1
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Okabe M, Sato T, Takahashi M, Honjo A, Okawa M, Ishida M, Kukimoto-Niino M, Shirouzu M, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi J. Autism Spectrum Disorder- and/or Intellectual Disability-Associated Semaphorin-5A Exploits the Mechanism by Which Dock5 Signalosome Molecules Control Cell Shape. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3092-3107. [PMID: 38666924 PMCID: PMC11049140 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that includes autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder. Individuals with ASD may exhibit difficulties in social interactions, communication challenges, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests. While genetic mutations in individuals with ASD can either activate or inactivate the activities of the gene product, impacting neuronal morphogenesis and causing symptoms, the underlying mechanism remains to be fully established. Herein, for the first time, we report that genetically conserved Rac1 guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dock5 signalosome molecules control process elongation in the N1E-115 cell line, a model line capable of achieving neuronal morphological changes. The increased elongation phenotypes observed in ASD and intellectual disability (ID)-associated Semaphorin-5A (Sema5A) Arg676-to-Cys [p.R676C] were also mediated by Dock5 signalosome molecules. Indeed, knockdown of Dock5 using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CasRx-based guide(g)RNA specifically recovered the mutated Sema5A-induced increase in process elongation in cells. Knockdown of Elmo2, an adaptor molecule of Dock5, also exhibited similar recovery. Comparable results were obtained when transfecting the interaction region of Dock5 with Elmo2. The activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), one of the primary signal transduction molecules underlying process elongation, was ameliorated by either their knockdown or transfection. These results suggest that the Dock5 signalosome comprises abnormal signaling involved in the process elongation induced by ASD- and ID-associated Sema5A. These molecules could be added to the list of potential therapeutic target molecules for abnormal neuronal morphogenesis in ASD at the molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Okabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.M.)
| | - Takanari Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.M.)
| | - Mikito Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.M.)
| | - Asahi Honjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.M.)
| | - Maho Okawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.M.)
| | - Miki Ishida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.M.)
| | - Mutsuko Kukimoto-Niino
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (M.K.-N.); (M.S.)
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (M.K.-N.); (M.S.)
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.M.)
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (M.K.-N.); (M.S.)
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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2
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Yarychkivska O, Sharmin R, Elkhalil A, Ghose P. Apoptosis and beyond: A new era for programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:14-22. [PMID: 36792437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is crucial for normal development and homeostasis. Our first insights into the genetic regulation of apoptotic cell death came from in vivo studies in the powerful genetic model system of C. elegans. More recently, novel developmental cell death programs occurring both embryonically and post-embryonically, and sex-specifically, have been elucidated. Recent studies in the apoptotic setting have also shed new light on the intricacies of phagocytosis in particular. This review provides a brief historical perspective of the origins of PCD studies in C. elegans, followed by a more detailed description of non-canonical apoptotic and non-apoptotic death programs. We conclude by posing open questions and commenting on our outlook on the future of PCD studies in C. elegans, highlighting the importance of advanced imaging tools and the continued leveraging of C. elegans genetics both with classical and modern cutting-edge approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Piya Ghose
- The University of Texas at Arlington, USA.
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3
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Lindsay-Mosher N, Lusk S, Pearson BJ. Planarians require ced-12/elmo-1 to clear dead cells by excretion through the gut. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113621. [PMID: 38165802 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell corpse removal is a critical component of both development and homeostasis throughout the animal kingdom. Extensive research has revealed many of the mechanisms involved in corpse removal, typically involving engulfment and digestion by another cell; however, the dynamics of cell corpse clearance in adult tissues remain unclear. Here, we track cell death in the adult planarian Schmidtea mediterranea and find that, following light-induced cell death, pigment cell corpses transit to the gut and are excreted from the animal. Gut phagocytes, previously only known to phagocytose food, are required for pigment cells to enter the gut lumen. Finally, we show that the planarian ortholog of ced-12/engulfment and cell motility (ELMO) is required for corpse phagocytosis and removal through the gut. In total, we present a mechanism of cell clearance in an adult organism involving transit of dead cells to the gut, transport into the gut by phagocytes, and physical excretion of debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lindsay-Mosher
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Lusk
- Papé Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Bret J Pearson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON, Canada; Papé Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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4
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Singh N, Jian Li K, Lynn Gordon K. Getting there in one piece: The Rac pathway prevents cell fragmentation in a nonprotrusively migrating leader cell during organogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569642. [PMID: 38106045 PMCID: PMC10723291 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The C. elegans hermaphrodite distal tip cell (DTC) leads gonadogenesis. Loss-of-function mutations in a C. elegans ortholog of the Rac1 GTPase (ced-10) and its GEF complex (ced-5/DOCK180, ced-2/CrkII, ced-12/ELMO) cause gonad migration defects related to directional sensing; we discovered an additional defect class of gonad bifurcation in these mutants. Using genetic approaches, tissue-specific and whole-body RNAi, and in vivo imaging of endogenously tagged proteins and marked cells, we find that loss of Rac1 or its regulators causes the DTC to fragment as it migrates. Both products of fragmentation-the now-smaller DTC and the membranous patch of cellular material-localize important stem cell niche signaling (LAG-2/DSL ligand) and migration (INA-1/integrin subunit alpha) factors to their membranes, but only one retains the DTC nucleus and therefore the ability to maintain gene expression over time. The enucleate patch can lead a bifurcating branch off the gonad arm that grows through germ cell proliferation. Germ cells in this branch differentiate as the patch loses LAG-2 expression. While the nucleus is surprisingly dispensable for aspects of leader cell function, it is required for stem cell niche activity long-term. Prior work found that Rac1-/-;Rac2-/- mouse erythrocytes fragment; in this context, our new findings support the conclusion that maintaining a cohesive but deformable cell is a conserved function of this important cytoskeletal regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Singh
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Karen Jian Li
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kacy Lynn Gordon
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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5
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Venkatachalam T, Mannimala S, Soto MC. CED-5/CED-12 (DOCK/ELMO) can promote and inhibit F-actin formation via distinct motifs that target different GTPases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.04.560868. [PMID: 37873140 PMCID: PMC10592980 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.04.560868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated activation and inhibition of F-actin supports the movements of morphogenesis. Understanding the proteins that regulate F-actin is important, since these proteins are mis-regulated in diseases like cancer. Our studies of C. elegans embryonic epidermal morphogenesis identified the GTPase CED-10/Rac1 as an essential activator of F-actin. However, we need to identify the GEF, or Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factor, that activates CED-10/Rac1 during embryonic cell migrations. The two-component GEF, CED-5/CED-12, is known to activate CED-10/Rac1 to promote cell movements that result in the engulfment of dying cells during embryogenesis, and a later cell migration of the larval Distal Tip Cell. It is believed that CED-5/CED-12 powers cellular movements of corpse engulfment and DTC migration by promoting F-actin formation. Therefore, we tested if CED-5/CED-12 was involved in embryonic migrations, and got a contradictory result. CED-5/CED-12 definitely support embryonic migrations, since their loss led to embryos that died due to failed epidermal cell migrations. However, CED-5/CED-12 inhibited F-actin in the migrating epidermis, the opposite of what was expected for a CED-10 GEF. To address how CED-12/CED-5 could have two opposing effects on F-actin, during corpse engulfment and cell migration, we investigated if CED-12 harbors GAP (GTPase Activating Protein) functions. A candidate GAP region in CED-12 faces away from the CED-5 GEF catalytic region. Mutating a candidate catalytic Arginine in the CED-12 GAP region (R537A) altered the epidermal cell migration function, and not the corpse engulfment function. A candidate GEF region on CED-5 faces towards Rac1/CED-10. Mutating Serine-Arginine in CED-5/DOCK predicted to bind and stabilize Rac1 for catalysis, resulted in loss of both ventral enclosure and corpse engulfment. Genetic and expression studies showed the GEF and GAP functions act on different GTPases. Thus, we propose CED-5/CED-12 support the cycling of multiple GTPases, by using distinct domains, to both promote and inhibit F-actin nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thejasvi Venkatachalam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Sushma Mannimala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Martha C. Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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6
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Flowers S, Kothari R, Torres Cleuren YN, Alcorn MR, Ewe CK, Alok G, Fiallo SL, Joshi PM, Rothman JH. Regulation of defective mitochondrial DNA accumulation and transmission in C. elegans by the programmed cell death and aging pathways. eLife 2023; 12:e79725. [PMID: 37782016 PMCID: PMC10545429 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The heteroplasmic state of eukaryotic cells allows for cryptic accumulation of defective mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA). 'Purifying selection' mechanisms operate to remove such dysfunctional mtDNAs. We found that activators of programmed cell death (PCD), including the CED-3 and CSP-1 caspases, the BH3-only protein CED-13, and PCD corpse engulfment factors, are required in C. elegans to attenuate germline abundance of a 3.1-kb mtDNA deletion mutation, uaDf5, which is normally stably maintained in heteroplasmy with wildtype mtDNA. In contrast, removal of CED-4/Apaf1 or a mutation in the CED-4-interacting prodomain of CED-3, do not increase accumulation of the defective mtDNA, suggesting induction of a non-canonical germline PCD mechanism or non-apoptotic action of the CED-13/caspase axis. We also found that the abundance of germline mtDNAuaDf5 reproducibly increases with age of the mothers. This effect is transmitted to the offspring of mothers, with only partial intergenerational removal of the defective mtDNA. In mutants with elevated mtDNAuaDf5 levels, this removal is enhanced in older mothers, suggesting an age-dependent mechanism of mtDNA quality control. Indeed, we found that both steady-state and age-dependent accumulation rates of uaDf5 are markedly decreased in long-lived, and increased in short-lived, mutants. These findings reveal that regulators of both PCD and the aging program are required for germline mtDNA quality control and its intergenerational transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagen Flowers
- Department of MCD Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
| | - Rushali Kothari
- Department of MCD Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
| | - Yamila N Torres Cleuren
- Department of MCD Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
- Computational Biology Unit, Institute for Informatics, University of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Melissa R Alcorn
- Department of MCD Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
| | - Chee Kiang Ewe
- Department of MCD Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
| | - Geneva Alok
- Department of MCD Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
| | - Samantha L Fiallo
- Department of MCD Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
| | - Pradeep M Joshi
- Department of MCD Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
| | - Joel H Rothman
- Department of MCD Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
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7
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Khalaji A, Yancheshmeh FB, Farham F, Khorram A, Sheshbolouki S, Zokaei M, Vatankhah F, Soleymani-Goloujeh M. Don't eat me/eat me signals as a novel strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20507. [PMID: 37822610 PMCID: PMC10562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stands as one of the prominent global causes of death, with its incidence burden continuously increasing, leading to a substantial rise in mortality rates. Cancer treatment has seen the development of various strategies, each carrying its drawbacks that can negatively impact the quality of life for cancer patients. The challenge remains significant within the medical field to establish a definitive cancer treatment that minimizes complications and limitations. In the forthcoming years, exploring new strategies to surmount the failures in cancer treatment appears to be an unavoidable pursuit. Among these strategies, immunology-based ones hold substantial promise in combatting cancer and immune-related disorders. A particular subset of this approach identifies "eat me" and "Don't eat me" signals in cancer cells, contrasting them with their counterparts in non-cancerous cells. This distinction could potentially mark a significant breakthrough in treating diverse cancers. By delving into signal transduction and engineering novel technologies that utilize distinct "eat me" and "Don't eat me" signals, a valuable avenue may emerge for advancing cancer treatment methodologies. Macrophages, functioning as vital components of the immune system, regulate metabolic equilibrium, manage inflammatory disorders, oversee fibrosis, and aid in the repair of injuries. However, in the context of tumor cells, the overexpression of "Don't eat me" signals like CD47, PD-L1, and beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), an anti-phagocytic subunit of the primary histocompatibility complex class I, enables these cells to evade macrophages and proliferate uncontrollably. Conversely, the presentation of an "eat me" signal, such as Phosphatidylserine (PS), along with alterations in charge and glycosylation patterns on the cellular surface, modifications in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) epitopes, and the exposure of Calreticulin and PS on the outer layer of the plasma membrane represent universally observed changes on the surface of apoptotic cells, preventing phagocytosis from causing harm to adjacent non-tumoral cells. The current review provides insight into how signaling pathways and immune cells either stimulate or obstruct these signals, aiming to address challenges that may arise in future immunotherapy research. A potential solution lies in combination therapies targeting the "eat me" and "Don't eat me" signals in conjunction with other targeted therapeutic approaches. This innovative strategy holds promise as a novel avenue for the future treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Khalaji
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatereh Baharlouei Yancheshmeh
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farham
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Khorram
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shiva Sheshbolouki
- Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Maryam Zokaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beyza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Beyza, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Vatankhah
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Soleymani-Goloujeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Moon B, Yang S, Moon H, Lee J, Park D. After cell death: the molecular machinery of efferocytosis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1644-1651. [PMID: 37612408 PMCID: PMC10474042 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells constituting a multicellular organism die in a variety of ways throughout life, and most of them die via apoptosis under normal conditions. The occurrence of apoptosis is especially prevalent during development and in tissues with a high cellular turnover rate, such as the thymus and bone marrow. Interestingly, although the number of apoptotic cells produced daily is known to be innumerable in a healthy adult human body, apoptotic cells are rarely observed. This absence is due to the existence of a cellular process called efferocytosis that efficiently clears apoptotic cells. Studies over the past decades have focused on how phagocytes are able to remove apoptotic cells specifically, swiftly, and continuously, resulting in defined molecular and cellular events. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the clearance of apoptotic cells at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongjin Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Susumin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
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9
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Yang S, Min C, Moon H, Moon B, Lee J, Jeon J, Kwon H, Jang D, Park D. Internalization of apoptotic cells during efferocytosis requires Mertk-mediated calcium influx. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:391. [PMID: 37391432 PMCID: PMC10313764 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, called efferocytosis, requires calcium inside and outside of phagocytes. Due to its necessity, calcium flux is sophisticatedly modulated, and the level of intracellular calcium in phagocytes is ultimately elevated during efferocytosis. However, the role of elevated intracellular calcium in efferocytosis remains elusive. Here, we report that Mertk-mediated intracellular calcium elevation is necessary for internalization of apoptotic cells during efferocytosis. Drastic depletion of intracellular calcium abrogated the internalization step of efferocytosis by delaying phagocytic cup extension and closure. Especially, the defect of phagocytic cup closure for internalization of apoptotic cells was caused by impaired F-actin disassembly and the attenuated interaction of Calmodulin with myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), leading to diminished myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Genetic and pharmacological impairment of the Calmodulin-MLCK-MLC axis or Mertk-mediated calcium influx also resulted in inefficient efferocytosis due to a defect in internalization of the targets. Taken together, our observations imply that intracellular calcium elevation through Mertk-mediated calcium influx facilitates efferocytosis by inducing myosin II-mediated contraction and F-actin disassembly required for internalization of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Min
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Byeongjin Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Jaeseon Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hagyeong Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Deokyun Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
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10
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Peña-Ramos O, Zhou Z. Measuring the acidification of the phagosomal lumen in live C. elegans embryos. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102332. [PMID: 37270784 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In metazoans, the acidification of the phagosomal lumen is essential for the efficient degradation of cargoes. Here, we present a protocol for measuring the rate of acidification inside phagosomal lumen containing apoptotic cells in living C. elegans embryos. We describe steps for generating a worm population, selecting embryos, and mounting embryos on agar pads. We then detail live imaging of embryos and data analysis. This protocol is applicable to any organism in which real-time fluorescence imaging can be performed. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Pena-Ramos et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Peña-Ramos
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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Kuang X, Guan G, Tang C, Zhang L. MorphoSim: an efficient and scalable phase-field framework for accurately simulating multicellular morphologies. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:6. [PMID: 36806172 PMCID: PMC9938209 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The phase field model can accurately simulate the evolution of microstructures with complex morphologies, and it has been widely used for cell modeling in the last two decades. However, compared to other cellular models such as the coarse-grained model and the vertex model, its high computational cost caused by three-dimensional spatial discretization hampered its application and scalability, especially for multicellular organisms. Recently, we built a phase field model coupled with in vivo imaging data to accurately reconstruct the embryonic morphogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans from 1- to 8-cell stages. In this work, we propose an improved phase field model by using the stabilized numerical scheme and modified volume constriction. Then we present a scalable phase-field framework, MorphoSim, which is 100 times more efficient than the previous one and can simulate over 100 mechanically interacting cells. Finally, we demonstrate how MorphoSim can be successfully applied to reproduce the assembly, self-repairing, and dissociation of a synthetic artificial multicellular system - the synNotch system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Kuang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Guoye Guan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Chao Tang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Center for Machine Learning Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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12
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Fujii C, Wang D. Novel insights into virus–host interactions using the model organism C. elegans. Adv Virus Res 2023; 115:135-158. [PMID: 37173064 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses continue to pose a public health threat raising the need for effective management strategies. Currently existing antiviral therapeutics are often specific to only a single viral species, and resistance to the therapeutic can often arise, and therefore new therapeutics are needed. The C. elegans-Orsay virus system offers a powerful platform for studying RNA virus-host interactions that could ultimately lead to novel targets for antiviral therapy. The relative simplicity of C. elegans, the well-established experimental tools, and its extensive evolutionary conservation of genes and pathways with mammals are key features of this model. Orsay virus, a bisegmented positive sense RNA virus, is a natural pathogen of C. elegans. Orsay virus infection can be studied in a multicellular organismal context, overcoming some of the limitations inherent to tissue culture-based systems. Moreover, compared to mice, the rapid generation time of C. elegans enables robust and facile forward genetics. This review aims to summarize studies that have laid the foundation for the C. elegans-Orsay virus experimental system, experimental tools, and key examples of C. elegans host factors that impact Orsay virus infection that have evolutionarily conserved function in mammalian virus infection.
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13
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Mocarski ES. Programmed Necrosis in Host Defense. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 442:1-40. [PMID: 37563336 DOI: 10.1007/82_2023_264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Host control over infectious disease relies on the ability of cells in multicellular organisms to detect and defend against pathogens to prevent disease. Evolution affords mammals with a wide variety of independent immune mechanisms to control or eliminate invading infectious agents. Many pathogens acquire functions to deflect these immune mechanisms and promote infection. Following successful invasion of a host, cell autonomous signaling pathways drive the production of inflammatory cytokines, deployment of restriction factors and induction of cell death. Combined, these innate immune mechanisms attract dendritic cells, neutrophils and macrophages as well as innate lymphoid cells such as natural killer cells that all help control infection. Eventually, the development of adaptive pathogen-specific immunity clears infection and provides immune memory of the encounter. For obligate intracellular pathogens such as viruses, diverse cell death pathways make a pivotal contribution to early control by eliminating host cells before progeny are produced. Pro-apoptotic caspase-8 activity (along with caspase-10 in humans) executes extrinsic apoptosis, a nonlytic form of cell death triggered by TNF family death receptors (DRs). Over the past two decades, alternate extrinsic apoptosis and necroptosis outcomes have been described. Programmed necrosis, or necroptosis, occurs when receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) activates mixed lineage kinase-like (MLKL), causing cell leakage. Thus, activation of DRs, toll-like receptors (TLRs) or pathogen sensor Z-nucleic acid binding protein 1 (ZBP1) initiates apoptosis as well as necroptosis if not blocked by virus-encoded inhibitors. Mammalian cell death pathways are blocked by herpesvirus- and poxvirus-encoded cell death suppressors. Growing evidence has revealed the importance of Z-nucleic acid sensor, ZBP1, in the cell autonomous recognition of both DNA and RNA virus infection. This volume will explore the detente between viruses and cells to manage death machinery and avoid elimination to support dissemination within the host animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Mocarski
- Robert W. Woodruff Professor Emeritus, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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14
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Sridhar N, Fajrial AK, Doser RL, Hoerndli FJ, Ding X. Surface acoustic wave microfluidics for repetitive and reversible temporary immobilization of C. elegans. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4882-4893. [PMID: 36377422 PMCID: PMC10091851 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is an important genetic model for neuroscience studies, used for analyses of how genes control connectivity, neuronal function, and behavior. To date, however, most studies of neuronal function in C. elegans are incapable of obtaining microscopy imaging with subcellular resolution and behavior analysis in the same set of animals. This constraint stems from the immobilization requirement for high-resolution imaging that is incompatible with behavioral analysis using conventional immobilization techniques. Here, we present a novel microfluidic device that uses surface acoustic waves (SAW) as a non-contact method to temporarily immobilize worms for a short period (30 seconds). We optimize the SAW based protocol for rapid switching between free-swimming and immobilized states, facilitating non-invasive analysis of swimming behavior as well as high-resolution synaptic imaging in the same animal. We find that the coupling of heat and acoustic pressure play a key role in the immobilization process. We introduce a proof-of-concept longitudinal study, illustrating that the device enables repeated imaging of fluorescently tagged synaptic receptors in command interneurons and analysis of swimming behavior in the same animals for three days. This longitudinal approach provides the first correlative analysis of synaptic glutamatergic receptors and swimming behavior in aging animals. We anticipate that this device will enable further longitudinal analysis of animal motility and subcellular morphological changes during development and aging in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Sridhar
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
| | - Apresio Kefin Fajrial
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
| | - Rachel L Doser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Frederic J Hoerndli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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15
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Mao QY, He SY, Hu QY, Lu Y, Niu YX, Li XY, Zhang HM, Qin L, Su Q. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) Inhibit Macrophage Efferocytosis of Apoptotic β Cells through Binding to the Receptor for AGEs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1204-1213. [PMID: 35173034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell apoptosis is important in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Generally, apoptotic β cells are phagocytosed by macrophages in a process known as "efferocytosis." Efferocytosis is critical to the resolution of inflammation and is impaired in T2DM. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are increased in T2DM, are known to suppress phagocytosis function in macrophages. In this study, we found that AGEs inhibited efferocytosis of apoptotic β cells by primary peritoneal macrophages in C57BL/6J mice or mouse macrophage cell line Raw264.7. Mechanistically, AGEs inhibit efferocytosis by blocking Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 activity and cytoskeletal rearrangement through receptor for advanced glycation end products/ras homolog family member A/Rho kinase signaling in macrophages. Furthermore, it was observed that AGEs decreased the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors and promoted the proinflammatory ones to modulate the inflammation function of efferocytosis. Taken together, our results indicate that AGEs inhibit efferocytosis through binding to receptor for advanced glycation end products and activating ras homolog family member A/Rho kinase signaling, thereby inhibiting the anti-inflammatory function of efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yun Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Sun-Yue He
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Qiu-Yue Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Yi-Xin Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Xiao-Yong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and
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16
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Turn RE, Hu Y, Dewees SI, Devi N, East MP, Hardin KR, Khatib T, Linnert J, Wolfrum U, Lim MJ, Casanova JE, Caspary T, Kahn RA. The ARF GAPs ELMOD1 and ELMOD3 act at the Golgi and cilia to regulate ciliogenesis and ciliary protein traffic. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar13. [PMID: 34818063 PMCID: PMC9236152 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMODs are a family of three mammalian paralogues that display GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward a uniquely broad array of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family GTPases that includes ARF-like (ARL) proteins. ELMODs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, highly conserved across eukaryotes, and ancient in origin, being present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. We described functions of ELMOD2 in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in the regulation of cell division, microtubules, ciliogenesis, and mitochondrial fusion. Here, using similar strategies with the paralogues ELMOD1 and ELMOD3, we identify novel functions and locations of these cell regulators and compare them to those of ELMOD2, allowing the determination of functional redundancy among the family members. We found strong similarities in phenotypes resulting from deletion of either Elmod1 or Elmod3 and marked differences from those arising in Elmod2 deletion lines. Deletion of either Elmod1 or Elmod3 results in the decreased ability of cells to form primary cilia, loss of a subset of proteins from cilia, and accumulation of some ciliary proteins at the Golgi, predicted to result from compromised traffic from the Golgi to cilia. These phenotypes are reversed upon activating mutant expression of either ARL3 or ARL16, linking their roles to ELMOD1/3 actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305
| | - Yihan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China
| | - Skylar I. Dewees
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Narra Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Katherine R. Hardin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tala Khatib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Michael J. Lim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - James E. Casanova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Richard A. Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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17
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Peña-Ramos O, Chiao L, Liu X, Yu X, Yao T, He H, Zhou Z. Autophagosomes fuse to phagosomes and facilitate the degradation of apoptotic cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2022; 11:72466. [PMID: 34982028 PMCID: PMC8769646 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosomes are double-membrane intracellular vesicles that degrade protein aggregates, intracellular organelles, and other cellular components. During the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, many somatic and germ cells undergo apoptosis. These cells are engulfed and degraded by their neighboring cells. We discovered a novel role of autophagosomes in facilitating the degradation of apoptotic cells using a real-time imaging technique. Specifically, the double-membrane autophagosomes in engulfing cells are recruited to the surfaces of phagosomes containing apoptotic cells and subsequently fuse to phagosomes, allowing the inner vesicle to enter the phagosomal lumen. Mutants defective in the production of autophagosomes display significant defects in the degradation of apoptotic cells, demonstrating the importance of autophagosomes to this process. The signaling pathway led by the phagocytic receptor CED-1, the adaptor protein CED-6, and the large GTPase dynamin (DYN-1) promotes the recruitment of autophagosomes to phagosomes. Moreover, the subsequent fusion of autophagosomes with phagosomes requires the functions of the small GTPase RAB-7 and the HOPS complex. Further observations suggest that autophagosomes provide apoptotic cell-degradation activities in addition to and in parallel of lysosomes. Our findings reveal that, unlike the single-membrane, LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) vesicles reported to facilitate phagocytosis in mammals, it is the canonical double-membrane autophagosomes that facilitate the clearance of C. elegans apoptotic cells. These findings add autophagosomes to the collection of intracellular organelles that contribute to phagosome maturation, identify novel crosstalk between the autophagy and phagosome maturation pathways, and discover the upstream signaling molecules that initiate this crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Peña-Ramos
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Lucia Chiao
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Xianghua Liu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Yu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Tianyou Yao
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Henry He
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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18
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Shi H, Huang X, Chen X, Yang Y, Wu F, Yao C, Ma G, Du A. Haemonchus contortus Transthyretin-Like Protein TTR-31 Plays Roles in Post-Embryonic Larval Development and Potentially Apoptosis of Germ Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:753667. [PMID: 34805162 PMCID: PMC8595280 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.753667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR)-like proteins play multi-function roles in nematode and are important component of excretory/secretory product in Haemonchus contortus. In this study, we functionally characterised a secretory transthyretin-like protein in the barber's pole worm H. contortus. A full-length of transthyretin-like protein-coding gene (Hc-ttr-31) was identified in this parasitic nematode, representing a counterpart of Ce-ttr-31 in Caenorhabditis elegans. High transcriptional levels of Hc-ttr-31 were detected in the egg and early larval stages of H. contortus, with the lowest level measured in the adult stage, indicating a decreased transcriptional pattern of this gene during nematode development. Localisation analysis indicated a secretion of TTR-31 from the intestine to the gonad, suggesting additional roles of Hc-ttr-31 in nematode reproduction. Expression of Hc-ttr-31 and Ce-ttr-31 in C. elegans did not show marked influence on the nematode development and reproduction, whereas Hc-ttr-31 RNA interference-mediated gene knockdown of Ce-ttr-31 shortened the lifespan, decreased the brood size, slowed the pumping rate and inhibited the growth of treated worms. Particularly, gene knockdown of Hc-ttr-31 in C. elegans was linked to activated apoptosis signalling pathway, increased general reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, apoptotic germ cells and facultative vivipary phenotype, as well as suppressed germ cell removal signalling pathways. Taken together, Hc-ttr-31 appears to play roles in regulating post-embryonic larval development, and potentially in protecting gonad from oxidative stress and mediating engulfment of apoptotic germ cells. A better knowledge of these aspects should contribute to a better understanding of the developmental biology of H. contortus and a discovery of potential targets against this and related parasitic worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhi Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocui Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Guangxu Ma
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aifang Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Lukácsi S, Farkas Z, Saskői É, Bajtay Z, Takács-Vellai K. Conserved and Distinct Elements of Phagocytosis in Human and C. elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168934. [PMID: 34445642 PMCID: PMC8396242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis provides the cellular nutrition and homeostasis of organisms, but pathogens often take advantage of this entry point to infect host cells. This is counteracted by phagocytosis that plays a key role in the protection against invading microbes both during the initial engulfment of pathogens and in the clearance of infected cells. Phagocytic cells balance two vital functions: preventing the accumulation of cell corpses to avoid pathological inflammation and autoimmunity, whilst maintaining host defence. In this review, we compare elements of phagocytosis in mammals and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Initial recognition of infection requires different mechanisms. In mammals, pattern recognition receptors bind pathogens directly, whereas activation of the innate immune response in the nematode rather relies on the detection of cellular damage. In contrast, molecules involved in efferocytosis—the engulfment and elimination of dying cells and cell debris—are highly conserved between the two species. Therefore, C. elegans is a powerful model to research mechanisms of the phagocytic machinery. Finally, we show that both mammalian and worm studies help to understand how the two phagocytic functions are interconnected: emerging data suggest the activation of innate immunity as a consequence of defective apoptotic cell clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zsolt Farkas
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
| | - Éva Saskői
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.L.); (Z.B.)
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Takács-Vellai
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Liang X, Hou Y, Han L, Yu S, Zhang Y, Cao X, Yan J. ELMO1 Regulates RANKL-Stimulated Differentiation and Bone Resorption of Osteoclasts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702916. [PMID: 34381782 PMCID: PMC8350380 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is a metabolic balance between the new bone formation by osteoblasts and old bone resorption by osteoclasts. Excessive osteoclastic bone resorption results in low bone mass, which is the major cause of bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Small GTPases Rac1 is a key regulator of osteoclast differentiation, but its exact mechanism is not fully understood. ELMO and DOCK proteins form complexes that function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rac activation. Here, we report that ELMO1 plays an important role in differentiation and bone resorption of osteoclasts. Osteoclast precursors derived from bone marrow monocytes (BMMs) of Elmo1–/– mice display defective adhesion and migration during differentiation. The cells also have a reduced activation of Rac1, p38, JNK, and AKT in response to RANKL stimulation. Importantly, we show that bone erosion is alleviated in Elmo1–/– mice in a rheumatoid arthritis mouse model. Taken together, our results suggest that ELMO1, as a regulator of Rac1, regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafei Hou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Han
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuxiang Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Cao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianshe Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Augustin V, Kins S. Fe65: A Scaffolding Protein of Actin Regulators. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071599. [PMID: 34202290 PMCID: PMC8304848 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The scaffolding protein family Fe65, composed of Fe65, Fe65L1, and Fe65L2, was identified as an interaction partner of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which plays a key function in Alzheimer’s disease. All three Fe65 family members possess three highly conserved interaction domains, forming complexes with diverse binding partners that can be assigned to different cellular functions, such as transactivation of genes in the nucleus, modulation of calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In this article, we rule out putative new intracellular signaling mechanisms of the APP-interacting protein Fe65 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in the context of various neuronal functions, such as cell migration, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity.
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22
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Raiders S, Black EC, Bae A, MacFarlane S, Klein M, Shaham S, Singhvi A. Glia actively sculpt sensory neurons by controlled phagocytosis to tune animal behavior. eLife 2021; 10:63532. [PMID: 33759761 PMCID: PMC8079151 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia in the central nervous system engulf neuron fragments to remodel synapses and recycle photoreceptor outer segments. Whether glia passively clear shed neuronal debris or actively prune neuron fragments is unknown. How pruning of single-neuron endings impacts animal behavior is also unclear. Here, we report our discovery of glia-directed neuron pruning in Caenorhabditis elegans. Adult C. elegans AMsh glia engulf sensory endings of the AFD thermosensory neuron by repurposing components of the conserved apoptotic corpse phagocytosis machinery. The phosphatidylserine (PS) flippase TAT-1/ATP8A functions with glial PS-receptor PSR-1/PSR and PAT-2/α-integrin to initiate engulfment. This activates glial CED-10/Rac1 GTPase through the ternary GEF complex of CED-2/CrkII, CED-5/DOCK180, CED-12/ELMO. Execution of phagocytosis uses the actin-remodeler WSP-1/nWASp. This process dynamically tracks AFD activity and is regulated by temperature, the AFD sensory input. Importantly, glial CED-10 levels regulate engulfment rates downstream of neuron activity, and engulfment-defective mutants exhibit altered AFD-ending shape and thermosensory behavior. Our findings reveal a molecular pathway underlying glia-dependent engulfment in a peripheral sense-organ and demonstrate that glia actively engulf neuron fragments, with profound consequences on neuron shape and animal sensory behavior. Neurons are tree-shaped cells that receive information through endings connected to neighbouring cells or the environment. Controlling the size, number and location of these endings is necessary to ensure that circuits of neurons get precisely the right amount of input from their surroundings. Glial cells form a large portion of the nervous system, and they are tasked with supporting, cleaning and protecting neurons. In humans, part of their duties is to ‘eat’ (or prune) unnecessary neuron endings. In fact, this role is so important that defects in glial pruning are associated with conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. Yet it is still unknown how pruning takes place, and in particular whether it is the neuron or the glial cell that initiates the process. To investigate this question, Raiders et al. enlisted the common laboratory animal Caenorhabditis elegans, a tiny worm with a simple nervous system where each neuron has been meticulously mapped out. First, the experiments showed that glial cells in C. elegans actually prune the endings of sensory neurons. Focusing on a single glia-neuron pair then revealed that the glial cell could trim the endings of a living neuron by redeploying the same molecular machinery it uses to clear dead cell debris. Compared to this debris-clearing activity, however, the glial cell takes a more nuanced approach to pruning: specifically, it can adjust the amount of trimming based on the activity load of the neuron. When Raiders et al. disrupted the glial pruning for a single temperature-sensing neuron, the worm lost its normal temperature preferences; this demonstrated how the pruning activity of a single glial cell can be linked to behavior. Taken together the experiments showcase how C. elegans can be used to study glial pruning. Further work using this model could help to understand how disease emerges when glial cells cannot perform their role, and to spot the genetic factors that put certain individuals at increased risk for neurological and sensory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Raiders
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Erik Calvin Black
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Andrea Bae
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Cellular Imaging Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Stephen MacFarlane
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, United States
| | - Mason Klein
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, United States
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, United States
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23
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Perez MA, Watts JL. Worms, Fat, and Death: Caenorhabditis elegans Lipid Metabolites Regulate Cell Death. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020125. [PMID: 33672292 PMCID: PMC7926963 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is well-known as the model organism used to elucidate the genetic pathways underlying the first described form of regulated cell death, apoptosis. Since then, C. elegans investigations have contributed to the further understanding of lipids in apoptosis, especially the roles of phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylinositols. More recently, studies in C. elegans have shown that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids can induce the non-apoptotic, iron-dependent form of cell death, ferroptosis. In this review, we examine the roles of various lipids in specific aspects of regulated cell death, emphasizing recent work in C. elegans.
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24
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Wan J, Yuan L, Jing H, Zheng Q, Xiao H. Defective apoptotic cell clearance activates innate immune response to protect Caenorhabditis elegans against pathogenic bacteria. Virulence 2020; 12:75-83. [PMID: 33372828 PMCID: PMC7781629 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1857982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate clearance of dead cells generated by apoptosis is critical to the development of multicellular organisms and tissue homeostasis. In mammals, the removal of apoptotic cell is mediated by polarized monocyte/macrophage populations of the innate immune system. The innate immune system is essential for anti-viral and anti-microbial defense. However, our current understanding of the relationship between apoptotic cell clearance and the innate immune response has remained rather limited. Here, we study how apoptotic cell clearance programs contribute to the innate immune response in C. elegans. We find apoptotic cell clearance mutant worms are more resistant to pathogenic bacteria of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and Salmonella typhimurium SL1344 due to significant upregulation of innate immune-dependent pathogen response genes. In addition, genetic epistasis analysis indicates that defects in apoptotic cell clearance can activate the innate immune response through PMK-1 p38 MAPK and MPK-1/ERK MAPK pathways in C. elegans. Taken together, our results provide evidence that insufficient clearance of apoptotic cell can protect Caenorhabditis elegans from bacterial infection through innate immune response activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, China
| | - Huiru Jing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, China
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25
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Li P, Jing H, Wang Y, Yuan L, Xiao H, Zheng Q. SUMO modification in apoptosis. J Mol Histol 2020; 52:1-10. [PMID: 33225418 PMCID: PMC7790789 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and clearance of dead cells is highly evolutionarily conserved from nematode to humans, which is crucial to the growth and development of multicellular organism. Fail to remove apoptotic cells often lead to homeostasis imbalance, fatal autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) modification is a post-translational modification of ubiquitin proteins mediated by the sentrin-specific proteases (SENPs) family. SUMO modification is widely involved in many cellular biological process, and abnormal SUMO modification is also closely related to many major human diseases. Recent researches have revealed that SUMO modification event occurs during apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells, and plays an important role in the regulation of apoptotic signaling pathways. This review summarizes some recent progress in the revelation of regulatory mechanisms of these pathways and provides some potential researching hotpots of the SUMO modification regulation to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Huiru Jing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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26
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Kim D, Lee SA, Moon H, Kim K, Park D. The Tim gene family in efferocytosis. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:979-986. [PMID: 32648232 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the key features of the plasma membrane is the asymmetrical distribution of phospholipids across it. Especially, phosphatidylserine (PS) exclusively locates on its inner leaflet. Thus, the exposure of PS on the surface of cells could function as a signal initiating various cellular processes such as phagocytosis of apoptotic cells called efferocytosis, blood clotting, muscle formation, and viral entry. Indeed, PS on apoptotic cells stimulates phagocytes to engulf them and functions as an essential ligand for efferocytosis. Due to the importance of PS in efferocytosis, the existence of the PS receptor had been conceived. However, the PS receptor had not been revealed for a long time. Thus, the first identification of the PS receptor was significant excitement. Tim-4, a member of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing family of genes, was one of PS receptors which first identified and received the greatest attention due to its expression in macrophages and relevance to autoimmune and allergic diseases. This review will serve to provide a comprehensive overview of Tim proteins as PS receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokhwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Kwanhyeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea. .,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
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27
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Kawano M, Nagata S. Efferocytosis and autoimmune disease. Int Immunol 2019; 30:551-558. [PMID: 30165442 PMCID: PMC6234909 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An enormous number of cells in the body die by apoptosis during development and under homeostasis. Apoptotic cells are swiftly engulfed by macrophages and digested into units. This removal of apoptotic cells is called ‘efferocytosis’. For efferocytosis, macrophages recognize phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposed on the cell surface as an ‘eat me’ signal. In healthy cells, PtdSer is exclusively localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane by the action of flippases. When cells undergo apoptosis, caspase cleaves flippases to inactivate them, while it cleaves pro-scramblases to active scramblases, which quickly translocate PtdSer to the cell surface. The PtdSer is then recognized by PtdSer-binding proteins or by PtdSer receptors on macrophages, which subsequently engulf the apoptotic cells. When efferocytosis fails, apoptotic cells can rupture, releasing cellular materials that can evoke an autoimmune response. Thus, a defect in the PtdSer-exposing or PtdSer-recognizing processes triggers autoimmunity, leading to a systemic lupus erythematosus-type autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahiru Kawano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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28
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Doll MA, Soltanmohammadi N, Schumacher B. ALG-2/AGO-Dependent mir-35 Family Regulates DNA Damage-Induced Apoptosis Through MPK-1/ERK MAPK Signaling Downstream of the Core Apoptotic Machinery in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 213:173-194. [PMID: 31296532 PMCID: PMC6727803 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) associate with argonaute (AGO) proteins to post-transcriptionally modulate the expression of genes involved in various cellular processes. Herein, we show that loss of the Caenorhabditis elegans AGO gene alg-2 results in rapid and significantly increased germ cell apoptosis in response to DNA damage inflicted by ionizing radiation (IR). We demonstrate that the abnormal apoptosis phenotype in alg-2 mutant animals can be explained by reduced expression of mir-35 miRNA family members. We show that the increased apoptosis levels in IR-treated alg-2 or mir-35 family mutants depend on a transient hyperactivation of the C. elegans ERK1/2 MAPK ortholog MPK-1 in dying germ cells. Unexpectedly, MPK-1 phosphorylation occurs downstream of caspase activation and depends at least in part on a functional cell corpse-engulfment machinery. Therefore, we propose a refined mechanism, in which an initial proapoptotic stimulus by the core apoptotic machinery initiates the engulfment process, which in turn activates MAPK signaling to facilitate the demise of genomically compromised germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Alexander Doll
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Najmeh Soltanmohammadi
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
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29
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Stabilin Receptors: Role as Phosphatidylserine Receptors. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080387. [PMID: 31434355 PMCID: PMC6723754 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine is a membrane phospholipid that is localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Phosphatidylserine externalization to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is an important signal for various physiological processes, including apoptosis, platelet activation, cell fusion, lymphocyte activation, and regenerative axonal fusion. Stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 are membrane receptors that recognize phosphatidylserine on the cell surface. Here, we discuss the functions of Stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 as phosphatidylserine receptors in apoptotic cell clearance (efferocytosis) and cell fusion, and their ligand-recognition and signaling pathways.
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30
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Gan Q, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yin Q, Jian Y, Liu Y, Xuan N, Li J, Zhou J, Liu K, Jing Y, Wang X, Yang C. The amino acid transporter SLC-36.1 cooperates with PtdIns3P 5-kinase to control phagocytic lysosome reformation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2619-2637. [PMID: 31235480 PMCID: PMC6683750 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
How lysosomes reform following phagolysosomal digestion of apoptotic cells is poorly understood. Gan et al. reveal that the amino acid transporter SLC-36.1 cooperates with PtdIns3P 5-kinase to control phagocygtic lysosome reformation in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos and autophagic lysosome reformation in adult animals. Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells involves formation, maturation, and digestion of cell corpse–containing phagosomes. The retrieval of lysosomal components following phagolysosomal digestion of cell corpses remains poorly understood. Here we reveal that the amino acid transporter SLC-36.1 is essential for lysosome reformation during cell corpse clearance in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Loss of slc-36.1 leads to formation of phagolysosomal vacuoles arising from cell corpse–containing phagosomes. In the absence of slc-36.1, phagosome maturation is not affected, but the retrieval of lysosomal components is inhibited. Moreover, loss of PPK-3, the C. elegans homologue of the PtdIns3P 5-kinase PIKfyve, similarly causes accumulation of phagolysosomal vacuoles that are defective in phagocytic lysosome reformation. SLC-36.1 and PPK-3 function in the same genetic pathway, and they directly interact with one another. In addition, loss of slc-36.1 and ppk-3 causes strong defects in autophagic lysosome reformation in adult animals. Our findings thus suggest that the PPK-3–SLC-36.1 axis plays a central role in both phagocytic and autophagic lysosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Youli Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yubing Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Junxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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31
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Annexin A2 interacting with ELMO1 regulates HCC chemotaxis and metastasis. Life Sci 2019; 222:168-174. [PMID: 30853625 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS SDF-1α induced chemotaxis plays an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. CXCR4 stimulated by SDF-1α/CXCL12 triggers heterotrimeric G proteins activation, which regulate migration and chemotaxis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The pathways linking the chemokine GPCR/Gi signaling to actin polymerization for migration of cancer cells are not known. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through would healing assay, chemotaxis assay, F-actin polymerization assay, confocal assay, immunohistochemical assay, protein identification and coimmunoprecipitation assay, we detected the role and mechanisms of Annexin A2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. KEY FINDINGS In the present study, we firstly investigated the role of Annexin A2 in HepG2 cell chemotaxis and metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Annexin A2 was highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Its expression was closely associated with lymph node and distant metastasis. Knockdown Annexin A2 impaired cancer cell chemotaxis. Co-immunoprecipitation results showed an interaction between Annexin A2 and ELMO1. CXCL12 triggers an ELMO1-dependent membrane translocation of Annexin A2. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our results indicated an important role of Annexin A2 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues metastasis and revealed a novel molecular mechanism of its activation.
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32
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Nishi C, Yanagihashi Y, Segawa K, Nagata S. MERTK tyrosine kinase receptor together with TIM4 phosphatidylserine receptor mediates distinct signal transduction pathways for efferocytosis and cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7221-7230. [PMID: 30846565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells expose phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on their surface, leading to efferocytosis, i.e. their engulfment by resident macrophages that express the PtdSer receptor T cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 4 (TIM4) and TAM family receptor tyrosine kinase receptors (MERTK, AXL, and TYRO3). TAM family receptors stimulate cell proliferation, and the many aspects of the growth signaling pathway downstream of TAM family receptors have been elucidated previously. However, the signaling cascade for TAM receptor-mediated efferocytosis has been elusive. Here we observed that efferocytosis by mouse-resident peritoneal macrophages was blocked by inhibitors against the MERTK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), AKT Ser/Thr kinase (AKT), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), or STAT6 pathway. Accordingly, apoptotic cells stimulated the phosphorylation of MERTK, ERK, AKT, FAK, and STAT6, but not of IκB or STAT5. A reconstituted efferocytosis system using MERTK- and TIM4-expressing NIH3T3-derived cells revealed that the juxtamembrane and C-terminal regions of MERTK have redundant roles in efferocytosis. The transformation of murine IL-3-dependent Ba/F3 cells (a pro-B cell line) with MERTK and TIM4 enabled them to proliferate in response to apoptotic cells in a PtdSer-dependent manner. This apoptotic cell-induced MERTK-mediated proliferation required both MERTK's juxtamembrane and C-terminal regions and was blocked by inhibitors of not only ERK, AKT, FAK, and STAT6 but also of NF-κB and STAT5 signaling. These results suggest that apoptotic cells stimulate distinct sets of signal transduction pathways via MERTK to induce either efferocytosis or proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nishi
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yanagihashi
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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33
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Gong YN, Crawford JC, Heckmann BL, Green DR. To the edge of cell death and back. FEBS J 2018; 286:430-440. [PMID: 30506628 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis. Various studies have demonstrated that programmed cell death is not a one-way street; cells can survive even when the core cell death processes are underway. Cell death initiation, prevention, and recovery function in a coordinated fashion to establish and maintain a homeostatic environment. In this review, we discuss how dying cells can be rescued from death's grip and the subsequent physiological consequences. We suggest a fundamental question to be answered-at least at the single cell level is, can we predict if a certain cell is more or less likely to survive or die? And importantly, what physiological and pathological consequences, as well as therapeutic approaches can we delineate from this ability to predict cell death versus survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Gong
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Bradlee L Heckmann
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Nørgaard S, Deng S, Cao W, Pocock R. Distinct CED-10/Rac1 domains confer context-specific functions in development. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007670. [PMID: 30265669 PMCID: PMC6179291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac GTPases act as master switches to coordinate multiple interweaved signaling pathways. A major function for Rac GTPases is to control neurite development by influencing downstream effector molecules and pathways. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the Rac proteins CED-10, RAC-2 and MIG-2 act in parallel to control axon outgrowth and guidance. Here, we have identified a single glycine residue in the CED-10/Rac1 Switch 1 region that confers a non-redundant function in axon outgrowth but not guidance. Mutation of this glycine to glutamic acid (G30E) reduces GTP binding and inhibits axon outgrowth but does not affect other canonical CED-10 functions. This demonstrates previously unappreciated domain-specific functions within the CED-10 protein. Further, we reveal that when CED-10 function is diminished, the adaptor protein NAB-1 (Neurabin) and its interacting partner SYD-1 (Rho-GAP-like protein) can act as inhibitors of axon outgrowth. Together, we reveal that specific domains and residues within Rac GTPases can confer context-dependent functions during animal development. Brain development requires that neurite outgrowth and guidance are precisely regulated. Previous studies have shown that molecular switch proteins called Rac GTPases perform redundant functions in controlling neurite development. Using a pair of bilateral neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to model neurite development, we found that a single amino acid in a conserved domain of the Rac GTPase CED-10 is crucial for controlling neurite outgrowth in a partially non-redundant manner. Further, we revealed that lesions in discrete domains in the CED-10 protein lead to distinct developmental defects. Therefore, our in vivo study proposes that regulation of distinct signalling pathways through Rac GTPase protein domains can drive different developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Nørgaard
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shuer Deng
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei Cao
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Williamson AP, Vale RD. Spatial control of Draper receptor signaling initiates apoptotic cell engulfment. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3977-3992. [PMID: 30139739 PMCID: PMC6219719 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic cells is essential for tissue maintenance and initiated by recognition of “eat-me” ligands on the dead cells. Using a simplified cellular reconstitution system, Williamson and Vale report that the Drosophila melanogaster engulfment receptor Draper (CED-1/Megf10) is triggered in a manner similar to mammalian immune receptors. The engulfment of apoptotic cells is essential for tissue homeostasis and recovering from damage. Engulfment is mediated by receptors that recognize ligands exposed on apoptotic cells such as phosphatidylserine (PS). In this study, we convert Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells into proficient phagocytes by transfecting the Draper engulfment receptor and replacing apoptotic cells with PS-coated beads. Similar to the T cell receptor (TCR), PS-ligated Draper forms dynamic microclusters that recruit cytosolic effector proteins and exclude a bulky transmembrane phosphatase, consistent with a kinetic segregation-based triggering mechanism. However, in contrast with the TCR, localized signaling at Draper microclusters results in time-dependent depletion of actin filaments, which facilitates engulfment. The Draper–PS extracellular module can be replaced with FRB and FKBP, respectively, resulting in a rapamycin-inducible engulfment system that can be programmed toward defined targets. Collectively, our results reveal mechanistic similarities and differences between the receptors involved in apoptotic corpse clearance and mammalian immunity and demonstrate that engulfment can be reprogrammed toward nonnative targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Williamson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Haley R, Wang Y, Zhou Z. The small GTPase RAB-35 defines a third pathway that is required for the recognition and degradation of apoptotic cells. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007558. [PMID: 30138370 PMCID: PMC6107108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In metazoans, apoptotic cells are swiftly engulfed by phagocytes and degraded inside phagosomes. Multiple small GTPases in the Rab family are known to function in phagosome maturation by regulating vesicle trafficking. We discovered rab-35 as a new gene important for apoptotic cell clearance from a genetic screen targeting putative Rab GTPases in Caenorhabditis elegans. We further identified TBC-10 as a putative GTPase-activating protein (GAP), and FLCN-1 and RME-4 as two putative Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs), for RAB-35. We found that RAB-35 was required for the efficient incorporation of early endosomes to phagosomes and for the timely degradation of apoptotic cell corpses. More specifically, RAB-35 promotes two essential events that initiate phagosome maturation: the switch of phagosomal membrane phosphatidylinositol species from PtdIns(4,5)P2 to PtdIns(3)P, and the recruitment of the small GTPase RAB-5 to phagosomal surfaces. These functions of RAB-35 were previously unknown. Remarkably, although the phagocytic receptor CED-1 regulates these same events, RAB-35 and CED-1 appear to function independently. Upstream of degradation, RAB-35 also facilitates the recognition of apoptotic cells independently of the known CED-1 and CED-5 pathways. RAB-35 localizes to extending pseudopods and is further enriched on nascent phagosomes, consistent with its dual roles in regulating apoptotic cell-recognition and phagosome maturation. Epistasis analyses indicate that rab-35 acts in parallel to both of the canonical ced-1/6/7 and ced-2/5/10/12 clearance pathways. We propose that RAB-35 acts as a robustness factor, defining a novel pathway that aids these canonical pathways in both the recognition and degradation of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Haley
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abdolmaleki F, Farahani N, Gheibi Hayat SM, Pirro M, Bianconi V, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. The Role of Efferocytosis in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1645. [PMID: 30083153 PMCID: PMC6064952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis happens continuously for millions of cells along with the active removal of apoptotic debris in order to maintain tissue homeostasis. In this respect, efferocytosis, i.e., the process of dead cell clearance, is orchestrated through cell exposure of a set of "find me," "eat me," and "tolerate me" signals facilitating the engulfment of dying cells through phagocytosis by macrophages and dendritic cells. The clearance of dead cells via phagocytes is of utmost importance to maintain the immune system tolerance to self-antigens. Accordingly, this biological activity prevents the release of autoantigens by dead cells, thus potentially suppressing the undesirable autoreactivity of immune cells and the appearance of inflammatory autoimmune disorders as systemic lupus erythematous and rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, the apoptosis pathways and their immune regulation were reviewed. Moreover, efferocytosis process and its impairment in association with some autoimmune diseases were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshte Abdolmaleki
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Najmeh Farahani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - George E. Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kumar S, Calianese D, Birge RB. Efferocytosis of dying cells differentially modulate immunological outcomes in tumor microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:149-164. [PMID: 29027226 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is an integral part of tissue homeostasis in complex organisms, allowing for tissue turnover, repair, and renewal while simultaneously inhibiting the release of self antigens and danger signals from apoptotic cell-derived constituents that can result in immune activation, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Unlike cells in culture, the physiological fate of cells that die by apoptosis in vivo is their rapid recognition and engulfment by phagocytic cells (a process called efferocytosis). To this end, apoptotic cells express specific eat-me signals, such as externalized phosphatidylserine (PS), that are recognized in a specific context by receptors to initiate signaling pathways for engulfment. The importance of carefully regulated recognition and clearance pathways is evident in the spectrum of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders caused by defects in PS receptors and signaling molecules. However, in recent years, several additional cell death pathways have emerged, including immunogenic cell death, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and netosis that interweave different cell death pathways with distinct innate and adaptive responses from classical apoptosis that can shape long-term host immunity. In this review, we discuss the role of different cell death pathways in terms of their immune potential outcomes specifically resulting in specific cell corpse/phagocyte interactions (phagocytic synapses) that impinge on host immunity, with a main emphasis on tolerance and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - David Calianese
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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Palmisano NJ, Meléndez A. Autophagy in C. elegans development. Dev Biol 2018; 447:103-125. [PMID: 29709599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy involves the sequestration of cytoplasmic contents in a double-membrane structure referred to as the autophagosome and the degradation of its contents upon delivery to lysosomes. Autophagy activity has a role in multiple biological processes during the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Basal levels of autophagy are required to remove aggregate prone proteins, paternal mitochondria, and spermatid-specific membranous organelles. During larval development, autophagy is required for the remodeling that occurs during dauer development, and autophagy can selectively degrade components of the miRNA-induced silencing complex, and modulate miRNA-mediated silencing. Basal levels of autophagy are important in synapse formation and in the germ line, to promote the proliferation of proliferating stem cells. Autophagy activity is also required for the efficient removal of apoptotic cell corpses by promoting phagosome maturation. Finally, autophagy is also involved in lipid homeostasis and in the aging process. In this review, we first describe the molecular complexes involved in the process of autophagy, its regulation, and mechanisms for cargo recognition. In the second section, we discuss the developmental contexts where autophagy has been shown to be important. Studies in C. elegans provide valuable insights into the physiological relevance of this process during metazoan development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Palmisano
- Biology Department, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY, USA; Biology Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NK, USA
| | - Alicia Meléndez
- Biology Department, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY, USA; Biology Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NK, USA; Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA.
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40
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King SD, Gray CF, Song L, Nechushtai R, Gumienny TL, Mittler R, Padilla PA. The cisd gene family regulates physiological germline apoptosis through ced-13 and the canonical cell death pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:162-178. [PMID: 29666474 PMCID: PMC6294797 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death, which occurs through a conserved core molecular pathway, is important for fundamental developmental and homeostatic processes. The human iron-sulfur binding protein NAF-1/CISD2 binds to Bcl-2 and its disruption in cells leads to an increase in apoptosis. Other members of the CDGSH iron sulfur domain (CISD) family include mitoNEET/CISD1 and Miner2/CISD3. In humans, mutations in CISD2 result in Wolfram syndrome 2, a disease in which the patients display juvenile diabetes, neuropsychiatric disorders and defective platelet aggregation. The C. elegans genome contains three previously uncharacterized cisd genes that code for CISD-1, which has homology to mitoNEET/CISD1 and NAF-1/CISD2, and CISD-3.1 and CISD-3.2, both of which have homology to Miner2/CISD3. Disrupting the function of the cisd genes resulted in various germline abnormalities including distal tip cell migration defects and a significant increase in the number of cell corpses within the adult germline. This increased germ cell death is blocked by a gain-of-function mutation of the Bcl-2 homolog CED-9 and requires functional caspase CED-3 and the APAF-1 homolog CED-4. Furthermore, the increased germ cell death is facilitated by the pro-apoptotic, CED-9-binding protein CED-13, but not the related EGL-1 protein. This work is significant because it places the CISD family members as regulators of physiological germline programmed cell death acting through CED-13 and the core apoptotic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar D King
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Chipo F Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Luhua Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Rachel Nechushtai
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Tina L Gumienny
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Pamela A Padilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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41
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Ghose P, Rashid A, Insley P, Trivedi M, Shah P, Singhal A, Lu Y, Bao Z, Shaham S. EFF-1 fusogen promotes phagosome sealing during cell process clearance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:393-399. [PMID: 29556089 PMCID: PMC5876135 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of dying cells is critical in development and immunity1–3. While proteins for recognition and engulfment of cellular debris following cell death are known4,5, proteins that directly mediate phagosome sealing are uncharacterized. Furthermore, whether all phagocytic targets are cleared using the same machinery is unclear. Degeneration of morphologically-complex cells, such as neurons, glia, and melanocytes, produces phagocytic targets of various shapes and sizes located in different microenvironments6,7. Such cells, therefore, offer unique settings to explore engulfment program mechanisms and specificity. Here we report that dismantling and clearance of a morphologically-complex C. elegans epithelial cell requires separate cell-soma, proximal-, and distal-process programs. Similar compartment-specific events govern elimination of a C. elegans neuron. While canonical engulfment proteins drive cell-soma clearance, these are not required for process removal. We find that EFF-1, a protein previously implicated in cell-cell fusion8, specifically promotes distal-process phagocytosis. EFF-1 localizes to phagocyte pseudopod tips, and acts exoplasmically to drive phagosome sealing. eff-1 mutations result in phagocytosis arrest with unsealed phagosomes. Our studies suggest universal mechanisms for dismantling morphologically-complex cells, and uncover a phagosome sealing component promoting cell-process clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piya Ghose
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alina Rashid
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Insley
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meera Trivedi
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pavak Shah
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anupriya Singhal
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yun Lu
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Huang H, Zhu Y, Eliot MN, Knopik VS, McGeary JE, Carskadon MA, Hart AC. Combining Human Epigenetics and Sleep Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Cross-Species Approach for Finding Conserved Genes Regulating Sleep. Sleep 2018; 40:3738764. [PMID: 28431118 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives We aimed to test a combined approach to identify conserved genes regulating sleep and to explore the association between DNA methylation and sleep length. Methods We identified candidate genes associated with shorter versus longer sleep duration in college students based on DNA methylation using Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip arrays. Orthologous genes in Caenorhabditis elegans were identified, and we examined whether their loss of function affected C. elegans sleep. For genes whose perturbation affected C. elegans sleep, we subsequently undertook a small pilot study to re-examine DNA methylation in an independent set of human participants with shorter versus longer sleep durations. Results Eighty-seven out of 485,577 CpG sites had significant differential methylation in young adults with shorter versus longer sleep duration, corresponding to 52 candidate genes. We identified 34 C. elegans orthologs, including NPY/flp-18 and flp-21, which are known to affect sleep. Loss of five additional genes alters developmentally timed C. elegans sleep (B4GALT6/bre-4, DOCK180/ced-5, GNB2L1/rack-1, PTPRN2/ida-1, ZFYVE28/lst-2). For one of these genes, ZFYVE28 (also known as hLst2), the pilot replication study again found decreased DNA methylation associated with shorter sleep duration at the same two CpG sites in the first intron of ZFYVE28. Conclusions Using an approach that combines human epigenetics and C. elegans sleep studies, we identified five genes that play previously unidentified roles in C. elegans sleep. We suggest sleep duration in humans may be associated with differential DNA methylation at specific sites and that the conserved genes identified here likely play roles in C. elegans sleep and in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Melissa N Eliot
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - John E McGeary
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI.,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI
| | - Mary A Carskadon
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI.,E.P. Bradley Hospital Sleep Research Laboratory, Providence, RI.,Center for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anne C Hart
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI
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Offenburger SL, Ho XY, Tachie-Menson T, Coakley S, Hilliard MA, Gartner A. 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans is promoted by the engulfment pathway and inhibited by the transthyretin-related protein TTR-33. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007125. [PMID: 29346382 PMCID: PMC5773127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is linked to many pathological conditions including the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease. The vast majority of disease cases appear to be caused by a combination of genetic mutations and environmental factors. We screened for genes protecting Caenorhabditis elegans dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress induced by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and identified the transthyretin-related gene ttr-33. The only described C. elegans transthyretin-related protein to date, TTR-52, has been shown to mediate corpse engulfment as well as axon repair. We demonstrate that TTR-52 and TTR-33 have distinct roles. TTR-33 is likely produced in the posterior arcade cells in the head of C. elegans larvae and is predicted to be a secreted protein. TTR-33 protects C. elegans from oxidative stress induced by paraquat or H2O2 at an organismal level. The increased oxidative stress sensitivity of ttr-33 mutants is alleviated by mutations affecting the KGB-1 MAPK kinase pathway, whereas it is enhanced by mutation of the JNK-1 MAPK kinase. Finally, we provide genetic evidence that the C. elegans cell corpse engulfment pathway is required for the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons after exposure to 6-OHDA. In summary, we describe a new neuroprotective mechanism and demonstrate that TTR-33 normally functions to protect dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress-induced degeneration, potentially by acting as a secreted sensor or scavenger of oxidative stress. Animals employ multiple mechanisms to prevent their cells from damage by reactive oxygen species, chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen. Oxidative stress, caused by the overabundance of reactive oxygen species or a decreased cellular defence against these chemicals, is linked to a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease. In this study, we discovered a novel protective molecule that functions to prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration caused by oxidative stress induced by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). We used the nematode C. elegans, a well-characterised model in which mechanisms can be studied on an organismal level. When C. elegans is exposed to 6-OHDA, its dopaminergic neurons gradually die. Our major findings include (i) mutations of the transthyretin-related gene ttr-33 causes highly increased dopaminergic neurodegeneration after 6-OHDA exposure; (ii) TTR-33 is likely produced and secreted by several cells in the head of the animal; (iii) TTR-33 protects against oxidative stress induced by other compounds; (iv) mutations in the KGB-1 MAP kinase stress pathway alleviate dopaminergic neuron loss in the ttr-33 mutant; and (v) the cell corpse engulfment pathway is required for dopaminergic neurodegeneration. We hypothesise that TTR-33 protects dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress by acting as an oxygen sensor or scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xue Yan Ho
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Sean Coakley
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Massimo A. Hilliard
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anton Gartner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Neupane M, Geary TW, Kiser JN, Burns GW, Hansen PJ, Spencer TE, Neibergs HL. Loci and pathways associated with uterine capacity for pregnancy and fertility in beef cattle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188997. [PMID: 29228019 PMCID: PMC5724891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility and subfertility negatively impact the economics and reproductive performance of cattle. Of note, significant pregnancy loss occurs in cattle during the first month of pregnancy, yet little is known about the genetic loci influencing pregnancy success and loss in cattle. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) with large effects associated with early pregnancy loss, Angus crossbred heifers were classified based on day 28 pregnancy outcomes to serial embryo transfer. A genome wide association analysis (GWAA) was conducted comparing 30 high fertility heifers with 100% success in establishing pregnancy to 55 subfertile heifers with 25% or less success. A gene set enrichment analysis SNP (GSEA-SNP) was performed to identify gene sets and leading edge genes influencing pregnancy loss. The GWAA identified 22 QTL (p < 1 x 10-5), and GSEA-SNP identified 9 gene sets (normalized enrichment score > 3.0) with 253 leading edge genes. Network analysis identified TNF (tumor necrosis factor), estrogen, and TP53 (tumor protein 53) as the top of 671 upstream regulators (p < 0.001), whereas the SOX2 (SRY [sex determining region Y]-box 2) and OCT4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4) complex was the top master regulator out of 773 master regulators associated with fertility (p < 0.001). Identification of QTL and genes in pathways that improve early pregnancy success provides critical information for genomic selection to increase fertility in cattle. The identified genes and regulators also provide insight into the complex biological mechanisms underlying pregnancy establishment in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Neupane
- Department Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Geary
- USDA-ARS, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jennifer N. Kiser
- Department Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Burns
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Holly L. Neibergs
- Department Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Serizier SB, McCall K. Scrambled Eggs: Apoptotic Cell Clearance by Non-Professional Phagocytes in the Drosophila Ovary. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1642. [PMID: 29238344 PMCID: PMC5712531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For half of a century, it has been known that non-professional phagocytes, such as fibroblasts, endothelial, and epithelial cells, are capable of efferocytosis (engulfment of apoptotic cells). Non-professional phagocytes differ from professional phagocytes in the range and efficiency of engulfment. Much of the recognition and underlying signaling machinery between non-professional and professional phagocytes is the same, but it is not known how the engulfment capacity of non-professional phagocytes is controlled. Moreover, the signaling networks involved in cell corpse recognition, engulfment, and phagosome maturation are only partially understood. The Drosophila ovary provides an excellent system to investigate the regulation of phagocytic activity by epithelial cells, a major class of non-professional phagocytes. During Drosophila oogenesis, mid-stage egg chambers undergo apoptosis of the germline in response to nutrient deprivation. Epithelial follicle cells then undergo major cell shape changes and concomitantly engulf the germline material. Our previous work has established that Draper and the integrin α-PS3/β-PS heterodimer are required in follicle cells for germline cell clearance. In addition, we have characterized phagosome maturation pathways, and found that the JNK pathway amplifies the engulfment response. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the interplay between engulfment pathways in the follicular epithelium for cell clearance in the Drosophila ovary. We also provide a comparison to apoptotic cell clearance mechanisms in C. elegans and mammals, illustrating strong conservation of efferocytosis mechanisms by non-professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy B Serizier
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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The Core Molecular Machinery Used for Engulfment of Apoptotic Cells Regulates the JNK Pathway Mediating Axon Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9710-21. [PMID: 27629720 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0453-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mechanisms that govern the ability of specific neurons to regenerate their axons after injury are not well understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the initiation of axon regeneration is positively regulated by the JNK-MAPK pathway. In this study, we identify two components functioning upstream of the JNK pathway: the Ste20-related protein kinase MAX-2 and the Rac-type GTPase CED-10. CED-10, when bound by GTP, interacts with MAX-2 and functions as its upstream regulator in axon regeneration. CED-10, in turn, is activated by axon injury via signals initiated from the integrin α-subunit INA-1 and the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRC-1 and transmitted via the signaling module CED-2/CrkII-CED-5/Dock180-CED-12/ELMO. This module is also known to regulate the engulfment of apoptotic cells during development. Our findings thus reveal that the molecular machinery used for engulfment of apoptotic cells also promotes axon regeneration through activation of the JNK pathway. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The molecular mechanisms of axon regeneration after injury remain poorly understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the initiation of axon regeneration is positively regulated by the JNK-MAPK pathway. In this study, we show that integrin, Rac-GTPase, and several other molecules, all of which are known to regulate engulfment of apoptotic cells during development, also regulate axon regeneration. This signaling module activates the JNK-MAPK cascade via MAX-2, a PAK-like protein kinase that binds Rac. Our findings thus reveal that the molecular machinery used for engulfment of apoptotic cells also promotes axon regeneration through activation of the JNK pathway.
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Xu X, Jin T. ELMO proteins transduce G protein-coupled receptor signal to control reorganization of actin cytoskeleton in chemotaxis of eukaryotic cells. Small GTPases 2017. [PMID: 28641070 PMCID: PMC6548286 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1318816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis, which is chemoattractant-guided directional cell migration, plays major roles in recruitment of neutrophils, the metastasis of cancer cells, and the development of the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum. These cells share remarkable similarities in the signaling pathways by which they control chemotaxis. They all use a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signal transduction pathway to sense the chemotactic gradient to guide cell migration. Diverse chemokines activate Rac through conserved GPCR signaling pathways. ELMO proteins are an evolutionarily conserved, essential component of the ELMO/Dock complex, which functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for small G protein Rac activation. The linkages between the GPCR-initiated gradient sensing compass and the Rac-mediated migrating machinery have long been missing. Here, we summarize recent findings on ELMO proteins that directly interact with G protein and transduce GPCR signaling to control the reorganization of actin-based cytoskeleton through regulating Rac activation during chemotaxis, first in D. discoideum and then in mammalian cancer cells. This represents an evolutionarily conserved signaling shortcut from GPCR to the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Xu
- a Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Tian Jin
- a Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Rockville , MD , USA
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Nonaka S, Hori A, Nakanishi Y, Kuraishi T. Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28809832 DOI: 10.3791/56352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells need to be elucidated in more detail because of its role in immune and inflammatory intractable diseases. We herein developed an experimental method to investigate phagocytosis quantitatively using the fruit fly Drosophila, in which the gene network controlling engulfment reactions is evolutionally conserved from mammals. In order to accurately detect and count engulfing and un-engulfing phagocytes using whole animals, Drosophila embryos were homogenized to obtain dispersed cells including phagocytes and apoptotic cells. The use of dispersed embryonic cells enables us to measure in vivo phagocytosis levels as if we performed an in vitro phagocytosis assay in which it is possible to observe all phagocytes and apoptotic cells in whole embryos and precisely quantify the level of phagocytosis. We confirmed that this method reproduces those of previous studies that identified the genes required for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. This method allows the engulfment of dead cells to be analyzed, and when combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila, will reveal the complex phagocytic reactions comprised of the migration, recognition, engulfment, and degradation of apoptotic cells by phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nonaka
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Aki Hori
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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Programmed Cell Death During Caenorhabditis elegans Development. Genetics 2017; 203:1533-62. [PMID: 27516615 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.186247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death is an integral component of Caenorhabditis elegans development. Genetic and reverse genetic studies in C. elegans have led to the identification of many genes and conserved cell death pathways that are important for the specification of which cells should live or die, the activation of the suicide program, and the dismantling and removal of dying cells. Molecular, cell biological, and biochemical studies have revealed the underlying mechanisms that control these three phases of programmed cell death. In particular, the interplay of transcriptional regulatory cascades and networks involving multiple transcriptional regulators is crucial in activating the expression of the key death-inducing gene egl-1 and, in some cases, the ced-3 gene in cells destined to die. A protein interaction cascade involving EGL-1, CED-9, CED-4, and CED-3 results in the activation of the key cell death protease CED-3, which is tightly controlled by multiple positive and negative regulators. The activation of the CED-3 caspase then initiates the cell disassembly process by cleaving and activating or inactivating crucial CED-3 substrates; leading to activation of multiple cell death execution events, including nuclear DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial elimination, phosphatidylserine externalization, inactivation of survival signals, and clearance of apoptotic cells. Further studies of programmed cell death in C. elegans will continue to advance our understanding of how programmed cell death is regulated, activated, and executed in general.
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Kim SY, Kim S, Bae DJ, Park SY, Lee GY, Park GM, Kim IS. Coordinated balance of Rac1 and RhoA plays key roles in determining phagocytic appetite. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174603. [PMID: 28376111 PMCID: PMC5380344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of unwanted or damaged cells by phagocytes is achieved via a finely regulated cleaning process called efferocytosis. To characterize the mechanisms through which phagocytes control the intake of apoptotic cells, we investigated how the phagocyte’s appetite for engulfed cells may be coordinated by RhoA and Rac1 in the phagocytic cup. We used FRET biosensors to visualize the spatiotemporal dynamics of Rho-family GTPases, and found that RhoA, which is known to be downregulated during phagocytosis, was transiently upregulated at the phagocytic cup immediately prior to ingestion. Conversely, Rac1 was upregulated during the engulfment process and then downregulated prior to phagosomal maturation. Moreover, disturbance of the dynamic activities of RhoA led to uncontrolled engulfment, such as fast and undiscerning eating. Our results reveal that the temporal activity of RhoA GTPase alters the Rac1/RhoA balance at the phagocytic cup prior to ingestion, and that this plays a distinct role in orchestrating efferocytosis, with RhoA modulating the rate of engulfment to ensure that the phagocyte engulfs an appropriate amount of the correct material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeob Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (ISK)
| | - Dong-Jun Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Min Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST school, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (ISK)
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