1
|
Williams AL, Bohnsack BL. Keratin 8/18a.1 Expression Influences Embryonic Neural Crest Cell Dynamics and Contributes to Postnatal Corneal Regeneration in Zebrafish. Cells 2024; 13:1473. [PMID: 39273043 PMCID: PMC11394277 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
A complete understanding of neural crest cell mechanodynamics during ocular development will provide insight into postnatal neural crest cell contributions to ophthalmic abnormalities in adult tissues and inform regenerative strategies toward injury repair. Herein, single-cell RNA sequencing in zebrafish during early eye development revealed keratin intermediate filament genes krt8 and krt18a.1 as additional factors expressed during anterior segment development. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed krt8 and krt18a.1 expression in the early neural plate border and migrating cranial neural crest cells. Morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-mediated knockdown of K8 and K18a.1 markedly disrupted the migration of neural crest cell subpopulations and decreased neural crest cell marker gene expression in the craniofacial region and eye at 48 h postfertilization (hpf), resulting in severe phenotypic defects reminiscent of neurocristopathies. Interestingly, the expression of K18a.1, but not K8, is regulated by retinoic acid (RA) during early-stage development. Further, both keratin proteins were detected during postnatal corneal regeneration in adult zebrafish. Altogether, we demonstrated that both K8 and K18a.1 contribute to the early development and postnatal repair of neural crest cell-derived ocular tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antionette L Williams
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brenda L Bohnsack
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chow BJ, Lee IXY, Liu C, Liu YC. Potential therapeutic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors on corneal diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10142. [PMID: 38993197 PMCID: PMC11238193 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The cornea is an avascular tissue in the eye that has multiple functions in the eye to maintain clear vision which can significantly impair one's vision when subjected to damage. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), a family of nuclear receptor proteins comprising three different peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms, namely, PPAR alpha (α), PPAR gamma (γ), and PPAR delta (δ), have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for treating corneal diseases. In this review, we summarised the current literature on the therapeutic effects of PPAR agents on corneal diseases. We discussed the role of PPARs in the modulation of corneal wound healing, suppression of corneal inflammation, neovascularisation, fibrosis, stimulation of corneal nerve regeneration, and amelioration of dry eye by inhibiting oxidative stress within the cornea. We also discussed the underlying mechanisms of these therapeutic effects. Future clinical trials are warranted to further attest to the clinical therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Jie Chow
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Xin Yu Lee
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chang Liu
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trujillo Cubillo L, Gurdal M, Zeugolis DI. Corneal fibrosis: From in vitro models to current and upcoming drug and gene medicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 209:115317. [PMID: 38642593 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases are characterised by myofibroblast differentiation, uncontrolled pathological extracellular matrix accumulation, tissue contraction, scar formation and, ultimately tissue / organ dysfunction. The cornea, the transparent tissue located on the anterior chamber of the eye, is extremely susceptible to fibrotic diseases, which cause loss of corneal transparency and are often associated with blindness. Although topical corticosteroids and antimetabolites are extensively used in the management of corneal fibrosis, they are associated with glaucoma, cataract formation, corneoscleral melting and infection, imposing the need of far more effective therapies. Herein, we summarise and discuss shortfalls and recent advances in in vitro models (e.g. transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) / ascorbic acid / interleukin (IL) induced) and drug (e.g. TGF-β inhibitors, epigenetic modulators) and gene (e.g. gene editing, gene silencing) therapeutic strategies in the corneal fibrosis context. Emerging therapeutical agents (e.g. neutralising antibodies, ligand traps, receptor kinase inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides) that have shown promise in clinical setting but have not yet assessed in corneal fibrosis context are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trujillo Cubillo
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mehmet Gurdal
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang G, Liu K, Ma S, Qi P. PPARγ inhibition promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and fracture healing. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30568. [PMID: 38616655 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) inhibition on fracture healing of nonunion and the underlying mechanisms. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were treated with PPARγ antagonist GW9662 (5 μM, 10 μM). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin Red S was used to assess early stage of osteogenesis and osteogenic differentiation. GW9662 (1 mg/kg/day) were administered intraperitoneally into the rats with bone fracture. Bone healing processes in the rat femur fracture model were recorded and assessed by radiographic methods on Weeks 8, 14, and 20 postoperation. Osteogenesis and angiogenesis at the fracture sites were evaluated by radiographic and histological methods on postoperative Week 20. GW9662 treatment increased ALP activity and Alp mRNA expression in rat BMSCs. Moreover, GW9662 administration increased matrix mineralization and mRNA and protein levels of Bmp2 and Runx2 in the BMSCs. In addition, GW9662 treatment improved radiographic score in the fracture rats and increased osteogenesis-related proteins, including type I collagen, osteopontin, and osteoglycin, in the bone tissues of the fracture sites. In conclusion, PPARγ inhibition promotes osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs, as well as improves the fracture healing of rats through Bmp2/Runx2 signaling pathway in the rat model of bone fracture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kexi Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shengli Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Peiyi Qi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shukla A, Suresh V, Gupta PC, Sharma M, Saikia UN, Ram J, Luthra-Guptasarma M. A single chain variable fragment antibody (Tn 64) cognate to fibronectin type III repeats promotes corneal wound healing by inhibiting fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112029. [PMID: 38640715 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Corneal wound healing requires epithelial reorganization and stromal extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, with ECM proteins such as Tenascin C (TnC) regulating and maintaining corneal homeostasis. The N-terminal globular domain and C-terminal fibrinogen-related domains of TnC are separated by epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats, and upto fifteen fibronectin type III domains (Tn fn). Overexpression of Tn fn 1-5 and its splice variants occurs in varied pathologies. We have previously used Tn64 (a single chain variable fragment antibody cognate to Tn fn 1-5) to establish roles of Tn fn 1-5 in fibrotic pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis and posterior capsular opacification. Here, we show that Tn64 binds to Tn fn repeats 3-5 (which constitute the major site for binding of soluble fibronectin within TnC). Unlike other Tn fn domains, Tn fn 3-5 displays no inhibition of fibronectin matrix assembly. Rather, the Tn fn 3-5 construct is pro-fibrotic and elicits increased expression of fibronectin. We examined corneal epithelial as well as stromal wound healing through Tn64 binding to Tn fn 3-5, using a human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) line, primary cultures of human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs), and an ex-vivo corneal organ culture model. Tn64 enhanced proliferation and adhesion of corneal epithelial cells, while inhibiting the migration of corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Tn64 appears to attenuate inflammation through downregulation of TNF-α, prevent corneal fibrosis by limiting fibronectin polymerization, and promote regeneration of corneal epithelia and stroma, suggesting that it could be developed as a therapeutic agent for effective anti-fibrotic corneal wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Shukla
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector-12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Vyshak Suresh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector-12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Parul Chawla Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector-12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Maryada Sharma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector-12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Uma Nahar Saikia
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector-12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Jagat Ram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector-12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Manni Luthra-Guptasarma
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector-12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar R, Sinha NR, Mohan RR. Corneal gene therapy: Structural and mechanistic understanding. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:279-297. [PMID: 37244594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cornea, a dome-shaped and transparent front part of the eye, affords 2/3rd refraction and barrier functions. Globally, corneal diseases are the leading cause of vision impairment. Loss of corneal function including opacification involve the complex crosstalk and perturbation between a variety of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors generated by corneal keratocytes, epithelial cells, lacrimal tissues, nerves, and immune cells. Conventional small-molecule drugs can treat mild-to-moderate traumatic corneal pathology but requires frequent application and often fails to treat severe pathologies. The corneal transplant surgery is a standard of care to restore vision in patients. However, declining availability and rising demand of donor corneas are major concerns to maintain ophthalmic care. Thus, the development of efficient and safe nonsurgical methods to cure corneal disorders and restore vision in vivo is highly desired. Gene-based therapy has huge potential to cure corneal blindness. To achieve a nonimmunogenic, safe and sustained therapeutic response, the selection of a relevant genes, gene editing methods and suitable delivery vectors are vital. This article describes corneal structural and functional features, mechanistic understanding of gene therapy vectors, gene editing methods, gene delivery tools, and status of gene therapy for treating corneal disorders, diseases, and genetic dystrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; One-health One-medicine Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow campus, UP, 226028, India
| | - Nishant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; One-health One-medicine Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; One-health One-medicine Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sarkar S, Panikker P, D’Souza S, Shetty R, Mohan RR, Ghosh A. Corneal Regeneration Using Gene Therapy Approaches. Cells 2023; 12:1280. [PMID: 37174680 PMCID: PMC10177166 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most remarkable advancements in medical treatments of corneal diseases in recent decades has been corneal transplantation. However, corneal transplants, including lamellar strategies, have their own set of challenges, such as graft rejection, delayed graft failure, shortage of donor corneas, repeated treatments, and post-surgical complications. Corneal defects and diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness globally; therefore, there is a need for gene-based interventions that may mitigate some of these challenges and help reduce the burden of blindness. Corneas being immune-advantaged, uniquely avascular, and transparent is ideal for gene therapy approaches. Well-established corneal surgical techniques as well as their ease of accessibility for examination and manipulation makes corneas suitable for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in the area of corneal regeneration using gene therapy and on the strategies involved in the development of such therapies. We also discuss the challenges and potential of gene therapy for the treatment of corneal diseases. Additionally, we discuss the translational aspects of gene therapy, including different types of vectors, particularly focusing on recombinant AAV that may help advance targeted therapeutics for corneal defects and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Sarkar
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Priyalakshmi Panikker
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharon D’Souza
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560010, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560010, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv R. Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fuest M, Jhanji V, Yam GHF. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Corneal Scarring and Advances in Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097777. [PMID: 37175482 PMCID: PMC10178104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of WHO global blindness data, it may be stated that 23 million people globally suffer from unilateral corneal blindness, while 4 [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fuest
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Gary Hin-Fai Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Talpan D, Salla S, Seidelmann N, Walter P, Fuest M. Antifibrotic Effects of Caffeine, Curcumin and Pirfenidone in Primary Human Keratocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021461. [PMID: 36674976 PMCID: PMC9862324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the small molecules (AFM) caffeine, curcumin and pirfenidone to find non-toxic concentrations reducing the transformation of activated human corneal stromal keratocytes (aCSK) to scar-inducing myofibroblasts (MYO-SF). CSK were isolated from 16 human corneas unsuitable for transplantation and expanded for three passages in control medium (0.5% FBS). Then, aCSK were exposed to concentrations of caffeine of 0−500 μM, curcumin of 0−200 μM, pirfenidone of 0−2.2 nM and the profibrotic cytokine TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) for 48 h. Alterations in viability and gene expression were evaluated by cell viability staining (FDA/PI), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry. We found that all AFMs reduced cell counts at high concentrations. The highest concentrations with no toxic effect were 100 µM of caffeine, 20 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone. The addition of TGF-β1 to the control medium effectively transformed aCSK into myofibroblasts (MYO-SF), indicated by a 10-fold increase in α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression, a 39% decrease in lumican (LUM) expression and a 98% decrease in ALDH3A1 expression (p < 0.001). The concentrations of 100 µM of caffeine, 20/50 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone each significantly reduced SMA expression under TGF-β1 stimulation (p ≤ 0.024). LUM and ALDH3A1 expression remained low under TGF-β1 stimulation, independently of AFM supplementation. Immunocytochemistry showed that 100 µM of caffeine, 20 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone reduce the conversion rate of aCSK to SMA+ MYO-SF. In conclusion, in aCSK, 100 µM of caffeine, 20 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone significantly reduced SMA expression and MYO-SF conversion under TGF-β1 stimulation, with no influence on cell counts. However, the AFMs were unable to protect aCSK from characteristic marker loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia Talpan
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Salla
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nina Seidelmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Fuest
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Understanding Drivers of Ocular Fibrosis: Current and Future Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111748. [PMID: 34769176 PMCID: PMC8584003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular fibrosis leads to severe visual impairment and blindness worldwide, being a major area of unmet need in ophthalmology and medicine. To date, the only available treatments are antimetabolite drugs that have significant potentially blinding side effects, such as tissue damage and infection. There is thus an urgent need to identify novel targets to prevent/treat scarring and postsurgical fibrosis in the eye. In this review, the latest progress in biological mechanisms underlying ocular fibrosis are discussed. We also summarize the current knowledge on preclinical studies based on viral and non-viral gene therapy, as well as chemical inhibitors, for targeting TGFβ or downstream effectors in fibrotic disorders of the eye. Moreover, the role of angiogenetic and biomechanical factors in ocular fibrosis is discussed, focusing on related preclinical treatment approaches. Moreover, we describe available evidence on clinical studies investigating the use of therapies targeting TGFβ-dependent pathways, angiogenetic factors, and biomechanical factors, alone or in combination with other strategies, in ocular tissue fibrosis. Finally, the recent progress in cell-based therapies for treating fibrotic eye disorders is discussed. The increasing knowledge of these disorders in the eye and the promising results from testing of novel targeted therapies could offer viable perspectives for translation into clinical use.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jhanji V, Billig I, Yam GHF. Cell-Free Biological Approach for Corneal Stromal Wound Healing. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671405. [PMID: 34122095 PMCID: PMC8193853 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal opacification is the fourth most common cause of blindness globally behind cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. The standard treatment of serious corneal scarring is corneal transplantation. Though it is effective for restoring vision, the treatment outcome is not optimal, due to limitations such as long-term graft survival, lifelong use of immunosuppressants, and a loss of corneal strength. Regulation of corneal stromal wound healing, along with inhibition or downregulation of corneal scarring is a promising approach to prevent corneal opacification. Pharmacological approaches have been suggested, however these are fraught with side effects. Tissue healing is an intricate process that involves cell death, proliferation, differentiation, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Current research on stromal wound healing is focused on corneal characteristics such as the immune response, angiogenesis, and cell signaling. Indeed, promising new technologies with the potential to modulate wound healing are under development. In this review, we provide an overview of cell-free strategies and some approaches under development that have the potential to control stromal fibrosis and scarring, especially in the context of early intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Isabelle Billig
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gary Hin-Fai Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amador C, Shah R, Ghiam S, Kramerov AA, Ljubimov AV. Gene therapy in the anterior eye segment. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:104-131. [PMID: 33902406 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210423084233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review provides comprehensive information about the advances in gene therapy in the anterior segment of the eye including cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, and trabecular meshwork. We discuss gene delivery systems including viral and non-viral vectors as well as gene editing techniques, mainly CRISPR-Cas9, and epigenetic treatments including antisense and siRNA therapeutics. We also provide a detailed analysis of various anterior segment diseases where gene therapy has been tested with corresponding outcomes. Disease conditions include corneal and conjunctival fibrosis and scarring, corneal epithelial wound healing, corneal graft survival, corneal neovascularization, genetic corneal dystrophies, herpetic keratitis, glaucoma, dry eye disease, and other ocular surface diseases. Although most of the analyzed results on the use and validity of gene therapy at the ocular surface have been obtained in vitro or using animal models, we also discuss the available human studies. Gene therapy approaches are currently considered very promising as emerging future treatments of various diseases, and this field is rapidly expanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Amador
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Shah
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sean Ghiam
- Sackler School of Medicine, New York State/American Program of Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrei A Kramerov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
CannabinEYEds: The Endocannabinoid System as a Regulator of the Ocular Surface Nociception, Inflammatory Response, Neovascularization and Wound Healing. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124036. [PMID: 33327429 PMCID: PMC7764860 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex regulatory system, highly conserved among vertebrates. It has been widely described in nearly all human tissues. In the conjunctiva and cornea, the ECS is believed to play a pivotal role in the modulation of the local inflammatory state as well as in the regulation of tissue repair and fibrosis, neo-angiogenesis and pain perception. This review aims to summarize all the available data on ECS expression and its function in ocular surface structures to provide a specific insight concerning its modulation in dry eye disease, and to propose directions for future research.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kamil S, Mohan RR. Corneal stromal wound healing: Major regulators and therapeutic targets. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:290-306. [PMID: 33127599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Corneal stromal wound healing is a complex event that occurs to restore the transparency of an injured cornea. It involves immediate apoptosis of keratocytes followed by their activation, proliferation, migration, and trans-differentiation to myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts contract to close the wound and secrete extracellular matrix and proteinases to remodel it. Released proteinases may degenerate the basement membrane allowing an influx of cytokines from overlying epithelium. Immune cells infiltrate the wound to clear cellular debris and prevent infections. Gradually basement membrane regenerates, myofibroblasts and immune cells disappear, abnormal matrix is resorbed, and transparency of the cornea is restored. Often this cascade deregulates and corneal opacity results. Factors that prevent corneal opacity after an injury have always intrigued the researchers. They hold clinical relevance as they can guide the outcomes of corneal surgeries. Studies in the past have shed light on the role of various factors in stromal healing. TGFβ (transforming growth factor-beta) signaling is the central player guiding stromal responses. Other major regulators include myofibroblasts, basement membrane, collagen fibrils, small leucine-rich proteoglycans, biophysical cues, proteins derived from extracellular matrix, and membrane channels. The knowledge about their roles helped to develop novel therapies to prevent corneal opacity. This article reviews the role of major regulators that determine the outcome of stromal healing. It also discusses emerging therapies that modulate the role of these regulators to prevent stromal opacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabeeh Kamil
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health Vision Research Program, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health Vision Research Program, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fukuda K. Corneal fibroblasts: Function and markers. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108229. [PMID: 32919991 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Corneal stromal keratocytes contribute to the maintenance of corneal transparency and shape by synthesizing and degrading extracellular matrix. They are quiescent in the healthy cornea, but they become activated in response to insults from the external environment that breach the corneal epithelium, with such activation being associated with phenotypic transformation into fibroblasts. Corneal fibroblasts (activated keratocytes) act as sentinel cells to sense various external stimuli-including damage-associated molecular patterns derived from injured cells, pathogen-associated molecular patterns of infectious microorganisms, and inflammatory mediators such as cytokines-under pathological conditions such as trauma, infection, and allergy. The expression of various chemokines and adhesion molecules by corneal fibroblasts determines the selective recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in a manner dependent on the type of insult. In infectious keratitis, the interaction of corneal fibroblasts with various components of microbes and with cytokines derived from infiltrated inflammatory cells results in excessive degradation of stromal collagen and consequent corneal ulceration. Corneal fibroblasts distinguish between type 1 and type 2 inflammation through recognition of corresponding cytokines, with their activation by type 2 cytokines contributing to the pathogenesis of corneal lesions in severe ocular allergic diseases. Pharmacological targeting of corneal fibroblast function is thus a potential novel therapeutic approach to prevention of excessive corneal stromal inflammation, damage, and scarring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bastola P, Song L, Gilger BC, Hirsch ML. Adeno-Associated Virus Mediated Gene Therapy for Corneal Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080767. [PMID: 32823625 PMCID: PMC7464341 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, corneal diseases are the fourth leading cause of blindness worldwide accounting for 5.1% of all ocular deficiencies. Current therapies for corneal diseases, which include eye drops, oral medications, corrective surgeries, and corneal transplantation are largely inadequate, have undesirable side effects including blindness, and can require life-long applications. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated gene therapy is an optimistic strategy that involves the delivery of genetic material to target human diseases through gene augmentation, gene deletion, and/or gene editing. With two therapies already approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and 200 ongoing clinical trials, recombinant AAV (rAAV) has emerged as the in vivo viral vector-of-choice to deliver genetic material to target human diseases. Likewise, the relative ease of applications through targeted delivery and its compartmental nature makes the cornea an enticing tissue for AAV mediated gene therapy applications. This current review seeks to summarize the development of AAV gene therapy, highlight preclinical efficacy studies, and discuss potential applications and challenges of this technology for targeting corneal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Bastola
- Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.B.); (L.S.); (B.C.G.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Liujiang Song
- Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.B.); (L.S.); (B.C.G.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian C. Gilger
- Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.B.); (L.S.); (B.C.G.)
- Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Matthew L. Hirsch
- Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.B.); (L.S.); (B.C.G.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-966-0696
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Latta L, Ludwig N, Krammes L, Stachon T, Fries FN, Mukwaya A, Szentmáry N, Seitz B, Wowra B, Kahraman M, Keller A, Meese E, Lagali N, Käsmann-Kellner B. Abnormal neovascular and proliferative conjunctival phenotype in limbal stem cell deficiency is associated with altered microRNA and gene expression modulated by PAX6 mutational status in congenital aniridia. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:115-127. [PMID: 32422284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate conjunctival cell microRNA (miRNAs) and mRNA expression in relation to observed phenotype of progressive limbal stem cell deficiency in a cohort of subjects with congenital aniridia with known genetic status. METHODS Using impression cytology, bulbar conjunctival cells were sampled from 20 subjects with congenital aniridia and 20 age and sex-matched healthy control subjects. RNA was extracted and miRNA and mRNA analyses were performed using microarrays. Results were related to severity of keratopathy and genetic cause of aniridia. RESULTS Of 2549 miRNAs, 21 were differentially expressed in aniridia relative to controls (fold change ≤ -1.5 or ≥ +1.5). Among these miR-204-5p, an inhibitor of corneal neovascularization, was downregulated 26.8-fold in severely vascularized corneas. At the mRNA level, 539 transcripts were differentially expressed (fold change ≤ -2 or ≥ +2), among these FOSB and FOS were upregulated 17.5 and 9.7-fold respectively, and JUN by 2.9-fold, all being components of the AP-1 transcription factor complex. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and Ras signaling pathways in aniridia. For several miRNAs and transcripts regulating retinoic acid metabolism, expression levels correlated with keratopathy severity and genetic status. CONCLUSION Strong dysregulation of key factors at the miRNA and mRNA level suggests that the conjunctiva in aniridia is abnormally maintained in a pro-angiogenic and proliferative state, and these changes are expressed in a PAX6 mutation-dependent manner. Additionally, retinoic acid metabolism is disrupted in severe, but not mild forms of the limbal stem cell deficiency in aniridia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Latta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - N Ludwig
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany; Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - L Krammes
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - T Stachon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - F N Fries
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - A Mukwaya
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - N Szentmáry
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - B Wowra
- Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - M Kahraman
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - A Keller
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - E Meese
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - N Lagali
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway.
| | - B Käsmann-Kellner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lu XX, Zhao SZ. Gene-based Therapeutic Tools in the Treatment of Cornea Disease. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 19:7-19. [PMID: 30543166 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666181213120634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the main blinding ocular diseases, corneal blindness resulted from neovascularization that disrupts the angiogenic privilege of corneal avascularity. Following neovascularization, inflammatory cells are infiltrating into cornea to strengthen corneal injury. How to maintain corneal angiogenic privilege to treat corneal disease has been investigated for decades. METHODOLOGY Local administration of viral and non-viral-mediated anti-angiogenic factors reduces angiogenic protein expression in situ with limited or free of off-target effects upon gene delivery. Recently, Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have been studied to treat corneal diseases. Once MSCs are manipulated to express certain genes of interest, they could achieve superior therapeutic efficacy after transplantation. DISCUSSION In the text, we first introduce the pathological development of corneal disease in the aspects of neovascularization and inflammation. We summarize how MSCs become an ideal candidate in cell therapy for treating injured cornea, focusing on cell biology, property and features. We provide an updated review of gene-based therapies in animals and preclinical studies in the aspects of controlling target gene expression, safety and efficacy. Gene transfer vectors are potent to induce candidate protein expression. Delivered by vectors, MSCs are equipped with certain characters by expressing a protein of interest, which facilitates better for MSC-mediated therapeutic intervention for the treatment of corneal disease. CONCLUSION As the core of this review, we discuss how MSCs could be engineered to be vector system to achieve enhanced therapeutic efficiency after injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital and Institute, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shao-Zhen Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital and Institute, Tianjin 300384, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Systematic Review on Therapeutic Strategies to Minimize Corneal Stromal Scarring After Injury. Eye Contact Lens 2020; 45:347-355. [PMID: 30724841 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate recent studies on available and experimental therapies in preventing or minimizing corneal stromal scarring after injury. METHODS We performed an Entrez PubMed literature search using keywords "cornea," "scarring," "haze," "opacity," "ulcer," "treatments," "therapies," "treatment complications," and "pathophysiology" resulting in 390 articles of which 12 were analyzed after filtering, based on English language and publication within 8 years, and curation for relevance by the authors. RESULTS The 12 articles selected included four randomized control trials (RCTs) (two were double-blinded placebo-controlled RCTs, one was a prospective partially masked RCT, and one was an open-label RCT), two retrospective observational studies, and six laboratory-based studies including two studies having in vivo and in vitro experiments, one was in vivo study, one was ex vivo study, and the last two were in vitro studies. The current mainstay for preventing or minimizing corneal scarring involves the use of topical corticosteroids and local application of mitomycin C. However, supportive evidence for their use in clinical practice from well-designed RCTs is lacking. Laboratory studies on topical rosiglitazone therapy, vitamin C prophylaxis, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy have shown promising results but have yet to be translated to clinical research. CONCLUSION There is a need for more robust randomized controlled trials to support treatments using topical corticosteroids and mitomycin C. Furthermore, their clinical efficacy and safety profile should be compared with new treatments that have shown promising results in the laboratory setting. Ultimately, the goal should be to personalize cornea scarring treatment according to the most effective treatment for the specific underlying pathology.
Collapse
|
20
|
Therapeutic Strategies for Corneal Wound Angiogenesis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
21
|
Wilson JL, Mayr HK, Weichhart T. Metabolic Programming of Macrophages: Implications in the Pathogenesis of Granulomatous Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2265. [PMID: 31681260 PMCID: PMC6797840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is rapidly gaining appreciation in the etiology of immune cell dysfunction in a variety of diseases. Tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and sarcoidosis represent an important class of diseases characterized by the formation of granulomas, where macrophages are causatively implicated in disease pathogenesis. Recent studies support the incidence of macrophage metabolic reprogramming in granulomas of both infectious and non-infectious origin. These publications identify the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), as well as the major regulators of lipid metabolism and cellular energy balance, peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), respectively, as key players in the pathological progression of granulomas. In this review, we present a comprehensive breakdown of emerging research on the link between macrophage cell metabolism and granulomas of different etiology, and how parallels can be drawn between different forms of granulomatous disease. In particular, we discuss the role of PPAR-γ signaling and lipid metabolism, which are currently the best-represented metabolic pathways in this context, and we highlight dysregulated lipid metabolism as a common denominator in granulomatous disease progression. This review therefore aims to highlight metabolic mechanisms of granuloma immune cell fate and open up research questions for the identification of potential therapeutic targets in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Louise Wilson
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannah Katharina Mayr
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gao X, Petricoin EF, Ward KR, Goldberg SR, Duane TM, Bonchev D, Arodz T, Diegelmann RF. Network proteomics of human dermal wound healing. Physiol Meas 2018; 39:124002. [PMID: 30524050 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aaee19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The healing of wounds is critical in protecting the human body against environmental factors. The mechanisms involving protein expression during this complex physiological process have not been fully elucidated. APPROACH Here, we use reverse-phase protein microarrays (RPPA) involving 94 phosphoproteins to study tissue samples from tubes implanted in healing dermal wounds in seven human subjects tracked over two weeks. We compare the proteomic profiles to proteomes of controls obtained from skin biopsies from the same subjects. MAIN RESULTS Compared to previous proteomic studies of wound healing, our approach focuses on wound tissue instead of wound fluid, and has the sensitivity to go beyond measuring only highly abundant proteins. To study the temporal dynamics of networks involved in wound healing, we applied two network analysis methods that integrate the experimental results with prior knowledge about protein-protein physical and regulatory interactions, as well as higher-level biological processes and associated pathways. SIGNIFICANCE We uncovered densely connected networks of proteins that are up- or down-regulated during human wound healing, as well as their relationships to microRNAs and to proteins outside of our set of targets that we measured with proteomic microarrays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gao
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) ameliorates corneal neovascularization via regulating cell infiltration into cornea after alkali burn. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1041-1051. [PMID: 30551354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP)-medicated inhibition of corneal neovascularization (CNV). Our data showed that TMP could effectively downregulate the expression levels of CXCR4 mRNA and protein, as well as inhibit HUVECs, endothelial cells, tubule formation in vitro. In vivo, alkali burn (1 M NaOH) could remarkably upregulate CXCR4 expression and increase the migration of TNF-α-positive cells to corneal stroma. TMP drops could significantly downregulate CXCR4 expression in cornea, compared to the control. However, there was no difference in the downregulation of CXCR4 between TMP and FK506, an immunosuppressive drug. Moreover, the immunofluorescent staining of CD45 showed TMP and FK506 could significantly restrain the bone marrow (BM)-derived infiltration while the F4/80 staining reflects the suppression of macrophage aggregation. Meanwhile TMP could regulate the Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and FK506 could restrain the Interleukin 2 (IL-2). Furthermore, TMP and FK506 significantly ameliorate corneal opacity and neovascularization. Clinical assessment detected an obvious improvement in TMP and FK506 treatment groups, compared to controls in vivo. Thus, TMP had similar effects in inhibition of immune response and CNV by suppressing BM-infiltrating cells into cornea as FK506. TMP could be a potential agent in eye-drop therapy for cornea damaged by Alkali Burn.
Collapse
|
24
|
Legallais C, Kim D, Mihaila SM, Mihajlovic M, Figliuzzi M, Bonandrini B, Salerno S, Yousef Yengej FA, Rookmaaker MB, Sanchez Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pereira U, Pasqua M, Gerritsen KGF, Verhaar MC, Remuzzi A, Baptista PM, De Bartolo L, Masereeuw R, Stamatialis D. Bioengineering Organs for Blood Detoxification. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800430. [PMID: 30230709 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For patients with severe kidney or liver failure the best solution is currently organ transplantation. However, not all patients are eligible for transplantation and due to limited organ availability, most patients are currently treated with therapies using artificial kidney and artificial liver devices. These therapies, despite their relative success in preserving the patients' life, have important limitations since they can only replace part of the natural kidney or liver functions. As blood detoxification (and other functions) in these highly perfused organs is achieved by specialized cells, it seems relevant to review the approaches leading to bioengineered organs fulfilling most of the native organ functions. There, the culture of cells of specific phenotypes on adapted scaffolds that can be perfused takes place. In this review paper, first the functions of kidney and liver organs are briefly described. Then artificial kidney/liver devices, bioartificial kidney devices, and bioartificial liver devices are focused on, as well as biohybrid constructs obtained by decellularization and recellularization of animal organs. For all organs, a thorough overview of the literature is given and the perspectives for their application in the clinic are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Legallais
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Dooli Kim
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M. Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marina Figliuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
| | - Barbara Bonandrini
- Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Simona Salerno
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ulysse Pereira
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Mattia Pasqua
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd); 28029 Barcelona Spain
- Fundación ARAID; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz; 28040 Madrid Spain. Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; 28911 Madrid Spain
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Castelli V, d'Angelo M, Antonosante A, Catanesi M, Benedetti E, Desideri G, Cimini A. Physiology and Pathophysiology of PPARs in the Eye. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.11131/2018/101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Torrecilla J, Del Pozo-Rodríguez A, Vicente-Pascual M, Solinís MÁ, Rodríguez-Gascón A. Targeting corneal inflammation by gene therapy: Emerging strategies for keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2018; 176:130-140. [PMID: 29981344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the underlying process of several diseases within the eye, specifically in the cornea. Current treatment options for corneal inflammation or keratitis, and related neovascularization, are restricted by limited efficacy, adverse effects, and short duration of action. Gene therapy has shown great potential for the treatment of diseases affecting the ocular surface, and major efforts are being targeted to inflammatory mediators and neovascularization, in order to develop potential treatments for corneal inflammation. Gene therapy to treat ocular disorders is still starting, and current therapies are primarily experimental, with most human clinical trials still in research state, although some of them have already shown encouraging results. In this review, we focus on the progress and challenges of gene therapy to treat corneal inflammation. After introducing the inflammation process, we present the main nucleic acid delivery systems, including viral and non-viral vectors, and the most studied strategies to address the therapy: control of neovascularization and regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josune Torrecilla
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ana Del Pozo-Rodríguez
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Mónica Vicente-Pascual
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Solinís
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Gascón
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu S, Romano V, Steger B, Kaye SB, Hamill KJ, Willoughby CE. Gene-based antiangiogenic applications for corneal neovascularization. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:193-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
28
|
Rodriguez-Agirretxe I, Garcia I, Soria J, Suarez TM, Acera A. Custom RT-qPCR-array for glaucoma filtering surgery prognosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174559. [PMID: 28358901 PMCID: PMC5373565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive subconjunctival scarring is the main reason of failure of glaucoma filtration surgery. We analyzed conjunctival and systemic gene expression patterns after non penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS). To find expression patterns related to surgical failure and their correlation with the clinical outcomes. This study consisted of two consecutive stages. The first was a prospective analysis of wound-healing gene expression profile of six patients after NPDS. Conjunctival samples and peripheral blood samples were collected before and 15, 90,180, and 360 days after surgery. In the second stage, we conducted a retrospective analysis correlating the late conjunctival gene expression and the outcome of the NPDS for 11 patients. We developed a RT-qPCR Array for 88 key genes associated to wound healing. RT-qPCR Array analysis of conjunctiva samples showed statistically significant differences in 29/88 genes in the early stages after surgery, 20/88 genes between 90 and 180 days after surgery, and only 2/88 genes one year after surgery. In the blood samples, the most important changes occurred in 12/88 genes in the first 15 days after surgery. Correspondence analyses (COA) revealed significant differences between the expression of 20/88 genes in patients with surgical success and failure one year after surgery. Different expression patterns of mediators of the bleb wound healing were identified. Examination of such patterns might be used in surgery prognosis. RT-qPCR Array provides a powerful tool for investigation of differential gene expression wound healing after glaucoma surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Rodriguez-Agirretxe
- Instituto Clínico Quirúrgico de Oftalmología, Bilbao, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Comptour A, Rouzaire M, Belville C, Bonnin N, Daniel E, Chiambaretta F, Blanchon L, Sapin V. Lysyl oxidase-like 4 involvement in retinoic acid epithelial wound healing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32688. [PMID: 27597564 PMCID: PMC5011693 DOI: 10.1038/srep32688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A and its active forms (retinoic acids/RAs) are known to have pro-healing properties, but their mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. This work aimed to identify the cellular and molecular processes by which atRA (all-trans RA) improves wound healing, using an in vivo model of mouse corneal alkali burns and an in vitro cellular human corneal epithelial injury model. Regulation by atRA has been studied on most of the cellular events that occur in wound healing. We investigated the direct influence of atRA on a specific target gene known to be involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics, one of the pathways contributing to epithelial repair. Our results demonstrate that atRA promotes corneal epithelial wound healing by acting preferentially on migration. The induction of lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) expression by atRA in the corneal epithelium environment was established as essential in the mechanism of atRA-dependent wound healing. Our study describes for the first time a direct link between a retinoic-induced gene and protein, LOXL4, and its general clinical pro-healing properties in ECM dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Comptour
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marion Rouzaire
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Corinne Belville
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Bonnin
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology Department, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Estelle Daniel
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology Department, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Chiambaretta
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology Department, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loïc Blanchon
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhou H, Zhang W, Bi M, Wu J. The molecular mechanisms of action of PPAR-γ agonists in the treatment of corneal alkali burns (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1003-11. [PMID: 27499172 PMCID: PMC5029963 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal alkali burns (CAB) are characterized by injury-induced inflammation, fibrosis and neovascularization (NV), and may lead to blindness. This review evaluates the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms responsible for CAB. The processes of cytokine production, chemotaxis, inflammatory responses, immune response, cell signal transduction, matrix metalloproteinase production and vascular factors in CAB are discussed. Previous evidence indicates that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) agonists suppress immune responses, inflammation, corneal fibrosis and NV. This review also discusses the role of PPAR-γ as an anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and anti-angiogenic agent in the treatment of CAB, as well as the potential role of PPAR-γ in the pathological process of CAB. There have been numerous studies evaluating the clinical profiles of CAB, and the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence regarding the treatment of CAB with PPAR-γ agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Wensong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abdelfattah NS, Amgad M, Zayed AA, Hussein H, Abd El-Baky N. Molecular underpinnings of corneal angiogenesis: advances over the past decade. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:768-79. [PMID: 27275438 PMCID: PMC4886880 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.05.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is maintained in an avascular state by maintaining an environment whereby anti-angiogenic factors take the upper hand over factors promoting angiogenesis. Many of the common pathologies affecting the cornea involve the disruption of such equilibrium and the shift towards new vessel formation, leading to corneal opacity and eventually-vision loss. Therefore it is of paramount importance that the molecular underpinnings of corneal neovascularization (CNV) be clearly understood, in order to develop better targeted treatments. This article is a review of the literature on the recent discoveries regarding pro-angiogenic factors of the cornea (such as vascular endothelial growth factors, fibroblast growth factor and matrix metalloproteinases) and anti-angiogenic factors of the cornea (such as endostatins and neostatins). Further, we review the molecular underpinnings of lymphangiogenesis, a process now known to be almost separate from (yet related to) hemangiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Amgad
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11111, Egypt
| | - Amira A. Zayed
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55904, USA
| | - Heba Hussein
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11111, Egypt
| | - Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Antibody Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria 22033, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chandra A, Abbas S, Raza ST, Singh L, Rizvi S, Mahdi F. Polymorphism of CYP46A1 and PPARγ2 Genes in Risk Prediction of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Among North Indian Population. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2016; 23:172-6. [PMID: 27162448 PMCID: PMC4845614 DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.171772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness and the second most common cause of all blindness after cataracts. This study investigates the association of polymorphism in the CYP46A1 and PPARγ2 genes and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Materials and Methods: This study evaluated 122 POAG cases (POAG group) and 112 cases of nonglaucomatous patients (control group). Polymorphisms of the CYP46A1 gene and PPARγ2 gene were evaluated with the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method in both groups. Results: The mean ages were 49.88 ± 12.34 years and 53.74 ± 11.87 years for the POAG group and control group, respectively. The CYP46A1 gene CC, CT, TT genotype frequencies were 13.93%, 58.2%, 27.87% in the POAG group and 19.6%, 40.19%, 40.19% in the control group, respectively. The PPARγ2 gene CC, CG, GG genotype frequencies were 16.83%, 54.45%, 28.71% in cases and 3.92%, 28.43%, 67.64% in the control group, respectively. Statistically, significant differences in the frequencies of CYP46A1 CC, CT, TT and PPARγ2 CC, CG, GG (P < 0.05) genotype were found between groups (P < 0.05, all comparisons). Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that CYP46A1 gene and PPARγ2 gene polymorphisms can be a predictive marker for early identification of population at risk of POAG, although a larger sample size is required to determine the role of these polymorphisms in the pathogenesis and course of POAG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shania Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Tasleem Raza
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Luxmi Singh
- Department of Opthalmology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saliha Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Farzana Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Saika S, Yamanaka O, Okada Y, Sumioka T. Modulation of Smad signaling by non-TGFβ components in myofibroblast generation during wound healing in corneal stroma. Exp Eye Res 2016; 142:40-8. [PMID: 26675402 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Corneal scarring/fibrosis disturbs normal transparency and curvature of the tissue and thus impairs vision. The lesion is characterized by appearance of myofibroblasts, the key player of the fibrogenic reaction, and excess accumulation of extracellular matrix. Inflammatory/fibrogenic growth factors or cytokines expressed in inflammatory cells that infiltrate into injured tissues play a pivotal role in fibrotic tissue formation. In this article the pathogenesis of fibrosis/scarring in the corneal stroma is reviewed focusing on the roles of myofibroblast, the key player in corneal stromal wound healing and fibrosis, and cytoplasmic signals activated by the fibrogenic cytokine, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Although it is established that TGFβ/Smad signal is essential to the process of keratocyte-myofibroblast transformation in a healing corneal stroma post-injury. This article emphasizes the involvement of non-TGFβ molecular mechanisms in modulating Smad signal. We focus on the roles of matricellular proteins, i.e., osteopontin and tenascin C, and as cellular components, the roles of transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel receptors are discussed. Our intent is to draw attention to the possibility of signal transduction cascade modulation (e.g., Smad signal and mitogen-activated protein kinases, by gene transfer and other related technology) as being beneficial in a clinical setting to reduce or even prevent corneal stromal tissue fibrosis/scarring and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yamanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sumioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bakunowicz-Łazarczyk A, Urban B. Assessment of therapeutic options for reducing alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization and inflammation. Adv Med Sci 2016; 61:101-12. [PMID: 26651127 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to review and provide the current knowledge of the possibilities of topical treatment of corneal neovascularization due to alkali burns, evidenced by laboratory experiments, in vitro studies, and clinical trials published in the specialized literature. Authors present clinically relevant treatment of corneal neovascularization used in clinical practice, potential antiangiogenic topical therapeutics against corneal neovascularization, which are under investigation, and anti-angiogenic gene-therapy.
Collapse
|
35
|
High MMP-9 Expression May Contribute to Retroprosthetic Membrane Formation after KPro Implantation in Rabbit Corneal Alkali Burn Model. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:1094279. [PMID: 26949542 PMCID: PMC4753725 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1094279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate aqueous humor MMP-9 levels in alkali-burned rabbit cornea following KPr implantation and their roles in RPMs formation. Methods. Left eyes of 36 rabbits received a deep corneal alkali wound. 12 corneas were implanted with KPro and the other 24 control corneas were either penetrating keratoplasty or left without keratoplasty. Aqueous humor MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels were determined and RPMs were obtained for histopathological and ultrastructural examination. Results. Alkali exposure induced significant increase in aqueous humor MMP-9 level and the data were further enhanced by KPro implantation. By contrast, TMIP-1 levels in aqueous humor showed a decreased trend following corneal alkali burn and KPro surgery. RPMs were developed in 5 out of 10 cases of KPro successfully implanted eyes. Histopathology showed the presence of a large number of fibroblasts and collagen fibers arranged irregularly with inflammatory cells infiltration, and an ingrowth of new blood vessels in this retrokeratoprosthesis fibrous tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive stain of RPMs for both MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Aqueous humor MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in RPM group postoperatively, while TIMP-1 levels were comparatively lower than that of No-RPM group. Conclusions. Our study evidenced the potential pathophysiological role of MMP-9 expression in RPM formation following KPro implantation.
Collapse
|
36
|
PPARγ and the Innate Immune System Mediate the Resolution of Inflammation. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:549691. [PMID: 26713087 PMCID: PMC4680113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/549691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is an active and dynamic process, mediated in large part by the innate immune system. Resolution represents not only an increase in anti-inflammatory actions, but also a paradigm shift in immune cell function to restore homeostasis. PPARγ, a ligand activated transcription factor, has long been studied for its anti-inflammatory actions, but an emerging body of literature is investigating the role of PPARγ and its ligands (including thiazolidinediones, prostaglandins, and oleanolic acids) in all phases of resolution. PPARγ can shift production from pro- to anti-inflammatory mediators by neutrophils, platelets, and macrophages. PPARγ and its ligands further modulate platelet and neutrophil function, decreasing trafficking, promoting neutrophil apoptosis, and preventing platelet-leukocyte interactions. PPARγ alters macrophage trafficking, increases efferocytosis and phagocytosis, and promotes alternative M2 macrophage activation. There are also roles for this receptor in the adaptive immune response, particularly regarding B cells. These effects contribute towards the attenuation of multiple disease states, including COPD, colitis, Alzheimer's disease, and obesity in animal models. Finally, novel specialized proresolving mediators-eicosanoids with critical roles in resolution-may act through PPARγ modulation to promote resolution, providing another exciting area of therapeutic potential for this receptor.
Collapse
|
37
|
Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ in Ocular Diseases. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:275435. [PMID: 26146566 PMCID: PMC4471377 DOI: 10.1155/2015/275435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the control of a variety of physiological processes. The last decade has witnessed an increasing interest for the role played by the agonists of PPAR γ in antiangiogenesis, antifibrosis, anti-inflammation effects and in controlling oxidative stress response in various organs. As the pathologic mechanisms of major blinding diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), keratitis, and optic neuropathy, often involve neoangiogenesis and inflammation- and oxidative stress-mediated cell death, evidences are accumulating on the potential benefits of PPAR γ to improve or prevent these vision threatening eye diseases. In this paper we describe what is known about the role of PPAR γ in the ocular pathophysiological processes and PPAR γ agonists as novel adjuvants in the treatment of eye diseases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Park SY, Park JC, Kim MS, Lee SE, Kim KJ, Jung BJ, Park W, Jeon DW, Cho KS, Kim CS. Differential Effect of Water-Soluble Chitin on Collagen Synthesis of Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:451-62. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- So-Yon Park
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project, Department of Applied Life Science, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Chul Park
- Department of Periodontology, Dankook University Dental Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, iBMT Co., Ltd., Anyang, South Korea
| | - Ki-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Naeun Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Naeun Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Wonse Park
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Won Jeon
- Department of Clothing and Textiles, Ehwa Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoo-Sung Cho
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Sung Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project, Department of Applied Life Science, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Okada Y, Shirai K, Reinach PS, Kitano-Izutani A, Miyajima M, Flanders KC, Jester JV, Tominaga M, Saika S. TRPA1 is required for TGF-β signaling and its loss blocks inflammatory fibrosis in mouse corneal stroma. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1030-41. [PMID: 25068659 PMCID: PMC5919187 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether the loss of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), an irritant-sensing ion channel, or TRPA1 antagonist treatment affects the severity inflammation and scarring during tissue wound healing in a mouse cornea injury model. In addition, the effects of the absence of TRPA1 on transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-signaling activation were studied in cell culture. The lack of TRPA1 in cultured ocular fibroblasts attenuated expression of TGF-β1, interleukin-6, and α-smooth muscle actin, a myofibroblast the marker, but suppressed the activation of Smad3, p38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK. Stroma of the healing corneas of TRPA1(-/-) knockout (KO) mice appeared more transparent compared with those of wild-type mice post-alkali burn. Eye globe diameters were measured from photographs. An examination of the corneal surface and eye globes suggested the loss of TRPA1 suppressed post-alkali burn inflammation and fibrosis/scarring, which was confirmed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis. Reciprocal bone marrow transplantation between mice showed that KO corneal tissue resident cells, but not KO bone marrow-derived cells, are responsible for KO mouse wound healing with reduced inflammation and fibrosis. Systemic TRPA1 antagonists reproduced the KO phenotype of healing. In conclusion, a loss or blocking of TRPA1 in mice reduces inflammation and fibrosis/scarring in the corneal stroma during wound healing following an alkali burn. The responsible mechanism may include the inhibition of TGF-β1-signaling cascades in fibroblasts by attenuated TRPA1 signaling. Inflammatory cells are considered to have a minimum involvement in the exhibition of the KO phenotype after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kumi Shirai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Peter S Reinach
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ai Kitano-Izutani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayasu Miyajima
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kathleen C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute of Natural Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Huxlin KR, Hindman HB, Jeon KI, Bühren J, MacRae S, DeMagistris M, Ciufo D, Sime PJ, Phipps RP. Topical rosiglitazone is an effective anti-scarring agent in the cornea. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70785. [PMID: 23940641 PMCID: PMC3733781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal scarring remains a major cause of blindness world-wide, with limited treatment options, all of which have side-effects. Here, we tested the hypothesis that topical application of Rosiglitazone, a Thiazolidinedione and ligand of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), can effectively block scar formation in a cat model of corneal damage. Adult cats underwent bilateral epithelial debridement followed by excimer laser ablation of the central corneal stroma to a depth of ~160 µm as a means of experimentally inducing a reproducible wound. Eyes were then left untreated, or received 50 µl of either 10 µM Rosiglitazone in DMSO/Celluvisc, DMSO/Celluvisc vehicle or Celluvisc vehicle twice daily for 2 weeks. Cellular aspects of corneal wound healing were evaluated with in vivo confocal imaging and post-mortem immunohistochemistry for alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Impacts of the wound and treatments on optical quality were assessed using wavefront sensing and optical coherence tomography at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post-operatively. In parallel, cat corneal fibroblasts were cultured to assess the effects of Rosiglitazone on TGFβ-induced αSMA expression. Topical application of Rosiglitazone to cat eyes after injury decreased αSMA expression and haze, as well as the induction of lower-order and residual, higher-order wavefront aberrations compared to vehicle-treated eyes. Rosiglitazone also inhibited TGFβ-induced αSMA expression in cultured corneal fibroblasts. In conclusion, Rosiglitazone effectively controlled corneal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro, while restoring corneal thickness and optics. Its topical application may represent an effective, new avenue for the prevention of corneal scarring with distinct advantages for pathologically thin corneas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystel R Huxlin
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Leask A. The Contribution of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma to Cutaneous Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:69-73. [PMID: 24527328 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cutaneous tissue repair involves an initial inflammatory phase, followed by a fibroproliferative phase and finally by a resolution phase. Failure to initiate fibroblast recruitment during the fibroproliferative phase results in chronic wounds, whereas failure to terminate the fibroproliferative phase results in fibroproliferative disorders. Thus, understanding how to regulate the fibroproliferative phase of tissue repair is, therefore, of high clinical relevance. Controlling the rate of the fibroproliferative response is essential to promote proper wound repair. RECENT ADVANCES (1) The myofibroblast is essential for mediating the fibroproliferative phase of tissue repair. (2) The potent profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a major in vivo contributor to myofibroblast differentiation and activity in vivo. CRITICAL ISSUES An increasing body of evidence indicates that the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) plays a key in vivo role in suppressing the fibrogenic response by antagonizing TGF-β signaling. Excessive scarring and/or chronic wounds, caused by a dysregulated fibroproliferative phase, are major clinical problems in response to tissue injury. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of drugs to control the rate of the fibroproliferative response are clinically relevant. Controlling PPAR-γ activity may be useful for prevention of scarring as well as for promoting the closure of chronic wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- Departments of Dentistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Puhl AC, Bernardes A, Silveira RL, Yuan J, Campos JLO, Saidemberg DM, Palma MS, Cvoro A, Ayers SD, Webb P, Reinach PS, Skaf MS, Polikarpov I. Mode of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activation by luteolin. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 81:788-99. [PMID: 22391103 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.076216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a target for treatment of type II diabetes and other conditions. PPARγ full agonists, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), are effective insulin sensitizers and anti-inflammatory agents, but their use is limited by adverse side effects. Luteolin is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory actions that binds PPARγ but, unlike TZDs, does not promote adipocyte differentiation. However, previous reports suggested variously that luteolin is a PPARγ agonist or an antagonist. We show that luteolin exhibits weak partial agonist/antagonist activity in transfections, inhibits several PPARγ target genes in 3T3-L1 cells (LPL, ORL1, and CEBPα) and PPARγ-dependent adipogenesis, but activates GLUT4 to a similar degree as rosiglitazone, implying gene-specific partial agonism. The crystal structure of the PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) reveals that luteolin occupies a buried ligand-binding pocket (LBP) but binds an inactive PPARγ LBD conformer and occupies a space near the β-sheet region far from the activation helix (H12), consistent with partial agonist/antagonist actions. A single myristic acid molecule simultaneously binds the LBP, suggesting that luteolin may cooperate with other ligands to bind PPARγ, and molecular dynamics simulations show that luteolin and myristic acid cooperate to stabilize the Ω-loop among H2', H3, and the β-sheet region. It is noteworthy that luteolin strongly suppresses hypertonicity-induced release of the pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 from human corneal epithelial cells and reverses reductions in transepithelial electrical resistance. This effect is PPARγ-dependent. We propose that activities of luteolin are related to its singular binding mode, that anti-inflammatory activity does not require H12 stabilization, and that our structure can be useful in developing safe selective PPARγ modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Puhl
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kuriyan AE, Lehmann GM, Kulkarni AA, Woeller CF, Feldon SE, Hindman HB, Sime PJ, Huxlin KR, Phipps RP. Electrophilic PPARγ ligands inhibit corneal fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation in vitro: a potentially novel therapy for corneal scarring. Exp Eye Res 2011; 94:136-45. [PMID: 22178289 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A critical component of corneal scarring is the TGFβ-induced differentiation of corneal keratocytes into myofibroblasts. Inhibitors of this differentiation are potentially therapeutic for corneal scarring. In this study, we tested the relative effectiveness and mechanisms of action of two electrophilic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands: cyano-3,12-dioxolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid-methyl ester (CDDO-Me) and 15-deoxy-Δ(-12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) for inhibiting TGFβ-induced myofibroblast differentiation in vitro. TGFβ was used to induce myofibroblast differentiation in cultured, primary human corneal fibroblasts. CDDO-Me and 15d-PGJ(2) were added to cultures to test their ability to inhibit this process. Myofibroblast differentiation was assessed by measuring the expression of myofibroblast-specific proteins (αSMA, collagen I, and fibronectin) and mRNA (αSMA and collagen III). The role of PPARγ in the inhibition of myofibroblast differentiation by these agents was tested in genetically and pharmacologically manipulated cells. Finally, we assayed the importance of electrophilicity in the actions of these agents on TGFβ-induced αSMA expression via Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Both electrophilic PPARγ ligands (CDDO-Me and 15d-PGJ(2)) potently inhibited TGFβ-induced myofibroblast differentiation, but PPARγ was only partially required for inhibition of myofibroblast differentiation by either agent. Electrophilic PPARγ ligands were able to inhibit myofibroblast differentiation more potently than non-electrophilic PPARγ ligands, suggesting an important role of electrophilicity in this process. CDDO-Me and 15d-PGJ(2) are strong inhibitors of TGFβ-induced corneal fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation in vitro, suggesting this class of agents as potential novel therapies for corneal scarring warranting further study in pre-clinical animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Kuriyan
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Mohan RR, Tovey JCK, Sharma A, Tandon A. Gene therapy in the cornea: 2005--present. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 31:43-64. [PMID: 21967960 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Successful restoration of vision in human patients with gene therapy affirmed its promise to cure ocular diseases and disorders. The efficacy of gene therapy is contingent upon vector and mode of therapeutic DNA introduction into targeted cells/tissues. The cornea is an ideal tissue for gene therapy due to its ease of access and relative immune-privilege. Considerable progress has been made in the field of corneal gene therapy in last 5 years. Several new gene transfer vectors, techniques and approaches have evolved. Although corneal gene therapy is still in its early stages of development, the potential of gene-based interventions to treat corneal abnormalities has begun to surface. Identification of next generation viral and nanoparticle vectors, characterization of delivered gene levels, localization, and duration in the cornea, and significant success in controlling corneal disorders, particularly fibrosis and angiogenesis, in experimental animal disease models, with no major side effects have propelled gene therapy a step closer toward establishing gene-based therapies for corneal blindness. Recently, researchers have assessed the delivery of therapeutic genes for corneal diseases and disorders due to trauma, infections, chemical, mechanical, and surgical injury, and/or abnormal wound healing. This review provides an update on the developments in gene therapy for corneal diseases and discusses the barriers that hinder its utilization for delivering genes in the cornea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yang XX, Chen J, Zhou Q, Guo XY, Xiao P, Wu J, Xu JT. Troglitazone induced apoptosis of human pterygium fibroblasts through a mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Int J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:143-6. [PMID: 22553629 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.02.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of troglitazone on primary culture human pterygium fibroblasts (HPF). METHODS Cell viability loss and apoptosis were quantified by cell counting kit-8, AnnexinV-FITC/PI double staining, caspases activity test and western blotting. Flow cytometry was used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential. RESULTS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) was positively expressed in pterygium specimens (n=5). Troglitazone showed dose-dependent inhibition of cell survival, induced phospholipids redistribution, activated caspase-3, -9, and altered mitochondrial potential. Western blot assay demonstrated the increase of Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio. CONCLUSION Troglitazone induced apoptosis of HPF through a mitochondrial-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Guo N, Woeller CF, Feldon SE, Phipps RP. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit transforming growth factor-beta-induced, hyaluronan-dependent, T cell adhesion to orbital fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18856-67. [PMID: 21454487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.179317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes and accumulation of hyaluronan (HA) in orbital tissue. Inflamed orbital tissue expands in size due to excessive HA and to the formation of scar tissue (fibrosis) and/or adipose accumulation. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) acts as a key inducer of fibrosis by enhancing extracellular matrix production. Treatment of primary human orbital fibroblasts with TGF-β led to significant increases in both HA synthesis and secretion. TGF-β also strongly induced hyaluronan synthase 1 (HAS1) and HAS2 mRNA levels, which increased 50- and 6-fold, respectively. Remarkably, the addition of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) ligands pioglitazone (Pio) or rosiglitazone (Rosi) to TGF-β-treated orbital fibroblasts attenuated HA synthesis and reduced HAS1 and HAS2 mRNA levels. The attenuation of TGF-β function by Pio and Rosi was independent of PPARγ activity. Furthermore, Pio and Rosi treatment inhibited TGF-β-induced T cell adhesion to orbital fibroblasts. Our findings demonstrate that TGF-β plays an important role in HA synthesis and in the inflammatory response by enhancing or facilitating inflammatory cell infiltration and adhesion to orbital tissue. Pio and Rosi exhibit anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity and may be useful in treating thyroid eye disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naxin Guo
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Galiacy SD, Fournié P, Massoudi D, Ancèle E, Quintyn JC, Erraud A, Raymond-Letron I, Rolling F, Malecaze F. Matrix metalloproteinase 14 overexpression reduces corneal scarring. Gene Ther 2010; 18:462-8. [PMID: 21160532 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Once a corneal scar develops, surgical management remains the only option for visual rehabilitation. Corneal transplantation is the definitive treatment for a corneal scar. In addition to the challenges posed by graft rejections and other postoperative complications, the lack of high-quality donor corneas can limit the benefits possible with keratoplasty. The purpose of our study was to evaluate a new therapeutic strategy for treating corneal scarring by targeting collagen deposition. We overexpressed a fibril collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14)) to prevent collagen deposition in the scar tissue. We demonstrated that a single and simple direct injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus-based vector expressing murine MMP14 can modulate gene expression of murine stromal keratocytes. This tool opens new possibilities with regard to treatment. In a mouse model of corneal full-thickness incision, we observed that MMP14 overexpression reduced corneal opacity and expression of the major genes involved in corneal scarring, especially type III collagen and α-smooth muscle actin. These results represent proof of concept that gene transfer of MMP14 can reduce scar formation, which could have therapeutic applications after corneal trauma.
Collapse
|
50
|
Pioglitazone inhibits TGFβ induced keratocyte transformation to myofibroblast and extracellular matrix production. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4501-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|