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Sanders KM, Drumm BT, Cobine CA, Baker SA. Ca 2+ dynamics in interstitial cells: foundational mechanisms for the motor patterns in the gastrointestinal tract. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:329-398. [PMID: 37561138 PMCID: PMC11281822 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract displays multiple motor patterns that move nutrients and wastes through the body. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) provide the forces necessary for GI motility, but interstitial cells, electrically coupled to SMCs, tune SMC excitability, transduce inputs from enteric motor neurons, and generate pacemaker activity that underlies major motor patterns, such as peristalsis and segmentation. The interstitial cells regulating SMCs are interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGF receptor (PDGFR)α+ cells. Together these cells form the SIP syncytium. ICC and PDGFRα+ cells express signature Ca2+-dependent conductances: ICC express Ca2+-activated Cl- channels, encoded by Ano1, that generate inward current, and PDGFRα+ cells express Ca2+-activated K+ channels, encoded by Kcnn3, that generate outward current. The open probabilities of interstitial cell conductances are controlled by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The resulting Ca2+ transients occur spontaneously in a stochastic manner. Ca2+ transients in ICC induce spontaneous transient inward currents and spontaneous transient depolarizations (STDs). Neurotransmission increases or decreases Ca2+ transients, and the resulting depolarizing or hyperpolarizing responses conduct to other cells in the SIP syncytium. In pacemaker ICC, STDs activate voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx, which initiates a cluster of Ca2+ transients and sustains activation of ANO1 channels and depolarization during slow waves. Regulation of GI motility has traditionally been described as neurogenic and myogenic. Recent advances in understanding Ca2+ handling mechanisms in interstitial cells and how these mechanisms influence motor patterns of the GI tract suggest that the term "myogenic" should be replaced by the term "SIPgenic," as this review discusses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Caroline A Cobine
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
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2
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Kobayashi M, Khalil HA, Lei NY, Wang Q, Wang K, Wu BM, Dunn JCY. Bioengineering functional smooth muscle with spontaneous rhythmic contraction in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13544. [PMID: 30202095 PMCID: PMC6131399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriented smooth muscle layers in the intestine contract rhythmically due to the action of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) that serve as pacemakers of the intestine. Disruption of ICC networks has been reported in various intestinal motility disorders, which limit the quality and expectancy of life. A significant challenge in intestinal smooth muscle engineering is the rapid loss of function in cultured ICC and smooth muscle cells (SMC). Here we demonstrate a novel approach to maintain the function of both ICC and SMC in vitro. Primary intestinal SMC mixtures cultured on feeder cells seeded electrospun poly(3-caprolactone) scaffolds exhibited rhythmic contractions with directionality for over 10 weeks in vitro. The simplicity of this system should allow for wide usage in research on intestinal motility disorders and tissue engineering, and may prove to be a versatile platform for generating other types of functional SMC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Kobayashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hassan A Khalil
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nan Ye Lei
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Division of Advanced Prosthodontics & Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James C Y Dunn
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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3
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Takaki M, Goto K, Kawahara I. The 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 Receptor Agonist-induced Actions and Enteric Neurogenesis in the Gut. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20:17-30. [PMID: 24466442 PMCID: PMC3895605 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2014.20.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored a novel effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor (5-HT4R) agonists in vivo to reconstruct the enteric neural circuitry that mediates a fundamental distal gut reflex. The neural circuit insult was performed in guinea pigs and rats by rectal transection and anastomosis. A 5-HT4R-agonist, mosapride citrate (MOS) applied orally and locally at the anastomotic site for 2 weeks promoted the regeneration of the impaired neural circuit or the recovery of the distal gut reflex. MOS generated neurofilament-, 5-HT4R- and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive cells and formed neural network in the granulation tissue at the anastomosis. Possible neural stem cell markers increased during the same time period. These novel actions by MOS were inhibited by specific 5-HT4R-antagonist such as GR113808 (GR) or SB-207266. The activation of enteric neural 5-HT4R promotes reconstruction of an enteric neural circuit that involves possibly neural stem cells. We also succeeded in forming dense enteric neural networks by MOS in a gut differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells. GR abolished the formation of enteric neural networks. MOS up-regulated the expression of mRNA of 5-HT4R, and GR abolished this upregulation, suggesting MOS differentiated enteric neural networks, mediated via activation of 5-HT4R. In the small intestine in H-line: Thy1 promoter green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice, we obtained clear 3-dimensional imaging of enteric neurons that were newly generated by oral application of MOS after gut transection and anastomosis. All findings indicate that treatment with 5-HT4R-agonists could be a novel therapy for generating new enteric neurons to rescue aganglionic disorders in the whole gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Takaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Isao Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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4
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Taniguchi M, Kajioka S, Shozib HB, Sawamura K, Nakayama S. Spatial analysis of slowly oscillating electric activity in the gut of mice using low impedance arrayed microelectrodes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75235. [PMID: 24124480 PMCID: PMC3790767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth and elaborate gut motility is based on cellular cooperation, including smooth muscle, enteric neurons and special interstitial cells acting as pacemaker cells. Therefore, spatial characterization of electric activity in tissues containing these electric excitable cells is required for a precise understanding of gut motility. Furthermore, tools to evaluate spatial electric activity in a small area would be useful for the investigation of model animals. We thus employed a microelectrode array (MEA) system to simultaneously measure a set of 8×8 field potentials in a square area of ∼1 mm2. The size of each recording electrode was 50×50 µm2, however the surface area was increased by fixing platinum black particles. The impedance of microelectrode was sufficiently low to apply a high-pass filter of 0.1 Hz. Mapping of spectral power, and auto-correlation and cross-correlation parameters characterized the spatial properties of spontaneous electric activity in the ileum of wild-type (WT) and W/Wv mice, the latter serving as a model of impaired network of pacemaking interstitial cells. Namely, electric activities measured varied in both size and cooperativity in W/Wv mice, despite the small area. In the ileum of WT mice, procedures suppressing the excitability of smooth muscle and neurons altered the propagation of spontaneous electric activity, but had little change in the period of oscillations. In conclusion, MEA with low impedance electrodes enables to measure slowly oscillating electric activity, and is useful to evaluate both histological and functional changes in the spatio-temporal property of gut electric activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shunichi Kajioka
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Habibul B. Shozib
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenta Sawamura
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakayama
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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5
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Uchiyama T, Nakayama S. Magnetic sensors using amorphous metal materials: detection of premature ventricular magnetic waves. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00030. [PMID: 24303116 PMCID: PMC3831925 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of magnetic activity enables noncontact and noninvasive evaluation of electrical activity in humans. We review the detection of biomagnetic fields using amorphous metal wire-based magnetic sensors with the sensitivity of a pico-Tesla (pT) level. We measured magnetic fields close to the thoracic wall in a healthy subject sitting on a chair. The magnetic sensor head was mounted perpendicularly against the thoracic wall. Simultaneous measurements with ECG showed that changes in the magnetic field were synchronized with the cardiac electric activity, and that the magnetic wave pattern changed reflecting electrical activity of the atrium and ventricle, despite a large variation. Furthermore, magnetic waves reflecting ventricular arrhythmia were recorded in the same healthy subject. These results suggest that this magnetic sensor technology is applicable to human physiology and pathophysiology research. We also discuss future applications of amorphous wire-based magnetic sensors as well as possible improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Uchiyama
- Department of Electronics, Nagoya University of Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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6
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Ohbuchi T, Takaki M, Misawa H, Suzuki H, Ueta Y. In vitro morphological bud formation in organ-like three-dimensional structure from mouse ES cells induced by FGF10 signaling. Commun Integr Biol 2012; 5:312-5. [PMID: 23060950 PMCID: PMC3460831 DOI: 10.4161/cib.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have a pluripotent ability to differentiate into a variety of cell lineages in vitro. Using an embryoid body (EB) culture system, we developed a gut-like three-dimensional structure from mouse ES cells (the ES 3-D structure). Genetic studies implicate fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10)-FGF receptor 2b (FGFR2b) signaling as a critical regulator of lung bud morphogenesis in the embryonic foregut. The aim of the present study was to form a putative respiratory tract in the ES 3-D structure. By local application of FGF10 protein, we successfully demonstrated in vitro morphological formation of putative primitive respiratory tract-like processes, or buds, in the ES 3-D structure. Such organs that are differentiated from ES cells may provide new insights into tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoaki Ohbuchi
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; University of Occupational and Environmental Health; Kitakyushu, Japan ; Department of Otorhinolaryngology; School of Medicine; University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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7
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McCracken KW, Howell JC, Wells JM, Spence JR. Generating human intestinal tissue from pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1920-8. [PMID: 22082986 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a protocol for generating 3D human intestinal tissues (called organoids) in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). To generate intestinal organoids, pluripotent stem cells are first differentiated into FOXA2(+)SOX17(+) endoderm by treating the cells with activin A for 3 d. After endoderm induction, the pluripotent stem cells are patterned into CDX2(+) mid- and hindgut tissue using FGF4 and WNT3a. During this patterning step, 3D mid- or hindgut spheroids bud from the monolayer epithelium attached to the tissue culture dish. The 3D spheroids are further cultured in Matrigel along with prointestinal growth factors, and they proliferate and expand over 1-3 months to give rise to intestinal tissue, complete with intestinal mesenchyme and epithelium comprising all of the major intestinal cell types. To date, this is the only method for efficiently directing the differentiation of hPSCs into 3D human intestinal tissue in vitro.
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Nakayama S, Sawamura K, Mohri K, Uchiyama T. Pulse-driven magnetoimpedance sensor detection of cardiac magnetic activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25834. [PMID: 22022453 PMCID: PMC3192116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to establish a convenient method for detecting biomagnetic activity in the heart. Electrical activity of the heart simultaneously induces a magnetic field. Detection of this magnetic activity will enable non-contact, noninvasive evaluation to be made. We improved the sensitivity of a pulse-driven magnetoimpedance (PMI) sensor, which is used as an electric compass in mobile phones and as a motion sensor of the operation handle in computer games, toward a pico-Tesla (pT) level, and measured magnetic fields on the surface of the thoracic wall in humans. The changes in magnetic field detected by this sensor synchronized with the electric activity of the electrocardiogram (ECG). The shape of the magnetic wave was largely altered by shifting the sensor position within 20 mm in parallel and/or perpendicular to the thoracic wall. The magnetic activity was maximal in the 4th intercostals near the center of the sterna. Furthermore, averaging the magnetic activity at 15 mm in the distance between the thoracic wall and the sensor demonstrated magnetic waves mimicking the P wave and QRS complex. The present study shows the application of PMI sensor in detecting cardiac magnetic activity in several healthy subjects, and suggests future applications of this technology in medicine and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakayama
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenta Sawamura
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaneo Mohri
- Department of Electronics, Nagoya University of Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchiyama
- Department of Electronics, Nagoya University of Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Nakayama S, Atsuta S, Shinmi T, Uchiyama T. Pulse-driven magnetoimpedance sensor detection of biomagnetic fields in musculatures with spontaneous electric activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 27:34-9. [PMID: 21741817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We measured biomagnetic fields in musculatures with spontaneous electric activity using a pulse-driven magnetoimpedance (PMI) sensor with the sensitivity improved toward a pico-Tesla (pT) level. Due to the sufficiently short operation interval of 1 μs, this magnetic sensor enabled quasi-real time recordings of the magnetic field for biological electric activity. Isolated small musculatures from the guinea-pig stomach, taenia caeci, portal vein and urinary bladder were incubated in an organ bath at a body temperature. The improved PMI sensor mounted approximately 1mm below the preparations detected oscillatory magnetic fields reflecting spontaneous electric activities of musculature preparations. In the taenia caeci, application of tetraethyl ammonium (TEA), a K(+) channel blocker, significantly enhanced the magnetic activity estimated by histogram analysis. Also, in some musculature preparations, simultaneous measurements with electric activity revealed that the observed magnetic activities were attributed to biological electric activity. PMI technology is promising for applications in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakayama
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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10
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Takaki M, Misawa H, Matsuyoshi H, Kawahara I, Goto K, Zhang GX, Obata K, Kuniyasu H. In vitro enhanced differentiation of neural networks in ES gut-like organ from mouse ES cells by a 5-HT4-receptor activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:529-33. [PMID: 21333625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using an embryoid body (EB) culture system, we developed a functional organ-like cluster, a "gut", from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells (ES gut). Each ES gut exhibited various types of spontaneous movements. In these spontaneously contracting ES guts, dense distributions of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) (c-kit, a transmembrane receptor that has tyrosine kinase activity, positive cells; gut pacemaker cells) and smooth muscle cells were discernibly identified, but enteric neural networks were not identified. In the present study, we succeeded in forming dense enteric neural networks by a 5-HT(4)-receptor (SR4) agonist, mosapride citrate (1-10 μM) added only during EB formation. Addition of an SR4-antagonist, GR113808 (10 μM) abolished the SR4-agonist-induced formation of enteric neural networks. The SR4-agonist (1 μM) up-regulated the expression of mRNA of SR4 and the SR4-antagonist abolished this upregulation. 5-HT per se exerted similar effects to those of SR4-agonist, though less potent. These results suggest SR4-agonist differentiated enteric neural networks, mediated via activation of SR4 in the ES gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Takaki
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University, School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
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Konuma N, Wakabayashi K, Matsumoto T, Kusumi Y, Masuko T, Iribe Y, Mitsumata M, Okano H, Kusafuka T, Mugishima H. Mouse embryonic stem cells give rise to gut-like morphogenesis, including intestinal stem cells, in the embryoid body model. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 18:113-26. [PMID: 18680392 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been proposed as candidates for cell replacement therapy in patients with intestinal failure because these cells can be expanded indefinitely without losing their pluripotent phenotype. We investigated the differentiation capacity of mouse ES cells into gut-like structures, including intestinal stem cells, and defined culture conditions for efficient induction of formation of these structures. ES cell-derived gut-like structures (ES-guts) were reproducibly induced in developing embryoid bodies (EBs) by day 21 of differentiation culture. ES-guts contained an endodermal epithelium, a smooth muscle layer, interstitial cells of Cajal, and enteric neurons and showed spontaneous contraction. Transplantation of ES-guts under the kidney capsules of immunodeficient mice induced formation of highly differentiated epithelium composed of absorptive cells and goblet cells in the grafts. Immunoreactivity for Musashi-1 (Msi-1), a marker of intestinal stem cells, was detected in 1.9% of the columnar epithelial cells in the graft. Culture with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide increased the numbers of ES-guts in EBs, and serum-replacement (SR) culture, in comparison to standard ES culture containing 15% serum, increased the area ratio of ES-guts to EBs. SR culture also promoted maturation of epithelium to form a single layer of columnar epithelial cells, including absorptive cells and goblet cells. Expression of Msi-1 mRNA and protein was significantly enhanced when EBs were cultured under SR conditions. In conclusion, SR conditions efficiently induce formation of ES-guts and promote differentiation of epithelium, including intestinal stem cells. These results suggest the feasibility of cell-based therapy for intestinal failure based on ES cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Konuma
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Takaki M, Suzuki H, Nakayama S. Recent advances in studies of spontaneous activity in smooth muscle: ubiquitous pacemaker cells. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 102:129-35. [PMID: 20553741 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The general and specific properties of pacemaker cells, including Kit-negative cells, that are distributed in gastrointestinal, urethral and uterine smooth muscle tissues, are discussed herein. In intestinal tissues, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are heterogeneous in both their forms and roles. ICC distributed in the myenteric layer (ICC-MY) act as primary pacemaker cells for intestinal mechanical and electrical activity. ICC distributed in muscle bundles play a role as mediators of signals from autonomic nerves to smooth muscle cells. A group of ICC also appears to act as a stretch sensor. Intracellular Ca2+ dynamics play a crucial role in ICC-MY pacemaking; intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+](i)) oscillations periodically activate plasmalemmal Ca2+-activated ion channels, such as Ca2+-activated Cl(-) channels and/or non-selective cation channels, although the relative contributions of these channels are not defined. With respect to gut motility, both the ICC network and enteric nervous system, including excitatory and inhibitory enteric neurons, play an essential role in producing highly coordinated peristalsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Takaki
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan.
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13
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Rachakatla RS, Troyer D. Wharton's jelly stromal cells as potential delivery vehicles for cancer therapeutics. Future Oncol 2010; 5:1237-44. [PMID: 19852738 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that stem cells can be used as gene therapy delivery cells. Stem cells isolated from the Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord (termed Wharton's jelly stromal cells) can be harvested noninvasively in large numbers and have been shown to traffic to tumors but do not form tumors themselves. WJS cells have low immunogenicity and they have also been engineered to secrete a cytokine, shown to home locally into the tumors in mice and with subsequent tumor attenuation. Naive rat and human Wharton's jelly stromal cells that are not engineered to secrete an exogenous protein also exert a potent anticancer effect in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Shekar Rachakatla
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University, 1600 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Rachakatla RS, Pyle MM, Ayuzawa R, Edwards SM, Marini FC, Weiss ML, Tamura M, Troyer D. Combination Treatment of Human Umbilical Cord Matrix Stem Cell-Based Interferon-Beta Gene Therapy and 5-Fluorouracil Significantly Reduces Growth of Metastatic Human Breast Cancer in SCID Mouse Lungs. Cancer Invest 2009; 26:662-70. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900701871134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Torihashi S, Hattori T, Hasegawa H, Kurahashi M, Ogaeri T, Fujimoto T. The expression and crucial roles of BMP signaling in development of smooth muscle progenitor cells in the mouse embryonic gut. Differentiation 2009; 77:277-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Calabro AR, Konsoula R, Barile FA. Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity and paracellular permeability of intact monolayers with mouse embryonic stem cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1273-84. [PMID: 18468840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells were induced to form intact monolayers in cell culture inserts, using combinations of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and growth factors (GFs). Progressive formation of intact monolayers was monitored using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and passage of paracellular permeability (PP) markers. The mES cells were initially inoculated on inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) plus leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). At 75% confluence, cells were passaged in the absence of MEF and LIF to stimulate formation of rounded multicellular aggregates (MA). After 4 days, cultures containing MA were transferred to culture inserts coated with ECM components only, and grown in the presence of selected individual GFs. An additional 10-14 days revealed confluent monolayers with TEER values of 500-700 ohms cm2 (Omega cm2). Monolayers grown on inserts coated with ECM components, such as fibronectin or collagen-IV, in the presence of epidermal growth factor or keratinocyte growth factor in the medium, yielded the highest TEER measurements when compared to cultures grown without GFs or ECM. Acute cytotoxicity (AC) studies with confluent monolayers of mES cells in 96-well plates indicated that there is a high correlation (R2=0.91) between cell viability and TEER for 24-h exposure time. Also, decrease in TEER is inversely proportional with increase in PP of markers. In comparison to standardized Registry of Cytotoxicity (RC) data and TEER measurements, MTT IC50 values for mES cells are lower. Thus, at equivalent concentrations for the same chemicals, cell viability decreases before the integrity of the monolayer is compromised. This system represents a novel approach for the manipulation of mES cells toward specific intact monolayers, as an in vitro model for biological monolayer formation, and most importantly, for applications to cytotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Calabro
- St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicology Division, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, United States
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Barthelery M, Salli U, Vrana KE. Nuclear proteomics and directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 16:905-19. [PMID: 17999636 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, regenerative medicine has been the subject of intense interest due, in large part, to our growing knowledge of embryonic stem (ES) cell biology. ES cells give rise to cell lineages from the three primordial germ layers--endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. This process needs to be channeled if these cells are to be differentiated efficiently and used subsequently for therapeutic purposes. Indeed, an important area of investigation involves directed differentiation to influence the lineage commitment of these pluripotent cells in vitro. Various strategies involving timely growth factor supplementation, cell co-cultures, and gene transfection are used to drive lineage specific emergence. The underlying goal is to control directly the center of gene expression and cellular programming--the nucleus. Gene expression is enabled, managed, and sustained by the collective actions and interactions of proteins found in the nucleus--the nuclear proteome--in response to extracellular signaling. Nuclear proteomics can inventory these nuclear proteins in differentiating cells and decipher their dynamics during cellular phenotypic commitment. This review details what is currently known about nuclear effectors of stem cell differentiation and describes emerging techniques in the discovery of nuclear proteomics that will illuminate new transcription factors and modulators of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Barthelery
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Nakayama S, Kajioka S, Goto K, Takaki M, Liu HN. Calcium-associated mechanisms in gut pacemaker activity. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 11:958-68. [PMID: 17979877 PMCID: PMC4401267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A considerable body of evidence has revealed that interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), identified with c-Kit-immunoreactivity, act as gut pacemaker cells, with spontaneous Ca2+ activity in ICC as the probable primary mechanism. Namely, intracellular (cytosolic) Ca2+ oscillations in ICC periodically activate plasmalemmal Ca2+-dependent ion channels and thereby generate pacemaker potentials. This review will, thus, focus on Ca2+-associated mechanisms in ICC in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including auxiliary organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakayama
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Takaki M, Misawa H, Shimizu J, Kuniyasu H, Horiguchi K. Inhibition of gut pacemaker cell formation from mouse ES cells by the c-kit inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:354-9. [PMID: 17540343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using an embryoid body (EB) culture system, we developed a functional organ-like cluster, a "gut", from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells (ES gut). Each ES gut exhibited various types of spontaneous movements. In these spontaneously contracting ES guts, dense distributions of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) (c-kit, a transmembrane receptor that has tyrosine kinase activity, positive cells; gut pacemaker cells) and smooth muscle cells were discernibly identified. By adding Glivec 10(-5)M, a tyrosine kinase receptor c-kit inhibitor, only during EB formation, we for the first time succeeded in suppressing in vitro formation of ICC in the ES gut. The ES gut without ICC did not exhibit any movements. However, it appeared that Glivec 10(-6)-10(-7)M rather increased number of ES guts with spontaneous movements associated with increase of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). These results suggest ICC is critical for in vitro formation of ES guts with spontaneous movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Takaki
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University, School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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20
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Rachakatla RS, Marini F, Weiss ML, Tamura M, Troyer D. Development of human umbilical cord matrix stem cell-based gene therapy for experimental lung tumors. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 14:828-35. [PMID: 17599089 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord matrix stem (UCMS) cells are unique stem cells derived from Wharton's jelly, which have been shown to express genes characteristic of primitive stem cells. To test the safety of these cells, human UCMS cells were injected both intravenously and subcutaneously in large numbers into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice and multiple tissues were examined for evidence of tumor formation. UCMS cells did not form gross or histological teratomas up to 50 days posttransplantation. Next, to evaluate whether UCMS cells could selectively engraft in xenotransplanted tumors, MDA 231 cells were intravenously transplanted into SCID mice, followed by intravenous transplantation of UCMS cells 1 and 2 weeks later. UCMS cells were found near or within lung tumors but not in other tissues. Finally, UCMS cells were engineered to express human interferon beta--designated 'UCMS-IFN-beta'. UCMS-IFN-beta cells were intravenously transplanted at multiple intervals into SCID mice bearing MDA 231 tumors and their effect on tumors was examined. UCMS-IFN-beta cells significantly reduced MDA 231 tumor burden in SCID mouse lungs indicated by wet weight. These results clearly indicate safety and usability of UCMS cells in cancer gene therapy. Thus, UCMS cells can potentially be used for targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Rachakatla
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5602, USA
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The molecular basis of endoderm differentiation and interaction with mesoderm to generate the mature intestine has been the focus of intensive investigation. Signaling pathways relevant to organogenesis may be recapitulated during oncogenesis. This review highlights recent studies of endoderm specification, differentiation and formation of the gut tube, the ontogeny of regional differentiation along the anterior-posterior and crypt-villus axes, and mechanisms of epithelial differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during gut morphogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Model organisms include zebrafish, Xenopus, Drosophila and the mouse. Fibroblast growth factors play critical roles in early endoderm differentiation and anterior-posterior patterning, and retinoids regulate left-right asymmetry and gut looping/rotation. Embryoid bodies derived from embryonic stem cells recapitulate many aspects of gut epithelial morphogenesis. Novel regulators of epithelial cell differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions have been identified (e.g. Mtgr1), and several known genes modulate these processes (e.g. PPARbeta/delta, Ptk6, GATA4). The role of Bmp, Hh and wnt signaling in morphogenesis continues to be elucidated. SUMMARY The complex process of intestinal morphogenesis involves interactions among multiple signaling pathways. Studies of morphogenesis are critical for elucidating the molecular basis of congenital gut defects and provide novel insight into intestinal oncogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah C Rubin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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22
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Torihashi S, Kuwahara M, Ogaeri T, Zhu P, Kurahashi M, Fujimoto T. Gut-like structures from mouse embryonic stem cells as an in vitro model for gut organogenesis preserving developmental potential after transplantation. Stem Cells 2006; 24:2618-26. [PMID: 16888283 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported the formation of gut-like structures from mouse ESCs in vitro. To determine whether ESCs provide an in vitro model of gastrointestinal (GI) tracts and their organogenesis, we investigated the morphological features, formation process, cellular development, and regional location within the GI tract by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We also examined the developmental potential by transplantation into kidney capsules. The results demonstrated that Id2-expressing epithelium developed first, alpha-smooth muscle actin appeared around the periphery, and finally, the gut-like structures were formed into a three-layer organ with well-differentiated epithelium. A connective tissue layer and musculature with interstitial cells of Cajal developed, similar to organogenesis of the embryonic gut. Enteric neurons appeared underdeveloped, and blood vessels were absent. Many structures expressed intestinal markers Cdx2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine but not the stomach marker H(+)/K(+) ATPase. Transplants obtained blood vessels and extrinsic nerve growth from the host to prolong life, and even grafts of premature structures did not form teratoma. In conclusion, gut-like structures were provided with prototypical tissue components of the GI tract and are inherent in the intestine rather than the stomach. The formation process was basically same as in gut organogenesis. They maintain their developmental potential after transplantation. Therefore, gut-like structures provide a unique and useful in vitro system for development and stem cell studies of the GI tract, including transplantation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeko Torihashi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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23
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Takaki M, Nakayama S, Misawa H, Nakagawa T, Kuniyasu H. In vitro formation of enteric neural network structure in a gut-like organ differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2006; 24:1414-22. [PMID: 16527901 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using an embryoid body (EB) culture system, we developed a functional organ-like cluster--a "gut"--from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells (ES gut). Each ES gut exhibited spontaneous contractions but did not exhibit distinct peristalsis-like movements. In these spontaneously contracting ES guts, dense distributions of interstitial cells of Cajal (c-kit [a transmembrane receptor that has tyrosine kinase activity]-positive cells; gut pacemaker cells) and smooth muscle cells were discernibly identified; however, enteric neural ganglia were absent in the spontaneously differentiated ES gut. By adding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) only during EB formation, we for the first time succeeded in in vitro formation of enteric neural ganglia with connecting nerve fiber tracts (enteric nervous system [ENS]) in the ES gut. The ES gut with ENS exhibited strong peristalsis-like movements. During EB culture in BDNF(+) medium, we detected each immunoreactivity associated with the trk proto-oncogenes (trkB; BDNF receptors) and neural crest marker, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor ret precursor (c-ret), p75, or sox9. These results indicated that the present ENS is differentiated from enteric neural crest-derived cells. Moreover, focal stimulation of ES guts with ENS elicited propagated increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) at single or multiple sites that were attenuated by atropine or abolished by tetrodotoxin. These results suggest in vitro formation of physiologically functioning enteric cholinergic excitatory neurons. We for the first time succeeded in the differentiation of functional neurons in ENS by exogenously adding BDNF in the ES gut, resulting in generation of distinct peristalsis-like movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Takaki
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University, School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan.
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24
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Matsuura R, Kogo H, Ogaeri T, Miwa T, Kuwahara M, Kanai Y, Nakagawa T, Kuroiwa A, Fujimoto T, Torihashi S. Crucial transcription factors in endoderm and embryonic gut development are expressed in gut-like structures from mouse ES cells. Stem Cells 2005; 24:624-30. [PMID: 16210401 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent and retain the potential to form an organ similar to the gut showing spontaneous contractions in vitro. The morphological features of these structures and their formation, as assessed using the hanging drop method to produce embryoid bodies (EBs), seem to be similar to those in vivo. To determine whether the same molecular mechanisms are involved in the formation process, the expression pattern of transcription factors regulating endoderm and gut development in the mouse embryo was examined by in situ hybridization and compared with in vivo expression. Expression of gene products was also examined by immunohistochemistry, and expression colocalization was analyzed with double staining. The results showed that all factors examined, that is, Sox17, Id2, HNF3beta/Foxa2, and GATA4, were expressed in both EBs and gut-like structures. Moreover, their expression patterns were similar to those in the mouse embryo. EBs after the hanging drop period and before outgrowth already expressed all factors that were colocalized with each other in EB epithelial structures. These findings suggest that the origin of the gut-like structure is determined during the hanging drop period and that the gut-like structure is formed as the epithelial structure in EBs during the hanging drop period. They also indicate that the in vitro system using mouse ES cells mimics in vivo development and should prove useful in the study of molecular mechanisms for endoderm and gut development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Matsuura
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
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25
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Nakagawa T, Misawa H, Nakajima Y, Takaki M. Absence of peristalsis in the ileum of W/W(V) mutant mice that are selectively deficient in myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal. J Smooth Muscle Res 2005; 41:141-51. [PMID: 16006747 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.41.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the enteric nervous system plays a key role in the generation of gastrointestinal peristaltic movements. Recently, the networks of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been found to be essential in the generation of spontaneous gastrointestinal movements. However, the role of ICC in the mechanisms involved in the generation of peristaltic movements is still controversial. The aim of the present study was to reveal how pacemaker myenteric ICC (ICC-MY) and the enteric nervous system contribute to the mechanisms involved in the generation of intestinal peristalsis. We compared spontaneous peristaltic movements of the ileum in wild type (WT) mice with those in W/W(V) mutant mice which are selectively deficient in ICC-MY. Simultaneous recordings were made from both the circular and longitudinal muscle of a 4-cm long segment of ileum under hydrostatic pressure of 0--0.5 cm H(2)O. Mechanical activity and continuous video-images of the ileum were compared between WT and W/W(V) mutant mice under control conditions, in the presence of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and after tetrodotoxin (TTX). In the WT mouse ileum, peristaltic waves to propagate from the oral to the anal end were frequently observed. The frequency of these peristaltic waves and their associated synchronous longitudinal and circular muscle contractions was increased by L-NAME. The peristaltic waves were abolished by TTX. In the W/W(V) mutant mouse ileum, no peristaltic waves to propagate from the oral to the anal end were observed in control and even after L-NAME, although the local spontaneously generated longitudinal and circular muscle contractions were enhanced by L-NAME. These local contractions were not abolished by TTX. The results presented here suggested that ICC-MY are essential for the generation of spontaneous intestinal peristaltic movements. It is conceivable that ICC-MY may determine the polarity of the excitation of the intestine such that longitudinal and circular muscle contractions propagate from the oral to the anal end of the intestinal segments, although the question of why ICC-MY are necessary for the neural pathways remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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26
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Liu HN, Ohya S, Furuzono S, Wang J, Imaizumi Y, Nakayama S. Co-contribution of IP3R and Ca2+ influx pathways to pacemaker Ca2+ activity in stomach ICC. J Biol Rhythms 2005; 20:15-26. [PMID: 15654067 DOI: 10.1177/0748730404269572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ oscillations in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are thought to be the primary pacemaker activity in the gut. In the present study, the authors prepared small tissues of 100-to 300-microm diameter (cell cluster preparation) from the stomach smooth muscle (including the myenteric plexus) of mice by enzymatic and mechanical treatments. After 2 to 4 days of culture, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured. In the presence of nifedipine, a dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonist, spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations were observed within limited regions showing positive c-Kitimmunoreactivity, a maker for ICCs. In the majority of cell cluster preparations with multiple regions of [Ca2+]i oscillations, [Ca2+]i oscillated synchronously in the same phase. A small number of cell clusters (8 of 53) showed multiple regions of [Ca2+]i oscillations synchronized but with a considerable phase shift. Neither tetrodotoxin (250 nM) nor atropine (10 microM) significantly affected [Ca2+]i oscillations in the presence of nifedipine. Low concentrations (40 microM) of Ni2+ had little effect on the spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillation, but SK&F96365 (40 microM) and Cd2+ (120 microM) terminated it. Applications of either 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (10 microM) or xestosponginC(10 microM) completely and rather rapidly (approximately 2 min) abolished the spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations. The results suggest that pacemaker [Ca2+]i oscillations in ICCs are produced by close interaction of intracellular Ca2+ release channels, especially inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) and Ca2+ influx pathways, presumably corresponding to store-operated type channels. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction examinations revealed expression of TRPC2, 4, and 6, as well as InsP3R1 and 2 in ICCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Nian Liu
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Liu HN, Ohya S, Wang J, Imaizumi Y, Nakayama S. Involvement of ryanodine receptors in pacemaker Ca2+ oscillation in murine gastric ICC. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:640-6. [PMID: 15694396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a cell cluster preparation from the stomach smooth muscle tissue of mice, we measured intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the presence of nifedipine. Pacemaker [Ca(2+)](i) activity in ICCs was significantly suppressed by caffeine application and restored after washout. Application of either ryanodine or FK-506 terminated the pacemaker [Ca(2+)](i) activity irreversibly. Immunostaining of smooth muscle tissue showed that c-Kit-immunopositive cells (that form network-like structure cells in the myenteric plexus, equivalent to ICCs) clearly express ryanodine receptors (RyR). RT-PCR revealed that ICCs (identified with c-Kit-immunoreactivity) predominantly express type 3 RyR (RyR3). Furthermore, the FK-binding proteins 12 and 12.6, both of which would interact with RyR3, were detected. In conclusion, we provide first evidence for the essential contribution of RyR to generating pacemaker activity in gastric motility. Similar mechanisms might account for spontaneous rhythmicity seen in smooth muscle tissues distributed in the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Nian Liu
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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28
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Nakagawa T, Ueshima S, Fujii H, Nakajima Y, Takaki M. Different modulation of spontaneous activities by nitrergic inhibitory nerves between ileum and jejunum in W/Wv mutant mice. Auton Neurosci 2005; 119:25-35. [PMID: 15893705 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We compared the spontaneous electrical and mechanical activities between the jejunum and ileum in the W/Wv mutant mouse, where ICC in the myenteric region (ICC-MY) are deficient. Electrical slow waves (SWs) superimposed with spike potentials, and synchronous circular and longitudinal muscle mechanical activities at a regular rhythm under approximately 1 cm H2O were recorded in the jejunum and ileum of wild-type mice. However, in the jejunum and ileum of W/Wv mice, irregular electrical and mechanical activities without discernable SWs were recorded. N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) significantly decreased the mean interval of longitudinal muscle contractions from 4.43+/-3.39 to 2.50+/-1.23 s in the ileum of W/W(V) mice. L-NAME also significantly decreased mean coefficient of variance (decreased irregularity) in the intervals from 2.59+/-0.84 to 0.48+/-0.46 in the ileum. Tetrodotoxin also significantly decreased mean interval and coefficient of variance in the ileum. Neither L-NAME nor tetrodotoxin affected contractile activity in the jejunum. These results suggest that enteric nitrergic nerves in the ileum, but not the jejunum, mediate a steady-state inhibition of myogenic activity in W/Wv mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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29
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Abdel Aziz MT, El-Asmar MF, Atta HM, Nassar YH, Shaker OG, El-Fattah MMA, El-Ansary AK, Fouad HH, Roshdy NK, Hosni HA, Rashed LA, Sabry DA. Gene Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1: Relationship to Fibrogenic and Apoptotic Factors in Murine Schistosomiasis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2005; 36:67-78. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.36.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
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30
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Furuzono S, Nakayama S, Imaizumi Y. Purinergic modulation of pacemaker Ca2+ activity in interstitial cells of Cajal. Neuropharmacology 2004; 48:264-73. [PMID: 15695165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purinoceptors are widely distributed throughout the body, and are thought to have important contributions to numerous functions. In this study, we characterised the contribution of purinoceptors to the mechanisms underlying spontaneous rhythmicity of the gastro-intestinal tracts. Using cell cluster preparations (100-200 microm diameter) obtained from murine ileum, we measured spontaneous intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) oscillations in the presence of nifedipine, as an index of pacemaker [Ca2+]i activity in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs, c-Kit-immunopositive cells), the pacemaker cells for gastrointestinal motility. This small preparation also contained smooth muscle and enteric neurones. Using various purinoceptor agonists and an antagonist, we characterised both TTX-sensitive and insensitive modulations of pacemaker [Ca2+]i activity in ICCs. Continuous application of either ATP, ATPgammaS, suramin or alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-meATP) suppressed pacemaker [Ca2+]i activity. The inhibitory effect of alpha,beta-meATP was completely abolished by a prior application of TTX. On the other hand, even in the presence of TTX, continuous application of 2-methylthio ATP (2-MeSATP) at concentrations greater than 30 microM caused a prompt rise followed by a slow decline of the baseline [Ca2+]i, and pacemaker [Ca2+]i oscillations were gradually suppressed during the decline. Neither UTP nor alpha,beta-meATP at high concentrations (30-100 microM) produced a similar [Ca2+]i response. These results suggest that the TTX-resistant, direct purinergic modulation of pacemaker [Ca2+]i activity in ICCs is mediated via P2X purinoceptors distinct from those involved in TTX-sensitive modulation. The slow decline may be attributed to desensitisation of these purinoceptors. The possible involvement of other purinoceptors is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Furuzono
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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