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Cheng C, Wang S, Dong J, Zhang S, Yu D, Wang Z. Effects of targeted lung cancer drugs on cardiomyocytes studied by atomic force microscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4077-4084. [PMID: 37565311 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKIs) has become one of the important targeted drugs for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). But the cardiac adverse events (AEs) related to the EGFR-TKI treatment occur frequently. And the cases of TKI-associated cardiac AEs remain poorly understood. In order to study the effects of EGFR-TKIs on cardiomyocytes, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure and analyze the physical properties of cardiomyocytes under the actions of three drugs (gefitinib, afatinib and osimertinib) with different concentrations. By comparing the height, adhesion, Young's modulus, the amplitude and the time of the contraction and relaxation process, it was found that the changes of the mechanical properties of cells were well correlated with the symptoms of AEs, such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, QT prolongation, atrial fibrillation, ejection fraction reductions, and cardiac failure. In addition, osimertinib has the most obvious effect on cardiomyocytes at a low concentration, and gefitinib has the greatest effect with the increase of concentration, while afatinib has the least effect on cardiomyocytes. This provides a new method for screening drugs and exploring the principle of action in the process of cancer treatment at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cheng
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
- Centre for Opto/Bio-Nano Measurement and Manufacturing, Zhongshan Institute of Changchun University of Science and Technology, Zhongshan 528437, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Jianjun Dong
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
- Centre for Opto/Bio-Nano Measurement and Manufacturing, Zhongshan Institute of Changchun University of Science and Technology, Zhongshan 528437, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
- Centre for Opto/Bio-Nano Measurement and Manufacturing, Zhongshan Institute of Changchun University of Science and Technology, Zhongshan 528437, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dongliang Yu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
- Centre for Opto/Bio-Nano Measurement and Manufacturing, Zhongshan Institute of Changchun University of Science and Technology, Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Zuobin Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
- Centre for Opto/Bio-Nano Measurement and Manufacturing, Zhongshan Institute of Changchun University of Science and Technology, Zhongshan 528437, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- JR3CN & IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
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Millán M, Villarreal L, D'Aiuto N, Bologna-Molina R, Sotelo-Silveira J, Benech JC, Hochmann J, Arocena M. Mechanical profile of human keratinocytes expressing HPV-18 oncogenes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 657:86-91. [PMID: 36996545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
During tumorigenesis, the mechanical properties of cancer cells change markedly, with decreased stiffness often accompanying a more invasive phenotype. Less is known about the changes in mechanical parameters at intermediate stages in the process of malignant transformation. We have recently developed a pre-tumoral cell model by stably transducing the immortalized but non-tumorigenic human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT with the E5, E6 and E7 oncogenes from HPV-18, one of the leading causes of cervical cancer and other types of cancer worldwide. We have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure cell stiffness and to obtain mechanical maps of parental HaCaT and HaCaT E5/E6/E7-18 cell lines. We observed a significant decrease in Young's modulus in HaCaT E5/E6/E7-18 cells measured by nanoindentation in the central region, as well as decreased cell rigidity in regions of cell-cell contact measured by Peakforce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (PF-QNM). As a morphological correlate, HaCaT E5/E6/E7-18 cells displayed a significantly rounder cell shape than parental HaCaT cells. Our results therefore show that decreased stiffness with concomitant perturbations in cell shape are early mechanical and morphological changes during the process of malignant transformation.
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Hagmann H, Khayyat NH, Matin M, Oezel C, Chen H, Schauss A, Schell C, Benzing T, Dryer S, Brinkkoetter PT. Capsazepine (CPZ) Inhibits TRPC6 Conductance and Is Protective in Adriamycin-Induced Nephropathy and Diabetic Glomerulopathy. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020271. [PMID: 36672207 PMCID: PMC9856956 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which excessively arise in diabetes and systemic inflammatory diseases, modify cellular lipids and cellular lipid composition leading to altered biophysical properties of cellular membranes. The impact of lipid peroxidation on transmembrane signaling routes is not yet well studied. The canonical transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several forms of glomerular diseases. TRPC6 is sensitive to membrane stretch and relies on a distinct lipid environment. This study investigates the effect of oxidative alterations to plasma membrane lipids on TRPC6 activity and the function of the glomerular filter. Knockout of the anti-oxidative, lipid modifying enzyme paraoxonase 2 (PON2) leads to altered biophysical properties of glomerular epithelial cells, which are called podocytes. Cortical stiffness, quantified by atomic force microscopy, was largely increased in PON2-deficient cultured podocytes. PON2 deficiency markedly enhanced TRPC6 channel currents and channel recovery. Treatment with the amphiphilic substance capsazepine in micromolar doses reduced cortical stiffness and abrogated TRPC6 conductance. In in vivo studies, capsazepine reduced the glomerular phenotype in the model of adriamycin-induced nephropathy in PON2 knockout mice and wildtype littermates. In diabetic AKITA mice, the progression of albuminuria and diabetic kidney disease was delayed. In summary, we provide evidence that the modification of membrane characteristics affects TRPC6 signaling. These results could spur future research to investigate modification of the direct lipid environment of TRPC6 as a future therapeutic strategy in glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hagmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Mahsa Matin
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Cem Oezel
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - He Chen
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid Schauss
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stuart Dryer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Paul T. Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Xing H, Huang Y, Kunkemoeller BH, Dahl PJ, Muraleetharan O, Malvankar NS, Murrell MP, Kyriakides TR. Dysregulation of TSP2-Rac1-WAVE2 axis in diabetic cells leads to cytoskeletal disorganization, increased cell stiffness, and dysfunction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22474. [PMID: 36577792 PMCID: PMC9797577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are a major cell population that perform critical functions in the wound healing process. In response to injury, they proliferate and migrate into the wound space, engaging in extracellular matrix (ECM) production, remodeling, and contraction. However, there is limited knowledge of how fibroblast functions are altered in diabetes. To address this gap, several state-of-the-art microscopy techniques were employed to investigate morphology, migration, ECM production, 2D traction, 3D contraction, and cell stiffness. Analysis of cell-derived matrix (CDM) revealed that diabetic fibroblasts produce thickened and less porous ECM that hindered migration of normal fibroblasts. In addition, diabetic fibroblasts were found to lose spindle-like shape, migrate slower, generate less traction force, exert limited 3D contractility, and have increased cell stiffness. These changes were due, in part, to a decreased level of active Rac1 and a lack of co-localization between F-actin and Waskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin homologous protein 2 (WAVE2). Interestingly, deletion of thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) in diabetic fibroblasts rescued these phenotypes and restored normal levels of active Rac1 and WAVE2-F-actin co-localization. These results provide a comprehensive view of the extent of diabetic fibroblast dysfunction, highlighting the regulatory role of the TSP2-Rac1-WAVE2-actin axis, and describing a new function of TSP2 in regulating cytoskeleton organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Yaqing Huang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Britta H Kunkemoeller
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Peter J Dahl
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | | | - Nikhil S Malvankar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Themis R Kyriakides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, USA. .,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, USA.
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5
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Ghosh S, Guglielmi G, Orfanidis I, Spill F, Hickey A, Hanssen E, Rajagopal V. Effects of altered cellular ultrastructure on energy metabolism in diabetic cardiomyopathy: an in silico study. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210323. [PMID: 36189807 PMCID: PMC9527921 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of heart failure in diabetes. At the cellular level, diabetic cardiomyopathy leads to altered mitochondrial energy metabolism and cardiomyocyte ultrastructure. We combined electron microscopy (EM) and computational modelling to understand the impact of diabetes-induced ultrastructural changes on cardiac bioenergetics. We collected transverse micrographs of multiple control and type I diabetic rat cardiomyocytes using EM. Micrographs were converted to finite-element meshes, and bioenergetics was simulated over them using a biophysical model. The simulations also incorporated depressed mitochondrial capacity for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and creatine kinase (CK) reactions to simulate diabetes-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Analysis of micrographs revealed a 14% decline in mitochondrial area fraction in diabetic cardiomyocytes, and an irregular arrangement of mitochondria and myofibrils. Simulations predicted that this irregular arrangement, coupled with the depressed activity of mitochondrial CK enzymes, leads to large spatial variation in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio profile of diabetic cardiomyocytes. However, when spatially averaged, myofibrillar ADP/ATP ratios of a cardiomyocyte do not change with diabetes. Instead, average concentration of inorganic phosphate rises by 40% owing to lower mitochondrial area fraction and dysfunction in OXPHOS. These simulations indicate that a disorganized cellular ultrastructure negatively impacts metabolite transport in diabetic cardiomyopathy. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The cardiomyocyte: new revelations on the interplay between architecture and function in growth, health, and disease’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouryadipta Ghosh
- CSIRO Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Giovanni Guglielmi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TS, UK
| | - Ioannis Orfanidis
- Health Data Specialists, Grand Canal Docklands, Dublin D02 VK08, Republic of Ireland
| | - Fabian Spill
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TS, UK
| | - Anthony Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ 1042, New Zealand
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Ian Holmes Imaging Center and Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vijay Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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6
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Espasandín C, Rivero S, Bengoa L, Cal K, Romanelli G, Benech JC, Damián JP. CaMKIV/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway expression in prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice with anxious-like behavior. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2687-2699. [PMID: 35984483 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) tend to manifest anxiety and depression, which could be related to changes in the expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV), transcription factor cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in different brain regions. The objective of this study was to determine whether mice with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) induced with streptozotocin show a profile of anxious-type behaviors and alterations in the expression/activity of CaMKIV, CREB, pCREB and BDNF in different regions of the brain (prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus) in comparison to non-diabetic mice (NDB). Mice with 3 months of chronic DM showed an anxious-like behavioral profile in two anxiety tests (Open Field and Elevated Plus Maze), when compared to NDB. There were significant differences in the expression of cell signaling proteins: diabetic mice had a lower expression of CaMKIV in the hippocampus, a greater expression of CREB in the amygdala and hypothalamus, as well as a lower pCREB/CREB in hypothalamus than NDB mice (P < 0.05). This is the first study evaluating the expression of CaMKIV in the brain of animals with DM, who presented lower expression of this protein in the hippocampus. In addition, it is the first time that CREB was evaluated in amygdala and hypothalamus of animals with DM, who presented a higher expression. Further research is necessary to determine the possible link between expression of CaMKIV and CREB, and the behavioral profile of anxiety in diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Espasandín
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, 11600, Montevideo, CP, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, CP, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Rivero
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, 11600, Montevideo, CP, Uruguay
| | - Laura Bengoa
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, 11600, Montevideo, CP, Uruguay
| | - Karina Cal
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, 11600, Montevideo, CP, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Patologías del Metabolismo y el Envejecimiento, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, CP, Uruguay
| | - Gerardo Romanelli
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, CP, Uruguay
| | - Juan Claudio Benech
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, CP, Uruguay
| | - Juan Pablo Damián
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, 11600, Montevideo, CP, Uruguay.
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Benech JC, Romanelli G. Atomic force microscopy indentation for nanomechanical characterization of live pathological cardiovascular/heart tissue and cells. Micron 2022; 158:103287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Decellularization of Full Heart—Optimizing the Classical Sodium-Dodecyl-Sulfate-Based Decellularization Protocol. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040147. [PMID: 35447709 PMCID: PMC9032179 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to cell therapy, where cells are injected into a defect region, the treatment of heart infarction with cells seeded in a vascularized scaffold bears advantages, such as an immediate nutrient supply or a controllable and persistent localization of cells. For this purpose, decellularized native tissues are a preferable choice as they provide an in vivo-like microenvironment. However, the quality of such scaffolds strongly depends on the decellularization process. Therefore, two protocols based on sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium deoxycholate were tailored and optimized for the decellularization of a porcine heart. The obtained scaffolds were tested for their applicability to generate vascularized cardiac patches. Decellularization with sodium dodecyl sulfate was found to be more suitable and resulted in scaffolds with a low amount of DNA, a highly preserved extracellular matrix composition, and structure shown by GAG quantification and immunohistochemistry. After seeding human endothelial cells into the vasculature, a coagulation assay demonstrated the functionality of the endothelial cells to minimize the clotting of blood. Human-induced pluripotent-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes in co-culture with fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells transferred the scaffold into a vascularized cardiac patch spontaneously contracting with a frequency of 25.61 ± 5.99 beats/min for over 16 weeks. The customized decellularization protocol based on sodium dodecyl sulfate renders a step towards a preclinical evaluation of the scaffolds.
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Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Applications in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073700. [PMID: 35409059 PMCID: PMC8998711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited heart muscle disorder characterized by progressive replacement of cardiomyocytes by fibrofatty tissue, ventricular dilatation, cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Interest in molecular biomechanics for these disorders is constantly growing. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a well-established technic to study the mechanobiology of biological samples under physiological and pathological conditions at the cellular scale. However, a review which described all the different data that can be obtained using the AFM (cell elasticity, adhesion behavior, viscoelasticity, beating force, and frequency) is still missing. In this review, we will discuss several techniques that highlight the potential of AFM to be used as a tool for assessing the biomechanics involved in ACM. Indeed, analysis of genetically mutated cells with AFM reveal abnormalities of the cytoskeleton, cell membrane structures, and defects of contractility. The higher the Young’s modulus, the stiffer the cell, and it is well known that abnormal tissue stiffness is symptomatic of a range of diseases. The cell beating force and frequency provide information during the depolarization and repolarization phases, complementary to cell electrophysiology (calcium imaging, MEA, patch clamp). In addition, original data is also presented to emphasize the unique potential of AFM as a tool to assess fibrosis in cardiac tissue.
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Swiatlowska P, Iskratsch T. Tools for studying and modulating (cardiac muscle) cell mechanics and mechanosensing across the scales. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:611-623. [PMID: 34765044 PMCID: PMC8553672 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes generate force for the contraction of the heart to pump blood into the lungs and body. At the same time, they are exquisitely tuned to the mechanical environment and react to e.g. changes in cell and extracellular matrix stiffness or altered stretching due to reduced ejection fraction in heart disease, by adapting their cytoskeleton, force generation and cell mechanics. Both mechanical sensing and cell mechanical adaptations are multiscale processes. Receptor interactions with the extracellular matrix at the nanoscale will lead to clustering of receptors and modification of the cytoskeleton. This in turn alters mechanosensing, force generation, cell and nuclear stiffness and viscoelasticity at the microscale. Further, this affects cell shape, orientation, maturation and tissue integration at the microscale to macroscale. A variety of tools have been developed and adapted to measure cardiomyocyte receptor-ligand interactions and forces or mechanics at the different ranges, resulting in a wealth of new information about cardiomyocyte mechanobiology. Here, we take stock at the different tools for exploring cardiomyocyte mechanosensing and cell mechanics at the different scales from the nanoscale to microscale and macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Swiatlowska
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Iskratsch
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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11
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Myocardial Tissue Characterization in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: From Histopathology and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Findings to Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147650. [PMID: 34299270 PMCID: PMC8304780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates. It has an ever growing social and economic impact and a deeper knowledge of molecular and pathophysiological basis is essential for the ideal management of HFpEF patients. The association between HFpEF and traditional cardiovascular risk factors is known. However, myocardial alterations, as well as pathophysiological mechanisms involved are not completely defined. Under the definition of HFpEF there is a wide spectrum of different myocardial structural alterations. Myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, coronary microvascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are only some of the main pathological detectable processes. Furthermore, there is a lack of effective pharmacological targets to improve HFpEF patients' outcomes and risk factors control is the primary and unique approach to treat those patients. Myocardial tissue characterization, through invasive and non-invasive techniques, such as endomyocardial biopsy and cardiac magnetic resonance respectively, may represent the starting point to understand the genetic, molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this complex syndrome. The correlation between histopathological findings and imaging aspects may be the future challenge for the earlier and large-scale HFpEF diagnosis, in order to plan a specific and effective treatment able to modify the disease's natural course.
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12
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Varela R, Rauschert I, Romanelli G, Alberro A, Benech JC. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia can induce morphophysiological changes in rat cardiac cell line. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100983. [PMID: 33912691 PMCID: PMC8063753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
H9c2 cardiac cells were incubated under the control condition and at different hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic media, and the following parameters were determined and quantified: a) cell death, b) type of cell death, and c) changes in cell length, width and height. Of all the proven media, the one that showed the greatest differences compared to the control was the medium glucose (G) 33 mM + 500 μM palmitic acid. This condition was called the hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic condition (HHC). Incubation of H9c2 cells in HHC promoted 5.2 times greater total cell death when compared to the control. Of the total death ofthe HHC cells, 38.6% was late apoptotic and 8.3% early apoptotic. HHC also changes cell morphology. The reordering of the actin cytoskeleton and cell stiffness was also studied in control and HHC cells. The actin cytoskeleton was quantified and the number and distance of actin bundles were not the same in the control as under HHC. Young's modulus images show a map of cell stiffness. Cells incubated in HHC with the reordered actin cytoskeleton were stiffer than those incubated in control. The region of greatest stiffness was the peripheral zone of HHC cells (where the number of actin bundles was higher and the distance between them smaller). Our results suggest a correlation between the reordering of the actin cytoskeleton and cell stiffness. Thus, our study showed that HHC can promote morphophysiological changes in rat cardiac cells confirming that gluco-and lipotoxicity may play a central role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Varela
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Rauschert
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Plataforma de Microscopía de Fuerza Atómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gerardo Romanelli
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Alberro
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan C Benech
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Plataforma de Microscopía de Fuerza Atómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
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13
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Cuadrado-Pedetti MB, Rauschert I, Sainz MM, Amorim-Silva V, Botella MA, Borsani O, Sotelo-Silveira M. The Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 1 Gene Is Involved in Anisotropic Root Growth during Osmotic Stress Adaptation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:236. [PMID: 33562207 PMCID: PMC7915054 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 1 (TTL1) gene cause reduced tolerance to osmotic stress evidenced by an arrest in root growth and root swelling, which makes it an interesting model to explore how root growth is controlled under stress conditions. We found that osmotic stress reduced the growth rate of the primary root by inhibiting the cell elongation in the elongation zone followed by a reduction in the number of cortical cells in the proximal meristem. We then studied the stiffness of epidermal cell walls in the root elongation zone of ttl1 mutants under osmotic stress using atomic force microscopy. In plants grown in control conditions, the mean apparent elastic modulus was 448% higher for live Col-0 cell walls than for ttl1 (88.1 ± 2.8 vs. 16.08 ± 6.9 kPa). Seven days of osmotic stress caused an increase in the stiffness in the cell wall of the cells from the elongation zone of 87% and 84% for Col-0 and ttl1, respectively. These findings suggest that TTL1 may play a role controlling cell expansion orientation during root growth, necessary for osmotic stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Cuadrado-Pedetti
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Inés Rauschert
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - María Martha Sainz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Vítor Amorim-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S); (M.A.B.)
| | - Miguel Angel Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S); (M.A.B.)
| | - Omar Borsani
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Mariana Sotelo-Silveira
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
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14
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Bakhshandeh S, Taïeb HM, Schlüßler R, Kim K, Beck T, Taubenberger A, Guck J, Cipitria A. Optical quantification of intracellular mass density and cell mechanics in 3D mechanical confinement. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:853-862. [PMID: 33232425 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical properties of cells such as intracellular mass density and cell mechanics are known to be involved in a wide range of homeostatic functions and pathological alterations. An optical readout that can be used to quantify such properties is the refractive index (RI) distribution. It has been recently reported that the nucleus, initially presumed to be the organelle with the highest dry mass density (ρ) within the cell, has in fact a lower RI and ρ than its surrounding cytoplasm. These studies have either been conducted in suspended cells, or cells adhered on 2D substrates, neither of which reflects the situation in vivo where cells are surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM). To better approximate the 3D situation, we encapsulated cells in 3D covalently-crosslinked alginate hydrogels with varying stiffness, and imaged the 3D RI distribution of cells, using a combined optical diffraction tomography (ODT)-epifluorescence microscope. Unexpectedly, the nuclei of cells in 3D displayed a higher ρ than the cytoplasm, in contrast to 2D cultures. Using a Brillouin-epifluorescence microscope we subsequently showed that in addition to higher ρ, the nuclei also had a higher longitudinal modulus (M) and viscosity (η) compared to the cytoplasm. Furthermore, increasing the stiffness of the hydrogel resulted in higher M for both the nuclei and cytoplasm of cells in stiff 3D alginate compared to cells in compliant 3D alginate. The ability to quantify intracellular biophysical properties with non-invasive techniques will improve our understanding of biological processes such as dormancy, apoptosis, cell growth or stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadra Bakhshandeh
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Rosenhek‐Goldian
- Department of Chemical Research Support Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl 234 Rehovot ISRAEL
| | - Sidney R. Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl 234 Rehovot ISRAEL
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16
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Wang X, Senapati S, Akinbote A, Gnanasambandam B, Park PSH, Senyo SE. Microenvironment stiffness requires decellularized cardiac extracellular matrix to promote heart regeneration in the neonatal mouse heart. Acta Biomater 2020; 113:380-392. [PMID: 32590172 PMCID: PMC7428869 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transient period of regeneration potential in the postnatal heart suggests molecular changes with maturation influence the cardiac response to damage. We have previously demonstrated that injury and exercise can stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation in the adult heart suggesting a sensitivity to exogenous signals. Here, we consider whether exogenous fetal ECM and mechanically unloading interstitial matrix can drive regeneration after myocardial infarction (MI) surgery in low-regenerative hearts of day5 mice. Compared to controls, exogenous fetal ECM increases cardiac function and lowers fibrosis at 3 weeks post-injury and this effect can be augmented by softening heart tissue. In vitro experiments support a mechano-sensitivity to exogenous ECM signaling. We tested potential mechanisms and observed that fetal ECM increases nuclear YAP localization which could be enhanced by pharmacological stabilization of the cytoskeleton. Blocking YAP expression lowered fetal ECM effects though not completely. Lastly we observed mechanically unloading heart interstitial matrix increased agrin expression, an extracellular node in the YAP signaling pathway. Collectively, these data support a combined effect of exogenous factors and mechanical activity in altering agrin expression, cytoskeletal remodeling, and YAP signaling in driving cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity and regeneration in postnatal non-regenerative mice. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: With the purpose of developing regenerative strategies, we investigate the influence of the local niche on the cardiac injury response. We conclude tissue stiffness, as anticipated in aging or disease, impairs regenerative therapeutics. Most novel, mechanical unloading facilitates enhanced cardiac regeneration only after cells are pushed into a permissive state by fetal biomolecules. Specifically, mechanical unloading appears to increase extracellular agrin expression that amplifies fetal-stimulation of nuclear YAP signaling which correlates with observed increases of cell cycle activity in cardiomyocytes. The results further suggest the cytoskeleton is critical to this interaction between mechanical unloading and independently actived YAP signaling. Using animal models, tissue explants, and cells, this work indicates that local mechanical stimuli can augment proliferating-permissive cardiomyocytes in the natural cardiac niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Subhadip Senapati
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Akinola Akinbote
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Bhargavee Gnanasambandam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Paul S-H Park
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Samuel E Senyo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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17
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McCallinhart PE, Cho Y, Sun Z, Ghadiali S, Meininger GA, Trask AJ. Reduced stiffness and augmented traction force in type 2 diabetic coronary microvascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1410-H1419. [PMID: 32357115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00542.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetic (T2DM) coronary resistance microvessels (CRMs) undergo inward hypertrophic remodeling associated with reduced stiffness and reduced coronary blood flow in both mice and pig models. Since reduced stiffness does not appear to be due to functional changes in the extracellular matrix, this study tested the hypothesis that decreased CRM stiffness in T2DM is due to reduced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) stiffness, which impacts the traction force generated by VSMCs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and traction force microscopy (TFM) were conducted on primary low-passage CRM VSMCs from normal Db/db and T2DM db/db mice in addition to low-passage normal and T2DM deidentified human coronary VSMCs. Elastic modulus was reduced in T2DM mouse and human coronary VSMCs compared with normal (mouse: Db/db 6.84 ± 0.34 kPa vs. db/db 4.70 ± 0.19 kPa, P < 0.0001; human: normal 3.59 ± 0.38 kPa vs. T2DM 2.61 ± 0.35 kPa, P = 0.05). Both mouse and human T2DM coronary microvascular VSMCs were less adhesive to fibronectin compared with normal. T2DM db/db coronary VSMCs generated enhanced traction force by TFM (control 692 ± 67 Pa vs. db/db 1,507 ± 207 Pa; P < 0.01). Immunoblot analysis showed that T2DM human coronary VSMCs expressed reduced β1-integrin and elevated β3-integrin (control 1.00 ± 0.06 vs. T2DM 0.62 ± 0.14, P < 0.05 and control 1.00 ± 0.49 vs. T2DM 3.39 ± 1.05, P = 0.06, respectively). These data show that T2DM coronary VSMCs are less stiff and less adhesive to fibronectin but are able to generate enhanced force, corroborating previously published computational findings that decreasing cellular stiffness increases the cells' ability to generate higher traction force.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show here that a potential causative factor for reduced diabetic coronary microvascular stiffness is the direct reduction in coronary vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness. These cells were also able to generate enhanced traction force, validating previously published computational models. Collectively, these data show that smooth muscle cell stiffness can be a contributor to overall tissue stiffness in the coronary microcirculation, and this may be a novel area of interest for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E McCallinhart
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Youjin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Samir Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Aaron J Trask
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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18
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Romanelli G, Varela R, Benech JC. Diabetes induces differences in the F-actin spatial organization of striated muscles. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:202-213. [PMID: 32020777 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown the cytoskeleton disorganization produced by diabetes and quantified F-actin fluorescence in the striated muscles of diabetic animals. However, at present, there are no studies that have quantified F-actin spatial organization (F-actin-SO). Through our research, we analyzed the effect of diabetes on F-actin-SO in the cardiac and skeletal muscles of a mouse model. The muscle samples were labeled with phalloidin-rhodamine and analyzed with confocal microscopy. The analysis was done in two dimensions using four approaches: quantitation of (a) phalloidin-occupied areas; (b) number of F-actin-unoccupied areas per muscular fiber; (c) F-actin filament discontinuity; and (d) costamere periodicity. Our results showed that both the cardiac and skeletal muscles of the control mice had more phalloidin-occupied areas than the diabetic mice. The skeletal muscles had a significantly higher number of F-actin-unoccupied areas per muscular fiber and more F-actin discontinuities. Additionally, using western blot analyses, we showed that those differences were not due to α-actin protein expression. Finally, we considered the importance of these findings in dysfunctional contraction, disassembly in cell-cell communication, conduction of muscle impulse, and changes in cell nanomechanics. Our results quantitatively demonstrated that diabetes severely affects F-actin-SO in striated muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Romanelli
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rocío Varela
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan C Benech
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
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19
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Li Z, Liu T, Yang J, Lin J, Xin SX. Characterization of adhesion properties of the cardiomyocyte integrins and extracellular matrix proteins using atomic force microscopy. J Mol Recognit 2019; 33:e2823. [PMID: 31709699 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane adhesion receptors that play important roles in the cardiovascular system by interacting with the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, direct quantitative measurements of the adhesion properties of the integrins on cardiomyocyte (CM) and their ECM ligands are lacking. In this study, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantify the adhesion force (peak force and mean force) and binding probability between CM integrins and three main heart tissue ECM proteins, ie, collagen (CN), fibronectin (FN), and laminin (LN). Functionalizing the AFM probes with ECM proteins, we found that the peak force (mean force) was 61.69 ± 5.5 pN (76.54 ± 4.0 pN), 39.26 ± 4.4 pN (59.84 ± 3.6 pN), and 108.31 ± 4.2 pN (129.63 ± 6.0 pN), respectively, for the bond of CN-integrin, FN-integrin, and LN-integrin. The binding specificity between CM integrins and ECM proteins was verified by using monoclonal antibodies, where α10 - and α11 -integrin bind to CN, α3 - and α5 -integrin bind to FN, and α3 - and α7 -integrin bind to LN. Furthermore, adhesion properties of CM integrins under physiologically high concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ were tested. Additional Ca2+ reduced the adhesion mean force to 68.81 ± 4.0 pN, 49.84 ± 3.3 pN, and 119.21 ± 5.8 pN and binding probability to 0.31, 0.34, 0.40 for CN, FN, and LN, respectively, whereas Mg2+ caused very minor changes to adhesion properties of CM integrins. Thus, adhesion properties between adult murine CM integrins and its main ECM proteins were characterized, paving the way for an improved understanding of CM mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zecheng Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junxian Yang
- Institute of Biomechanics, School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangguo Lin
- Institute of Biomechanics, School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sherman Xuegang Xin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Nikolajević Starčević J, Janić M, Šabovič M. Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Diastolic Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051197. [PMID: 30857271 PMCID: PMC6429211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In diabetic patients, cardiomyopathy is an important cause of heart failure, but its pathophysiology has not been completely understood thus far. Myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction have been considered the hallmarks of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), while systolic function is affected in the latter stages of the disease. In this article we propose the potential pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for myocardial hypertrophy and increased myocardial stiffness leading to diastolic dysfunction in this specific entity. According to our model, increased myocardial stiffness results from both cellular and extracellular matrix stiffness as well as cell–matrix interactions. Increased intrinsic cardiomyocyte stiffness is probably the most important contributor to myocardial stiffness. It results from the impairment in cardiomyocyte cytoskeleton. Several other mechanisms, specifically affected by diabetes, seem to also be significantly involved in myocardial stiffening, i.e., impairment in the myocardial nitric oxide (NO) pathway, coronary microvascular dysfunction, increased inflammation and oxidative stress, and myocardial sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2)-mediated effects. Better understanding of the complex pathophysiology of DCM suggests the possible value of drugs targeting the listed mechanisms. Antidiabetic drugs, NO-stimulating agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and SGLT-2 inhibitors are emerging as potential treatment options for DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Nikolajević Starčević
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 7; SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Miodrag Janić
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 7; SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mišo Šabovič
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 7; SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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21
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Callaghan NI, Hadipour-Lakmehsari S, Lee SH, Gramolini AO, Simmons CA. Modeling cardiac complexity: Advancements in myocardial models and analytical techniques for physiological investigation and therapeutic development in vitro. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:011501. [PMID: 31069331 PMCID: PMC6481739 DOI: 10.1063/1.5055873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies, heart failure, and arrhythmias or conduction blockages impact millions of patients worldwide and are associated with marked increases in sudden cardiac death, decline in the quality of life, and the induction of secondary pathologies. These pathologies stem from dysfunction in the contractile or conductive properties of the cardiomyocyte, which as a result is a focus of fundamental investigation, drug discovery and therapeutic development, and tissue engineering. All of these foci require in vitro myocardial models and experimental techniques to probe the physiological functions of the cardiomyocyte. In this review, we provide a detailed exploration of different cell models, disease modeling strategies, and tissue constructs used from basic to translational research. Furthermore, we highlight recent advancements in imaging, electrophysiology, metabolic measurements, and mechanical and contractile characterization modalities that are advancing our understanding of cardiomyocyte physiology. With this review, we aim to both provide a biological framework for engineers contributing to the field and demonstrate the technical basis and limitations underlying physiological measurement modalities for biologists attempting to take advantage of these state-of-the-art techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Craig A. Simmons
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Present address: Ted Rogers Centre for Heart
Research, 661 University Avenue, 14th Floor Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada. Tel.:
416-946-0548. Fax: 416-978-7753
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22
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Masterton S, Ahearne M. Mechanobiology of the corneal epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:122-129. [PMID: 30086260 PMCID: PMC6280025 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been a drive to develop new cell based therapies to treat corneal blindness, one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide. Mechanical and physical cues are known to regulate the behavior of many cell types, however studies examining these effects on corneal epithelial cells have been limited in number and their findings have not previously been amalgamated and contrasted. Here, we provide an overview of the different types of mechanical stimuli to which the corneal epithelium is exposed and the influence that these have on the cells. Shear stress from the tear film motion and blinking, extracellular matrix stiffness and external physical forces such as eye rubbing and contact lens wear are among some of the forms of mechanical stimuli that the epithelium experiences. In vivo and in vitro studies examining the mechanobiology on corneal epithelial cells under differing mechanical environments are explored. A greater understanding of the mechanobiology of the corneal epithelium has the potential to lead to improved tissue engineering and cell based therapies to repair and regenerate damaged cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Masterton
- Dept of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Ahearne
- Dept of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Ireland.
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23
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Wang J, Liu M, Shen Y, Sun J, Shao Z, Czajkowsky DM. Compressive Force Spectroscopy: From Living Cells to Single Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E960. [PMID: 29570665 PMCID: PMC5979447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most successful applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in biology involves monitoring the effect of force on single biological molecules, often referred to as force spectroscopy. Such studies generally entail the application of pulling forces of different magnitudes and velocities upon individual molecules to resolve individualistic unfolding/separation pathways and the quantification of the force-dependent rate constants. However, a less recognized variation of this method, the application of compressive force, actually pre-dates many of these "tensile" force spectroscopic studies. Further, beyond being limited to the study of single molecules, these compressive force spectroscopic investigations have spanned samples as large as living cells to smaller, multi-molecular complexes such as viruses down to single protein molecules. Correspondingly, these studies have enabled the detailed characterization of individual cell states, subtle differences between seemingly identical viral structures, as well as the quantification of rate constants of functionally important, structural transitions in single proteins. Here, we briefly review some of the recent achievements that have been obtained with compressive force spectroscopy using AFM and highlight exciting areas of its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Meijun Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yi Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jielin Sun
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Daniel Mark Czajkowsky
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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24
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Polyploidy and nuclear phenotype characteristics of cardiomyocytes from diabetic adult and normoglycemic aged mice. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:84-94. [PMID: 29241633 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of polyploid nuclei in the aging human heart is in sharp contrast with that in the human liver. An inverse pattern exists between the mouse heart and liver cells. Ploidy degrees in mouse hepatocytes under hyperglycemic conditions are elevated to higher levels than those in aged hepatocytes. In this study, image analysis cytometry was used to investigate the effect of diabetes and aging on Feulgen-DNA quantities, ploidy degrees, nuclear shapes and chromatin texture in mouse cardiomyocytes compared to previously reported data for mouse hepatocytes. Adult, non-obese diabetic (NOD) hyperglycemic and normoglycemic females and 56-week-old normoglycemic BALB/c females were used. A small percentage (∼7%) of the cardiomyocyte nuclei in severely hyperglycemic NOD adult mice possessed higher ploidy values than those in the 8-week-old normoglycemic mice. Surprisingly, the Feulgen-DNA values and the frequency of nuclei belonging to the 4C and 8C ploidy classes were even higher (∼6%) in normoglycemic NOD specimens than in age-matched hyperglycemic NOD specimens. Additionally, a pronounced elongated nuclear shape was observed especially in adult normoglycemic NOD mice. In conclusion, NOD mice, irrespective of their glycemic level, exhibit a moderate increase in ploidy degrees within cardiomyocyte nuclei during the adult lifetime. As expected, aging did not affect the Feulgen-DNA values and the ploidy degrees of cardiomyocytes in BALB/c mice. The differences in ploidy degrees and chromatin textures such as absorbance variability and entropy, between adult NOD and aged BALB/c mice are consistent with other reports, indicating dissimilarities in chromatin functions between diabetes and aging.
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25
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Wang S, Singh M, Tran TT, Leach J, Aglyamov SR, Larina IV, Martin JF, Larin KV. Biomechanical assessment of myocardial infarction using optical coherence elastography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:728-742. [PMID: 29552408 PMCID: PMC5854074 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to cardiomyocyte loss, impaired cardiac function, and heart failure. Molecular genetic analyses of myocardium in mouse models of ischemic heart disease have provided great insight into the mechanisms of heart regeneration, which is promising for novel therapies after MI. Although biomechanical factors are considered an important aspect in cardiomyocyte proliferation, there are limited methods for mechanical assessment of the heart in the mouse MI model. This prevents further understanding the role of tissue biomechanics in cardiac regeneration. Here we report optical coherence elastography (OCE) of the mouse heart after MI. Surgical ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed to induce an infarction in the heart. Two OCE methods with assessment of the direction-dependent elastic wave propagation and the spatially resolved displacement damping provide complementary analyses of the left ventricle. In comparison with sham, the infarcted heart features a fibrotic scar region with reduced elastic wave velocity, decreased natural frequency, and less mechanical anisotropy at the tissue level at the sixth week post-MI, suggesting lower and more isotropic stiffness. Our results indicate that OCE can be utilized for nondestructive biomechanical characterization of MI in the mouse model, which could serve as a useful tool in the study of heart repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Thuy Tien Tran
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John Leach
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Salavat R. Aglyamov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - James F. Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- The Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Ave., Tomsk 634050, Russia
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26
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Mehrnezhad A, Park K. Multifrequency Optomechanical Stiffness Measurement of Single Adherent Cells on a Solid Substrate with High Throughput. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10841-10849. [PMID: 28895727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of a cell reflect its biological and pathological conditions and there have been active research efforts to develop high-throughput platforms to mechanically characterize single cells. Yet, many of these research efforts are focused on suspended cells and use a flow-through configuration. In this paper, the stiffness of single adherent cells are optomechanically characterized using the vibration-induced phase shift (VIPS) without detaching them from the substrate. With the VIPS measurements, the frequency and amplitude dependency of the cell stiffness is investigated and statistically significant difference in the cell stiffness is confirmed after exposure to various drugs affecting cytoskeleton network. Furthermore, a 3-dimensional finite element model of a cell on a vibrating substrate is developed to extract the mechanical property from the measured VIPS. The developed technique can characterize the mechanical properties of single adherent cells at multiple frequencies with high throughput and will provide valuable clues in understanding cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mehrnezhad
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering Building, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809, United States
| | - Kidong Park
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering Building, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809, United States
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27
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Novel insights into cardiomyocytes provided by atomic force microscopy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:4-12. [PMID: 28687239 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally, therefore interest in studying aetiology, hallmarks, progress and therapies for these disorders is constantly growing. Over the last decades, the introduction and development of atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique allowed the study of biological samples at the micro- and nanoscopic level, hence revealing noteworthy details and paving the way for investigations on physiological and pathological conditions at cellular scale. The present work is aimed to collect and review the literature on cardiomyocytes (CMs) studied by AFM, in order to emphasise the numerous potentialities of this approach and provide a platform for researchers in the field of cardiovascular diseases. Original data are also presented to highlight the application of AFM to characterise the viscoelastic properties of CMs.
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28
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Rauschert I, Aldunate F, Preussner J, Arocena-Sutz M, Peraza V, Looso M, Benech JC, Agrelo R. Promoter hypermethylation as a mechanism for Lamin A/C silencing in a subset of neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175953. [PMID: 28422997 PMCID: PMC5397038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear lamins support the nuclear envelope and provide anchorage sites for chromatin. They are involved in DNA synthesis, transcription, and replication. It has previously been reported that the lack of Lamin A/C expression in lymphoma and leukaemia is due to CpG island promoter hypermethylation. Here, we provide evidence that Lamin A/C is silenced via this mechanism in a subset of neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, Lamin A/C expression can be restored with a demethylating agent. Importantly, Lamin A/C reintroduction reduced cell growth kinetics and impaired migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent cell growth. Cytoskeletal restructuring was also induced. In addition, the introduction of lamin Δ50, known as Progerin, caused senescence in these neuroblastoma cells. These cells were stiffer and developed a cytoskeletal structure that differed from that observed upon Lamin A/C introduction. Of relevance, short hairpin RNA Lamin A/C depletion in unmethylated neuroblastoma cells enhanced the aforementioned tumour properties. A cytoskeletal structure similar to that observed in methylated cells was induced. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy revealed that Lamin A/C knockdown decreased cellular stiffness in the lamellar region. Finally, the bioinformatic analysis of a set of methylation arrays of neuroblastoma primary tumours showed that a group of patients (around 3%) gives a methylation signal in some of the CpG sites located within the Lamin A/C promoter region analysed by bisulphite sequencing PCR. These findings highlight the importance of Lamin A/C epigenetic inactivation for a subset of neuroblastomas, leading to enhanced tumour properties and cytoskeletal changes. Additionally, these findings may have treatment implications because tumour cells lacking Lamin A/C exhibit more aggressive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Rauschert
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling and Nanobiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabian Aldunate
- Epigenetics of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jens Preussner
- Bioinformatics Core Unit (BCU), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Miguel Arocena-Sutz
- Epigenetics of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vanina Peraza
- Epigenetics of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mario Looso
- Bioinformatics Core Unit (BCU), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Juan C. Benech
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling and Nanobiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Agrelo
- Epigenetics of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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29
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Smolyakov G, Cauquil M, Severac C, Lachaize V, Guilbeau-Frugier C, Sénard JM, Galés C, Dague E. Biophysical properties of cardiomyocyte surface explored by multiparametric AFM. J Struct Biol 2017; 198:28-37. [PMID: 28263874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (PeakForce QNM) multiparametric AFM mode was adapted to qualitative and quantitative study of the lateral membrane of cardiomyocytes (CMs), extending this powerful mode to the study of soft cells. On living CM, PeakForce QNM depicted the crests and hollows periodic alternation of cell surface architecture previously described using AFM Force Volume (FV) mode. PeakForce QNM analysis provided better resolution in terms of pixel number compared to FV mode and reduced acquisition time, thus limiting the consequences of spontaneous living adult CM dedifferentiation once isolated from the cardiac tissue. PeakForce QNM mode on fixed CMs clearly visualized subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and their loss following formamide treatment, concomitant with the interfibrillar mitochondria climbing up and forming heaps at the cell surface. Interestingly, formamide-promoted SSM loss allowed visualization of the sarcomeric apparatus ultrastructure below the plasma membrane. High PeakForce QNM resolution led to better contrasted mechanical maps than FV mode and provided correlation between adhesion, dissipation, mechanical and topographical maps. Modified hydrophobic AFM tip enhanced contrast on adhesion and dissipation maps and suggested that CM surface crests and hollows exhibit distinct chemical properties. Finally, two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform to objectively quantify AFM maps allowed characterization of periodicity of both sarcomeric Z-line and M-band. Overall, this study validated PeakForce QNM as a valuable and innovative mode for the exploration of living and fixed CMs. In the future, it could be applied to depict cell membrane architectural, mechanical and chemical defects as well as sarcomeric abnormalities associated with cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Smolyakov
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, France; LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, France; Service de Pharmacologie, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Cauquil
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR1048, Université de Toulouse, France; Service de Pharmacologie, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Véronique Lachaize
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, France; LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, France; Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR1048, Université de Toulouse, France; Service de Pharmacologie, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Guilbeau-Frugier
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR1048, Université de Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Électronique Appliquée à la Biologie, Université de Toulouse, France; Service de Pharmacologie, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sénard
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR1048, Université de Toulouse, France; Service de Pharmacologie, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Galés
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, France; Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR1048, Université de Toulouse, France; Service de Pharmacologie, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Etienne Dague
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, France; LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, France; Service de Pharmacologie, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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30
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Liu Y, Royston TJ, Klatt D, Lewandowski ED. Cardiac MR elastography of the mouse: Initial results. Magn Reson Med 2016; 76:1879-1886. [PMID: 26749052 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many cardiovascular diseases are associated with abnormal function of myocardial contractility or dilatability, which is related to elasticity changes of the myocardium over the cardiac cycle. The mouse is a common animal model in studies of the progression of various cardiomyopathies. We introduce a novel noninvasive approach using microscopic scale MR elastography (MRE) to measure the myocardium stiffness change during the cardiac cycle on a mouse model. METHODS A harmonic mechanical wave of 400 Hz was introduced into the mouse body. An electrocardiograph-gated and respiratory-gated fractional encoding cine-MRE pulse sequence was applied to encode the resulting oscillatory motion on a short-axis slice of the heart. Five healthy mice (age range, 3-13.5 mo) were examined. The weighted summation effective stiffness of the left ventricle wall during the cardiac cycle was estimated. RESULTS The ratio of stiffness at end diastole and end systole was 0.5-0.67. Additionally, variation in shear wave amplitude in the left ventricle wall throughout the cardiac cycle was measured and found to correlate with estimates of stiffness variation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing cardiac MRE on a mouse model. Magn Reson Med 76:1879-1886, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas J Royston
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dieter Klatt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - E Douglas Lewandowski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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31
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Meininger GA. The central importance of the cytoskeleton for increased cell stiffness in cardiovascular disease. Focus on "Diabetes increases stiffness of live cardiomyocytes measured by atomic force microscopy nanoindentation". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C908-9. [PMID: 25122875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00279.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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