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Igarashi T, Kim H, Sun PZ. Detection of tissue pH with quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4711. [PMID: 35141979 PMCID: PMC10249910 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a novel means for sensitive detection of dilute labile protons and chemical exchange rates. By sensitizing to pH-dependent chemical exchange, CEST MRI has shown promising results in monitoring tissue statuses such as pH changes in disorders like acute stroke, tumor, and acute kidney injury. This article briefly reviews the basic principles for CEST imaging and quantitative measures, from the simplistic asymmetry analysis to multipool Lorentzian decoupling and quasi-steady-state reconstruction. In particular, the advantages and limitations of commonly used quantitative approaches for CEST applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Igarashi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Hahnsung Kim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Phillip Zhe Sun
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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2
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Cheng HLM. A primer on in vivo cell tracking using MRI. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1193459. [PMID: 37324153 PMCID: PMC10264782 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1193459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell tracking by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a collection of multiple advantages over other imaging modalities, including high spatial resolution, unlimited depth penetration, 3D visualization, lack of ionizing radiation, and the potential for long-term cell monitoring. Three decades of innovation in both contrast agent chemistry and imaging physics have built an expansive array of probes and methods to track cells non-invasively across a diverse range of applications. In this review, we describe both established and emerging MRI cell tracking approaches and the variety of mechanisms available for contrast generation. Emphasis is given to the advantages, practical limitations, and persistent challenges of each approach, incorporating quantitative comparisons where possible. Toward the end of this review, we take a deeper dive into three key application areas - tracking cancer metastasis, immunotherapy for cancer, and stem cell regeneration - and discuss the cell tracking techniques most suitable to each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Liu J, Xie CM, Liu Q, Xu J, Zheng LY, Liu X, Zheng H, Wu Y. Dynamic alteration in myocardium creatine during acute infarction using MR CEST imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4704. [PMID: 35102636 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is an essential metabolite in the creatine kinase reaction, which plays a critical role in maintaining normal cardiac function. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI offers a novel way to map myocardium Cr. This study aims to investigate the dynamic alteration in myocardium Cr during acute infarction using CEST MRI, which may facilitate understanding of the heart remodeling mechanism at the molecular level. Seven adult Bama pigs underwent cardiac cine, Cr CEST, and late gadolinium-enhanced (LGE) T1 -weighted (T1 w) imaging three and 14 days after myocardial infarction induction on a 3 T scanner. Cardiac structural and functional indices, including myocardium mass (MM), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF), were measured from cines. Infarct angle was determined from LGE T1 w images, based on which myocardium was classified into infarct, adjacent, and remote regions. Cr-weighted CEST signal was quantified from a three-pool Lorentzian fitting model and measured within each region and the entire myocardium. Student's t-test was conducted to evaluate any significant differences in measurements between the two time points. Correlation was assessed with Pearson correlation. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Over the studied period, MM, EDV, and ESV did not alter significantly (P > 0.05), whereas significant increases of SV and EF and decrease of infarct angle were observed (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the Cr-weighted CEST signal elevated significantly on Day 14 compared with Day 3 in the infarct (10.00 ± 1.28% versus 6.91 ± 1.54%, P < 0.01), adjacent (11.17 ± 2.00% versus 8.01 ± 1.58%, P = 0.01), and entire myocardium (11.03 ± 1.36% versus 8.19 ± 1.28%, P < 0.01). Moderate negative correlations were shown between the infarct angle and Cr-weighted CEST signals in the infarct (r = -0.80, P < 0.001), adjacent (r = -0.58, P = 0.03), and entire myocardium (r = -0.76, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the dynamic increase of myocardium Cr during acute infarction may interact with cardiac structural and functional recovery. The study provides supplementary insights into the heart remodeling process from the metabolic viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan-Miao Xie
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Liu
- UIH America, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- UIH America, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li-Yun Zheng
- MR Collaboration, Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance: From clinical uses to emerging techniques. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 33:141-147. [PMID: 34933114 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) account for approximately 50% of those with heart failure (HF) and have increased morbidity and mortality when compared to those with HF with reduced ejection fraction. Currently, the pathophysiology and diagnostic criteria for HFpEF remain unclear, contributing significantly to delays in creating a beneficial and tailored treatment that can improve the prognosis of HFpEF. A multitude of studies have exclusively tested and illustrated the diagnostic value of echocardiography imaging in HFpEF; however, a widely-accepted criterion to identify HFpEF using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has not been established. As the gold standard for cardiac structural, functional measurement, and tissue characterization, CMR holds great potential for the early discovery of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and risk stratification of HFpEF. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the diagnostic and prognostic role of CMR parameters in the setting of HFpEF through validated routine and prospective emerging techniques, and provide clinical perspectives for CMR imaging application in HFpEF.
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Li X, Huang S, Han P, Zhou Z, Azab L, Lu M, Li J, An J, Cao Y, Jin Z, Li D, Wang Y. Nonenhanced Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Amyloid Light-Chain Amyloidosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 55:567-576. [PMID: 34327763 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is an emerging metabolic MRI technique to map creatine distribution in the myocardium. PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of using a contrast-free CEST technique to evaluate cardiac involvement in amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Forty patients with biopsy-proven AL amyloidosis (age 57.6 ± 9.1 years, 31 males) and 20 healthy controls (age 42.8 ± 13.8 years, 13 males). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 3.0 T, CEST imaging using a single-shot FLASH sequence, T1 mapping with a modified Look-Locker inversion recovery sequence and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging with a phase-sensitive inversion recovery gradient echo sequence. ASSESSMENT The average CEST was calculated in the basal short-axis slice of the entire left ventricle and septum. LGE was assessed subjectively (none/patchy/global) and extracellular volume (ECV), CEST and T1 maps generated. STATISTICAL TESTS Comparison between patient groups and healthy controls was performed by one-way analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni correction. Correlation was assessed using the Pearson's r correlation or Spearman ρ correlation. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. RESULTS Global (0.09 ± 0.03 vs. 0.11 ± 0.02) and septal (0.09 ± 0.03 vs. 0.11 ± 0.03) basal short-axis CEST was significantly decreased in patients with AL amyloidosis compared to the controls. Global CEST correlated significantly with Mayo stage (ρ = -0.508), NYHA Class (ρ = -0.430), LVEF (r = 0.511), mass index (r = -0.373), LGE (ρ = -0.537), ECV (r = -0.544), and T2 (r = -0.396). Septal CEST correlated significantly with LVEF (r = 0.395), LGE (ρ = -0.330), and ECV (r = -0.391). DATA CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of CEST MRI to identify cardiac involvement and evaluate disease burden and to give insight into cellular changes intermediary between function and structure in AL amyloidosis patients. EVIDENCE LEVEL 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Sisi Huang
- Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Pei Han
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.,Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA
| | - Zhengwei Zhou
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA
| | - Linda Azab
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA
| | - Meng Lu
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jing An
- Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd., Siemens MRI Center, Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yihan Cao
- Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Debiao Li
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
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Lam B, Wendland M, Godines K, Shin SH, Vandsburger M. Accelerated multi-target chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging of the mouse heart. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34167100 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac0e78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac chemical exchange saturation transfer-magnetic resonance imaging (CEST-MRI) has been used to probe levels of various metabolites that provide insight into myocardial structure and function. However, imaging of the heart using CEST-MRI is prolonged by the need to repeatedly acquire multiple images for a full Z-spectrum and to perform saturation and acquisition around cardiac and respiratory cycles. Compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction of sparse data enables accelerated acquisition, but reconstruction artifacts may bias subsequently derived measures of CEST contrast. In this study, we examine the impact of CS reconstruction of increasingly under-sampled cardiac CEST-MRI data on subsequent CEST contrasts of amine-containing metabolites and amide-containing proteins. Cardiac CEST-MRI data sets were acquired in six mice using low and high RF saturation for single and dual contrast generation, respectively. CEST-weighted images were reconstructed using CS methods at 2-5× levels of under-sampling. CEST contrasts were derived from corresponding Z-spectra and the impact of accelerated imaging on accuracy was assessed via analysis of variance. CS reconstruction preserved myocardial signal to noise ratio as compared to conventional reconstruction. However, greater absolute error and distribution of derived contrasts was observed with increasing acceleration factors. The results from this study indicate that acquisition of radial cardiac CEST-MRI data can be modestly, but meaningfully, accelerated via CS reconstructions with little error in CEST contrast quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Wendland
- Berkeley Pre-clinical Imaging Core, UC Berkeley, Berkeley CA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Godines
- Department of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley CA, United States of America
| | - Soo Hyun Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley CA, United States of America
| | - Moriel Vandsburger
- Department of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley CA, United States of America
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Abstract
The move from reading to writing the human genome offers new opportunities to improve human health. The United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) Somatic Cell Genome Editing (SCGE) Consortium aims to accelerate the development of safer and more-effective methods to edit the genomes of disease-relevant somatic cells in patients, even in tissues that are difficult to reach. Here we discuss the consortium's plans to develop and benchmark approaches to induce and measure genome modifications, and to define downstream functional consequences of genome editing within human cells. Central to this effort is a rigorous and innovative approach that requires validation of the technology through third-party testing in small and large animals. New genome editors, delivery technologies and methods for tracking edited cells in vivo, as well as newly developed animal models and human biological systems, will be assembled-along with validated datasets-into an SCGE Toolkit, which will be disseminated widely to the biomedical research community. We visualize this toolkit-and the knowledge generated by its applications-as a means to accelerate the clinical development of new therapies for a wide range of conditions.
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Wahsner J, Gale EM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Caravan P. Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers. Chem Rev 2019; 119:957-1057. [PMID: 30350585 PMCID: PMC6516866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 844] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tens of millions of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams are performed annually around the world. The contrast agents, which improve diagnostic accuracy, are almost exclusively small, hydrophilic gadolinium(III) based chelates. In recent years concerns have arisen surrounding the long-term safety of these compounds, and this has spurred research into alternatives. There has also been a push to develop new molecularly targeted contrast agents or agents that can sense pathological changes in the local environment. This comprehensive review describes the state of the art of clinically approved contrast agents, their mechanism of action, and factors influencing their safety. From there we describe different mechanisms of generating MR image contrast such as relaxation, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and direct detection and the types of molecules that are effective for these purposes. Next we describe efforts to make safer contrast agents either by increasing relaxivity, increasing resistance to metal ion release, or by moving to gadolinium(III)-free alternatives. Finally we survey approaches to make contrast agents more specific for pathology either by direct biochemical targeting or by the design of responsive or activatable contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wahsner
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M. Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Jiang L, Li R, Tang H, Zhong J, Sun H, Tang W, Wang H, Zhu J. MRI Tracking of iPS Cells-Induced Neural Stem Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury Rats. Cell Transplant 2018; 28:747-755. [PMID: 30574806 PMCID: PMC6686439 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718819994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are promising cell source for stem cell replacement strategy applied to brain injury caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke. Neural stem cell (NSCs) derived from iPS cells could aid the reconstruction of brain tissue and the restoration of brain function. However, tracing the fate of iPS cells in the host brain is still a challenge. In our study, iPS cells were derived from skin fibroblasts using the four classic factors Oct4, Sox2, Myc, and Klf4. These iPS cells were then induced to differentiate into NSCs, which were incubated with superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIOs) in vitro. Next, 30 TBI rat models were prepared and divided into three groups (n = 10). One week after brain injury, group A&B rats received implantation of NSCs (labeled with SPIOs), while group C rats received implantation of non-labeled NSCs. After cell implantation, all rats underwent T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan at day 1, and 1 week to 4 weeks, to track the distribution of NSCs in rats' brains. One month after cell implantation, manganese-enhanced MRI (ME-MRI) scan was performed for all rats. In group B, diltiazem was infused during the ME-MRI scan period. We found that (1) iPS cells were successfully derived from skin fibroblasts using the four classic factors Oct4, Sox2, Myc, and Klf4, expressing typical antigens including SSEA4, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog; (2) iPS cells were induced to differentiate into NSCs, which could express Nestin and differentiate into neural cells and glial cells; (3) NSCs were incubated with SPIOs overnight, and Prussian blue staining showed intracellular particles; (4) after cell implantation, T2*-weighted MRI scan showed these implanted NSCs could migrate to the injury area in chronological order; (5) the subsequent ME-MRI scan detected NSCs function, which could be blocked by diltiazem. In conclusion, using an in vivo MRI tracking technique to trace the fate of iPS cells-induced NSCs in host brain is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- 1 Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronggang Li
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Tang
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Zhong
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaping Sun
- 3 Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Tang
- 3 Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- 1 Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Takahashi Y, Saito S. [5. Evaluation of Pathology of Heart Disease Models Using Preclinical Ultra-high Field MRI]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2018; 74:404-411. [PMID: 29681609 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2018_jsrt_74.4.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Shigeyoshi Saito
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
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Non-invasive detection of adeno-associated viral gene transfer using a genetically encoded CEST-MRI reporter gene in the murine heart. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4638. [PMID: 29545551 PMCID: PMC5854573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into gene therapy for heart failure has gained renewed interest as a result of improved safety and availability of adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV). While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is standard for functional assessment of gene therapy outcomes, quantitation of gene transfer/expression relies upon tissue biopsy, fluorescence or nuclear imaging. Imaging of gene expression through the use of genetically encoded chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST)-MRI reporter genes could be combined with clinical cardiac MRI methods to comprehensively probe therapeutic gene expression and subsequent outcomes. The CEST-MRI reporter gene Lysine Rich Protein (LRP) was cloned into an AAV9 vector and either administered systemically via tail vein injection or directly injected into the left ventricular free wall of mice. Longitudinal in vivo CEST-MRI performed at days 15 and 45 after direct injection or at 1, 60 and 90 days after systemic injection revealed robust CEST contrast in myocardium that was later confirmed to express LRP by immunostaining. Ventricular structure and function were not impacted by expression of LRP in either study arm. The ability to quantify and link therapeutic gene expression to functional outcomes can provide rich data for further development of gene therapy for heart failure.
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Zhou Z, Nguyen C, Chen Y, Shaw JL, Deng Z, Xie Y, Dawkins J, Marbán E, Li D. Optimized CEST cardiovascular magnetic resonance for assessment of metabolic activity in the heart. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2017; 19:95. [PMID: 29191206 PMCID: PMC5707904 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-017-0411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have linked cardiac dysfunction to loss of metabolites in the creatine kinase system. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a promising metabolic cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging technique and has been applied in the heart for creatine mapping. However, current limitations include: (a) long scan time, (b) residual cardiac and respiratory motion, and (c) B0 field variations induced by respiratory motion. An improved CEST CMR technique was developed to address these problems. METHODS Animals with chronic myocardial infarction (N = 15) were scanned using the proposed CEST CMR technique and a late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequence as reference. The major improvements of the CEST CMR technique are: (a) Images were acquired by single-shot FLASH, significantly increasing the scan efficiency. (b) All images were registered to reduce the residual motion. (c) The acquired Z-spectrum was analyzed using 3-pool-model Lorentzian-line fitting to generate CEST signal, reducing the impact of B0 field shifting due to respiratory motion. Feasibility of the technique was tested in a porcine model with chronic myocardial infarction. CEST signal was measured in the scar, border zone and remote myocardium. Initial studies were performed in one patient. RESULTS In all animals, healthy remote myocardial CEST signal was elevated (0.16 ± 0.02) compared to infarct CEST signal (0.09 ± 0.02, P < 0.001) and the border zone (0.12 ± 0.02, P < 0.001). For both animal and patient studies, the hypointense regions in the CEST contrast maps closely match the bright areas in the LGE images. CONCLUSIONS The proposed CEST CMR technique was developed to address long scan times, respiratory and cardiac motion, and B0 field variations. Lower CEST signal in bright region of the LGE image is consistent with the fact that myocardial infarction has reduced metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Zhou
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd. PACT Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd. PACT Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd. PACT Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jaime L. Shaw
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd. PACT Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Zixin Deng
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd. PACT Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yibin Xie
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd. PACT Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - James Dawkins
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Debiao Li
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd. PACT Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
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13
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Ji Y, Zhou IY, Qiu B, Sun PZ. Progress toward quantitative in vivo chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ji
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Rm 2301, 149 13 Street Charlestown MA 02129
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Iris Yuwen Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Rm 2301, 149 13 Street Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Phillip Zhe Sun
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Rm 2301, 149 13 Street Charlestown MA 02129
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