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Chen D, Xu X, Yang Y, Meng H, Xu M, Dong L, Ma G, Zhang X. Discovery of Cadinane-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Infected Stems of Hibiscus tiliaceus as Potential Agrochemical Fungicides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4089-4099. [PMID: 38353561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Ten new cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids, named hibisceusins I-R (1-10), along with 14 known sesquiterpenoids (11-24), were acquired from the tainted stems of Hibiscus tiliaceus. Their structures were identified via spectroscopic analysis, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR, and computer-assisted structure elucidation techniques, including infrared (IR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. Additionally, subsequent DP4/DP4+ probability methods were used to resolve 3's relative configurations by comparing their experimental values to the predicted NMR data. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-4 were measured through electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The ability of all isolates to inhibit the growth of five phytopathogenic fungi (Rhizopus stolonifer, Verticillium dahliae Kleb., Thanatephorus cucumeris, Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl., and F. oxysporum HK-27) was evaluated. Aldehydated sesquiterpenoids (1, 6-9, 11, 12, and 22) and a known sesquiterpenoid quinine (18) exhibited significant inhibitory activities against V. dahliae, T. cucumeris, F. oxysporum, and F. oxysporum HK-27 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2.5-50 μg/mL, but all isolates remained inactive against R. stolonifer. Moreover, the effects of the isolates on the mycelial morphology were watched through scanning electron microscopy. This study revealed that aldehydated cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids could be used as novel antifungal molecules to develop agrochemical fungicides in plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Minghui Xu
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaopo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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Zhao L, Zhou X, Kang Z, Peralta-Videa JR, Zhu YG. Nano-enabled seed treatment: A new and sustainable approach to engineering climate-resilient crops. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168640. [PMID: 37989394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Under a changing climate, keeping the food supply steady for an ever-increasing population will require crop plants adapted to environmental fluctuations. Genetic engineering and genome-editing approaches have been used for developing climate-resilient crops. However, genetically modified crops have yet to be widely accepted, especially for small-scale farmers in low-income countries and some societies. Nano-priming (seed exposure to nanoparticles, NPs) has appeared as an alternative to the abovementioned techniques. This technique improves seed germination speed, promotes seedlings' vigor, and enhances plant tolerance to adverse conditions such as drought, salinity, temperature, and flooding, which may occur under extreme weather conditions. Moreover, nano-enabled seed treatment can increase the disease resistance of crops by boosting immunity, which will reduce the use of pesticides. This unsophisticated, farmer-available, cost-effective, and environment-friendly seed treatment approach may help crop plants fight climate change challenges. This review discusses the previous information about nano-enabled seed treatment for enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses and increasing disease resistance. Current knowledge about the mechanisms underlying nanomaterial-seed interactions is discussed. To conclude, the review includes research questions to address before this technique reaches its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoding Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jose R Peralta-Videa
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Minter F, Saunders DGO. Safeguarding wheat yields from cereal fungal invaders in the postgenomic era. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 73:102310. [PMID: 37018996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Wheat production is under constant threat from pests and pathogens, with fungal foliar diseases causing considerable annual yield losses. However, recent improvements in genomic tools and resources provide an unprecedented opportunity to enhance wheat's resilience in the face of these biotic constraints. Here, we discuss the impact of these advances on three key areas of managing fungal diseases of wheat: (i) enhancing the abundance of resistance traits available for plant breeding, (ii) accelerating the identification of novel fungicide targets and (iii) developing better tools for disease diagnostics and surveillance. Embracing these new genomics-led technological innovations in crop protection could revolutionise our wheat production system to improve resilience and prevent yield losses.
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Guo TR, Zeng Q, Yang G, Ye SS, Chen ZY, Xie SY, Wang H, Mo YW. Isolation, identification, biological characteristics, and antifungal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate combined with natamycin on Aspergillus niger from Shengzhou nane ( Prunus salicina var. taoxingli) fruit. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1075033. [PMID: 36713153 PMCID: PMC9879613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1075033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungi causing fruit rot were isolated from symptomatic Shengzhou nane (Prunus salicina var. taoxingli) fruit and were identified as Aspergillus niger by biological characteristics and molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (rDNA-ITS) and translation elongation factor-1α (TEF-1α) sequences. Optimal growth conditions for A. niger were 30°C, pH 5.0-6.0, and fructose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources. The effects of sodium bicarbonate (SBC), natamycin (NT), and combined treatments on A. niger inhibition were investigated. Treatment with 4.0 g/L sodium bicarbonate (SBC) + 5.0 mg/L natamycin (NT) inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination as completely as 12.0 mg/L SBC or 25.0 mg/L NT. SBC and NT treatments disrupted the structural integrity of cell and mitochondria membranes and decreased enzyme activities involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP production in mitochondria, and ergosterol content in the plasma membrane, thus leading to the inhibition of A. niger growth. Moreover, experimental results in vivo showed that the rot lesion diameter and decay rate of Shengzhou nane fruit treated with SBC and NT were significantly reduced compared with the control. The results suggest that the combination treatment of SBC and NT could be an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling postharvest Shengzhou nane decay caused by A. niger.
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Bonactin and Feigrisolide C Inhibit Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum Fungus and Control Wheat Blast Disease. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162108. [PMID: 36015411 PMCID: PMC9414722 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wheat blast caused by the Magnaporthe oryzaeTriticum (MoT) pathotype is one of the most damaging fungal diseases of wheat. During the screening of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, we observed two marine secondary metabolites, bonactin and feigrisolide C, extracted from the marine bacteria Streptomyces spp. (Act 8970 and ACT 7619), remarkably inhibited the hyphal growth of an MoT isolate BTJP 4 (5) in vitro. In a further study, we found that bonactin and feigrisolide C reduced the mycelial growth of this highly pathogenic isolate in a dose-dependent manner. Bonactin inhibited the mycelial development of BTJP 4 (5) more effectively than feigrisolide C, with minimal concentrations for inhibition being 0.005 and 0.025 µg/disk, respectively. In a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, these marine natural products greatly reduced conidia production in the mycelia. Further bioassays demonstrated that these secondary metabolites could inhibit the MoT conidia germination, triggered lysis, or conidia germinated with abnormally long branched germ tubes that formed atypical appressoria (low melanization) of BTJP 4 (5). Application of these natural products in a field experiment significantly protected wheat from blast disease and increased grain yield compared to the untreated control. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of bonactin and feigrisolide C that inhibited mycelial development, conidia production, conidial germination, and morphological modifications in the germinated conidia of an MoT isolate and suppressed wheat blast disease in vivo. To recommend these compounds as lead compounds or biopesticides for managing wheat blast, more research is needed with additional MoT isolates to identify their exact mode of action and efficacy of disease control in diverse field conditions.
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Kim MY, Han JW, Dang QL, Kim JC, Kim H, Choi GJ. Characterization of Alternaria porri causing onion purple blotch and its antifungal compound magnolol identified from Caryodaphnopsis baviensis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262836. [PMID: 35051224 PMCID: PMC8775252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria porri (Ellis) Clf. causes purple blotch disease on Allium plants which results in the reduction of crop yields and quality. In this study, to efficiently find natural antifungal compounds against A. porri, we optimized the culture condition for the spore production of A. porri and the disease development condition for an in vivo antifungal assay. From tested plant materials, the methanol extracts derived from ten plant species belonging to the families Cupressaceae, Fabaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apocynaceae, Lauraceae, and Melastomataceae were selected as potent antifungal agents against A. porri. In particular, the methanol extract of Caryodaphnopsis baviensis (Lec.) A.-Shaw completely inhibited the growth of A. porri at a concentration of 111 μg/ml. Based on chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses, a neolignan compound magnolol was identified as the antifungal compound of the C. baviensis methanol extract. Magnolol showed a significant inhibitory activity against the spore germination and mycelial growth of A. porri with IC50 values of 4.5 and 5.4 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, when magnolol was sprayed onto onion plants at a concentration of 500 μg/ml, it showed more than an 80% disease control efficacy for the purple blotch diseases. In terms of the antifungal mechanism of magnolol, we explored the in vitro inhibitory activity on individual oxidative phosphorylation complexes I–V, and the results showed that magnolol acts as multiple inhibitors of complexes I–V. Taken together, our results provide new insight into the potential of magnolol as an active ingredient with antifungal inhibitory action to control purple blotch on onions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Kim
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Han
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Quang Le Dang
- Research and Development Center of Bioactive Compounds, Vietnam Institute of Industrial Chemistry, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail: (HK); (GJC)
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail: (HK); (GJC)
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Nguyen MV, Han JW, Le Dang Q, Ryu SM, Lee D, Kim H, Choi GJ. Clerodane Diterpenoids Identified from Polyalthia longifolia Showing Antifungal Activity against Plant Pathogens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10527-10535. [PMID: 34469148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new natural resources showing plant disease control effects, we found that the methanol extract of Polyalthia longifolia suppressed fungal disease development in plants. To identify the bioactive substances, the methanol extract of P. longifolia was extracted by organic solvents, and consequently, four new 2-oxo-clerodane diterpenes (1-4), a new 4(3 → 2)-abeo-clerodane diterpene (5), together with ten known compounds (6-16) were isolated and identified from the extracts. Of the new compounds, compound 2 showed a broad spectrum of antifungal activity with moderated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in a range of 50-100 μg/mL against tested fungal pathogens. Considering with the known compounds, compound 6 showed the most potent antifungal activity with an MIC value in the range of 6.3-12.5 μg/mL. When compound 6 was evaluated for an in vivo antifungal activity against rice blast, tomato late blight, and pepper anthracnose, compound 6 reduced the plant disease by at least 60% compared to the untreated control at concentrations of 250 and 500 μg/mL. Together, our results suggested that the methanol extract of twigs and leaves of P. longifolia and its major compound 6 could be used as a source for the development of eco-friendly plant protection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Van Nguyen
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Han
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Quang Le Dang
- Research and Development Center of Bioactive Compounds, Vietnam Institute of Industrial Chemistry, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Seung Mok Ryu
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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Tandi M, Sundriyal S. Recent trends in the design of antimicrobial agents using Ugi-multicomponent reaction. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yuan B, Jia H, Bu W, Yang T, Han-meng L, Ju XY, Li RP. A new chitosan sub-micron and encapsulated Iturin A with enhanced antifungal activity against Ceratocystis fimbriata and Rhizopus strolonifer. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:995-1003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cortés I, di Liberto MG, Kaufman TS, Derita MG, Bracca ABJ. Synthesis and evaluation of aromatic methoxime derivatives against five postharvest phytopathogenic fungi of fruits. Main structure-activity relationships. Food Chem 2020; 321:126701. [PMID: 32283502 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal activity of a library of twenty-four aromatic methoximes was examined against five representative postharvest phytopathogenic fungi. The panel included Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola, all of which cause relevant economic losses worldwide as a result of affecting harvested fruits. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations of each compound were defined and the main structure-activity relationships were determined. Although other congeners were more potent, drug likeliness considerations pointed to the methoxime derived from 2,4-dihydroxypropiophenone as the compound with the most suitable profile. The morphology of the colonies of the fungal strains treated with the methoxime was examined microscopically and the compound was also tested in freshly harvested peaches and oranges, exhibiting promising control profiles in both fruits, similar to those of the commercial agents Imazalil and Carbendazim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Cortés
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, (2000) Rosario, Argentina
| | - Melina G di Liberto
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, (2000) Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Marcos G Derita
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral (ICiAgro Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Kreder 2805, (3080) Esperanza, Argentina.
| | - Andrea B J Bracca
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, (2000) Rosario, Argentina.
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Ngo MT, Han JW, Yoon S, Bae S, Kim SY, Kim H, Choi GJ. Discovery of New Triterpenoid Saponins Isolated from Maesa japonica with Antifungal Activity against Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7706-7715. [PMID: 31246022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While searching for new antifungal compounds, we revealed that a methanol extract of plant species Maesa japonica has a potent antifungal activity in vivo against rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. To identify the antifungal substances, the methanol extract of M. japonica was extracted by organic solvents, and consequently, six active compounds were isolated from the n-butanol layer. The isolated compounds were five new acylated triterpenoid saponins including maejaposide I (1), maejaposides C-1, C-2, and C-3 (2-4), and maejaposide A-1 (5), along with a known one, maejaposide A (6). These chemical structures were determined by NMR and a comparison of their NMR and MS data with those reported in the literature. Based on the in vitro antifungal bioassay, the five compounds (2-6) exhibited strong antifungal activity against M. oryzae with MIC values ranging from 4 to 32 μg/mL, except for maejaposide I (1) (MIC > 250 μg/mL). When the compounds were evaluated at concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 μg/mL for an in vivo antifungal activity against rice blast, compounds 2-6 strongly reduced the development of blast by at least 85% to 98% compared to the untreated control. However, compound 1 did not show any in vivo antifungal activity up to a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Taken together, our results suggest that the methanol extract of M. japonica and the new acylated triterpenoid saponins can be used as a source for the development of natural fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men Thi Ngo
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology , University Science and Technology , Daejeon 34113 , Korea
| | - Jae Woo Han
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , Korea
| | - Sunggeon Yoon
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , Korea
| | - Sohyun Bae
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology , University Science and Technology , Daejeon 34113 , Korea
| | - Soo-Young Kim
- Biological and Genetic Resources Utilization Division , National Institute of Biological Resources , Incheon 22869 , Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology , University Science and Technology , Daejeon 34113 , Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology , University Science and Technology , Daejeon 34113 , Korea
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Šelešovská R, Herynková M, Skopalová J, Kelíšková-Martinková P, Janíková L, Chýlková J. Reduction behavior of insecticide azoxystrobin and its voltammetric determination using silver solid amalgam electrode. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bohnert S, Neumann H, Thines E, Jacob S. Visualizing fungicide action: an in vivo tool for rapid validation of fungicides with target location HOG pathway. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:772-778. [PMID: 30123985 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitogen-activated protein kinase MoHog1p was fused with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The MoHOG1::GFP mutant was found to be an excellent tool visualizing in vivo fungicide-dependent translocation of MoHog1p into the nucleus. Validation of pathway specificity was achieved by generating fluorescence-labelled MoHog1p in the ΔMohik1 'loss of function' mutant strain. RESULTS GFP-labelled MoHog1p expressed in the wildtype and in ΔMohik1 demonstrates that fludioxonil is acting on the HOG pathway and even more precisely that fungicide action is dependent on the group III histidine kinase MoHik1p. GFP-tagged MoHog1p translocated into the nucleus upon fungicide treatment in the MoHOG1::GFP mutant within seconds, but did not do so in the ΔMohik1/HOG1::GFP mutant. CONCLUSION Here, we developed a rapid in vivo tool for fluorescent-based validation of fungicides targeting the HOG-signaling pathway. Furthermore, using the fluorescent mutants generated in this study, we are able to visualize that fungicide action is dependent on the histidine kinase MoHik1p but operates in a different mechanism of pathway activation compared to osmotic stress. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bohnert
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hendrik Neumann
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mikrobiologie und Weinforschung am Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mikrobiologie und Weinforschung am Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Jacob
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mikrobiologie und Weinforschung am Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Mainz, Germany
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Jung B, Li T, Ji S, Lee J. Efficacy of Diphenyleneiodonium Chloride (DPIC) Against Diverse Plant Pathogens. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:105-111. [PMID: 31001452 PMCID: PMC6452913 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1559122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many of the fungicides and antibiotics currently available against plant pathogens are of limited use due to the emergence of resistant strains. In this study, we examined the effects of diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPIC), an inhibitor of the superoxide producing enzyme NADPH oxidase, against fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. We found that DPIC inhibits fungal spore germination and bacterial cell proliferation. In addition, we demonstrated the potent antibacterial activity of DPIC using rice heads infected with the bacterial pathogen Burkholderia glumae which causes bacterial panicle blight (BPB). We found that treatment with DPIC reduced BPB when applied during the initial flowering stage of the rice heads. These results suggest that DPIC could serve as a new and useful antimicrobial agent in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boknam Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Taiying Li
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sungyeon Ji
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
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Oxidation Behavior of Insecticide Azoxystrobin and its Voltammetric Determination Using Boron-doped Diamond Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Oppong-Danquah E, Parrot D, Blümel M, Labes A, Tasdemir D. Molecular Networking-Based Metabolome and Bioactivity Analyses of Marine-Adapted Fungi Co-cultivated With Phytopathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2072. [PMID: 30237790 PMCID: PMC6135897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent a rich source of bioactive metabolites and some are marketed as alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals against plant pathogens. However, the culturability of fungal strains in artificial laboratory conditions is still limited and the standard mono-cultures do not reflect their full spectrum chemical diversity. Phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria have successfully been used in the activation of cryptic biosynthetic pathways to promote the production of new secondary metabolites in co-culture experiments. The aim of this study was to map the fungal diversity of Windebyer Noor, a brackish lake connected to Baltic Sea (Germany), to induce the chemical space of the isolated marine-adapted fungi by co-culturing with phytopathogens, and to assess their inhibitory potential against six commercially important phytopathogens. Out of 123 marine-adapted fungal isolates obtained, 21 were selected based on their phylogenetic and metabolite diversity. They were challenged with two phytopathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum) and two phytopathogenic fungi (Magnaporthe oryzae and Botrytis cinerea) on solid agar. An in-depth untargeted metabolomics approach incorporating UPLC-QToF-HRMS/MS-based molecular networking (MN), in silico MS/MS databases, and manual dereplication was employed for comparative analysis of the extracts belonging to nine most bioactive co-cultures and their respective mono-cultures. The phytopathogens triggered interspecies chemical communications with marine-adapted fungi, leading to the production of new compounds and enhanced expression of known metabolites in co-cultures. MN successfully generated a detailed map of the chemical inventory of both mono- and co-cultures. We annotated overall 18 molecular clusters (belonging to terpenes, alkaloids, peptides, and polyketides), 9 of which were exclusively produced in co-cultures. Several clusters contained compounds, which could not be annotated to any known compounds, suggesting that they are putatively new metabolites. Direct antagonistic effects of the marine-adapted fungi on the phytopathogens were observed and anti-phytopathogenic activity was demonstrated.The untargeted metabolomics approach combined with bioactivity testing allowed prioritization of two co-cultures for purification and characterization of marine fungal metabolites with crop-protective activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study employing plant pathogens to challenge marine-adapted fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Oppong-Danquah
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Delphine Parrot
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Blümel
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Antje Labes
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Energy and Biotechnology, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Lee J, Kim E, Shin Y, Lee J, Lee J, Moon JK, Choi H, Maasfeld W, Kim JH. Whole body dosimetry and risk assessment of agricultural operator exposure to the fungicide kresoxim-methyl in apple orchards. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 155:94-100. [PMID: 29510314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined dermal and inhalation exposure of agricultural operators to kresoxim-methyl during pesticide mixing/loading and speed sprayer application (10 replicates, each of 3000 L of spray suspension) in an apple orchard and performed risk assessment. For the whole body dosimetry (WBD) exposure protocol, outer clothing, inner clothing, gauze, and nitrile gloves were examined to measure dermal exposure. In contrast, an IOM (institute of occupational medicine) sampler with a glass fiber filter was used to measure inhalation exposure. Analytical method accuracy in the exposure matrices was evaluated by a field recovery study. The dermal and inhalation exposure amounts for mixing/loading were 9.7 mg [0.002% of the total mixed/loaded active ingredient (a.i.)] and 1.2 µg (1.7 × 10-6% of the total mixed/loaded a.i.), respectively. The body parts more exposed were the forearms (35.5%), chest & stomach (30.2%), and hands (17.9%). During application, the dermal and inhalation exposure amounts were 66.5 mg (0.009% of the total applied a.i) and 34.8 µg (4.6 × 10-5% of the total applied a.i.), respectively. The shins (18.5%) and chest & stomach (16.0%) were exposed to higher proportion of pesticide, followed by the thighs (15.8%) and back (14.7%). Comparing the exposure pattern as assessed by the WBD method in the present study with the patch method as in our previous study, the ADE (actual dermal exposure) as measured by the WBD method was 25 times less than that measured by the patch method. The daily exposure amounts of ADE and AIE (actual inhalation exposure) for mixing/loading were 711.8 µg/day and 4.3 µg/day, respectively, whereas the amounts of ADE and AIE for application were 1825.8 µg/day and 116.1 µg/day. In risk assessment of the mixing/loading and application scenarios, the AOEL (acceptable operator exposure level) of kresoxim-methyl was used as the reference dose to show that the RI (risk index) was much lower than 1, indicating that agricultural operators are at low risk of exposure to kresoxim-methyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghak Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Kwan Moon
- Department of Plant Life and Environmental Sciences, Hankyong National University, Ansung Gyeonggi 456-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Subedi YP, AlFindee MN, Takemoto JY, Chang CWT. Antifungal amphiphilic kanamycins: new life for an old drug. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:909-919. [PMID: 30108980 PMCID: PMC6071784 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Classical aminoglycoside antibiotics are obsolete or hampered by the emergence of drug resistant bacteria. Recent discoveries of antifungal amphiphilic kanamycins offer new strategies for reviving and repurposing these old drugs. A simple structural modification turns the clinically obsolete antibacterial kanamycin into an antifungal agent. Structure-activity relationship studies have led to the production of K20, an antifungal kanamycin that can be mass-produced for uses in agriculture as well as in animals. This review delineates the path to the discovery of K20 and other related antifungal amphiphilic kanamycins, determination of its mode of action, and findings in greenhouse and field trials with K20 that could lead to crop disease protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagya Prasad Subedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , 0300 Old Main Hill , Logan , Utah 84322-0300 , USA .
| | - Madher N AlFindee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , 0300 Old Main Hill , Logan , Utah 84322-0300 , USA .
| | - Jon Y Takemoto
- Department of Biology , Utah State University , 5305 Old Main Hill , Logan , Utah 84322-5305 , USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Tom Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , 0300 Old Main Hill , Logan , Utah 84322-0300 , USA .
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20
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Simionato AS, Navarro MOP, de Jesus MLA, Barazetti AR, da Silva CS, Simões GC, Balbi-Peña MI, de Mello JCP, Panagio LA, de Almeida RSC, Andrade G, de Oliveira AG. The Effect of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid on Mycelial Growth of Botrytis cinerea Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LV Strain. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1102. [PMID: 28659907 PMCID: PMC5469906 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important postharvest plant pathogens that affect strawberries, grapes and tomatoes is Botrytis cinerea, known as gray mold. The fungus remains in latent form until spore germination conditions are good, making infection control difficult, causing great losses in the whole production chain. This study aimed to purify and identify phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) produced by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa LV strain and to determine its antifungal activity against B. cinerea. The compounds produced were extracted with dichloromethane and passed through a chromatographic process. The purity level of PCA was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography semi-preparative. The structure of PCA was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Antifungal activity was determined by the dry paper disk and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods and identified by scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The results showed that PCA inhibited mycelial growth, where MIC was 25 μg mL-1. Microscopic analysis revealed a reduction in exopolysaccharide (EPS) formation, showing distorted and damaged hyphae of B. cinerea. The results suggested that PCA has a high potential in the control of B. cinerea and inhibition of EPS (important virulence factor). This natural compound is a potential alternative to postharvest control of gray mold disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane S. Simionato
- Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - Miguel O. P. Navarro
- Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - Maria L. A. de Jesus
- Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - André R. Barazetti
- Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - Caroline S. da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - Glenda C. Simões
- Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - Maria I. Balbi-Peña
- Laboratório de Fitopatologia, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - João C. P. de Mello
- Laboratório de Produtos Fitoterápicos, Departamento de Farmácia e Farmacologia, Universidade Estadual de MaringáMaringá, Brazil
| | - Luciano A. Panagio
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. C. de Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - Galdino Andrade
- Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - Admilton G. de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica e Microanálise, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
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21
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Sumiya T, Ishigaki M, Oh K. Synthesis of Imidazole and Indole Hybrid Molecules and Antifungal Activity against Rice Blast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.18178/ijcea.2017.8.3.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Hagerty CH, Mundt CC. Reduced Virulence of Azoxystrobin-Resistant Zymoseptoria tritici Populations in Greenhouse Assays. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:884-889. [PMID: 27249373 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-16-0029-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of resistance to multiple fungicide classes is currently limiting disease management options for many pathogens, while the discovery of new fungicide classes may become less frequent. In light of this, more research is needed to quantify virulence trade-offs of fungicide resistance in order to more fully understand the implications of fungicide resistance on pathogen fitness. The purpose of this study was to measure the virulence of azoxystrobin-resistant and -sensitive Zymoseptoria tritici populations collected from North and South Willamette Valley, Oregon, in 2012 and 2015. Inoculum mixtures of known fungicide-resistant phenotypes were used to simulate natural field conditions, where multiple genotypes exist and interact in close proximity. Six greenhouse inoculations were conducted over 2 years, and virulence of the isolate mixtures was evaluated in planta. We considered virulence to be "the degree of pathology caused by the organism" and visually estimated the percent area of leaf necrosis as a measure of virulence. In greenhouse conditions, a consistent association of reduced virulence with azoxystrobin-resistant Z. tritici isolate mixtures was observed. North Willamette Valley and South Willamette Valley populations did not differ in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Hagerty
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, 2701 SW Campus Way, Corvallis 97331
| | - Christopher C Mundt
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, 2701 SW Campus Way, Corvallis 97331
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Jeon BJ, Kim JD, Han JW, Kim BS. Antifungal activity of rimocidin and a new rimocidin derivative BU16 produced by Streptomyces mauvecolor BU16 and their effects on pepper anthracnose. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1219-28. [PMID: 26808253 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to explore antifungal metabolites targeting fungal cell envelope and to evaluate the control efficacy against anthracnose development in pepper plants. METHODS AND RESULTS A natural product library comprising 3000 microbial culture extracts was screened via an adenylate kinase (AK)-based cell lysis assay to detect antifungal metabolites targeting the cell envelope of plant-pathogenic fungi. The culture extract of Streptomyces mauvecolor strain BU16 displayed potent AK-releasing activity. Rimocidin and a new rimocidin derivative, BU16, were identified from the extract as active constituents. BU16 is a tetraene macrolide containing a six-membered hemiketal ring with an ethyl group side chain instead of the propyl group in rimocidin. Rimocidin and BU16 showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity against various plant-pathogenic fungi and demonstrated potent control efficacy against anthracnose development in pepper plants. CONCLUSIONS Antifungal metabolites produced by S. mauvecolor strain BU16 were identified to be rimocidin and BU16. The compounds displayed potent control efficacy against pepper anthracnose. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Rimocidin and BU16 would be active ingredients of disease control agents disrupting cell envelope of plant-pathogenic fungi. The structure and antifungal activity of rimocidin derivative BU16 is first described in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Jeon
- Laboratory of Plant Pharmacology, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - J D Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Pharmacology, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - J W Han
- Laboratory of Plant Pharmacology, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - B S Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Pharmacology, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Abelho M, Martins TF, Shinn C, Moreira-Santos M, Ribeiro R. Effects of the fungicide pyrimethanil on biofilm and organic matter processing in outdoor lentic mesocosms. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:121-131. [PMID: 26496930 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the fungicide pyrimethanil (0.7 mg L(−1)) on biofilm development and alder leaf litter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems was assessed in outdoor lentic mesocosms immediately and 274 days after pyrimethanil application. Pyrimethanil decreased ergosterol concentrations (an indicator of fungal biomass) and the abundance and richness of the macroinvertebrate community associated with decomposing leaves. However, because neither fungi nor macroinvertebrates were main factors contributing to decomposition in this particular system, organic matter processing rates were not affected. After 274 days, pyrimethanil concentration in the water column was ≤0.004 mg L(−1) but richness, biomass and composition of the invertebrate community associated with decomposing leaf-litter still showed the effect. The comparison of ergosterol (a molecule existing on both algae and fungal cell membranes), with chlorophyll (an indicator of algal biomass) associated with biofilm suggests that pyrimethanil may decrease fungal biomass and alter the relative abundance of algae and fungi on biofilm developing in control- and treated-mesocosms.
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Fosso MY, Shrestha SK, Green KD, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Synthesis and Bioactivities of Kanamycin B-Derived Cationic Amphiphiles. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9124-32. [PMID: 26592740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cationic amphiphiles derived from aminoglycosides (AGs) have been shown to exhibit enhanced antimicrobial activity. Through the attachment of hydrophobic residues such as linear alkyl chains on the AG backbone, interesting antibacterial and antifungal agents with a novel mechanism of action have been developed. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of seven kanamycin B (KANB) derivatives. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities, along with resistance/enzymatic, hemolytic, and cytotoxicity assays were also studied. Two of these compounds, with a C12 and C14 aliphatic chain attached at the 6″-position of KANB through a thioether linkage, exhibited good antibacterial and antifungal activity, were poorer substrates than KANB for several AG-modifying enzymes, and could delay the development of resistance in bacteria and fungi. Also, they were both relatively less hemolytic than the known membrane targeting antibiotic gramicidin and the known antifungal agent amphotericin B and were not toxic at their antifungal MIC values. Their oxidation to sulfones was also demonstrated to have no effect on their activities. Moreover, they both acted synergistically with posaconazole, an azole currently used in the treatment of human fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Y Fosso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Sanjib K Shrestha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Keith D Green
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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Yang X, Hu H, Yu D, Sun Z, He X, Zhang J, Chen Q, Tian R, Fan J. Candidate Resistant Genes of Sand Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) to Alternaria alternata Revealed by Transcriptome Sequencing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135046. [PMID: 26292286 PMCID: PMC4546377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pear black spot (PBS) disease, which is caused by Alternaria alternata (Aa), is one of the most serious diseases affecting sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivation worldwide. To investigate the defense mechanisms of sand pear in response to Aa, the transcriptome of a sand pear germplasm with differential resistance to Aa was analyzed using Illumina paired-end sequencing. Four libraries derived from PBS-resistant and PBS-susceptible sand pear leaves were characterized through inoculation or mock-inoculation. In total, 20.5 Gbp of sequence data and 101,632,565 reads were generated, representing 44717 genes. Approximately 66% of the genes or sequenced reads could be aligned to the pear reference genome. A large number (5213) of differentially expressed genes related to PBS resistance were obtained; 34 microsatellites were detected in these genes, and 28 genes were found to be closely related to PBS resistance. Using a transcriptome analysis in response to PBS inoculation and comparison analysis to the PHI database, 4 genes (Pbr039001, Pbr001627, Pbr025080 and Pbr023112) were considered to be promising candidates for sand pear resistance to PBS. This study provides insight into changes in the transcriptome of sand pear in response to PBS infection, and the findings have improved our understanding of the resistance mechanism of sand pear to PBS and will facilitate future gene discovery and functional genome studies of sand pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, P. R. China
| | - Hongju Hu
- Research Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, P. R. China
| | - Dazhao Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
- Hubei Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DZY); (ZHS)
| | - Zhonghai Sun
- Research Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DZY); (ZHS)
| | - Xiujuan He
- Research Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, P. R. China
| | - Jingguo Zhang
- Research Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, P. R. China
| | - Qiliang Chen
- Research Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, P. R. China
| | - Rui Tian
- Research Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- Research Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, P. R. China
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Zhang W, Wei W, Shi J, Chen C, Zhao G, Jiao R, Tan R. Natural phenolic metabolites from endophytic Aspergillus sp. IFB-YXS with antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2698-701. [PMID: 26004581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prompted by the pressing necessity to conquer phytopathogenic infections, the antimicrobial compounds were characterized with bioassay-guided method from the ethanol extract derived from the solid-substrate fermentation of Aspergillus sp. IFB-YXS, an endophytic fungus residing in the apparently healthy leave of Ginkgo biloba L. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and mechanism(s) of these bioactive compounds against phytopathogens. Among the compounds, xanthoascin (1) is significantly inhibitory on the growth of the phytopathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganense subsp. Sepedonicus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.31μg/ml, which is more potent than streptomycin (MIC 0.62μg/ml), an antimicrobial drug co-assayed herein as a positive reference. Moreover, terphenyl derivatives 3, 5 and 6 are also found to be active against other phytopathogens including Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Swings, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola Swings, Erwinia amylovora and Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans etc. The antibacterial mechanism of xanthoascin (1) was addressed to change the cellular permeability of the phytopathogens, leading to the remarkable leakage of nucleic acids out of the cytomembrane. The work highlights the possibility that xanthoascin (1), an analogue of xanthocillin which is used to be an approved antibiotic, may find its renewed application as a potent antibacterial agrichemical. This study contributes to the development of new antimicrobial drugs, especially against C. michiganense subsp. Sepedonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chaojun Chen
- Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruihua Jiao
- Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Renxiang Tan
- Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing 210023, China
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Hoyt JR, Cheng TL, Langwig KE, Hee MM, Frick WF, Kilpatrick AM. Bacteria isolated from bats inhibit the growth of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121329. [PMID: 25853558 PMCID: PMC4390377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are a key threat to wildlife. Several fungal skin pathogens have recently emerged and caused widespread mortality in several vertebrate groups, including amphibians, bats, rattlesnakes and humans. White-nose syndrome, caused by the fungal skin pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, threatens several hibernating bat species with extinction and there are few effective treatment strategies. The skin microbiome is increasingly understood to play a large role in determining disease outcome. We isolated bacteria from the skin of four bat species, and co-cultured these isolates with P. destructans to identify bacteria that might inhibit or kill P. destructans. We then conducted two reciprocal challenge experiments in vitro with six bacterial isolates (all in the genus Pseudomonas) to quantify the effect of these bacteria on the growth of P. destructans. All six Pseudomonas isolates significantly inhibited growth of P. destructans compared to non-inhibitory control bacteria, and two isolates performed significantly better than others in suppressing P. destructans growth for at least 35 days. In both challenge experiments, the extent of suppression of P. destructans growth was dependent on the initial concentration of P. destructans and the initial concentration of the bacterial isolate. These results show that bacteria found naturally occurring on bats can inhibit the growth of P. destructans in vitro and should be studied further as a possible probiotic to protect bats from white-nose syndrome. In addition, the presence of these bacteria may influence disease outcomes among individuals, populations, and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Hoyt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tina L. Cheng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Kate E. Langwig
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Mallory M. Hee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Winifred F. Frick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - A. Marm Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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Wise C, Falardeau J, Hagberg I, Avis TJ. Cellular Lipid Composition Affects Sensitivity of Plant Pathogens to Fengycin, an Antifungal Compound Produced by Bacillus subtilis Strain CU12. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:1036-41. [PMID: 24679152 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-13-0336-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fengycin is an antimicrobial cyclic lipopeptide produced by various Bacillus subtilis strains, including strain CU12. Direct effects of fengycin include membrane pore formation and efflux of cellular contents leading to cell death in sensitive microorganisms. In this study, four plant pathogens were studied in order to elucidate the role of membrane lipids in their relative sensitivity to fengycin. Inhibition of mycelial growth in these pathogens varied considerably. Analysis of membrane lipids in these microorganisms indicated that sensitivity correlated with low ergosterol content and shorter phospholipid fatty acyl chains. Sensitivity to fengycin also correlated with a lower anionic/zwitterionic phospholipid ratio. Our data suggest that decreased fluidity buffering capacity, as a result of low ergosterol content, and higher intrinsic fluidity afforded by short fatty acyl chain length may increase the sensitivity of microbial membranes to fengycin. Our results also suggest that lower content in anionic phospholipids may increase fengycin insertion into the membrane through reduced electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged fengycin. The intrinsic membrane lipid composition may contribute, in part, to the observed level of antimicrobial activity of fengycin in various plant pathogens.
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Troskie AM, de Beer A, Vosloo JA, Jacobs K, Rautenbach M. Inhibition of agronomically relevant fungal phytopathogens by tyrocidines, cyclic antimicrobial peptides isolated from Bacillus aneurinolyticus. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:2089-2101. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.078840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrocidines, a complex of analogous cyclic decapeptides produced by Bacillus aneurinolyticus, exhibited noteworthy activity against a range of phytopathogenic fungi, including Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium solani and Botrytis cinerea. The activity of the tyrocidine peptide complex (Trc mixture) and purified tyrocidines exhibited minimum inhibition concentrations below 13 µg ml−1 (~10 µM) and was significantly more potent than that of the commercial imidazole fungicide, bifonazole. Although the tyrocidines’ activity was negatively influenced by the presence of Ca2+, it remained unaffected by the presence of Mg2+, Na+ and K+. Microscopic analysis revealed significant impact on the morphology of F. solani and Bot. cinerea including retarded germination and hyperbranching of hyphae. Studies with membrane-impermeable dyes, SYTOX green and propidium iodide suggested that the main mode of action of tyrocidines involves the disruption of fungal membrane integrity. Because of the tyrocidines’ broad spectrum and potent antifungal activity, possible multiple targets reducing the risk of overt resistance and general salt tolerance, they are promising candidates that warrant further investigation as bio-fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anscha M. Troskie
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa
| | - Abré de Beer
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa
| | - Johan A. Vosloo
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa
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Chen X, Xu J, Liu X, Tao Y, Pan X, Zheng Y, Dong F. Simultaneous determination of trifloxystrobin and trifloxystrobin acid residue in rice and soil by a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1640-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
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Cai J, Feng J, Xie S, Wang F, Xu Q. Laminaria japonica Extract, an Inhibitor of Clavibater michiganense Subsp. Sepedonicum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94329. [PMID: 24714388 PMCID: PMC3979835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial ring rot of potato is one of the most serious potato plant and tuber diseases. Laminaria japonica extract was investigated for its antimicrobial activity against Clavibater michiganense subsp. sepedonicum (Spieckermann & Kotthoff) Davis et al., the causative agent of bacterial ring rot of potato. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions of antimicrobial substances from L. japonica were an extraction temperature of 80°C, an extraction time of 12 h, and a solid to liquid ratio of 1∶25. Active compounds of L. japonica were isolated by solvent partition, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography. All nineteen fractionations had antimicrobial activities against C. michiganense subsp. sepedonicum, while Fractionation three (Fr.3) had the highest (P<0.05) antimicrobial activity. Chemical composition analysis identified a total of 26 components in Fr.3. The main constituents of Fr.3 were alkanes (80.97%), esters (5.24%), acids (4.87%) and alcohols (2.21%). Antimicrobial activity of Fr.3 against C. michiganense subsp. sepedonicum could be attributed to its ability to damage the cell wall and cell membrane, induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increase cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, inhibit the glycolytic pathway (EMP) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, inhibit protein and nucleic acid synthesis, and disrupt the normal cycle of DNA replication. These findings indicate that L. japonica extracts have potential for inhibiting C. michiganense subsp. sepedonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cai
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Feng
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shulian Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feipeng Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiufeng Xu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
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Rebollar A, López-García B. PAF104, a synthetic peptide to control rice blast disease by blocking appressorium formation in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1407-1416. [PMID: 23902261 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-13-0110-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is the most devastating pathogen of rice and the main cause of crop losses worldwide. The successful management of blast disease caused by this fungus is a clear necessity. The synthetic peptide PAF104 has been characterized by its inhibition of M. oryzae appressorium formation on hydrophobic surfaces. Growth and the ability of conidia to germinate was not affected by PAF104, indicating the lack of toxicity on fungal conidia. The addition of the cutin monomer 1,16-hexadecanediol does not interfere with the inhibitory effect of PAF104 on in vitro hydrophobic surfaces. On the other hand, inhibition of appressorium formation by PAF104 was nullified by the exogenous addition of cAMP. Our results suggest that PAF104 affects the Pmk1 pathway by repression of the gene expression of MoMSB2, which encodes a sensing surface protein, and the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase MST11. The pathogenicity of M. oryzae was reduced after PAF104 treatment specifically blocking appressorium formation. Our results support PAF104 as a promising compound to control rice blast disease by blocking a specific target related to appressorium formation, a process essential for infection of rice leaves. Moreover, PAF104 is proposed as a lead compound to develop novel specific fungicides with improved properties.
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Wang H, Sun Y, Chen C, Sun Z, Zhou Y, Shen F, Zhang H, Dai Y. Genome shuffling of Lactobacillus plantarum for improving antifungal activity. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cai J, Xie S, Feng J, Wang F, Xu Q. Protective effect of Polygonum orientale L. extracts against Clavibater michiganense subsp. sepedonicum, the causal agent of bacterial ring rot of potato. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68480. [PMID: 23861908 PMCID: PMC3701652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Polygonum orientale L. extracts were investigated for antibacterial activity against Clavibater michiganense subsp. sepedonicum (Spieckermann & Kotthoff) Davis et al., the causal agent of a serious disease called bacterial ring rot of potato. The results showed that the leaf extracts of P. orientale had significantly (p<0.05) greater antibacterial activity against C. michiganense subsp. sepedonicum than root, stem, flower extracts in vitro. According to the results of single factor experiments and L(27)3(13) orthogonal experiments, optimum extraction conditions were A1B3C1, extraction time 6 h, temperature 80°C, solid to liquid ratio 1∶10 (g:mL). The highest (p<0.05) antibacterial activity was observed when pH was 5, excluding the effect of control. The extracts were stable under ultraviolet (UV). In vivo analysis revealed that 50 mg/mL of P. orientale leaf extracts was effective in controlling decay. Under field conditions, 50 mg/mL of P. orientale leaf extracts also improved growth parameters (whole plant length, shoot length, root length, plant fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, dry weight, and number of leaves), in the 2010 and 2011 two growing seasons. Further solvent partition assays showed that the most active compounds were in the petroleum ether fractionation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed drastic ultrastructural changes caused by petroleum ether fractionation, including bacterial deformation, electron-dense particles, formation of vacuoles and lack of cytoplasmic materials. These results indicated that P. orientale extracts have strong antibacterial activity against C. michiganense subsp. sepedonicum and a promising effect in control of bacterial ring rot of potato disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cai
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shulian Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Feng
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feipeng Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiufeng Xu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Antifungal activity of gallic acid purified from Terminalia nigrovenulosa bark against Fusarium solani. Microb Pathog 2013; 56:8-15. [PMID: 23333407 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The antifungal activities of methanolic extracts from Terminalia nigrovenulosa bark (TNB) was investigated for effects on the initial growth of mycelia against Fusarium solani. The ethyl acetate fraction separated from TNB demonstrated the highest antifungal activity against F. solani. The antifungal compound was isolated from TNB using silica gel column and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography combined with thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Structural identification of the antifungal compound was conducted using (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The purified antifungal compound was gallic acid (GA) or 3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoic acid. Purified-GA possesses the high antifungal activity against F. solani, and that antifungal activity was dosage-dependent. The hyphae became collapsed and shrunken after 24 h incubation with GA (500 ppm). In pot experiments, the application of TNB crude extract was found to be effective in controlling the cucumber Fusarium root rot disease by enhancing activities of chitinase, peroxidase thereby promoting the growth of plants. The applied TNB extract significantly suppressed root rot disease compared to control. It resulted in 33, 75 and 81% disease suppression with 100, 500 and 1000 ppm of TNB crude extract, respectively. The study effectively demonstrated biological activities of the TNB extract, therefore suggesting the application of TNB for the control of soil-borne diseases of cucumber plants.
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Gopal R, Na H, Seo CH, Park Y. Antifungal activity of (KW)n or (RW)n peptide against Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15042-53. [PMID: 23203110 PMCID: PMC3509626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of lysine (Lys) or arginine (Arg) and tryptophan (Trp) are important for the antimicrobial effects of cationic peptides. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a series of antimicrobial peptides with various numbers of Lys (or Arg) and Trp repeats [(KW and RW)(n)-NH(2), where n equals 2, 3, 4, or 5]. Antifungal activities of these peptides increased with chain length. Light microscopy demonstrated that longer peptides (n = 4, 5) strongly inhibited in vitro growth of Fusarium solani, and Fusarium oxysporum, at 4-32 μM. Furthermore, longer peptides displayed potent fungicidal activities against a variety of agronomical important filamentous fungi, including F. solani and F. oxysporum, at their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). However, RW series peptides showed slightly higher fungicidal activities than KW peptides against the two strains. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that these short peptides would be good candidates for use as synthetic or transgenic antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramamourthy Gopal
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Hyungjong Na
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Chang Ho Seo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mail:
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mail:
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Kaur S, Takkar R, Bhardwaj U, Kumar R, Battu RS, Singh B. Dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on wheat leaves and their harvest time residues in wheat grains and soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 89:606-610. [PMID: 22885543 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Following single application of Nativo 75 WG (trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50%) on wheat crop @ 300 and 600 g ha(-1), resulting in active application of trifloxystrobin @ 75.0 and 150.0 g a.i. ha(-1) and tebuconazole @ 150 and 300 g a.i. ha(-1), the average initial deposits of trifloxystrobin on wheat leaves were 5.54 and 8.30 mg kg(-1), and that of tebuconazole were 14.66 and 27.94 mg kg(-1), respectively. Half-life values for trifloxystrobin were observed to be 2.80 and 2.51 days whereas those for tebuconazole were found to be 2.46 and 1.85 days at recommended and double the recommended dosages, respectively. The residues of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole dissipated to the extent of >89% at both the dosages after 7 days. Wheat grain samples at harvest having pre harvest interval of 140 days did not show the presence of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole at their determination limit of 0.01 mg kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarabjit Kaur
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
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Ipcho SVS, Hane JK, Antoni EA, Ahren D, Henrissat B, Friesen TL, Solomon PS, Oliver RP. Transcriptome analysis of Stagonospora nodorum: gene models, effectors, metabolism and pantothenate dispensability. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:531-45. [PMID: 22145589 PMCID: PMC6638697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum, causal organism of the wheat disease Stagonospora nodorum blotch, has emerged as a model for the Dothideomycetes, a large fungal taxon that includes many important plant pathogens. The initial annotation of the genome assembly included 16,586 nuclear gene models. These gene models were used to design a microarray that has been interrogated with labelled transcripts from six cDNA samples: four from infected wheat plants at time points spanning early infection to sporulation, and two time points taken from growth in artificial media. Positive signals of expression were obtained for 12,281 genes. This represents strong corroborative evidence of the validity of these gene models. Significantly differential expression between the various time points was observed. When infected samples were compared with axenic cultures, 2882 genes were expressed at a higher level in planta and 3630 were expressed more highly in vitro. Similar numbers were differentially expressed between different developmental stages. The earliest time points in planta were particularly enriched in differentially expressed genes. A disproportionate number of the early expressed gene products were predicted to be secreted, but otherwise had no obvious sequence homology to functionally characterized genes. These genes are candidate necrotrophic effectors. We have focused attention on genes for carbohydrate metabolism and the specific biosynthetic pathways active during growth in planta. The analysis points to a very dynamic adjustment of metabolism during infection. Functional analysis of a gene in the coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway showed that the enzyme was dispensable for growth, indicating that a precursor is supplied by the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon V S Ipcho
- Murdoch University, Heath Science, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Guglielmi MA, Rocher F, Legros S, Bonnemain JL, Chollet JF. A non-destructive method for testing two components of the behaviour of soil-applied agricultural chemicals over a long period. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:897-905. [PMID: 22271588 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the complexity of soil composition, accurate predictions of both apoplastic systemicity of lipophilic xenobiotics and their leaching from the soil are made difficult. Therefore, a non-destructive method to assess directly these two components of the spatial behaviour of soil-applied phytochemicals is needed. RESULTS The plant selected was a dwarf tomato, which can exude an abundant apoplastic fluid through large stomata for several months. The feasibility and reliability of the method were assayed using three triazoles exhibiting different log D values. HPLC-MS analyses indicated that triadimenol (log D = 2.97) was clearly the most mobile compound within the apoplast, especially its diastereoisomer A. Propiconazole (log D = 3.65) and penconazole (log D = 4.64) exhibited a similar low systemicity. The data remained the same when the three fungicides were applied together on the soil. Long time-course studies (1.5 months) of penconazole behaviour indicated that, in contrast to leaching, which decrease sharply, root-to-shoot translocation remained almost unchanged during the whole experiment, in spite of the high lipophilicity of this fungicide. CONCLUSION This method must contribute to a better knowledge of the behaviour of commercial soil-applied phytochemicals. It can also be used to screen new xenobiotics within strategies to satisfy environmental requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Guglielmi
- Laboratoire Synthèse et Réactivité des Substances Naturelles, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 6514, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Gandía M, Harries E, Marcos JF. Identification and characterization of chitin synthase genes in the postharvest citrus fruit pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:654-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Musso L, Dallavalle S, Farina G, Burrone E. Natural products as sources of new fungicides: synthesis and antifungal activity of zopfiellin analogues. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:780-9. [PMID: 22284723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of cyclooctadiene anhydrides, analogues of the natural compound zopfiellin, was performed to assay their in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity on a set of plant pathogenic fungi. Most of the synthesized compounds possessed a broad spectrum of activity. In particular, the anhydrides 2 and 5a were very effective against the Oomycete diseases such as Phytophthora infestans and Pythium ultimum, reaching a level of activity well comparable with that of commercial fungicides in use. Preliminary in vivo evaluation of their protectant activity is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loana Musso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy.
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Yoon MY, Choi NH, Min BS, Choi GJ, Choi YH, Jang KS, Han SS, Cha B, Kim JC. Potent in vivo antifungal activity against powdery mildews of pregnane glycosides from the roots of Cynanchum wilfordii. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12210-12216. [PMID: 21992072 DOI: 10.1021/jf2039185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two new pregnane glycosides, kidjoranine 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-diginopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside (5) and caudatin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-diginopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside (6), were isolated from the roots of Cynanchum wilfordii along with four known compounds (1-4). The antifungal activities of the six compounds against barley powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei were compared to the antifungal activity of polyoxin B. The caudatin glycosides (1, 4, and 6) showed stronger antifungal activities than polyoxin B, whereas kidjoranine glycosides (2, 3, and 5) had weaker activities than polyoxin B. A wettable powder-type formulation (C. wilfordii-WP20) of the ethyl acetate extract from C. wilfordii roots prohibited the development of barley powdery mildew much more effectively than the commercial fungicide polyoxin B-WP10. In addition, C. wilfordii-WP20 effectively controlled strawberry powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca humuli under greenhouse conditions. Thus, the crude extract containing the pregnane glycosides can be used as a botanical fungicide for the environmentally benign control of powdery mildews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Yoon
- Green Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-Gu, PO Box 107, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
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Galetti MD, Cirigliano AM, Cabrera GM, Ramírez JA. Multicomponent synthesis of acylated short peptoids with antifungal activity against plant pathogens. Mol Divers 2011; 16:113-9. [PMID: 21922290 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-011-9334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe the synthesis of a small library of short peptoids composed of four glycine residues and acylated with a fatty acid that showed a remarkable in vitro activity against two fungal plant pathogens. Their straightforward synthesis implied two consecutive Ugi reactions and can be efficiently extended to the construction of highly diverse libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías D Galetti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Piso 3, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Che YZ, Li YR, Zou HS, Zou LF, Zhang B, Chen GY. A novel antimicrobial protein for plant protection consisting of a Xanthomonas oryzae harpin and active domains of cecropin A and melittin. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 4:777-93. [PMID: 21895994 PMCID: PMC3815413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoveries about antimicrobial peptides and plant defence activators have made possible the de novo and rational design of novel peptides for use in crop protection. Here we report a novel chimeric protein, Hcm1, which was made by linking the active domains of cecropin A and melittin to the hypersensitive response (HR)‐elicitor Hpa1 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak. The resulting chimeric protein maintained not only the HR‐inducing property of the harpin, but also the antimicrobial activity of the cecropin A‐melittin hybrid. Hcm1 was purified from engineered Escherichia coli and evaluated in terms of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the 50% effective dose (ED50) against important plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Importantly, the protein acted as a potential pesticide by inducing disease resistance for viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens. This designed drug can be considered as a lead compound for use in plant protection, either for the development of new broad‐spectrum pesticides or for expression in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhou Che
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management for Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing 210095, China
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Wu Y, He Y, Ge X. Functional characterization of the recombinant antimicrobial peptide Trx-Ace-AMP1 and its application on the control of tomato early blight disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1303-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Antibacterial to antifungal conversion of neamine aminoglycosides through alkyl modification. Strategy for reviving old drugs into agrofungicides. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 63:667-72. [PMID: 20924381 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many Actinomycetes aminoglycosides are widely used antibiotics. Although mainly antibacterials, a few known aminoglycosides also inhibit yeasts, protozoans and important crop pathogenic fungal oomycetes. Here we show that attachment of a C8 alkyl chain to ring III of a neamine-based aminoglycoside specifically at the 4″-o position yields a broad-spectrum fungicide (FG08) without the antibacterial properties typical for aminoglycosides. Leaf infection assays and greenhouse studies show that FG08 is capable of suppressing wheat fungal infections by Fusarium graminearum-the causative agent of Fusarium head blight-at concentrations that are minimally phytotoxic. Unlike typical aminoglycoside action of ribosomal protein translation miscoding, FG08's antifungal action involves perturbation of the plasma membrane. This antibacterial to antifungal transformation could pave the way for the development of a new class of aminoglycoside-based fungicides suitable for use in crop disease applications. In addition, this strategy is an example of reviving a clinically obsolete drug by simple chemical modification to yield a new application.
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Keum YS, Zhu YZ, Kim JH. Structure-inhibitory activity relationships of pyrrolnitrin analogues on its biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:781-9. [PMID: 20865257 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolnitrin is a bacterial metabolite, served as a natural lead of agricultural fungicides. In a previous study, fenpiclonil was proven to inhibit the oxidative transformation of aminopyrrolnitrin to pyrrolnitrin, catalyzed by aminopyrrolnitrin oxidase (PrnD). This monooxygenase has an interesting catalytic activity of selective oxidation of aromatic amines, rather than aliphatic amines. However, its structural details are not well understood. In this study, various analogues of pyrrolnitrin were prepared to elucidate the structures of active site of PrnD through structure-activity relationships. In vivo pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis inhibition was determined with Burkholderia sp. O33 and Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5. Quantitative analysis of pyrrolnitrin and precursors indicates that 2,3-disubstituted phenyl at 3rd carbon and small substituents at 4th carbon of pyrrole are strictly required to give strong inhibitory effects. In addition, dissociable proton of pyrrole is also critical for inhibitory activity. Molecular simulation with homology-based PrnD model suggests a highly restricted conformational space in active site. The results may help more detailed understanding of this unusual enzyme. In addition, the information will be useful for the development of novel fungicide, compatible with pyrrolnitrin-producing bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Keum
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Yang PW, Li MG, Zhao JY, Zhu MZ, Shang H, Li JR, Cui XL, Huang R, Wen ML. Oligomycins A and C, major secondary metabolites isolated from the newly isolated strain Streptomyces diastaticus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:10-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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