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Kumar A, Das SK, Emdad L, Fisher PB. Applications of tissue-specific and cancer-selective gene promoters for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 160:253-315. [PMID: 37704290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment of solid tumors with standard of care chemotherapies, radiation therapy and/or immunotherapies are often limited by severe adverse toxic effects, resulting in a narrow therapeutic index. Cancer gene therapy represents a targeted approach that in principle could significantly reduce undesirable side effects in normal tissues while significantly inhibiting tumor growth and progression. To be effective, this strategy requires a clear understanding of the molecular biology of cancer development and evolution and developing biological vectors that can serve as vehicles to target cancer cells. The advent and fine tuning of omics technologies that permit the collective and spatial recognition of genes (genomics), mRNAs (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), metabolites (metabolomics), epiomics (epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and epiproteomics), and their interactomics in defined complex biological samples provide a roadmap for identifying crucial targets of relevance to the cancer paradigm. Combining these strategies with identified genetic elements that control target gene expression uncovers significant opportunities for developing guided gene-based therapeutics for cancer. The purpose of this review is to overview the current state and potential limitations in developing gene promoter-directed targeted expression of key genes and highlights their potential applications in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Han HA, Pang JKS, Soh BS. Mitigating off-target effects in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated in vivo gene editing. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:615-632. [PMID: 32198625 PMCID: PMC7220873 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rapid advancement of genome editing technologies has opened up new possibilities in the field of medicine. Nuclease-based techniques such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system are now used to target genetically linked disorders that were previously hard-to-treat. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing approach wields several advantages over its contemporary editing systems, notably in the ease of component design, implementation and the option of multiplex genome editing. While results from the early phase clinical trials have been encouraging, the small patient population recruited into these trials hinders a conclusive assessment on the safety aspects of the CRISPR/Cas9 therapy. Potential safety concerns include the lack of fidelity in the CRISPR/Cas9 system which may lead to unintended DNA modifications at non-targeted gene loci. This review focuses modifications to the CRISPR/Cas9 components that can mitigate off-target effects in in vitro and preclinical models and its translatability to gene therapy in patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Alexander Han
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Boon-Seng Soh
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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Cremonini E, Mastaloudis A, Hester SN, Verstraeten SV, Anderson M, Wood SM, Waterhouse AL, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. Anthocyanins inhibit tumor necrosis alpha-induced loss of Caco-2 cell barrier integrity. Food Funct 2017; 8:2915-2923. [PMID: 28740990 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00625j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An increased permeability of the intestinal barrier is proposed as a major event in the pathophysiology of conditions characterized by chronic gut inflammation. This study investigated the capacity of pure anthocyanins (AC), and berry and rice extracts containing different types and amounts of AC, to inhibit tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα)-induced permeabilization of Caco-2 cell monolayers. Caco-2 cells differentiated into intestinal epithelial cell monolayers were incubated in the absence/presence of TNFα, with or without the addition of AC or AC-rich plant extracts (ACRE). AC and ACRE inhibited TNFα-induced loss of monolayer permeability as assessed by changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular transport of FITC-dextran. In the range of concentrations tested (0.25-1 μM), O-glucosides of cyanidin, and delphinidin, but not those of malvidin, peonidin and petunidin protected the monolayer from TNFα-induced decrease of TEER and increase of FITC-dextran permeability. Cyanidin and delphinidin acted by mitigating TNFα-triggered activation of transcription factor NF-κB, and downstream phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC). The protective actions of the ACRE on TNFα-induced TEER increase was positively correlated with the sum of cyanidins and delphinidins (r2 = 0.83) content in the ACRE. However, no correlation was observed between TEER and ACRE total AC, malvidin, or peonidin content. Results support a particular capacity of cyanidins and delphinidins in the protection of the intestinal barrier against inflammation-induced permeabilization, in part through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. and Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sandra V Verstraeten
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina and Instituto de Quimica y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maureen Anderson
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steven M Wood
- Pharmanex Research, NSE Products, Inc., Provo, UT, USA
| | - Andrew L Waterhouse
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cesar G Fraga
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. and Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. and Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. and Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Chen T, Kim CY, Kaur A, Lamothe L, Shaikh M, Keshavarzian A, Hamaker BR. Dietary fibre-based SCFA mixtures promote both protection and repair of intestinal epithelial barrier function in a Caco-2 cell model. Food Funct 2017; 8:1166-1173. [PMID: 28174773 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Impaired gut barrier function plays an important role in the development of many diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and in HIV infection. Dietary fibres have been shown to improve intestinal barrier function through their fermentation products, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the effects of individual SCFAs have been studied. Here, different SCFA mixtures representing possible compositions from fibre fermentation products were studied for protective and reparative effects on intestinal barrier function. The effect of fermentation products from four dietary fibres, i.e. resistant starch, fructooligosaccharides, and sorghum and corn arabinoxylan (varying in their branched structure) on barrier function was positively correlated with their SCFA concentration. Pure SCFA mixtures of various concentrations and compositions were tested using a Caco-2 cell model. SCFAs at a moderate concentration (40-80 mM) improved barrier function without causing damage to the monolayer. In a 40 mM SCFA mixture, the butyrate proportion at 20% and 50% showed both a protective and a reparative effect on the monolayer to disrupting agents (LPS/TNF-α) applied simultaneously or prior to the SCFA mixtures. Relating this result to dietary fibre selection, slow fermenting fibres that deliver appropriate concentrations of SCFAs to the epithelium with a high proportion of butyrate may improve barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Choon Young Kim
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. and Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Lisa Lamothe
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Chen Q, Chen O, Martins IM, Hou H, Zhao X, Blumberg JB, Li B. Collagen peptides ameliorate intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in immunostimulatory Caco-2 cell monolayers via enhancing tight junctions. Food Funct 2017; 8:1144-1151. [PMID: 28174772 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01347c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the intestinal barrier plays a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and multiple organ failure. The effect of Alaska pollock skin-derived collagen and its 3 tryptic hydrolytic fractions, HCP (6 kDa retentate), MCP (3 kDa retentate) and LCP (3 kDa permeate) on TNF-α induced barrier dysfunction was investigated in Caco-2 cell monolayers. TNF-α induced barrier dysfunction was significantly attenuated by the collagen and its peptide fractions, especially LCP, compared to TNF-α treated controls (P < 0.05). Compared to a negative control, 24 h pre-incubation with 2 mg mL-1 LCP significantly alleviated the TNF-α induced breakdown of the tight junction protein ZO-1 and occludin and inhibited MLC phosphorylation and MLCK expression. The activation of NFκB and Elk-1 was suppressed by LCP. Thus, collagen peptides may attenuate TNF-α induced barrier dysfunction of Caco-2 cells by inhibiting the NFκB and ERK1/2-mediated MLCK pathway with associated decreases in ZO-1 and occludin protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. and Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Isabela M Martins
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Hu Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Jeffrey B Blumberg
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Bafang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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7
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Protective effect of carboxytmethylpachymaran on TNF-α-induced damage in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:506-511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Park SJ, Gazzola M, Park KS, Park S, Di Santo V, Blevins EL, Lind JU, Campbell PH, Dauth S, Capulli AK, Pasqualini FS, Ahn S, Cho A, Yuan H, Maoz BM, Vijaykumar R, Choi JW, Deisseroth K, Lauder GV, Mahadevan L, Parker KK. Phototactic guidance of a tissue-engineered soft-robotic ray. Science 2016; 353:158-62. [PMID: 27387948 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the relatively simple morphological blueprint provided by batoid fish such as stingrays and skates, we created a biohybrid system that enables an artificial animal--a tissue-engineered ray--to swim and phototactically follow a light cue. By patterning dissociated rat cardiomyocytes on an elastomeric body enclosing a microfabricated gold skeleton, we replicated fish morphology at 1/10 scale and captured basic fin deflection patterns of batoid fish. Optogenetics allows for phototactic guidance, steering, and turning maneuvers. Optical stimulation induced sequential muscle activation via serpentine-patterned muscle circuits, leading to coordinated undulatory swimming. The speed and direction of the ray was controlled by modulating light frequency and by independently eliciting right and left fins, allowing the biohybrid machine to maneuver through an obstacle course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Park
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mattia Gazzola
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kyung Soo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea. Sogang-Harvard Research Center for Disease Biophysics, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Shirley Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Valentina Di Santo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Erin L Blevins
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Johan U Lind
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Patrick H Campbell
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephanie Dauth
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew K Capulli
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Francesco S Pasqualini
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Seungkuk Ahn
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Cho
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ben M Maoz
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ragu Vijaykumar
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea. Sogang-Harvard Research Center for Disease Biophysics, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - George V Lauder
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - L Mahadevan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Physics, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Kavli Institute for Nanobio Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138S, USA
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Sogang-Harvard Research Center for Disease Biophysics, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
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Werfel S, Jungmann A, Lehmann L, Ksienzyk J, Bekeredjian R, Kaya Z, Leuchs B, Nordheim A, Backs J, Engelhardt S, Katus HA, Müller OJ. Rapid and highly efficient inducible cardiac gene knockout in adult mice using AAV-mediated expression of Cre recombinase. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:15-23. [PMID: 25082846 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Inducible gene targeting in mice using the Cre/LoxP system has become a valuable tool to analyse the roles of specific genes in the adult heart. However, the commonly used Myh6-MerCreMer system requires time-consuming breeding schedules and is potentially associated with cardiac side effects, which may result in transient cardiac dysfunction. The aim of our study was to establish a rapid and simple system for cardiac gene inactivation in conditional knockout mice by gene transfer of a Cre recombinase gene using adeno-associated viral vectors of serotype 9 (AAV9). METHODS AND RESULTS AAV9 vectors expressing Cre under the control of a human cardiac troponin T promoter (AAV-TnT-Cre) enabled a highly efficient Cre/LoxP switching in cardiomyocytes 2 weeks after injection into 5- to 6-week-old ROSA26-LacZ reporter mice. Recombination efficiency was at least as high as observed with the Myh6-MerCreMer system. No adverse side effects were detected upon application of AAV-TnT-Cre. As proof of principle, we studied AAV-TnT-Cre in a conditional knockout model (Srf-flex1 mice) to deplete the myocardium of the transcription factor serum response factor (SRF). Four weeks after AAV-TnT-Cre injection, a strong decrease in the cardiac expression of SRF mRNA and protein was observed. Furthermore, mice developed a severe cardiac dysfunction with increased interstitial fibrosis in accordance with the central role of SRF for the expression of contractile and calcium trafficking proteins in the heart. CONCLUSIONS AAV9-mediated expression of Cre is a promising approach for rapid and efficient conditional cardiac gene knockout in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Werfel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, Munich 80802, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jungmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lorenz Lehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan Ksienzyk
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Raffi Bekeredjian
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ziya Kaya
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Leuchs
- Applied Tumorvirology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred Nordheim
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Backs
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, Munich 80802, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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Sharma V, O'Halloran DM. Recent structural and functional insights into the family of sodium calcium exchangers. Genesis 2013; 52:93-109. [PMID: 24376088 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of calcium homeostasis is necessary for the development and survival of all animals. Calcium ions modulate excitability and bind effectors capable of initiating many processes such as muscular contraction and neurotransmission. However, excessive amounts of calcium in the cytosol or within intracellular calcium stores can trigger apoptotic pathways in cells that have been implicated in cardiac and neuronal pathologies. Accordingly, it is critical for cells to rapidly and effectively regulate calcium levels. The Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchangers (NCX), Na(+) /Ca(2+) /K(+) exchangers (NCKX), and Ca(2+) /Cation exchangers (CCX) are the three classes of sodium calcium antiporters found in animals. These exchanger proteins utilize an electrochemical gradient to extrude calcium. Although they have been studied for decades, much is still unknown about these proteins. In this review, we examine current knowledge about the structure, function, and physiology and also discuss their implication in various developmental disorders. Finally, we highlight recent data characterizing the family of sodium calcium exchangers in the model system, Caenorhabditis elegans, and propose that C. elegans may be an ideal model to complement other systems and help fill gaps in our knowledge of sodium calcium exchange biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Repression of cardiac hypertrophy by KLF15: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36754. [PMID: 22586493 PMCID: PMC3346753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kruppel-like factor (KLF) family of transcription factors regulates diverse cell biological processes including proliferation, differentiation, survival and growth. Previous studies have shown that KLF15 inhibits cardiac hypertrophy by repressing the activity of pivotal cardiac transcription factors such as GATA4, MEF2 and myocardin. We set out this study to characterize the interaction of KLF15 with putative other transcription factors. We first show that KLF15 interacts with myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs) and strongly represses the transcriptional activity of MRTF-A and MRTF-B. Second, we identified a region within the C-terminal zinc fingers of KLF15 that contains the nuclear localization signal. Third, we investigated whether overexpression of KLF15 in the heart would have therapeutic potential. Using recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) we have overexpressed KLF15 specifically in the mouse heart and provide the first evidence that elevation of cardiac KLF15 levels prevents the development of cardiac hypertrophy in a model of Angiotensin II induced hypertrophy.
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12
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Prasad AM, Inesi G. Regulation and rate limiting mechanisms of Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2) expression in cardiac myocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 361:85-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Prasad AM, Inesi G. Silencing calcineurin A subunit reduces SERCA2 expression in cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H173-80. [PMID: 21057045 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00841.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resting intracellular Ca(2+) can be raised, in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, by exposure to very low concentration of thapsigargin (TG). Such a Ca(2+) rise yields calcineurin (CN) activation demonstrated by increased expression of transfected luciferase cDNA under control of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) promoter and increased translocation of NFAT to nuclei. We found that exposure of cardiac myocytes to TG is followed by increase of sarcroplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) transport ATPase (SERCA2) expression, which is further increased when CN inactivation by CAMKII (calmodulin-dependent kinase) is prevented with KN93 (CAMKII inhibitor). On the other hand, SERCA2 expression is reduced by CN inhibition with cyclosporine. We have now induced calcineurin A (CNA) α- or β-subunit gene silencing with small interfering RNA (siRNA) and observed strong interference with expression of SERCA2, both in control myocytes and following exposure to TG. Such interference is also obtained following NFAT displacement from CN with 9,10-dihydro-9,10[1',2']-benzenoanthracene-1,4-dione (INCA-6). We have also observed analogous effects on expression of phospholamban (PLB) and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX). Pertinent to these findings, we have identified, by in-silico analysis, NFAT binding sites in SERCA2, PLB, and NCX1 promoters. Our experiments indicate that activation of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway by rise of resting cytosolic Ca(2+) elevates transcription/expression of SERCA2, PLB, and NCX1, providing a homeostatic mechanism for long-term control of cytosolic Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mohan Prasad
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
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Prasad KMR, Xu Y, Yang Z, Acton ST, French BA. Robust cardiomyocyte-specific gene expression following systemic injection of AAV: in vivo gene delivery follows a Poisson distribution. Gene Ther 2010; 18:43-52. [PMID: 20703310 PMCID: PMC2988989 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Newly-isolated serotypes of AAV readily cross the endothelial barrier to provide efficient transgene delivery throughout the body. However, tissue-specific expression is preferred in most experimental studies and gene therapy protocols. Previous efforts to restrict gene expression to the myocardium often relied on direct injection into heart muscle or intracoronary perfusion. Here, we report an AAV vector system employing the cardiac troponin T promoter (cTnT). Using luciferase and eGFP, the efficiency and specificity of cardiac reporter gene expression using AAV serotype capsids: AAV-1, 2, 6, 8 or 9 were tested after systemic administration to 1 week old mice. Luciferase assays showed that the cTnT promoter worked in combination with each of the AAV serotype capsids to provide cardiomyocyte-specific gene expression, but AAV-9 followed closely by AAV-8 was the most efficient. AAV9-mediated gene expression from the cTnT promoter was 640-fold greater in the heart compared to the next highest tissue (liver). eGFP fluorescence indicated a transduction efficiency of 96% using AAV-9 at a dose of only 3.15×1010 viral particles per mouse. Moreover, the intensity of cardiomyocyte eGFP fluorescence measured on a cell-by-cell basis revealed that AAV-mediated gene expression in the heart can be modeled as a Poisson distribution; requiring an average of nearly two vector genomes per cell to attain an 85% transduction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-M R Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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15
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Chen IY, Gheysens O, Ray S, Wang Q, Padmanabhan P, Paulmurugan R, Loening AM, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Willmann JK, Sheikh AY, Nielsen CH, Hoyt G, Contag CH, Robbins RC, Biswal S, Wu JC, Gambhir SS. Indirect imaging of cardiac-specific transgene expression using a bidirectional two-step transcriptional amplification strategy. Gene Ther 2010; 17:827-38. [PMID: 20237511 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional targeting for cardiac gene therapy is limited by the relatively weak activity of most cardiac-specific promoters. We have developed a bidirectional plasmid vector, which uses a two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) strategy to enhance the expression of two optical reporter genes, firefly luciferase (fluc) and Renilla luciferase (hrluc), driven by the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) promoter. The vector was characterized in vitro and in living mice using luminometry and bioluminescence imaging to assess its ability to mediate strong, correlated reporter gene expression in a cardiac cell line and the myocardium, while minimizing expression in non-cardiac cell lines and the liver. In vitro, the TSTA system significantly enhanced cTnT-mediated reporter gene expression with moderate preservation of cardiac specificity. After intramyocardial and hydrodynamic tail vein delivery of an hrluc-enhanced variant of the vector, long-term fluc expression was observed in the heart, but not in the liver. In both the cardiac cell line and the myocardium, fluc expression correlated well with hrluc expression. These results show the vector's ability to effectively amplify and couple transgene expression in a cardiac-specific manner. Further replacement of either reporter gene with a therapeutic gene should allow non-invasive imaging of targeted gene therapy in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Chen
- Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA
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16
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Harlan SM, Reiter RS, Sigmund CD, Lin JLC, Lin JJC. Requirement of TCTG(G/C) Direct Repeats and Overlapping GATA Site for Maintaining the Cardiac-Specific Expression of Cardiac troponin T in Developing and Adult Mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:1574-86. [PMID: 18951515 PMCID: PMC2592506 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac-specific -497 bp promoter of rat cardiac troponin T (cTnT) contains two similar modules, D and F, each of which possesses TCTG(G/C) direct repeats and A/T-rich sites. To identify cis-elements critical for cardiac specificity, a -249 bp promoter containing only module F and its site-directed mutations were used to generate transgenic mice. Transgene expression of the -249 bp promoter remained cardiac-specific, despite low and nonuniform expression. The nonuniform expression pattern of the transgene coincided with differential expression of HMGB1, which appeared to be the predominant form of HMGB family proteins in the heart. The HMGB1 binds to the A/T-rich/MEF2-like sites of the cTnT promoter, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Mice carrying the -249 bp promoter with point mutations disrupting the direct repeats expressed transgene at lower levels in the heart and ectopically in the brain. Ectopic expression of transgene was also observed in developing limbs and head. These results suggest an important role for the direct repeat in determining the cardiac specificity. Furthermore, mice carrying a mutant promoter simultaneously disrupting the direct repeats and overlapping GATA site failed to express the transgene in any tissues tested. Therefore, the direct repeat and overlapping GATA site are critical for the expression level and cardiac specificity. The F module controls one level of cardiac specificity. For a uniform and high level of cardiac-specific expression, the upstream element (-497 to -250 bp) is further required, possibly through the D enhancer module and the combination of Nkx2.5 and GATA sites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence/genetics
- Body Patterning/genetics
- Calcium Signaling/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- GATA Transcription Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Heart/embryology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Contraction/genetics
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/ultrastructure
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/ultrastructure
- Point Mutation/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transgenes/genetics
- Troponin T/biosynthesis
- Troponin T/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Harlan
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1324
| | - Rebecca S. Reiter
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1324
| | - Curt D. Sigmund
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1324
| | - Jenny Li-Chun Lin
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1324
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17
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Förster C. Tight junctions and the modulation of barrier function in disease. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:55-70. [PMID: 18415116 PMCID: PMC2413111 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions create a paracellular barrier in epithelial and endothelial cells protecting them from the external environment. Two different classes of integral membrane proteins constitute the tight junction strands in epithelial cells and endothelial cells, occludin and members of the claudin protein family. In addition, cytoplasmic scaffolding molecules associated with these junctions regulate diverse physiological processes like proliferation, cell polarity and regulated diffusion. In many diseases, disruption of this regulated barrier occurs. This review will briefly describe the molecular composition of the tight junctions and then present evidence of the link between tight junction dysfunction and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Förster
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
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18
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Expression-targeted gene therapy for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:543-52. [PMID: 18323852 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted gene delivery for induced apoptosis of transitional cell carcinomas was carried out in vivo in mice via utilization of the murine cyclooxygenase type 2 (Cox-2) promoter (Tis10). MB49 cells, which constitutively overexpress Cox-2 like numerous other carcinomas, selectively expressed delivered genes that utilized this transcriptional control element. The products of the delivered genes were artificially inducible forms of caspases 3 and 9, which remained inactive until a chemical inducer of dimerization was later injected intraperitoneally. The genes were delivered intravesically as plasmids complexed with poly(ethylenimine). Significant improvements, in the form of reduced bladder mass, reduced tumor volume, anti-angiogenesis and inhibition of tumor growth were seen versus untreated or unactivated controls. In some instances, tumors were seen to go into complete remission. There were no apparent bystander effects associated with the treatments. This targeted gene therapy regimen could have wide applicability to numerous cancers due to constitutive overexpression of Cox-2.
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19
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Inesi G, Prasad AM, Pilankatta R. The Ca2+ ATPase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum: Physiological role and relevance to diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 369:182-7. [PMID: 18068669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Ca(2+) ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum has a prominent role in excitation/contraction coupling of cardiac muscle, as it induces relaxation by sequestering Ca(2+) from the cytoplasm. The stored Ca(2+) is in turn released to trigger contraction. We review here experiments demonstrating that in cardiac myocytes Ca(2+) signaling and contractile activation are strongly altered by pharmacological inhibition or transcriptional down-regulation of SERCA. On the other hand, kinetics, and intensity of Ca(2+) signaling are improved by SERCA overexpression following delivery of exogenous cDNA by adenovirus vectors. Experiments on adrenergic hypertrophy demonstrate SERCA down-regulation, consistent with its pathogenetic involvement in cardiac hypertrophy and failure, as also shown in other experimental models and clinical studies. Compensation by alternate Ca(2+) signaling proteins, including functional activation and increased expression of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and TRPC proteins has been observed. These compensatory mechanisms, including calcineurin activation, remain to be clarified and are a most important subject of current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Inesi
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 475 Brannan Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
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20
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Mazzon E, Cuzzocrea S. Role of TNF-alpha in lung tight junction alteration in mouse model of acute lung inflammation. Respir Res 2007; 8:75. [PMID: 17971210 PMCID: PMC2174464 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we used tumor necrosis factor-R1 knock out mice (TNF-αR1KO) to understand the roles of TNF-α on epithelial function in models of carrageenan-induced acute lung inflammation. In order to elucidate whether the observed anti-inflammatory status is related to the inhibition of TNF-α, we also investigated the effect of etanercept, a TNF-α soluble receptor construct, on lung TJ function. Pharmacological and genetic TNF-α inhibition significantly reduced the degree of (1) TNF-α production in pleural exudates and in the lung tissues, (2) the inflammatory cell infiltration in the pleural cavity as well as in the lung tissues (evaluated by MPO activity), (3) the alteration of ZO-1, Claudin-2, Claudin-4, Claudin-5 and β-catenin (immunohistochemistry) and (4) apoptosis (TUNEL staining, Bax, Bcl-2 expression). Taken together, our results demonstrate that inhibition of TNF-α reduces the tight junction permeability in the lung tissues associated with acute lung inflammation, suggesting a possible role of TNF-α on lung barrier dysfunction.
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21
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Kühn B, del Monte F, Hajjar RJ, Chang YS, Lebeche D, Arab S, Keating MT. Periostin induces proliferation of differentiated cardiomyocytes and promotes cardiac repair. Nat Med 2007; 13:962-9. [PMID: 17632525 DOI: 10.1038/nm1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammalian hearts respond to injury with scar formation and not with cardiomyocyte proliferation, the cellular basis of regeneration. Although cardiogenic progenitor cells may maintain myocardial turnover, they do not give rise to a robust regenerative response. Here we show that extracellular periostin induced reentry of differentiated mammalian cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle. Periostin stimulated mononucleated cardiomyocytes to go through the full mitotic cell cycle. Periostin activated alphaV, beta1, beta3 and beta5 integrins located in the cardiomyocyte cell membrane. Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase was required for periostin-induced reentry of cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle and was sufficient for cell-cycle reentry in the absence of periostin. After myocardial infarction, periostin-induced cardiomyocyte cell-cycle reentry and mitosis were associated with improved ventricular remodeling and myocardial function, reduced fibrosis and infarct size, and increased angiogenesis. Thus, periostin and the pathway that it regulates may provide a target for innovative strategies to treat heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kühn
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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22
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Prasad AM, Ma H, Sumbilla C, Lee DI, Klein MG, Inesi G. Phenylephrine hypertrophy, Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2), and Ca2+ signaling in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 292:C2269-75. [PMID: 17287366 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00441.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We endeavored to use a basic and well-controlled experimental system to characterize the extent and time sequence of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) involvement in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, including transcription, protein expression, Ca(2+) transport, and cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signaling. To this end, hypertrophy of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in culture was obtained after adrenergic activation with phenylephrine (PE). Micrographic assessment of myocyte size, rise of [(14)C]phenylalanine incorporation and total protein expression, and increased transcription of atrial natriuretic factor demonstrated unambiguously the occurrence of hypertrophy. An early and prominent feature of hypertrophy was a reduction of the SERCA2 transcript, as determined by RT-PCR with reference to a stable marker such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Reduction of Ca(2+)-ATPase protein levels and Ca(2+) transport activity to approximately 50% of control values followed with some delay, evidently as a consequence of a primary effect on transcription. Cytosolic Ca(2+) signaling kinetics, measured with a Ca(2+)-sensitive dye after electrical stimuli, were significantly altered in hypertrophic myocytes. However, the effect of PE hypertrophy on cytosolic Ca(2+) signaling kinetics was less prominent than observed in myocytes subjected to drastic SERCA2 downregulation with small interfering RNA or inhibition with thapsigargin (10 nM). We conclude that SERCA2 undergoes significant downregulation after hypertrophic stimuli, possibly due to lack of SERCA gene involvement by the hypertrophy transcriptional program. The consequence of SERCA2 downregulation on Ca(2+) signaling is partially compensated by alternate Ca(2+) transport mechanisms. These alterations may contribute to a gradual onset of functional failure in long-term hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Prasad
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 475 Brannan St., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
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23
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Controlling Adenoviral Gene Transfer in Heart by Catheter-Based Coronary Perfusion. Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-044452806-3/50005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Hoshijima M. Gene therapy targeted at calcium handling as an approach to the treatment of heart failure. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 105:211-28. [PMID: 15737405 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic congestive heart failure primarily of ischemic origin remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and other leading countries. The current main stream of therapy is, however, palliative and uses a complex regimen of drugs, the actions of which are not understood completely. On the other hand, unfavorable remodeling after cardiac injuries of multiple causes has been thought to lead to cardiac contractile dysfunction in heart failure, and a body of scientific evidence points to a central role of intrinsic defects in intracellular calcium handling in cardiomyocytes that arise from the distorted functions of several key regulatory molecules on plasma membrane or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), a muscle-specific intracellular membrane complex that stores calcium at high concentration. Accordingly, the initial appetite to use gene transfer strategies to modulate calcium regulatory proteins was to validate molecular targets for the development of new pharmaceuticals; however, remarkable therapeutic efficacies found in an initial series of studies using various heart failure animal models immediately promoted us to seek ways to directly apply gene transfer to cure clinical heart failure. The first part of this article reviews our up-to-date knowledge of various functional components to regulate calcium handling in cardiomyocytes, including beta-adrenergic receptor, L-type calcium channel, ryanodine receptor (RyR) and its associated proteins, sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), and phospholamban (PLN), and their abnormalities in failing hearts. A series of new somatic gene transfer attempts targeting calcium handling in cardiomyocytes are discussed thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Hoshijima
- University of California San Diego, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, UCSD0641, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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25
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Seth M, Sumbilla C, Mullen SP, Lewis D, Klein MG, Hussain A, Soboloff J, Gill DL, Inesi G. Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) gene silencing and remodeling of the Ca2+ signaling mechanism in cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16683-8. [PMID: 15546997 PMCID: PMC528906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407537101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient elevations of cytosolic Ca2+ are a common mechanism of cellular signaling. In striated muscle, the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) plays an important role in terminating Ca2+ transients by returning cytosolic Ca2+ to intracellular stores. Stored Ca2+ can then be released again for subsequent signaling. We down-regulated SERCA2 gene expression in cultured cardiac myocytes by means of endogenous transcription of small interfering RNA encoded by an exogenous cDNA template. The cDNA template was delivered by adenovirus vector. Reduction of SERCA expression in all myocytes in culture was documented by immunochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, and determination of ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport. The reduction of SERCA2 expression was associated with the up-regulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel proteins (TRPC4 and TRPC5) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, indicating that intracellular store deficiency was compensated for by Ca2+ fluxes through the plasma membrane. In fact, SERCA silencing was followed by increased transcription of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, TRPC4, TRPC5, and related transcriptional factors, such as stimulating protein 1, myocyte enhancer factor 2, and nuclear factor of activated cells 4, through activation of calcineurin. This finding demonstrates that the observed compensation occurs through transcriptional crosstalk and the remodeling of Ca2+ signaling pathways. The wide significance of this regulatory mechanism is related to its general involvement in Ca2+ signaling dynamics and in cardiac development and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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