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Nabhan AN, Webster JD, Adams JJ, Blazer L, Everrett C, Eidenschenk C, Arlantico A, Fleming I, Brightbill HD, Wolters PJ, Modrusan Z, Seshagiri S, Angers S, Sidhu SS, Newton K, Arron JR, Dixit VM. Targeted alveolar regeneration with Frizzled-specific agonists. Cell 2023; 186:2995-3012.e15. [PMID: 37321220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wnt ligands oligomerize Frizzled (Fzd) and Lrp5/6 receptors to control the specification and activity of stem cells in many species. How Wnt signaling is selectively activated in different stem cell populations, often within the same organ, is not understood. In lung alveoli, we show that distinct Wnt receptors are expressed by epithelial (Fzd5/6), endothelial (Fzd4), and stromal (Fzd1) cells. Fzd5 is uniquely required for alveolar epithelial stem cell activity, whereas fibroblasts utilize distinct Fzd receptors. Using an expanded repertoire of Fzd-Lrp agonists, we could activate canonical Wnt signaling in alveolar epithelial stem cells via either Fzd5 or, unexpectedly, non-canonical Fzd6. A Fzd5 agonist (Fzd5ag) or Fzd6ag stimulated alveolar epithelial stem cell activity and promoted survival in mice after lung injury, but only Fzd6ag promoted an alveolar fate in airway-derived progenitors. Therefore, we identify a potential strategy for promoting regeneration without exacerbating fibrosis during lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad N Nabhan
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Joshua D Webster
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jarret J Adams
- AntlerA Therapeutics, 348 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Levi Blazer
- AntlerA Therapeutics, 348 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Christine Everrett
- Department of Molecular Discovery and Cancer Cell Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Celine Eidenschenk
- Department of Molecular Discovery and Cancer Cell Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexander Arlantico
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Isabel Fleming
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hans D Brightbill
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Stephane Angers
- AntlerA Therapeutics, 348 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- AntlerA Therapeutics, 348 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Kim Newton
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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WANG GY, ZHANG L, GENG YD, WANG B, FENG XJ, CHEN ZL, WEI W, JIANG L. β-Elemene induces apoptosis and autophagy in colorectal cancer cells through regulating the ROS/AMPK/mTOR pathway. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Zambon AC, Hsu T, Kim SE, Klinck M, Stowe J, Henderson LM, Singer D, Patam L, Lim C, McCulloch AD, Hu B, Hickerson AI. Methods and sensors for functional genomic studies of cell-cycle transitions in single cells. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:468-477. [PMID: 32866086 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00065.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing the cell cycle in mammals has relied heavily on methods that measure the aggregate state of a population of cells. While instrumental in shaping our current understanding of cell proliferation, these approaches mask the genetic signatures of rare subpopulations such as quiescent (G0) and very slowly dividing (SD) cells. Results described in this study and those of others using single-cell analysis reveal that even in clonally derived immortalized cancer cells, ∼1-5% of cells can exhibit G0 and SD phenotypes. Therefore to enable the study of these rare cell phenotypes we established an integrated molecular, computational, and imaging approach to track, isolate, and genetically perturb single cells as they proliferate. A genetically encoded cell-cycle reporter (K67p-FUCCI) was used to track single cells as they traversed the cell cycle. A set of R-scripts were written to quantify K67p-FUCCI over time. To enable the further study G0 and SD phenotypes, we retrofitted a live cell imaging system with a micromanipulator to enable single-cell targeting for functional validation studies. Single-cell analysis revealed HT1080 and MCF7 cells had a doubling time of ∼24 and ∼48 h, respectively, with high duration variability in G1 and G2 phases. Direct single-cell microinjection of mRNA encoding (GFP) achieves detectable GFP fluorescence within ∼5 h in both cell types. These findings coupled with the possibility of targeting several hundreds of single cells improves throughput and sensitivity over conventional methods to study rare cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Zambon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California
| | - Tom Hsu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California
| | - Seunghee Erin Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California
| | - Miranda Klinck
- Keck Science Department, Pitzer College, Claremont, California
| | - Jennifer Stowe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lindsay M Henderson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Donald Singer
- Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Leomar Patam
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California
| | - Curtis Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bing Hu
- Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Anna I Hickerson
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California
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4
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Synthesis, characterization, apoptosis, ROS, autophagy and western blotting studies of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Bandyopadhyay A, Yadav P, Sarkar K, Bhattacharyya S. The destructive spontaneous ingression of tunable silica nanosheets through cancer cell membranes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6184-6192. [PMID: 31360425 PMCID: PMC6585596 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond conventional therapies, the sharp edge ingress of ‘thin’ silica nanosheets treats cancer via mechanical scalpelling, albeit with limited oxidative stress.
Robust inorganic graphene analogues with atomic level sharp edges have seldom been investigated to decipher the interaction of two-dimensional materials with the cell membrane. Silica nanosheets (NSs) with four different thicknesses between 2.9 nm and 11.1 nm were synthesized by microwave irradiation and these colloidal NSs were able to spontaneously penetrate the cell membrane leaving membrane perforations at their sites of entry. The NS-ingression was most effective with the thinnest NSs, when studied in vitro. The atomistic details of the NS-membrane interaction were revealed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which showed that the extraction of phospholipids was most favored when NSs were oriented vertically with respect to the membrane surface. While the folic acid modified NSs demonstrated a riveting tendency to penetrate the cancer cell membrane, co-modification with doxorubicin (DOX) unexpectedly reduced their capability. Migrating away from a conventional drug delivery approach, here we show that silica NSs can kill cancer cells primarily by mechanical scalpelling. Targeted ingress could be achieved through antibody conjugation on the NSs and thus only cancerous HeLa cells are affected by this treatment, leaving the normal HEK-293 cells intact. This destructive ingress through limited oxidative stress offers a previously unexplored route to treat fatal diseases without the necessity of transporting expensive drugs or radiation therapy, thereby bypassing deleterious side effects on healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Mohanpur - 741246 , Kolkata , India . ; Tel: +91-33-6136-0000 extn 1275
| | - Priya Yadav
- Department of Microbiology , University of Kalyani , Nadia - 741235 , India
| | - Keka Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology , University of Kalyani , Nadia - 741235 , India
| | - Sayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Mohanpur - 741246 , Kolkata , India . ; Tel: +91-33-6136-0000 extn 1275
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6
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Zheng H, Chen T, Li C, Xu C, Ding C, Chen J, Ju S, Zhang Z, Liang Z, Cui Z, Zhao J. A circular RNA hsa_circ_0079929 inhibits tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:443-454. [PMID: 30655696 PMCID: PMC6322497 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s189338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Most recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) were considered playing regulatory roles in tumor initiation and development. The specific function of circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. This study was designed to detect specific roles of a circRNA hsa_circ_0079299 in HCC. Methods The expression of hsa_circ_0079299 in HCC and tumor cell lines was detected using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Cell proliferation, migration, cell cycle and apoptosis after overexpression of the circRNA were measured using cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, colony formation, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, wound healing assay, transwell culture system and flow cytometry. Western blotting assay detected the protein expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and cyclin B1 (CCNB1). Overexpression of the circRNA in vivo was measured by nude mice tumorigenesis. Results The expression of hsa_circ_0079299 was lower in HCC tissues. Overexpression of hsa_circ_0079299 suppressed tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, retarded cell cycle progression while had no effect on cell migration and apoptosis. The inhibitory effect of hsa_circ_0079299 was partly mediated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusion Our study shows that tumor suppressive role of hsa_circ_0079299 in HCC provides new recognition of circRNAs in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifei Zheng
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengfei Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Chun Xu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Cheng Ding
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Sheng Ju
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Zhipan Liang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Zihan Cui
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,
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Ligasová A, Koberna K. DNA Replication: From Radioisotopes to Click Chemistry. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113007. [PMID: 30453631 PMCID: PMC6278288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are basic processes assuring the doubling of the genetic information of eukaryotic cells. In research of the basic principles of DNA replication, and also in the studies focused on the cell cycle, an important role is played by artificially-prepared nucleoside and nucleotide analogues that serve as markers of newly synthesized DNA. These analogues are incorporated into the DNA during DNA replication, and are subsequently visualized. Several methods are used for their detection, including the highly popular click chemistry. This review aims to provide the readers with basic information about the various possibilities of the detection of replication activity using nucleoside and nucleotide analogues, and to show the strengths and weaknesses of those different detection systems, including click chemistry for microscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ligasová
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Koberna
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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8
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Design and synthesis of new antitumor agents with the 1,7-epoxycyclononane framework. Study of their anticancer action mechanism by a model compound. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3379-3398. [PMID: 29784272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a new family of antitumor agents having the 1,7-epoxycyclononane framework. We have developed a versatile synthetic methodology that allows the preparation of a chemical library with structural diversity and in good yield. The synthetic methodology has been scaled up to the multigram level and can be developed in an enantioselective fashion. The study in vitro of a model compound, in front of the cancer cell lines HL-60 and MCF-7, showed a growth inhibitory effect better than that of cisplatin. The observation of cancer cells by fluorescence microscopy showed the presence of apoptotic bodies and a degradation of microtubules. The study of cell cycle and mechanism of death of cancer cells by flow cytometry indicates that the cell cycle arrested at the G0/G1 phase and that the cells died by apoptosis preferably over necrosis. A high percentage of apoptotic cells at the subG0/G1 level was observed. This indicates that our model compound does not behave as an antimitotic agent like nocodazole, used as a reference, which arrests the cell cycle at G2/M phase. The interaction of anticancer agents with DNA molecules was evaluated by atomic force microscopy, circular dichroism and electrophoresis on agarose gel. The results indicate that the model compound has not DNA as a target molecule. The in silico study of the model compound showed a potential good oral bioavailability.
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9
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Ishida R, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Oshima N, Kakeji Y, Aoi T. The Tissue-Reconstructing Ability of Colon CSCs Is Enhanced by FK506 and Suppressed by GSK3 Inhibition. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1455-1466. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Ferro A, Mestre T, Carneiro P, Sahumbaiev I, Seruca R, Sanches JM. Blue intensity matters for cell cycle profiling in fluorescence DAPI-stained images. J Transl Med 2017; 97:615-625. [PMID: 28263290 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, there has been an amazing progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the cell cycle. This has been possible largely due to a better conceptualization of the cycle itself, but also as a consequence of technological advances. Herein, we propose a new fluorescence image-based framework targeted at the identification and segmentation of stained nuclei with the purpose to determine DNA content in distinct cell cycle stages. The method is based on discriminative features, such as total intensity and area, retrieved from in situ stained nuclei by fluorescence microscopy, allowing the determination of the cell cycle phase of both single and sub-population of cells. The analysis framework was built on a modified k-means clustering strategy and refined with a Gaussian mixture model classifier, which enabled the definition of highly accurate classification clusters corresponding to G1, S and G2 phases. Using the information retrieved from area and fluorescence total intensity, the modified k-means (k=3) cluster imaging framework classified 64.7% of the imaged nuclei, as being at G1 phase, 12.0% at G2 phase and 23.2% at S phase. Performance of the imaging framework was ascertained with normal murine mammary gland cells constitutively expressing the Fucci2 technology, exhibiting an overall sensitivity of 94.0%. Further, the results indicate that the imaging framework has a robust capacity to both identify a given DAPI-stained nucleus to its correct cell cycle phase, as well as to determine, with very high probability, true negatives. Importantly, this novel imaging approach is a non-disruptive method that allows an integrative and simultaneous quantitative analysis of molecular and morphological parameters, thus awarding the possibility of cell cycle profiling in cytological and histological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Ferro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EpIC) Group, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Mestre
- Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR/IST), LARSyS, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Carneiro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EpIC) Group, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivan Sahumbaiev
- Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR/IST), LARSyS, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seruca
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EpIC) Group, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Patologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João M Sanches
- Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR/IST), LARSyS, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Langan TJ, Rodgers KR, Chou RC. Synchronization of Mammalian Cell Cultures by Serum Deprivation. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1524:97-105. [PMID: 27815898 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6603-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are amenable to the study of regulatory mechanisms dictating cell cycle progression in vitro by shifting them into the same phase of the cycle. Procedures to arrest cultured cells in specific phases of the cell cycle may be termed in vitro synchronization. The procedure described here was developed for the study of primary astrocytes and a glioma cell line, but is broadly applicable to other mammalian cells. Its application allows astrocytes to re-enter the cell cycle from a state of quiescence (G0) under carefully defined experimental conditions to move together into subsequent phases such as the G1 and S phases. A number of methods have been established to synchronize mammalian cell cultures, which include counterflow centrifugal elutriation, mitotic shake off, chemically induced cell cycle arrest, and newer live cell methods, such as cell permeable dyes. Yet, there are intrinsic limitations associated with these methods. In the present protocol, we describe a simple, reliable, and reversible procedure to synchronize astrocyte and glioma cultures from newborn rat brain by serum deprivation. The procedure is similar, and generally applicable, to other mammalian cells. This protocol consists essentially of two parts: (1) proliferation of astrocytes under optimal conditions in vitro until reaching desired confluence; and (2) synchronization and G0 phase arrest of cultures by serum down-shift. This procedure has been utilized to examine cell cycle control in astroglioma cells and astrocytes from injured adult brain. It has also been employed in precursor cloning studies in developmental biology, suggesting wide applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Langan
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, 219 Bryant St., Buffalo, NY, 14222, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, 219 Bryant St., Buffalo, NY, 14222, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, 219 Bryant St., Buffalo, NY, 14222, USA. .,Department of Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, 219 Bryant St., Buffalo, NY, 14222, USA.
| | - Kyla R Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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12
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Halicka D, Zhao H, Li J, Garcia J, Podhorecka M, Darzynkiewicz Z. DNA Damage Response Resulting from Replication Stress Induced by Synchronization of Cells by Inhibitors of DNA Replication: Analysis by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1524:107-119. [PMID: 27815899 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6603-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell synchronization is often achieved by transient inhibition of DNA replication. When cultured in the presence of such inhibitors as hydroxyurea, aphidicolin or excess of thymidine the cells that become arrested at the entrance to S-phase upon release from the block initiate progression through S then G2 and M. However, exposure to these inhibitors at concentrations commonly used to synchronize cells leads to activation of ATR and ATM protein kinases as well as phosphorylation of Ser139 of histone H2AX. This observation of DNA damage signaling implies that synchronization of cells by these inhibitors is inducing replication stress. Thus, a caution should be exercised while interpreting data obtained with use of cells synchronized this way since they do not represent unperturbed cell populations in a natural metabolic state. This chapter critically outlines virtues and vices of most cell synchronization methods. It also presents the protocol describing an assessment of phosphorylation of Ser139 on H2AX and activation of ATM in cells treated with aphidicolin, as a demonstrative of one of several DNA replication inhibitors that are being used for cell synchronization. Phosphorylation of Ser139H2AX and Ser1981ATM in individual cells is detected immunocytochemically with phospho-specific Abs and intensity of immunofluorescence is measured by flow cytometry. Concurrent measurement of cellular DNA content followed by multiparameter analysis allows one to correlate the extent of phosphorylation of these proteins in response to aphidicolin with the cell cycle phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Halicka
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Jiangwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Jorge Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Monika Podhorecka
- Department of Hemato-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
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13
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Grolmusz VK, Tóth EA, Baghy K, Likó I, Darvasi O, Kovalszky I, Matkó J, Rácz K, Patócs A. Fluorescence activated cell sorting followed by small RNA sequencing reveals stable microRNA expression during cell cycle progression. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:412. [PMID: 27234232 PMCID: PMC4884355 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, drug-based synchronization procedures were used for characterizing the cell cycle dependent transcriptional program. However, these synchronization methods result in growth imbalance and alteration of the cell cycle machinery. DNA content-based fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) is able to sort the different cell cycle phases without perturbing the cell cycle. MiRNAs are key transcriptional regulators of the cell cycle, however, their expression dynamics during cell cycle has not been explored. METHODS Following an optimized FACS, a complex initiative of high throughput platforms (microarray, Taqman Low Density Array, small RNA sequencing) were performed to study gene and miRNA expression profiles of cell cycle sorted human cells originating from different tissues. Validation of high throughput data was performed using quantitative real time PCR. Protein expression was detected by Western blot. Complex statistics and pathway analysis were also applied. RESULTS Beyond confirming the previously described cell cycle transcriptional program, cell cycle dependently expressed genes showed a higher expression independently from the cell cycle phase and a lower amplitude of dynamic changes in cancer cells as compared to untransformed fibroblasts. Contrary to mRNA changes, miRNA expression was stable throughout the cell cycle. CONCLUSIONS Cell cycle sorting is a synchronization-free method for the proper analysis of cell cycle dynamics. Altered dynamic expression of universal cell cycle genes in cancer cells reflects the transformed cell cycle machinery. Stable miRNA expression during cell cycle progression may suggest that dynamical miRNA-dependent regulation may be of less importance in short term regulations during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince Kornél Grolmusz
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary.,"Lendület" Hereditary Endocrine Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Angéla Tóth
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Baghy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Likó
- "Lendület" Hereditary Endocrine Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary.,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ottó Darvasi
- "Lendület" Hereditary Endocrine Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary.,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Matkó
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Rácz
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary.,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- "Lendület" Hereditary Endocrine Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary. .,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary.
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14
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Chen CI, Zhang L, Datta SK. Hematopoietic stem and multipotent progenitor cells produce IL-17, IL-21 and other cytokines in response to TLR signals associated with late apoptotic products and augment memory Th17 and Tc17 cells in the bone marrow of normal and lupus mice. Clin Immunol 2015; 162:9-26. [PMID: 26521071 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied effects of early and late apoptotic (necroptotic) cell products, related damage associated alarmins and TLR agonists, on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Surprisingly, normal HSPC themselves produced IL-17 and IL-21 after 1½days of stimulation, and the best stimulators were TLR 7/8 agonist; HMGB1-DNA; TLR 9 agonist, and necroptotic B cells. The stimulated HSPC expressed additional cytokines/mediators, directly causing rapid expansion of IL-17(+) memory CD4 T (Th17), and CD8 T (Tc17) cells, and antigen-experienced IL-17(+) T cells with "naïve" phenotype. In lupus marrow, HSPC were spontaneously pre-stimulated by endogenous signals to produce IL-17 and IL-21. In contrast to HSPC, megakaryocyte progenitors (MKP) did not produce IL-17, and unlike HSPC, they could process and present particulate apoptotic autoantigens to augment autoimmune memory Th17 response. Thus abnormally stimulated primitive hematopoietic progenitors augment expansion of IL-17 producing immune and autoimmune memory T cells in the bone marrow, which may affect central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-I Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Syamal K Datta
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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15
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Kim YC, Chen C, Bolton EC. Androgen Receptor-Mediated Growth Suppression of HPr-1AR and PC3-Lenti-AR Prostate Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138286. [PMID: 26372468 PMCID: PMC4570807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) mediates the developmental, physiologic, and pathologic effects of androgens including 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). However, the mechanisms whereby AR regulates growth suppression and differentiation of luminal epithelial cells in the prostate gland and proliferation of malignant versions of these cells are not well understood, though they are central to prostate development, homeostasis, and neoplasia. Here, we identify androgen-responsive genes that restrain cell cycle progression and proliferation of human prostate epithelial cell lines (HPr-1AR and PC3-Lenti-AR), and we investigate the mechanisms through which AR regulates their expression. DHT inhibited proliferation of HPr-1AR and PC3-Lenti-AR, and cell cycle analysis revealed a prolonged G1 interval. In the cell cycle, the G1/S-phase transition is initiated by the activity of cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes, which relieve growth suppression. In HPr-1AR, cyclin D1/2 and CDK4/6 mRNAs were androgen-repressed, whereas CDK inhibitor, CDKN1A, mRNA was androgen-induced. The regulation of these transcripts was AR-dependent, and involved multiple mechanisms. Similar AR-mediated down-regulation of CDK4/6 mRNAs and up-regulation of CDKN1A mRNA occurred in PC3-Lenti-AR. Further, CDK4/6 overexpression suppressed DHT-inhibited cell cycle progression and proliferation of HPr-1AR and PC3-Lenti-AR, whereas CDKN1A overexpression induced cell cycle arrest. We therefore propose that AR-mediated growth suppression of HPr-1AR involves cyclin D1 mRNA decay, transcriptional repression of cyclin D2 and CDK4/6, and transcriptional activation of CDKN1A, which serve to decrease CDK4/6 activity. AR-mediated inhibition of PC3-Lenti-AR proliferation occurs through a similar mechanism, albeit without down-regulation of cyclin D. Our findings provide insight into AR-mediated regulation of prostate epithelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Congcong Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Bolton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Le Guezennec X, Phong M, Nor L, Kim N. Miniaturization of Mitotic Index Cell-Based Assay Using “Wall-Less” Plate Technology. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2014; 12:129-35. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2013.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Namyong Kim
- Curiox Biosystems Pte Ltd., Singapore
- Curiox Biosystems, Inc., San Carlos, California
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