcinogenesis remains poorly understood. We report that Eyes absent homolog 2 (EYA2) suppresses the HCC progression, while EYA2(A510E) mutation identified by exome sequencing attenuates the tumor-inhibiting effect of EYA2. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed on six pairs of human HCC primary tumors and matched adjacent tissues. Focusing on EYA2, expression level of EYA2 in human HCC samples was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Loss- and gain-of-function studies, hepatocyte-specific deletion of EYA2 (Eya2-/-) in mice and RNA sequencing analysis were used to explore the functional effect and mechanism of EYA2 on HCC cell growth and metastasis. EYA2 methylation status was evaluated using Sequenom MassARRAY and publicly available data analysis. RESULTS A new somatic mutation p.Ala510Glu of EYA2 was identified in HCC tissues. The expression of EYA2 was down-regulated in HCC and associated with tumor size (P = 0.001), Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage (P = 0.016) and tumor differentiation (P = 0.048). High level of EYA2 was correlated with a favorable prognosis in HCC patients (P = 0.003). Results from loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments suggested that knockdown of EYA2 enhanced, while overexpression of EYA2 attenuated, the proliferation, clone formation, invasion, and migration of HCC cells in vitro. Delivery of EYA2 gene had a therapeutic effect on inhibition of orthotopic liver tumor in nude mice. However, EYA2(A510E) mutation led to protein degradation by unfolded protein response, thus weakening the inhibitory function of EYA2. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of EYA2 in mice dramatically promoted diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC development. EYA2 was also down-regulated in HCC by aberrant CpG methylation. Mechanically, EYA2 combined with DACH1 to transcriptionally regulate SOCS3 expression, thus suppressing the progression of HCC via SOCS3-mediated blockade of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS In our study, we identified and validated EYA2 as a tumor suppressor gene in HCC, providing a new insight into HCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Kun Liu
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Can Li
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ren-Yu Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ding Wei
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu-Kui Shang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu-Le Yong
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ling-Min Kong
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Nai-Shan Zheng
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Meng Lu
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Man Liu
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Cai-Xia Hu
- Oncology and Hepatobiliary Minimally Invasive Interventional Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Yang
- Oncology and Hepatobiliary Minimally Invasive Interventional Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Huijie Bian
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Roychoudhury K, Hegde RS. The Eyes Absent Proteins: Unusual HAD Family Tyrosine Phosphatases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083925. [PMID: 33920226 PMCID: PMC8069645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) class of protein phosphatases, with a particular emphasis on an unusual group of enzymes, the eyes absent (EYA) family. EYA proteins have the unique distinction of being structurally and mechanistically classified as HAD enzymes, yet, unlike other HAD phosphatases, they are protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Further, the EYA proteins are unique among the 107 classical PTPs in the human genome because they do not use a Cysteine residue as a nucleophile in the dephosphorylation reaction. We will provide an overview of HAD phosphatase structure-function, describe unique features of the EYA family and their tyrosine phosphatase activity, provide a brief summary of the known substrates and cellular functions of the EYA proteins, and speculate about the evolutionary origins of the EYA family of proteins.
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9
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Viaut C, Weldon S, Münsterberg A. Fine-tuning of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network by multiple microRNAs controls embryo myogenesis. Dev Biol 2021; 469:68-79. [PMID: 33080252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding RNAs, which act post-transcriptionally to regulate gene expression, are of widespread significance during development and disease, including muscle disease. Advances in sequencing technology and bioinformatics led to the identification of a large number of miRNAs in vertebrates and other species, however, for many of these miRNAs specific roles have not yet been determined. LNA in situ hybridisation has revealed expression patterns of somite-enriched miRNAs, here we focus on characterising the functions of miR-128. We show that antagomiR-mediated knockdown (KD) of miR-128 in developing chick somites has a negative impact on skeletal myogenesis. Computational analysis identified the transcription factor EYA4 as a candidate target consistent with the observation that miR-128 and EYA4 display similar expression profiles. Luciferase assays confirmed that miR-128 interacts with the EYA4 3'UTR. In vivo experiments also suggest that EYA4 is regulated by miR-128. EYA4 is a member of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH (PSED) network of transcription factors. Therefore, we identified additional candidate miRNA binding sites in the 3'UTR of SIX1/4, EYA1/2/3 and DACH1. Using the miRanda algorithm, we found sites for miR-128, as well as for other myogenic miRNAs, miR-1a, miR-206 and miR-133a, some of these were experimentally confirmed as functional miRNA target sites. Our results reveal that miR-128 is involved in regulating skeletal myogenesis by directly targeting EYA4 with indirect effects on other PSED members, including SIX4 and PAX3. Hence, the inhibitory effect on myogenesis observed after miR-128 knockdown was rescued by concomitant knockdown of PAX3. Moreover, we show that the PSED network of transcription factors is co-regulated by multiple muscle-enriched microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Viaut
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Shannon Weldon
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Photoperiod-Specific Expression of Eyes Absent 3 Splice Variant in the Pars Tuberalis of the Japanese Quail. J Poult Sci 2021; 58:64-69. [PMID: 33519288 PMCID: PMC7837804 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0190135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying photoperiodic response in seasonal breeding animals such as the Japanese quail, red jungle fowl, sheep, mouse, and hamster involves thyroid-stimulating hormone beta subunit (TSHβ) mRNA expression in the pars tuberalis stimulated by the extension in day length. Furthermore, this mechanism is regulated by eyes absent 3 (Eya3) in mammals. Even in birds, the expression of both TSHβ and EYA3 is induced in the pars tuberalis by the extension in day length; however, the relationship between the two genes is unknown. To clarify the function of EYA3 in quail photoperiodism, in the present study, we performed mRNA structure analysis of the Japanese quail EYA3 mRNA using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blot analysis. The results revealed that there are four types of splice variants within regions of exons 7, 8, and 9 of quail EYA3 mRNA. Among the four splice variants of quail EYA3, the splice variant containing exon 7 was expressed in the pars tuberalis on the first long day, when quails were transferred from the short-day condition to the long-day condition. The results indicate that EYA3 splice variant containing exon 7 is involved in the photoperiodic response of the pars tuberalis in the Japanese quail.
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11
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Hegde RS, Roychoudhury K, Pandey RN. The multi-functional eyes absent proteins. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:372-385. [PMID: 32727223 PMCID: PMC7727457 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1796922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Eyes Absent (EYA) proteins are the only known instance of a single polypeptide housing the following three separable biochemical activities: tyrosine phosphatase, threonine phosphatase, and transactivation. This uniquely positions the EYAs to participate in both transcriptional regulation and signal transduction pathways. But it also complicates the assignment of biological roles to individual biochemical activities through standard loss-of-function experiments. Nevertheless, there is an emerging literature linking developmental and pathological functions with the various EYA activities, and a growing list of disease states that might benefit from EYA-targeted therapeutics. There also remain multiple unresolved issues with significant implications for our understanding of how the EYAs might impact such ubiquitous signaling cascades as the MYC and Notch pathways. This review will describe the unique juxtaposition of biochemical activities in the EYAs, their interaction with signaling pathways and cellular processes, emerging evidence of roles in disease states, and the feasibility of therapeutic targeting of individual EYA activities. We will focus on the phosphatase activities of the vertebrate EYA proteins and will examine the current state of knowledge regarding: • substrates and signaling pathways affected by the EYA tyrosine phosphatase activity; • modes of regulation of the EYA tyrosine phosphatase activity; • signaling pathways that implicate the threonine phosphatase activity of the EYAs including a potential interaction with PP2A-B55α; • the interplay between the two phosphatase activities and the transactivation function of the EYAs; • disease states associated with the EYAs and the current state of development of EYA-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi S. Hegde
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Kaushik Roychoudhury
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Ram Naresh Pandey
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati OH 45229
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Ramos S, Chelemen F, Pagone V, Elshaer N, Irles P, Piulachs MD. Eyes absent in the cockroach panoistic ovaries regulates proliferation and differentiation through ecdysone signalling. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 123:103407. [PMID: 32417417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eyes absent (Eya), is a protein structurally conserved from hydrozoans to humans, for which two basic roles have been reported: it can act as a transcription cofactor and as a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Eya was discovered in the fly Drosophila melanogaster in relation to its function in eye development, and the same function was later reported in other insects. Eya is also involved in insect oogenesis, although studies in this sense are limited to D. melanogaster, which has meroistic ovaries, and where eya mutations abolish gonad formation. In the present work we studied the function of eya in the panoistic ovary of the cockroach Blattella germanica. We show that eya is essential for correct development of panoistic ovaries. In B. germanica, eya acts at different level and in a distinct way in the germarium and the vitellarium. In the germarium, eya contributes to maintain the correct number of somatic and germinal cells by regulating the expression of steroidogenic genes in the ovary. In the vitellarium, eya facilitates follicle cells proliferation and contributes to regulate the cell program, in the context of basal ovarian follicle maturation. Thus, eya-depleted females of B. germanica arrest the growth and maturation of basal ovarian follicles and become sterile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramos
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Chelemen
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Pagone
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Elshaer
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - P Irles
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Ciencias Agronomicas y Veterinarias, Universidad de O'Higgins, Chile
| | - M D Piulachs
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Schmidt CR, Achille NJ, Kuntimaddi A, Boulton AM, Leach BI, Zhang S, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Bushweller JH. BCOR Binding to MLL-AF9 Is Essential for Leukemia via Altered EYA1, SIX, and MYC Activity. Blood Cancer Discov 2020; 1:162-177. [PMID: 32954361 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MLL is a target of chromosomal translocations in acute leukemias with poor prognosis. The common MLL fusion partner AF9 (MLLT3) can directly bind to AF4, DOT1L, BCOR, and CBX8. To delineate the relevance of BCOR and CBX8 binding to MLL-AF9 for leukemogenesis, here we determine protein structures of AF9 complexes with CBX8 and BCOR, and show that binding of all four partners to AF9 is mutually exclusive. Using the structural analyses, we identify point mutations that selectively disrupt AF9 interactions with BCOR and CBX8. In bone marrow stem/progenitor cells expressing point mutant CBX8 or point mutant MLL-AF9, we show that disruption of direct CBX8/MLL-AF9 binding does not impact in vitro cell proliferation, whereas loss of direct BCOR/MLL-AF9 binding causes partial differentiation and increased proliferation. Strikingly, loss of MLL-AF9/BCOR binding abrogated its leukemogenic potential in a mouse model. The MLL-AF9 mutant deficient for BCOR binding reduces the expression of the EYA1 phosphatase and the protein level of c-Myc. Reduction in BCOR binding to MLL-AF9 alters a MYC-driven gene expression program, as well as altering expression of SIX-regulated genes, likely contributing to the observed reduction in the leukemia-initiating cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Nicholas J Achille
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Aravinda Kuntimaddi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Adam M Boulton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Benjamin I Leach
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Shubin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Nancy J Zeleznik-Le
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - John H Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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14
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EYES ABSENT and TIMELESS integrate photoperiodic and temperature cues to regulate seasonal physiology in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15293-15304. [PMID: 32541062 PMCID: PMC7334534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004262117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracting information regarding calendar time from seasonal changes in photoperiod and temperature is critical for organisms to maintain annual cycles in physiology and behavior. Here we found that, in flies, EYES ABSENT (EYA) protein acts as a seasonal sensor by adjusting its abundance and phase in response to changes in photoperiod and temperature. We show that the manipulation of EYA levels is sufficient to impair the ability of female Drosophila to regulate seasonal variation in reproductive dormancy. Finally, our results suggest an important role for the circadian clock protein TIMELESS (TIM) in modulating EYA level through its ability to measure night length, linking the circadian clock to seasonal timing. Organisms possess photoperiodic timing mechanisms to detect variations in day length and temperature as the seasons progress. The nature of the molecular mechanisms interpreting and signaling these environmental changes to elicit downstream neuroendocrine and physiological responses are just starting to emerge. Here, we demonstrate that, in Drosophila melanogaster, EYES ABSENT (EYA) acts as a seasonal sensor by interpreting photoperiodic and temperature changes to trigger appropriate physiological responses. We observed that tissue-specific genetic manipulation of eya expression is sufficient to disrupt the ability of flies to sense seasonal cues, thereby altering the extent of female reproductive dormancy. Specifically, we observed that EYA proteins, which peak at night in short photoperiod and accumulate at higher levels in the cold, promote reproductive dormancy in female D. melanogaster. Furthermore, we provide evidence indicating that the role of EYA in photoperiodism and temperature sensing is aided by the stabilizing action of the light-sensitive circadian clock protein TIMELESS (TIM). We postulate that increased stability and level of TIM at night under short photoperiod together with the production of cold-induced and light-insensitive TIM isoforms facilitate EYA accumulation in winter conditions. This is supported by our observations that tim null mutants exhibit reduced incidence of reproductive dormancy in simulated winter conditions, while flies overexpressing tim show an increased incidence of reproductive dormancy even in long photoperiod.
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15
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Morín M, Borreguero L, Booth KT, Lachgar M, Huygen P, Villamar M, Mayo F, Barrio LC, Santos Serrão de Castro L, Morales C, Del Castillo I, Arellano B, Tellería D, Smith RJH, Azaiez H, Moreno Pelayo MA. Insights into the pathophysiology of DFNA10 hearing loss associated with novel EYA4 variants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6213. [PMID: 32277154 PMCID: PMC7148344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutational spectrum of many genes and their contribution to the global prevalence of hereditary hearing loss is still widely unknown. In this study, we have performed the mutational screening of EYA4 gene by DHLPC and NGS in a large cohort of 531 unrelated Spanish probands and one Australian family with autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL). In total, 9 novel EYA4 variants have been identified, 3 in the EYA4 variable region (c.160G > T; p.Glu54*, c.781del; p.Thr261Argfs*34 and c.1078C > A; p.Pro360Thr) and 6 in the EYA-HR domain (c.1107G > T; p.Glu369Asp, c.1122G > T; p.Trp374Cys, c.1281G > A; p.Glu427Glu, c.1282-1G > A, c.1601C > G; p.S534* and an heterozygous copy number loss encompassing exons 15 to 17). The contribution of EYA4 mutations to ADNSHL in Spain is, therefore, very limited (~1.5%, 8/531). The pathophysiology of some of these novel variants has been explored. Transient expression of the c-myc-tagged EYA4 mutants in mammalian COS7 cells revealed absence of expression of the p.S534* mutant, consistent with a model of haploinsufficiency reported for all previously described EYA4 truncating mutations. However, normal expression pattern and translocation to the nucleus were observed for the p.Glu369Asp mutant in presence of SIX1. Complementary in silico analysis suggested that c.1107G > T (p.Glu369Asp), c.1281G > A (p.Glu427Glu) and c.1282-1G > A variants alter normal splicing. Minigene assays in NIH3T3 cells further confirmed that all 3 variants caused exon skipping resulting in frameshifts that lead to premature stop codons. Our study reports the first likely pathogenic synonymous variant linked to DFNA10 and provide further evidence for haploinsufficiency as the common underlying disease-causing mechanism for DFNA10-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Morín
- Servicio de Genética, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS) and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Borreguero
- Servicio de Genética, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS) and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin T Booth
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - María Lachgar
- Servicio de Genética, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS) and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Huygen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Manuela Villamar
- Servicio de Genética, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS) and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Mayo
- Servicio de Genética, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS) and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carlos Barrio
- Departamento de Investigación, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Unidad de Neurología Experimental, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciana Santos Serrão de Castro
- Servicio de Genética, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS) and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Morales
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Del Castillo
- Servicio de Genética, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS) and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Arellano
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, 28922, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Tellería
- Servicio de Genética, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS) and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard J H Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Hela Azaiez
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - M A Moreno Pelayo
- Servicio de Genética, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS) and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28034, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Maire P, Dos Santos M, Madani R, Sakakibara I, Viaut C, Wurmser M. Myogenesis control by SIX transcriptional complexes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:51-64. [PMID: 32247726 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SIX homeoproteins were first described in Drosophila, where they participate in the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach (PSED) network with eyeless, eyes absent and dachsund to drive synergistically eye development through genetic and biochemical interactions. The role of the PSED network and SIX proteins in muscle formation in vertebrates was subsequently identified. Evolutionary conserved interactions with EYA and DACH proteins underlie the activity of SIX transcriptional complexes (STC) both during embryogenesis and in adult myofibers. Six genes are expressed throughout muscle development, in embryonic and adult proliferating myogenic stem cells and in fetal and adult post-mitotic myofibers, where SIX proteins regulate the expression of various categories of genes. In vivo, SIX proteins control many steps of muscle development, acting through feedforward mechanisms: in the embryo for myogenic fate acquisition through the direct control of Myogenic Regulatory Factors; in adult myofibers for their contraction/relaxation and fatigability properties through the control of genes involved in metabolism, sarcomeric organization and calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, during development and in the adult, SIX homeoproteins participate in the genesis and the maintenance of myofibers diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Maire
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France.
| | | | - Rouba Madani
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Iori Sakakibara
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Camille Viaut
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Maud Wurmser
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå universitet, Sweden
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17
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Sousounis K, Bryant DM, Martinez Fernandez J, Eddy SS, Tsai SL, Gundberg GC, Han J, Courtemanche K, Levin M, Whited JL. Eya2 promotes cell cycle progression by regulating DNA damage response during vertebrate limb regeneration. eLife 2020; 9:51217. [PMID: 32142407 PMCID: PMC7093111 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
How salamanders accomplish progenitor cell proliferation while faithfully maintaining genomic integrity and regenerative potential remains elusive. Here we found an innate DNA damage response mechanism that is evident during blastema proliferation (early- to late-bud) and studied its role during tissue regeneration by ablating the function of one of its components, Eyes absent 2. In eya2 mutant axolotls, we found that DNA damage signaling through the H2AX histone variant was deregulated, especially within the proliferating progenitors during limb regeneration. Ultimately, cell cycle progression was impaired at the G1/S and G2/M transitions and regeneration rate was reduced. Similar data were acquired using acute pharmacological inhibition of the Eya2 phosphatase activity and the DNA damage checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 in wild-type axolotls. Together, our data indicate that highly-regenerative animals employ a robust DNA damage response pathway which involves regulation of H2AX phosphorylation via Eya2 to facilitate proper cell cycle progression upon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sousounis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,The Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, United States
| | - Donald M Bryant
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jose Martinez Fernandez
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Samuel S Eddy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston, United States
| | - Stephanie L Tsai
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Gregory C Gundberg
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,The Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, United States
| | - Jihee Han
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Katharine Courtemanche
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Michael Levin
- The Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, United States.,Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, United States
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,The Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, United States.,The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
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18
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Yu S, Yi M, Xu L, Qin S, Li A, Wu K. CXCL1 as an Unfavorable Prognosis Factor Negatively Regulated by DACH1 in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1515. [PMID: 31998654 PMCID: PMC6966305 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interaction between cancer cells with microenvironment is essential for cancer progression, therapeutic resistance and prognosis. Chemokine CXCL1 shows variable roles in the development of cancers. DACH1 has been considered as a tumor suppressor and represses the expressions of several chemokines. The relationship between CXCL1 and DACH1 in non-small cell lung cancer (SCLC) deserves further investigation. Methods: Immunohistochemistry staining was performed on tumor tissue microarrays from lung cancer patients to detect CXCL1 protein. The CXCL1 concentration in the serum of adenocarcinoma patients was measured by ELISA. The CXCL1 protein secreted by cancer cell lines was detected by SearchLight proteome array and human cytokine antibody array. The meta-analysis of CXCL1 expression form public databases was performed and correlation between CXCL1 and DACH1 was analyzed. Moreover, the association between clinicopathological features and prognosis with CXCL1 and DACH1 was analyzed by tissue array and KM-plotter from public database. Results: The protein abundance of CXCL1 in lung cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues. CXCL1 was closely related to TNM stage, tumor size, and lymph node metastasis and predicted worse overall survival in adenocarcinoma. The level of CXCL1 in the peripheral blood of adenocarcinoma patients also significantly elevated and positively related with clinical stage. The meta-analysis demonstrated that CXCL1 mRNA level was increased in lung cancer tissues and high level of CXCL1 indicated tumor progression in lung adenocarcinoma. In addition, public database analyses showed that CXCL1 negatively correlated with DACH1. Stable overexpressing DACH1 in cultured lung cancer cells remarkably decreased CXCL1 protein. Moreover, ectopic expression of DACH1 significantly inhibited the expression of CXCL1, Ki67, and cyclin D1 in tumor tissues compared with A549 cells with empty vector. Survival analysis showed that high CXCL1 and low DACH1 indicated poor overall survival and progression-free survival. Conclusion: CXCL1 is closely associated with tumor progression and poor survival. DACH1 significantly inhibits the expression of CXCL1 and indicates good prognosis. Therefore, combined detection of CXCL1 and DACH1 could more precisely predict prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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19
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Sánchez-Aragón M, Cantisán-Gómez J, Luque CM, Brás-Pereira C, Lopes CS, Lemos MC, Casares F. A Toggle-Switch and a Feed-Forward Loop Engage in the Control of the Drosophila Retinal Determination Gene Network. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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20
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Brandt JP, Rossillo M, Du Z, Ichikawa D, Barnes K, Chen A, Noyes M, Bao Z, Ringstad N. Lineage context switches the function of a C. elegans Pax6 homolog in determining a neuronal fate. Development 2019; 146:dev168153. [PMID: 30890567 PMCID: PMC6503985 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The sensory nervous system of C. elegans comprises cells with varied molecular and functional characteristics, and is, therefore, a powerful model for understanding mechanisms that generate neuronal diversity. We report here that VAB-3, a C. elegans homolog of the homeodomain-containing protein Pax6, has opposing functions in regulating expression of a specific chemosensory fate. A homeodomain-only short isoform of VAB-3 is expressed in BAG chemosensory neurons, where it promotes gene expression and cell function. In other cells, a long isoform of VAB-3, comprising a Paired homology domain and a homeodomain, represses expression of ETS-5, a transcription factor required for expression of BAG fate. Repression of ets-5 requires the Eyes Absent homolog EYA-1 and the Six-class homeodomain protein CEH-32. We determined sequences that mediate high-affinity binding of ETS-5, VAB-3 and CEH-32. The ets-5 locus is enriched for ETS-5-binding sites but lacks sequences that bind VAB-3 and CEH-32, suggesting that these factors do not directly repress ets-5 expression. We propose that a promoter-selection system together with lineage-specific expression of accessory factors allows VAB-3/Pax6 to either promote or repress expression of specific cell fates in a context-dependent manner. This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Brandt
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mary Rossillo
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zhuo Du
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Ichikawa
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kristopher Barnes
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Allison Chen
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marcus Noyes
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Niels Ringstad
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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21
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Kingsbury TJ, Kim M, Civin CI. Regulation of cancer stem cell properties by SIX1, a member of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:1-42. [PMID: 30691681 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network (PSEDN) is a central developmental transcriptional regulatory network from Drosophila to humans. The PSEDN is comprised of four conserved protein families; including paired box (PAX), sine oculis (SIX), eyes absent (EYA), and dachshund (DACH). Aberrant expression of PSEDN members, particularly SIX1, has been observed in multiple human cancers, where SIX1 expression correlates with increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis. In conjunction with its transcriptional activator EYA, the SIX1 transcription factor increases cancer stem cell (CSC) numbers and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). SIX1 promotes multiple hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer via regulation of cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, genome stability, and energy metabolism. SIX1 also influences the tumor microenvironment, enhancing recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages and stimulating angiogenesis, to promote tumor development and progression. EYA proteins are multifunctional, possessing a transcriptional activation domain and tyrosine phosphatase activity, that each contributes to cancer stem cell properties. DACH proteins function as tumor suppressors in solid cancers, opposing the actions of SIX-EYA and reducing CSC prevalence. Multiple mechanisms can lead to increased SIX1 expression, including loss of SIX1-targeting tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRs), whose expression correlates inversely with SIX1 expression in cancer patient samples. In this review, we discuss the major mechanisms by which SIX1 confers CSC and EMT features and other important cancer cell characteristics. The roles of EYA and DACH in CSCs and cancer progression are briefly highlighted. Finally, we summarize the clinical significance of SIX1 in cancer to emphasize the potential therapeutic benefits of effective strategies to disrupt PSEDN protein interactions and functions.
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22
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Zhu X, Chen L, Lin J. miR-219a-5p represses migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via targeting EYA2. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S1004-S1010. [PMID: 30449183 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1525391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
EYA2 is the developmental transcription factor and phosphatase, playing an important role in numerous species in regulating cell death and differentiation. Recent studies showed that EYA2 is dysregulated and involved in the progression of various cancers. However, the expression and role of EYA2 in osteosarcoma remains unclear. Here, we found that EYA2 expression was evidently upregulated osteosarcoma (OS) tissue and cell lines. Next, we predicted EYA2-targeting miRNAs, which was further evaluated using a dual luciferase reporter assay. We found that miR-219a-5p significantly repressed EYA2 expression via binding to the 3'-UTR of EYA2. Furthermore, overexpressed miR-219a-5p significantly repressed OS cell invasion and migration, which was reversed by overexpressed EYA2. While silenced miR-219a-5p induced OS cell invasion and migration, which was reversed by silenced EYA2. In conclusion, our study revealed that miR-219a-5p function as tumour suppressor regulates OS cell invasiveness by repressing EYA2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitian Zhu
- a Department of Orthopaedic , The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , Fujian Province , China
| | - Lei Chen
- a Department of Orthopaedic , The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , Fujian Province , China
| | - Jianhua Lin
- a Department of Orthopaedic , The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , Fujian Province , China
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23
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Lee EJ, Kim M, Kim YD, Chung MJ, Elfadl A, Ulah HMA, Park D, Lee S, Park HS, Kim TH, Hwang D, Jeong KS. Establishment of stably expandable induced myogenic stem cells by four transcription factors. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1092. [PMID: 30361642 PMCID: PMC6202407 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Life-long regeneration of healthy muscle by cell transplantation is an ideal therapy for patients with degenerative muscle diseases. Yet, obtaining muscle stem cells from patients is very limited due to their exhaustion in disease condition. Thus, development of a method to obtain healthy myogenic stem cells is required. Here, we showed that the four transcription factors, Six1, Eya1, Esrrb, and Pax3, converts fibroblasts into induced myogenic stem cells (iMSCs). The iMSCs showed effective differentiation into multinucleated myotubes and also higher proliferation capacity than muscle derived stem cells both in vitro and in vivo. The iMSCs do not lose their proliferation capacity though the passaging number is increased. We further isolated CD106-negative and α7-integrin-positive iMSCs (sort-iMSCs) showing higher myogenic differentiation capacity than iMSCs. Moreover, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of iMSCs and sort-iMSCs, followed by network analysis, revealed the genes and signaling pathways associated with enhanced proliferation and differentiation capacity of iMSCs and sort-iMSCs, respectively. The stably expandable iMSCs provide a new source for drug screening and muscle regenerative therapy for muscle wasting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyung Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Deuk Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Chung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Elfadl
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - H M Arif Ulah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsu Park
- Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Skeletal Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sunray Lee
- Cell Engineering for Origin Research Center 45-13, Ujeongguk-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03150, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Park
- Cell Engineering for Origin Research Center 45-13, Ujeongguk-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03150, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.,Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea. .,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Wang J, Zou Y, Wu X, Chen M, Zhang S, Lu X, Wang Q. DACH1 inhibits glioma invasion and tumor growth via the Wnt/catenin pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5853-5863. [PMID: 30271168 PMCID: PMC6149903 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s168314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Glioma is the most common and malignant nervous system tumor and is associated with high-grade malignancy and high recurrence. The mammalian Dachshund1 (DACH1) is a recognized anti-tumor site and has low expression in several malignant tumors, including glioma. We designed and conducted this study to further determine the mechanism of DACH1 in glioma. Patients and methods The data collected from specimens of patients with glioma from GSE16011 and REMBRANDT databases were analyzed. The effect of DACH1 on proliferation, migration, and invasion of U87 and U251 cell lines was analyzed in vitro. The symbol targets of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were also evaluated through Western blot. Results DACH1 deficiency was found in glioma tissues, and the DACH1 level was negatively correlated with the tumor malignancy. DACH1 overexpression inhibited the tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion. High expression of DACH1 also dampened the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway partly led to the limited proliferation in glioma cells. Conclusion Downregulation of DACH1 was related to the malignancy and poor prognosis of patients with glioma, and DACH1 overexpression inhibited the tumor proliferation via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These findings might assist in the discovery of novel potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for DACH1, thereby reducing the malignancy and recurrence of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Wuxi No 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yan Zou
- Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Wuxi No 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xuechao Wu
- Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Wuxi No 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
| | - Mu Chen
- Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Wuxi No 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Wuxi No 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Wuxi No 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qing Wang
- Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Wuxi No 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
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25
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Zheng J, Cao F, Huang X, Ramen K, Xu X, Zhu Y, Chang W, Shan Y, Guo A. Eyes absent homologue 2 predicts a favorable prognosis in colorectal cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4661-4671. [PMID: 30122957 PMCID: PMC6087027 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s164149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Eyes absent homologue 2 (EYA2), which functions as a transcription activator and phosphatase, plays an important role in several types of cancer. However, the impact of EYA2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains elusive. Patients and methods We evaluated the significance of EYA2 expression in the development and progression of CRC in a large cohort, including 922 CRC cases. EYA2 protein expression was determined via immunohistochemistry in colorectal tissues. The correlation between EYA2 expression and CRC occurrence was investigated in tumor tissue and the adjacent normal tissues. Factors contributing to CRC prognosis were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier and Cox model analyses. Results EYA2 expression was progressively lower in the adjacent normal tissue, adenomas, primary tumor and the metastatic CRC (all P<0.05). Furthermore, EYA2 expression had significant associations with disease stage, differentiation grade, and number of resected lymph nodes (all P<0.001). Compared with patients with EYA2-high tumors, those with EYA2-low tumors had shorter disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 2.347; 95% CI, 1.665–3.308) and disease-specific survival (HR, 3.560; 95% CI, 2.055–6.167) in multivariate Cox analysis, after adjusting confounding factors such as tumor-node-metastasis stage and grade. In particular, patients with stage II or III EYA2-low CRC might be harmed by postoperative chemotherapy. Conclusion EYA2 expression was generally reduced in CRC. Higher EYA2 expression can predict a more favorable prognosis for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hosptial, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China, .,Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325015, People's Republic of China,
| | - Fuao Cao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopei Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuvaneshan Ramen
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325015, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Chang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Shan
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325015, People's Republic of China,
| | - Aizhen Guo
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hosptial, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China,
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26
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Baker LR, Weasner BM, Nagel A, Neuman SD, Bashirullah A, Kumar JP. Eyeless/Pax6 initiates eye formation non-autonomously from the peripodial epithelium. Development 2018; 145:dev.163329. [PMID: 29980566 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax6 is considered the master control gene for eye formation because (1) it is present within the genomes and retina/lens of all animals with a visual system; (2) severe retinal defects accompany its loss; (3) Pax6 genes have the ability to substitute for one another across the animal kingdom; and (4) Pax6 genes are capable of inducing ectopic eye/lens in flies and mammals. Many roles of Pax6 were first elucidated in Drosophila through studies of the gene eyeless (ey), which controls both growth of the entire eye-antennal imaginal disc and fate specification of the eye. We show that Ey also plays a surprising role within cells of the peripodial epithelium to control pattern formation. It regulates the expression of decapentaplegic (dpp), which is required for initiation of the morphogenetic furrow in the eye itself. Loss of Ey within the peripodial epithelium leads to the loss of dpp expression within the eye, failure of the furrow to initiate, and abrogation of retinal development. These findings reveal an unexpected mechanism for how Pax6 controls eye development in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Baker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Bonnie M Weasner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Athena Nagel
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Sarah D Neuman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Arash Bashirullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Justin P Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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27
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Luo M, Li Y, Shi X, Yang W, Zhou F, Sun N, He J. Aberrant methylation of EYA4 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1811-1824. [PMID: 29660222 PMCID: PMC5989845 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EYA4, one of the four members of the EYA gene family, is associated with several human cancers. However, its biological functions and molecular mechanisms in the progression of cancer, particularly in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), remain unknown. In the present study, we found that EYA4 was underexpressed and hypermethylated in most of the ESCC cell lines tested (85.7%, 6/7). Treatment with 5‐aza‐dC and/or trichostatin A (TSA) restored EYA4 expression in ESCC cell lines, which indicates that EYA4 expression was epigenetically regulated. Similarly, EYA4 was aberrantly hypermethylated in ESCC tissues (78%, 39/50) and downregulation of EYA4 occurred in approximately 65% of primary ESCC at protein level where it was associated significantly with TNM stage and lymph node metastases. Knockdown of EYA4 in KYSE30 and KYSE70 ESCC cells using small hairpin RNA increased migration and invasive motility in vitro. Conversely, the overexpression of EYA4 in KYSE180 and KYSE450 promoted an epithelial phenotype, which consisted of decreased migration and invasion abilities and a decrease in TGF‐β1‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. Mechanistically, EYA4 overexpression reduced the phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β, which led to the inactivation of slug. In addition, we found that TGF‐β1 decreased EYA4 expression in both a dose‐dependent and a time‐dependent manner in KYSE30 cells, accompanied by an increase in the expression of DNA methyltransferases, especially DNMT3A. In summary, EYA4 is frequently hypermethylated in ESCC and may function as a tumor suppressor gene in the development of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejiao Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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28
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Vartuli RL, Zhou H, Zhang L, Powers RK, Klarquist J, Rudra P, Vincent MY, Ghosh D, Costello JC, Kedl RM, Slansky JE, Zhao R, Ford HL. Eya3 promotes breast tumor-associated immune suppression via threonine phosphatase-mediated PD-L1 upregulation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2535-2550. [PMID: 29757193 DOI: 10.1172/jci96784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eya proteins are critical developmental regulators that are highly expressed in embryogenesis but downregulated after development. Amplification and/or re-expression of Eyas occurs in many tumor types. In breast cancer, Eyas regulate tumor progression by acting as transcriptional cofactors and tyrosine phosphatases. Intriguingly, Eyas harbor a separate threonine (Thr) phosphatase activity, which was previously implicated in innate immunity. Here we describe what we believe to be a novel role for Eya3 in mediating triple-negative breast cancer-associated immune suppression. Eya3 loss decreases tumor growth in immune-competent mice and is associated with increased numbers of infiltrated CD8+ T cells, which, when depleted, reverse the effects of Eya3 knockdown. Mechanistically, Eya3 utilizes its Thr phosphatase activity to dephosphorylate Myc at pT58, resulting in a stabilized form. We show that Myc is required for Eya3-mediated increases in PD-L1, and that rescue of PD-L1 in Eya3-knockdown cells restores tumor progression. Finally, we demonstrate that Eya3 significantly correlates with PD-L1 in human breast tumors, and that tumors expressing high levels of Eya3 have a decreased CD8+ T cell signature. Our data uncover a role for Eya3 in mediating tumor-associated immune suppression, and suggest that its inhibition may enhance checkpoint therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Vartuli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Molecular Biology Program
| | - Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Cancer Biology Program
| | - Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | - Rani K Powers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Computational Bioscience Graduate Program
| | | | - Pratyaydipta Rudra
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melanie Y Vincent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Cancer Biology Program.,Computational Bioscience Graduate Program
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and
| | - Jill E Slansky
- Cancer Biology Program.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and
| | - Rui Zhao
- Molecular Biology Program.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Molecular Biology Program.,Cancer Biology Program.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
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29
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Mo SJ, Hou X, Hao XY, Cai JP, Liu X, Chen W, Chen D, Yin XY. EYA4 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth and invasion by suppressing NF-κB-dependent RAP1 transactivation. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2018; 38:9. [PMID: 29764501 PMCID: PMC5993152 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous studies demonstrated that eyes absent homolog 4 (EYA4), a member of the eye development-related EYA family in Drosophila, is frequently methylated and silenced in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens and associated with shorter survival. The current work aimed to explore the mechanisms through which EYA4 functions as a tumor suppressor in HCC. Methods Stable EYA4-expressing plasmid (pEYA4) transfectants of the human HCC cell lines Huh-7 and PLC/PRF/5 (PLC) were established. Xenografts tumors were established via subcutaneous injection of the stable transfectants into BALB/c nude mice. Tissue samples were obtained from 75 pathologically diagnosed HCC patients. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the expression of EYA4 in cell lines, xenografts and clinical specimens. The cell proliferation, colony formation, invasiveness and tumor formation of stable transfectants were studied. A gene expression microarray was utilized to screen genes regulated by EYA4 expression. The effect of EYA4 on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/RAS-related protein 1 (RAP1) signaling was demonstrated through the co-transfection of pEYA4 and Flag-tagged RAS-related protein 1A gene-expressing plasmid (Flag-RAP1A), functional studies, chromatin immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence staining and cellular ubiquitination assay. Results The restoration of EYA4 expression in HCC cell lines suppressed cell proliferation, inhibited clonogenic outgrowth, reduced cell invasion and restrained xenograft tumor growth, and Flag-RAP1A reversed the suppressive effects of pEYA4 in vitro. Activation of NF-κB with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increased the binding of p65 to the RAP1A gene promoter and up-regulated RAP1 protein expression. The inhibition of NF-κB with BAY 11-7085 and p65 siRNA successfully blocked TNF-α-induced RAP1 up-regulation. EYA4 antagonized the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation and ubiquitination of inhibitor of NF-κBα (IκBα) as well as the nuclear translocation and transactivation of p65, resulting in repressed NF-κB activity and RAP1 expression. Blocking the serine/threonine phosphatase activity of EYA4 with calyculin A notably abrogated its suppressive effect on NF-κB activity. In addition, EYA4 expression was inversely correlated with IκBα/RAP1 activity in clinical HCC specimens. Conclusion Our findings provide a functional and mechanistic basis for identifying EYA4 as a bona fide tumor suppressor that disrupts aberrant activation of the NF-κB/RAP1 signaling pathway and thus orchestrates a physiological impediment to HCC growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jing Mo
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xun Hou
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Hao
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Peng Cai
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yin
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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30
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Zhang L, Zhou H, Li X, Vartuli RL, Rowse M, Xing Y, Rudra P, Ghosh D, Zhao R, Ford HL. Eya3 partners with PP2A to induce c-Myc stabilization and tumor progression. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1047. [PMID: 29535359 PMCID: PMC5849647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eya genes encode a unique family of multifunctional proteins that serve as transcriptional co-activators and as haloacid dehalogenase-family Tyr phosphatases. Intriguingly, the N-terminal domain of Eyas, which does not share sequence similarity to any known phosphatases, contains a separable Ser/Thr phosphatase activity. Here, we demonstrate that the Ser/Thr phosphatase activity of Eya is not intrinsic, but arises from its direct interaction with the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-B55α holoenzyme. Importantly, Eya3 alters the regulation of c-Myc by PP2A, increasing c-Myc stability by enabling PP2A-B55α to dephosphorylate pT58, in direct contrast to the previously described PP2A-B56α-mediated dephosphorylation of pS62 and c-Myc destabilization. Furthermore, Eya3 and PP2A-B55α promote metastasis in a xenograft model of breast cancer, opposing the canonical tumor suppressive function of PP2A-B56α. Our study identifies Eya3 as a regulator of PP2A, a major cellular Ser/Thr phosphatase, and uncovers a mechanism of controlling the stability of a critical oncogene, c-Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Xueni Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca L Vartuli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Michael Rowse
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Yongna Xing
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Pratyaydipta Rudra
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
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31
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Mentel M, Ionescu AE, Puscalau-Girtu I, Helm MS, Badea RA, Rizzoli SO, Szedlacsek SE. WDR1 is a novel EYA3 substrate and its dephosphorylation induces modifications of the cellular actin cytoskeleton. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2910. [PMID: 29440662 PMCID: PMC5811557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyes absent (EYA) proteins are unusual proteins combining in a single polypeptide chain transactivation, threonine phosphatase, and tyrosine phosphatase activities. They play pivotal roles in organogenesis and are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes including innate immunity, DNA damage repair or cancer metastasis. The molecular targets of EYA tyrosine phosphatase activity are still elusive. Therefore, we sought to identify novel EYA substrates and also to obtain further insight into the tyrosine-dephosphorylating role of EYA proteins in various cellular processes. We show here that Src kinase phosphorylates tyrosine residues in two human EYA family members, EYA1 and EYA3. Both can autodephosphorylate these residues and their nuclear and cytoskeletal localization seems to be controlled by Src phosphorylation. Next, using a microarray of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides, we identified a phosphopeptide derived from WD-repeat-containing protein 1 (WDR1) that is dephosphorylated by EYA3. We further demonstrated that several tyrosine residues on WDR1 are phosphorylated by Src kinase, and are efficiently dephosphorylated by EYA3, but not by EYA1. The lack of phosphorylation generates major changes to the cellular actin cytoskeleton. We, therefore, conclude that WDR1 is an EYA3-specific substrate, which implies that EYA3 is a key modulator of the cytoskeletal reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Mentel
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 296, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Aura E Ionescu
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 296, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Ioana Puscalau-Girtu
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 296, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Martin S Helm
- Department for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Cluster of Excellence 171, Humboldtalle 23, Göttingen, 37073, Germany.,Max-Planck Research School Molecular Biology, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Rodica A Badea
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 296, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Department for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Cluster of Excellence 171, Humboldtalle 23, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Stefan E Szedlacsek
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 296, Bucharest, 060031, Romania.
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32
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Li Z, Qiu R, Qiu X, Tian T. EYA2 promotes lung cancer cell proliferation by downregulating the expression of PTEN. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110837-110848. [PMID: 29340020 PMCID: PMC5762288 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite advances have been made in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies, the prognosis of lung cancer is still very poor. Eyes absent transcriptional cofactor EYA2 has been shown to promote lung cancer cell growth, however, the underlying molecular mechanism is still not fully understood. In the present study, we found that EYA2 was up-regulated in lung cancer, and EYA2 led to increased cell proliferation by inhibiting Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression via modulation of miR-93. Additionally, survival analysis showed that lung cancer patients with higher EYA2 expression predicted a worse prognosis. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that EYA2 may play an important role in lung cancer occurrence and progression. Targeting EYA2 may provide a feasible approach in developing novel anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ran Qiu
- Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Shangqiu Medical School, Shangqiu, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Identification of novel cis-regulatory elements of Eya1 in Xenopus laevis using BAC recombineering. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15033. [PMID: 29101371 PMCID: PMC5670250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional Eya1 protein plays important roles during the development of cranial sensory organs and ganglia, kidneys, hypaxial muscles and several other organs in vertebrates. Eya1 is encoded by a complex locus with candidate cis-regulatory elements distributed over a 329 kbp wide genomic region in Xenopus. Consequently, very little is currently known about how expression of Eya1 is controlled by upstream regulators. Here we use a library of Xenopus tropicalis genomic sequences in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) to analyze the genomic region surrounding the Eya1 locus for enhancer activity. We used BAC recombineering to first create GFP reporter constructs, which were analysed for enhancer activity by injection into Xenopus laevis embryos. We then used a second round of BAC recombineering to create deletion constructs of these BAC reporters to localize enhancer activity more precisely. This double recombineering approach allowed us to probe a large genomic region for enhancer activity without assumptions on sequence conservation. Using this approach we were able to identify two novel cis-regulatory regions, which direct Eya1 expression to the somites, pharyngeal pouches, the preplacodal ectoderm (the common precursor region of many cranial sensory organs and ganglia), and other ectodermal domains.
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Andersen RE, Lim DA. Forging our understanding of lncRNAs in the brain. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:55-71. [PMID: 29079882 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During both development and adulthood, the human brain expresses many thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and aberrant lncRNA expression has been associated with a wide range of neurological diseases. Although the biological significance of most lncRNAs remains to be discovered, it is now clear that certain lncRNAs carry out important functions in neurodevelopment, neural cell function, and perhaps even diseases of the human brain. Given the relatively inclusive definition of lncRNAs-transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with essentially no protein coding potential-this class of noncoding transcript is both large and very diverse. Furthermore, emerging data indicate that lncRNA genes can act via multiple, non-mutually exclusive molecular mechanisms, and specific functions are difficult to predict from lncRNA expression or sequence alone. Thus, the different experimental approaches used to explore the role of a lncRNA might each shed light upon distinct facets of its overall molecular mechanism, and combining multiple approaches may be necessary to fully illuminate the function of any particular lncRNA. To understand how lncRNAs affect brain development and neurological disease, in vivo studies of lncRNA function are required. Thus, in this review, we focus our discussion upon a small set of neural lncRNAs that have been experimentally manipulated in mice. Together, these examples illustrate how studies of individual lncRNAs using multiple experimental approaches can help reveal the richness and complexity of lncRNA function in both neurodevelopment and diseases of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Andersen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Ray and Dagmar Dolby Regeneration Medicine Building, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB 1037, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Ray and Dagmar Dolby Regeneration Medicine Building, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB 1037, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
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Eya2, a Target Activated by Plzf, Is Critical for PLZF-RARA-Induced Leukemogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00585-16. [PMID: 28416638 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00585-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PLZF is a transcription factor that confers aberrant self-renewal in leukemogenesis, and the PLZF-RARA fusion gene causes acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) through differentiation block. However, the molecular mechanisms of aberrant self-renewal underlying PLZF-mediated leukemogenesis are poorly understood. To investigate these mechanisms, comprehensive expression profiling of mouse hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells transduced with Plzf was performed, which revealed the involvement of a key transcriptional coactivator, Eya2, a target molecule shared by Plzf and PLZF-RARA, in the aberrant self-renewal. Indeed, PLZF-RARA as well as Plzf rendered those cells immortalized through upregulation of Eya2. Eya2 also led to immortalization without differentiation block, while depletion of Eya2 suppressed clonogenicity in cells immortalized by PLZF-RARA without influence on differentiation and apoptosis. Interestingly, cancer outlier profile analysis of human samples of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed a subtype of AML that strongly expressed EYA2 In addition, gene set enrichment analysis of human AML samples, including TCGA data, showed that this subtype of AML was more closely associated with the properties of leukemic stem cells in its gene expression signature than other AMLs. Therefore, EYA2 may be a target for molecular therapy in this subtype of AML, including PLZF-RARA APL.
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Huang S, Jiang MM, Chen GF, Qian K, Gao HH, Guan W, Shi JL, Liu AQ, Liu J, Wang BH, Li YH, Yu L. Epigenetic Silencing of Eyes Absent 4 Gene by Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1-Eight-twenty-one Oncoprotein Contributes to Leukemogenesis in t(8;21) Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:1355-62. [PMID: 27231175 PMCID: PMC4894048 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.182838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1)-eight-twenty-one (ETO) fusion protein generated by the t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation is considered to display a crucial role in leukemogenesis in AML. By focusing on the anti-leukemia effects of eyes absent 4 (EYA4) gene on AML cells, we investigated the biologic and molecular mechanism associated with AML1-ETO expressed in t(8;21) AML. Methods: Qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and Western blotting analysis were used to observe the mRNA and protein expression levels of EYA4 in cell lines. Different plasmids (including mutant plasmids) of dual luciferase reporter vector were built to study the binding status of AML1-ETO to the promoter region of EYA4. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to study the epigenetic silencing mechanism of EYA4. Bisulfite sequencing was applied to detect the methylation status in EYA4 promoter region. The influence of EYA4 gene in the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell clone-forming ability was detected by the technique of Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, and clonogenic assay. Results: EYA4 gene was hypermethylated in AML1-ETO+ patients and its expression was down-regulated by 6-fold in Kasumi-1 and SKNO-1 cells, compared to HL-60 and SKNO-1-siA/E cells, respectively. We demonstrated that AML1-ETO triggered the epigenetic silencing of EYA4 gene by binding at AML1-binding sites and recruiting histone deacetylase 1 and DNA methyltransferases. Enhanced EYA4 expression levels inhibited cellular proliferation and suppressed cell colony formation in AML1-ETO+ cell lines. We also found EYA4 transfection increased apoptosis of Kasumi-1 and SKNO-1 cells by 1.6-fold and 1.4-fold compared to negative control, respectively. Conclusions: Our study identified EYA4 gene as targets for AML1-ETO and indicated it as a novel tumor suppressor gene. In addition, we provided evidence that EYA4 gene might be a novel therapeutic target and a potential candidate for treating AML1-ETO+ t (8;21) AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Huang
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Meng-Meng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, First Hospital Affiliated to The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Guo-Feng Chen
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hong-Hao Gao
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jin-Long Shi
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - An-Qi Liu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bian-Hong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yong-Hui Li
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Yao Z, Darowski K, St-Denis N, Wong V, Offensperger F, Villedieu A, Amin S, Malty R, Aoki H, Guo H, Xu Y, Iorio C, Kotlyar M, Emili A, Jurisica I, Neel BG, Babu M, Gingras AC, Stagljar I. A Global Analysis of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Protein Phosphatase Interactome. Mol Cell 2017; 65:347-360. [PMID: 28065597 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and protein phosphatases comprise protein families that play crucial roles in cell signaling. We used two protein-protein interaction (PPI) approaches, the membrane yeast two-hybrid (MYTH) and the mammalian membrane two-hybrid (MaMTH), to map the PPIs between human RTKs and phosphatases. The resulting RTK-phosphatase interactome reveals a considerable number of previously unidentified interactions and suggests specific roles for different phosphatase families. Additionally, the differential PPIs of some protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and their mutants suggest diverse mechanisms of these PTPs in the regulation of RTK signaling. We further found that PTPRH and PTPRB directly dephosphorylate EGFR and repress its downstream signaling. By contrast, PTPRA plays a dual role in EGFR signaling: besides facilitating EGFR dephosphorylation, it enhances downstream ERK signaling by activating SRC. This comprehensive RTK-phosphatase interactome study provides a broad and deep view of RTK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yao
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Katelyn Darowski
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Nicole St-Denis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Victoria Wong
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | | | - Shahreen Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Ramy Malty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Aoki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Yang Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Caterina Iorio
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew Emili
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada; Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Retinal Expression of the Drosophila eyes absent Gene Is Controlled by Several Cooperatively Acting Cis-regulatory Elements. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006462. [PMID: 27930646 PMCID: PMC5145141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The eyes absent (eya) gene of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a member of an evolutionarily conserved gene regulatory network that controls eye formation in all seeing animals. The loss of eya leads to the complete elimination of the compound eye while forced expression of eya in non-retinal tissues is sufficient to induce ectopic eye formation. Within the developing retina eya is expressed in a dynamic pattern and is involved in tissue specification/determination, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell fate choice. In this report we explore the mechanisms by which eya expression is spatially and temporally governed in the developing eye. We demonstrate that multiple cis-regulatory elements function cooperatively to control eya transcription and that spacing between a pair of enhancer elements is important for maintaining correct gene expression. Lastly, we show that the loss of eya expression in sine oculis (so) mutants is the result of massive cell death and a progressive homeotic transformation of retinal progenitor cells into head epidermis. Activation of a gene requires interactions between enhancer and promoter elements. It has been known for some time that transcription of a gene expressed in a complex pattern or in multiple tissues is regulated by an array of enhancers. Recent studies have also demonstrated that multiple enhancers can regulate a single expression pattern within a single tissue. In this study we asked how the expression pattern of eyes absent (eya) is regulated at the level of the enhancer in the developing retina. We found that several adjacently positioned enhancer elements function cooperatively to control temporal and spatial expression of eya and that the spacing between two of these cis-regulatory elements is important to their function. This study shows the importance of enhancer cooperation and architecture in regulating complex and dynamically changing expression patterns.
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Liu Q, Li A, Tian Y, Liu Y, Li T, Zhang C, Wu JD, Han X, Wu K. The expression profile and clinic significance of the SIX family in non-small cell lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:119. [PMID: 27821176 PMCID: PMC5100270 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SIX family homeobox genes have been demonstrated to be involved in the tumor initiation and progression, but their clinicopathological features and prognostic values in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been well defined. We analyzed relevant datasets and performed a systemic review and a meta-analysis to assess the profile of SIX family members in NSCLC and evaluate their importance as biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of NSCLC. METHODS This meta-analysis included 17 studies with 2358 patients. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated to represent the prognosis of NSCLC with expression of the SIX family genes. Heterogeneity of the ORs and HRs was assessed and quantified using the Cochrane Q and I 2 test. Begg's rank correlation method and Egger's weighted regression method were used to screen for potential publication bias. Bar graphs of representative datasets were plotted to show the correlation between the SIX expression and clinicopathological features of NSCLC. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to validate our prognostic analysis by pooled HR. RESULTS The systematic meta-analysis unveiled that the higher expressions of SIX1-5 were associated with the greater possibility of the tumorigenesis. SIX4 and SIX6 were linked to the lymph node metastasis (LNM). SIX2, SIX3, and SIX4 were correlated with higher TNM stages. Furthermore, the elevated expressions of SIX2, SIX4, and SIX6 predicted poor overall survival (OS) in NSCLC (SIX2: HR = 1.14, 95 % CI, 1.00-1.31; SIX4: HR = 1.39, 95 % CI, 1.16-1.66; SIX6: HR = 1.18, 95 % CI, 1.00-1.38) and poor relapse-free survival (RFS) in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) (SIX2: HR = 1.42, 95 % CI, 1.14-1.77; SIX4: HR = 1.52, 95 % CI, 1.09-2.11; SIX6: HR = 1.25, 95 % CI, 1.01-1.56). CONCLUSIONS Our report demonstrated that the SIX family members play distinct roles in the tumorigenesis of NSCLC and can be potential biomarkers in predicting prognosis of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yijun Tian
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Geriatric, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatric, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Igawa T. Role of protein phosphatases in genitourinary cancers. Int J Urol 2016; 24:16-24. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Igawa
- Department of Urology; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Fukuoka Japan
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Hao XY, Cai JP, Liu X, Chen W, Hou X, Chen D, Lai JM, Liang LJ, Yin XY. EYA4 gene functions as a prognostic marker and inhibits the growth of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2016; 35:70. [PMID: 27469137 PMCID: PMC4966169 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-016-0133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The molecular prognostic markers and carcinogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) have not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of the eyes absent homolog 4 (EYA4) gene in ICC and its biological effects on ICC growth in vitro and in vivo. Methods One hundred twelve patients with ICC who underwent hepatectomy were enrolled in the study. EYA4 mRNA and EYA4 protein levels in ICC and adjacent non-tumoral tissues were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. EYA4 protein levels in ICC cells were determined using western blot analysis. The associations between EYA4 expression and clinicopathologic features of ICC were analyzed. To identify independent prognostic factors, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. The biological effects of EYA4 on ICC cells were evaluated by establishing stable EYA4-overexpressing transfectants in vitro, and EYA4’s effects on tumor growth were evaluated by intra-tumoral injection of EYA4-expressing plasmids in a NOD/SCID murine model of xenograft tumors. Results ICC tissues had significantly lower EYA4 mRNA and protein levels compared with adjacent non-tumoral tissues (both P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that EYA4 protein level, tumor number, adjacent organ invasion, lymph node metastasis, and tumor differentiation were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival and overall survival (all P < 0.05). In vitro, EYA4 overexpression inhibited tumor cell growth, foci formation, and cell invasiveness. In vivo, intra-tumoral injection of EYA4-expressing plasmids significantly inhibited ICC growth in the murine xenograft model compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion EYA4 gene functioned as a molecular prognostic marker in ICC, and its overexpression inhibited tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Hao
- Departments of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Peng Cai
- Departments of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Departments of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Departments of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xun Hou
- Departments of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Departments of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ming Lai
- Departments of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jian Liang
- Departments of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yin
- Departments of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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Retinal Axon Guidance Requires Integration of Eya and the Jak/Stat Pathway into Phosphotyrosine-Based Signaling Circuitries in Drosophila. Genetics 2016; 203:1283-95. [PMID: 27194748 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.185918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator and phosphatase eyes absent (Eya) is dynamically compartmentalized between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Although the nuclear transcriptional circuits within which Eya operates have been extensively characterized, understanding of its cytoplasmic functions and interactions remains limited. Our previous work showed that phosphorylation of Drosophila Eya by the Abelson tyrosine kinase can recruit Eya to the cytoplasm and that eya-abelson interactions are required for photoreceptor axons to project to correct layers in the brain. Based on these observations, we postulated that photoreceptor axon targeting might provide a suitable context for identifying the cytoplasmic signaling cascades with which Eya interacts. Using a dose-sensitive eya misexpression background, we performed an RNA interference-based genetic screen to identify suppressors. Included among the top 10 hits were nonreceptor tyrosine kinases and multiple members of the Jak/Stat signaling network (hop, Stat92E, Socs36E, and Socs44A), a pathway not previously implicated in axon targeting. Individual loss-of-function phenotypes combined with analysis of axonal projections in Stat92E null clones confirmed the importance of photoreceptor autonomous Jak/Stat signaling. Experiments in cultured cells detected cytoplasmic complexes between Eya and Hop, Socs36E and Socs44A; the latter interaction required both the Src homology 2 motif in Socs44A and tyrosine phosphorylated Eya, suggesting direct binding and validating the premise of the screen. Taken together, our data provide new insight into the cytoplasmic phosphotyrosine signaling networks that operate during photoreceptor axon guidance and suggest specific points of interaction with Eya.
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Campagna D, Gasparini F, Franchi N, Vitulo N, Ballin F, Manni L, Valle G, Ballarin L. Transcriptome dynamics in the asexual cycle of the chordate Botryllus schlosseri. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:275. [PMID: 27038623 PMCID: PMC4818882 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We performed an analysis of the transcriptome during the blastogenesis of the chordate Botryllus schlosseri, focusing in particular on genes involved in cell death by apoptosis. The tunicate B. schlosseri is an ascidian forming colonies characterized by the coexistence of three blastogenetic generations: filter-feeding adults, buds on adults, and budlets on buds. Cyclically, adult tissues undergo apoptosis and are progressively resorbed and replaced by their buds originated by asexual reproduction. This is a feature of colonial tunicates, the only known chordates that can reproduce asexually. Results Thanks to a newly developed web-based platform (http://botryllus.cribi.unipd.it), we compared the transcriptomes of the mid-cycle, the pre-take-over, and the take-over phases of the colonial blastogenetic cycle. The platform is equipped with programs for comparative analysis and allows to select the statistical stringency. We enriched the genome annotation with 11,337 new genes; 581 transcripts were resolved as complete open reading frames, translated in silico into amino acid sequences and then aligned onto the non-redundant sequence database. Significant differentially expressed genes were classified within the gene ontology categories. Among them, we recognized genes involved in apoptosis activation, de-activation, and regulation. Conclusions With the current work, we contributed to the improvement of the first released B. schlosseri genome assembly and offer an overview of the transcriptome changes during the blastogenetic cycle, showing up- and down-regulated genes. These results are important for the comprehension of the events underlying colony growth and regression, cell proliferation, colony homeostasis, and competition among different generations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2598-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campagna
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Franchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Ballin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Valle
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
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DACH1 is a novel predictive and prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma as a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8621-34. [PMID: 25940701 PMCID: PMC4496171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell fate determination factor Dachshund (DACH1) functions as a novel suppressor in the progression of various neoplasms. Previous study has suggested that hypermethylation of promoter region was responsible for the reduction of DACH1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and associated with the progression of HCC, but the clinical significance and the exact molecular mechanisms of DACH1 in the progression of HCC remain unclear. In this study, we employed public microarray data analysis and tissue microarrays (TMAs) technologies and showed that DACH1 expression was reduced in HCC even at early stage and associated with the tumor progression. Notably, Kaplan-Meier analysis further indicated DACH1 could be an independent prognostic factor for the overall survival of HCC. Further, mechanistic studies revealed that overexpression of DACH1 inhibited the growth and migration of HCC cell line, which were dependent in part on the inactivation of Wnt pathway via phosphorylation of GSK3β to suppress β-catenin. In agreement, the abundance of DACH1 was inversely correlated with several Wnt target genes. Collectively, our study indicated β-catenin is a novel target of DACH1 in HCC.
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Abstract
Eyes absent (Eya), a protein conserved from plants to humans and best characterized as a transcriptional coactivator, is also the prototype for a novel class of eukaryotic aspartyl protein tyrosine phosphatases. This minireview discusses recent breakthroughs in elucidating the substrates and cellular events regulated by Eya's tyrosine phosphatase function and highlights some of the complexities, new questions, and surprises that have emerged from efforts to understand how Eya's unusual multifunctionality influences developmental regulation and signaling.
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Williams T, Hundertmark M, Nordbeck P, Voll S, Arias-Loza PA, Oppelt D, Mühlfelder M, Schraut S, Elsner I, Czolbe M, Seidlmayer L, Heinze B, Hahner S, Heinze K, Schönberger J, Jakob P, Ritter O. Eya4 Induces Hypertrophy via Regulation of p27kip1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:752-64. [PMID: 26499333 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E193, a heterozygous truncating mutation in the human transcription cofactor Eyes absent 4 (Eya4), causes hearing impairment followed by dilative cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we first show Eya4 and E193 alter the expression of p27(kip1) in vitro, suggesting Eya4 is a negative regulator of p27. Next, we generated transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Eya4 or E193. Luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed Eya4 and E193 bind and regulate p27 expression in a contradictory manner. Activity and phosphorylation status of the downstream molecules casein kinase-2α and histone deacetylase 2 were significantly elevated in Eya4- but significantly reduced in E193-overexpressing animals compared with wild-type littermates. Magnetic resonance imaging and hemodynamic analysis indicate Eya4-overexpression results in an age-dependent development of hypertrophy already under baseline conditions with no obvious functional effects, whereas E193 animals develop onset of dilative cardiomyopathy as seen in human E193 patients. Both cardiac phenotypes were aggravated on pressure overload. Finally, we identified a new heterozygous truncating Eya4 mutation, E215, which leads to similar clinical features of disease and a stable myocardial expression of the mutant protein as seen with E193. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate Eya4/Six1 regulates normal cardiac function via p27/casein kinase-2α/histone deacetylase 2 and indicate that mutations within this transcriptional complex and signaling cascade lead to the development of cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Williams
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Moritz Hundertmark
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Peter Nordbeck
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Sabine Voll
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Paula Anahi Arias-Loza
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Daniel Oppelt
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Melanie Mühlfelder
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Susanna Schraut
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Ines Elsner
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Martin Czolbe
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Lea Seidlmayer
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Britta Heinze
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Stefanie Hahner
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Katrin Heinze
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Jost Schönberger
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Peter Jakob
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Oliver Ritter
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.).
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GAO TANGXIN, ZHENG SHANGYONG, LI QIAN, RAN PENGZHAN, SUN LIJUAN, YUAN YUNCANG, XIAO CHUNJIE. Aberrant hypomethylation and overexpression of the eyes absent homologue 2 suppresses tumor cell growth of human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2333-42. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Kong D, Wu H, Yuan X, Xu H, Zhang C, Wu G, Wu K. Interplay of retinal determination gene network with TGF-β signaling pathway in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Stem Cell Investig 2015; 2:12. [PMID: 27358880 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2015.05.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As a fundamental event in the generation of tissues and organs during embryogenesis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has also been implicated in cancer progression by its ability to alter the plasticity of epithelial cells to acquire invasive properties. Evidence is mounting that ectopic activation of transforming growth factors β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) superfamily members to enhance tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this respect, the Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN), which was identified to govern the normal initiation of the morphogenetic furrow in Drosophila, has now been found to be de-regulated in various types of cancers, and the key members of this network, DACH, SIX, and EYA, have emerged as novel co-regulators of TGF- signaling during EMT. Understanding the molecular mechanism by which RDGN regulates TGF-β/BMP signaling to influence EMT may lead to novel strategies for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Deguang Kong
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hua Wu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xun Yuan
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Gaosong Wu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
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Vincent A, Hong SM, Hu C, Omura N, Young A, Kim H, Yu J, Knight S, Ayars M, Griffith M, Van Seuningen I, Maitra A, Goggins M. Epigenetic silencing of EYA2 in pancreatic adenocarcinomas promotes tumor growth. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2575-87. [PMID: 24810906 PMCID: PMC4058028 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify potentially important genes dysregulated in pancreatic cancer, we analyzed genome-wide transcriptional analysis of pancreatic cancers and normal pancreatic duct samples and identified the transcriptional coactivator, EYA2 (Drosophila Eyes Absent Homologue-2) as silenced in the majority of pancreatic cancers. We investigated the role of epigenetic mechanisms of EYA2 gene silencing in pancreatic cancers, performed in vitro and in vivo proliferation and migration assays to assess the effect of EYA2 silencing on tumor cell growth and metastasis formation, and expression analysis to identify genes transcriptionally regulated by EYA2. We found loss of tumoral Eya2 expression in 63% of pancreatic cancers (120/189 cases). Silencing of EYA2 expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines correlated with promoter methylation and histone deacetylation and was reversible with DNA methyltransferase and HDAC inhibitors. EYA2 knockdown in pancreatic cancer cell lines increased cell proliferation. Compared to parental pancreatic cancer cells, pancreatic cancers stably-expressing EYA2 grew more slowly and had fewer metastases in orthotopic models. The transcriptional changes after stable expression of EYA2 in pancreatic cancer cells included induction of genes in the TGFbeta pathway. Epigenetic silencing of EYA2 is a common event in pancreatic cancers and stable expression EYA2 limits the growth and metastases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Vincent
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Schlosser G. Vertebrate cranial placodes as evolutionary innovations--the ancestor's tale. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:235-300. [PMID: 25662263 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary innovations often arise by tinkering with preexisting components building new regulatory networks by the rewiring of old parts. The cranial placodes of vertebrates, ectodermal thickenings that give rise to many of the cranial sense organs (ear, nose, lateral line) and ganglia, originated as such novel structures, when vertebrate ancestors elaborated their head in support of a more active and exploratory life style. This review addresses the question of how cranial placodes evolved by tinkering with ectodermal patterning mechanisms and sensory and neurosecretory cell types that have their own evolutionary history. With phylogenetic relationships among the major branches of metazoans now relatively well established, a comparative approach is used to infer, which structures evolved in which lineages and allows us to trace the origin of placodes and their components back from ancestor to ancestor. Some of the core networks of ectodermal patterning and sensory and neurosecretory differentiation were already established in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians and were greatly elaborated in the bilaterian ancestor (with BMP- and Wnt-dependent patterning of dorsoventral and anteroposterior ectoderm and multiple neurosecretory and sensory cell types). Rostral and caudal protoplacodal domains, giving rise to some neurosecretory and sensory cells, were then established in the ectoderm of the chordate and tunicate-vertebrate ancestor, respectively. However, proper cranial placodes as clusters of proliferating progenitors producing high-density arrays of neurosecretory and sensory cells only evolved and diversified in the ancestors of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Natural Sciences & Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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