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Jaquez-Durán G, Arellano-Ortiz AL. Western diet components that increase intestinal permeability with implications on health. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:405-421. [PMID: 38009780 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal permeability is a physiological property that allows necessary molecules to enter the organism. This property is regulated by tight junction proteins located between intestinal epithelial cells. However, various factors can increase intestinal permeability (IIP), including diet. Specific components in the Western diet (WD), such as monosaccharides, fat, gluten, salt, alcohol, and additives, can affect the tight junctions between enterocytes, leading to increased permeability. This review explains how these components promote IIP and outlines their potential implications for health. In addition, we describe how a reduction in WD consumption may help improve dietary treatment of diseases associated with IIP. Research has shown that some of these components can cause changes in the gut microbiota, leading to dysbiosis, which can promote greater intestinal permeability and displacement of endotoxins into the bloodstream. These endotoxins include lipopolysaccharides derived from gram-negative bacteria, and their presence has been associated with various diseases, such as autoimmune, neurological, and metabolic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, nutrition professionals should promote the reduction of WD consumption and consider the inclusion of healthy diet components as part of the nutritional treatment for diseases associated with increased intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Jaquez-Durán
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División Multidisciplinaria de Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Ana Lidia Arellano-Ortiz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División Multidisciplinaria de Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, México
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Zhang R, Bai D, Zhen W, Hu X, Zhang H, Zhong J, Zhang Y, Ito K, Zhang B, Yang Y, Li J, Ma Y. Aspirin eugenol ester affects ileal barrier function, inflammatory response and microbiota in broilers under lipopolysaccharide-induced immune stress conditions. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1401909. [PMID: 38872795 PMCID: PMC11169880 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1401909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) on ileal immune function in broilers under lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune stress. Methods Two hundred and forty one-day-old male Arbor Acres chicks were randomly divided into four groups (saline, LPS, saline + AEE and LPS + AEE) with six replicates of ten broilers each. The saline group and LPS group were fed the normal diet, while the other two groups received normal diet plus 0.1 g/kg AEE. Broilers in the LPS and LPS + AEE groups were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mg/kg B.W LPS in saline for seven consecutive days beginning at 14 days of age, while broilers in the saline and saline + AEE groups were injected with saline only. Results The results showed that AEE improved the ileal morphology and increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of immune-stressed broilers. LPS-induced immune stress significantly reduced the expression of the genes for the tight junction proteins occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1 and claudin-2, in the ileum, while AEE significantly up-regulated the expression of these genes. Compared with the saline group, the LPS-treated chickens showed significantly increased mRNA expression of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthesase-1 (mPGES-1) in the ileum, while they were significantly decreased by AEE supplementation. In addition, analysis of the ileal bacterial composition showed that compared with saline and LPS + AEE groups, the proportion of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus in the LPS group was lower, while the proportion of Proteobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella was higher. Similarly, Line Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis showed that compared with the LPS group, Brevibacillus was dominant in the saline group, while the LPS + AEE group was rich in Rhizobium, Lachnoclostridium, Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium, Negativibacillus, Oscillospiraceae, and Flavonifractor. Conclusion These results indicate that dietary supplementation with 0.1 g/kg AEE could protect the intestinal health by improving the intestinal villus morphology, enhancing the expression of tight junction genes and alleviating inflammation to resist the immune stress caused by LPS stimulation in broilers, and the mechanism may involve COX-2-related signal transduction and improved intestinal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Zhang
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dongying Bai
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wenrui Zhen
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaodi Hu
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jiale Zhong
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Food and Physiological Models, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Longmen Laboratory, Science and Technology Innovation Center for Completed Set Equipment, Luoyang, China
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Xie ZX, Li Y, Yang AM, Wu D, Wang Q. Pathogenesis of chronic enteropathy associated with the SLCO2A1 gene: Hypotheses and conundrums. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2505-2511. [PMID: 38817656 PMCID: PMC11135407 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i19.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathy associated with the SLCO2A1 gene (CEAS) is a complex gastroenterological condition characterized by multiple ulcers in the small intestine with chronic bleeding and protein loss. This review explores the potential mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CEAS, focusing on the role of SLCO2A1-encoded prostaglandin transporter OATP2A1 and its impact on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. Studies have suggested that elevated PGE2 levels contribute to mucosal damage, inflammation, and disruption of the intestinal barrier. The effects of PGE2 on macrophage activation and Maxi-Cl channel functionality, as well as its interaction with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play crucial roles in the progression of CEAS. Understanding the balance between its protective and pro-inflammatory effects and the complex interactions within the gastrointestinal tract can shed light on potential therapeutic targets for CEAS and guide the development of novel, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ai-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Pretorius L, Smith C. Green rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) promotes gut health: insight into mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117379. [PMID: 37923252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paralleling the increasing incidence of gastrointestinal disorders world-wide, therapeutic investigations of nutraceuticals to promote gastrointestinal health are gaining popularity. Although anecdotally well-known for its gut health promoting potential, sparse scientific evidence supports this action of Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren - or rooibos - at the gastrointestinal epithelial level. AIM OF THE STUDY Traditionally, rooibos is considered to exert antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive effects in the gut. However, the direct effect on intestinal epithelium is unknown. Thus, to assess the validity of anecdotal claims, two larval zebrafish models were utilized to evaluate effects of rooibos on intestinal health. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, a larval zebrafish model of gastrointestinal inflammation (2-day TNBS-exposure) was employed. Co-administration of 6α-methylprednisolone served as an internal treatment control. Assessments included live imaging techniques and post-mortem immunofluorescent staining of epithelial tight junction proteins. In addition, whole body H2O2 and prostaglandin E2 assays were performed. Secondly, a gastrointestinal motility assay was performed, with known pro- and anti-kinetic mediators to assess the effect of rooibos to alter functional outcome in vivo. RESULTS Aqueous and ethanol extracts of green rooibos rescued TNBS-induced reductions in neutral red stained length of larval mid-intestines. Subsequent experiments confirmed the rescue capacity of the aqueous green rooibos extract regarding whole body oxidative and inflammatory status. Concerning tight junction proteins, only the aqueous green rooibos extract - and not prednisolone - normalized both zona occludens-1 and occludin expression levels when compared the TNBS group. In terms of gastrointestinal motility, the aqueous green rooibos extract significantly reduced the extent of gut motility dysregulation achieved by kinetic modulators. CONCLUSIONS Data indicates the potential of a 2 mg/ml aqueous extract of green rooibos to improve gastrointestinal integrity and functionality in vivo, suggesting beneficial effects of rooibos may already occur at the level of the gut. This provides some evidence to support indigenous knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesha Pretorius
- Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7500, South Africa.
| | - Carine Smith
- Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7500, South Africa.
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Hayashi A, Sakamoto N, Kobayashi K, Murata T. Enhancement of prostaglandin D 2-D prostanoid 1 signaling reduces intestinal permeability by stimulating mucus secretion. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276852. [PMID: 37942331 PMCID: PMC10628818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The intestinal barrier plays a crucial role in distinguishing foods from toxins. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is one of the lipid-derived autacoids synthesized from cell membrane-derived arachidonic acid. We previously reported that pharmacological stimulation of PGD2 receptor, D prostanoid 1 (DP1) attenuated the symptoms of azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and ovalbumin-induced food allergy in mouse models. These observations suggested that DP1 stimulation protects the intestinal barrier. The present study aimed to uncover the effects of DP1 stimulation on intestinal barrier function and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods Intestinal permeability was assessed in mice by measuring the transfer of orally administered fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (40 kDa) into the blood. The DP1 agonist BW245C (1 mg/kg) was administered 10 min prior to dextran administration. The intestinal permeability was confirmed using the ex vivo everted sac method. Tight junction integrity was evaluated in vitro by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2. Mucus secretion was assessed by observing Alcian Blue-stained intestinal sections. Results Pharmacological DP1 stimulation reduced intestinal permeability both in vivo and ex vivo. Immunohistochemical staining showed that DP1 was strongly expressed on the apical side of the epithelial cells. DP1 stimulation did not affect TER in vitro but induced mucus secretion from goblet cells. Mucus removal by a mucolytic agent N-acetyl-l-cysteine canceled the inhibition of intestinal permeability by DP1 stimulation. Conclusion These observations suggest that pharmacological DP1 stimulation decreases intestinal permeability by stimulating mucus secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Hayashi
- Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Sakamoto
- Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kobayashi
- Food and Animal Systemics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Murata
- Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Food and Animal Systemics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Restivo I, Basilicata MG, Giardina IC, Massaro A, Pepe G, Salviati E, Pecoraro C, Carbone D, Cascioferro S, Parrino B, Diana P, Ostacolo C, Campiglia P, Attanzio A, D’Anneo A, Pojero F, Allegra M, Tesoriere L. A Combination of Polymethoxyflavones from Citrus sinensis and Prenylflavonoids from Humulus lupulus Counteracts IL-1β-Induced Differentiated Caco-2 Cells Dysfunction via a Modulation of NF-κB/Nrf2 Activation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1621. [PMID: 37627616 PMCID: PMC10451557 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We here investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of a polymethoxylated flavone-containing fraction (PMFF) from Citrus sinensis and of a prenylflavonoid-containing one (PFF) from Humulus lupulus, either alone or in combination (MIX). To this end, an in vitro model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of differentiated, interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated Caco-2 cells, was employed. We demonstrated that non-cytotoxic concentrations of either PMFF or PFF or MIX reduced nitric oxide (NO) production while PFF and MIX, but not PMFF, also inhibited prostaglandin E2 release. Coherently, MIX suppressed both inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 over-expression besides NF-κB activation. Moreover, MIX increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation, heme oxygenase-1 expression, restoring GSH and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONs) levels. Remarkably, these effects with MIX were stronger than those produced by PMFF or PFF alone. Noteworthy, nobiletin (NOB) and xanthohumol (XTM), two of the most represented phytochemicals in PMFF and PFF, respectively, synergistically inhibited RONs production. Overall, our results demonstrate that MIX enhances the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of the individual fractions in a model of IBD, via a mechanism involving modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 signalling. Synergistic interactions between NOB and XTM emerge as a relevant aspect underlying this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Restivo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (I.R.); (I.C.G.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (F.P.); (L.T.)
| | | | - Ilenia Concetta Giardina
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (I.R.); (I.C.G.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (F.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Alessandro Massaro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (I.R.); (I.C.G.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (F.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (E.S.); (C.O.); (P.C.)
| | - Emanuela Salviati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (E.S.); (C.O.); (P.C.)
| | - Camilla Pecoraro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.P.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (B.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.P.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (B.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Stella Cascioferro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.P.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (B.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Barbara Parrino
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.P.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (B.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.P.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (B.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Carmine Ostacolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (E.S.); (C.O.); (P.C.)
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (E.S.); (C.O.); (P.C.)
| | - Alessandro Attanzio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (I.R.); (I.C.G.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (F.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Antonella D’Anneo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (I.R.); (I.C.G.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (F.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Fanny Pojero
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (I.R.); (I.C.G.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (F.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Mario Allegra
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (I.R.); (I.C.G.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (F.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (I.R.); (I.C.G.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (F.P.); (L.T.)
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Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) and Agmatine May Act Synergistically to Beneficially Modulate Intestinal Tight Junction Integrity and Inflammatory Profile. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091097. [PMID: 36145318 PMCID: PMC9501288 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to promote gastrointestinal health, significant increases in the prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders should be paralleled by similar surges in therapeutics research. Nutraceutical interventions may play a significant role in patient management. The current study aimed to determine the potential of Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) to prevent gastrointestinal dysregulation resulting from high-dose trace-amine (TA) exposure. Considering the substantial female bias in functional gastrointestinal disorders, and the suggested phytoestrogenicity of rooibos, the study design allowed for a comparison between the effects of an ethanol extract of green rooibos and 17β-estradiol (E2). High levels of ρ-tyramine (TYR) and agmatine (AGM), but not β-phenethylamine (PEA) or tryptamine (TRP), resulted in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hypersecretion, increased tight-junction protein (TJP; occludin and ZO-1) secretion and (dissimilarly) disrupted the TJP cellular distribution profile. Modulating benefits of rooibos and E2 were TA-specific. Rooibos pre-treatment generally reduced IL-8 secretion across all TA conditions and prevented PGE2 hypersecretion after exposure to both TYR and AGM, but was only able to normalise TJP levels and the distribution profile in AGM-exposed cells. In contrast, E2 pre-treatment prevented only TYR-associated PGE2 hypersecretion and TJP dysregulation. Together, the data suggest that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of rooibos, rather than phytoestrogenicity, affect benefits illustrated for rooibos.
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Sander WJ, Kemp G, Hugo A, Pohl CH, O’Neill HG. Rotavirus-Mediated Prostaglandin E2 Production in MA104 Cells Promotes Virus Attachment and Internalisation, Resulting in an Increased Viral Load. Front Physiol 2022; 13:805565. [PMID: 35153833 PMCID: PMC8831913 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.805565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are one of the leading causes of severe dehydrating diarrhoea in infants and children under the age of five. Despite the introduction of vaccines, disease burden remains high in sub-Saharan Africa, with no known anti-viral treatments available. During early infection rotavirus attaches to several cellular receptors and enters the cells by either clathrin-dependent or -independent endocytosis. Prostaglandin E2, an abundant eicosanoid, is produced from arachidonic acid during rotavirus infection and inhibition of prostaglandin E2 formation have a deleterious effect on rotavirus infection. In this study, MA104 cells were supplemented with γ-linolenic acid (GLA), a precursor of arachidonic acid. Infection of supplemented cells with rotavirus SA11 led to a depletion in the relative percentages of GLA and arachidonic acid which coincided with an increased production of prostaglandin E2 as monitored by ELISA. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 co-localises with the viroplasm-forming proteins, NSP5 and NSP2. Due to the known association of viroplasms with lipid droplets and the fact that lipid droplets are sites for prostaglandin E2 production, our results indicate a possible role for viroplasms in the production of rotavirus-induced prostaglandin E2. Replication kinetics showed that inhibitors, targeting the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2, had negative effects on rotavirus yield, especially during the early stages of infection. Using flow cytometry and prostaglandin E2 addback experiments, we show that prostaglandin E2 enhances the attachment and internalisation of rotavirus in MA104 cells indicating a possible role for prostaglandin E2 during clathrin-mediated rotavirus entry. The production of prostaglandin E2 during rotavirus infection could serve as a possible target for anti-viral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J. Sander
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gabré Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Arnold Hugo
- Department of Animal Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Hester G. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Hester G. O’Neill,
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Singh P, Grabauskas G, Zhou SY, Gao J, Zhang Y, Owyang C. High FODMAP diet causes barrier loss via lipopolysaccharide-mediated mast cell activation. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146529. [PMID: 34618688 PMCID: PMC8663790 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) are carbohydrates thought to contribute to the symptoms of IBS. A diet in high in FODMAPs (HFM) induces gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and a diet low in FODMAPs (LFM) improves symptoms in up to 60% of patients with IBS. However, the mechanism by which FODMAPs affect IBS symptoms is unclear. We showed that mice fed on a HFM diet have mast cell activation and colonic barrier loss. Using mast cell–deficient mice with and without mast cell reconstitution, we showed that HFM-mediated colonic barrier loss is dependent on TLR4-dependent mast cell activation. In in vitro studies, we demonstrated that IBS fecal supernatant stimulates mast cells significantly more compared with fecal supernatant from healthy controls. This effect of IBS fecal supernatant on mast cell stimulation is ameliorated in the absence of the TLR4 receptor and after a LFM diet. We found that a LFM diet improves colonic barrier function and reduces mast cell activation while decreasing fecal LPS levels. Our findings indicate that a HFM diet causes mast cell activation via LPS, which in turn leads to colonic barrier loss, and a LFM diet reverses these pathophysiologic mucosal changes.
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Schulz E, Schumann M, Schneemann M, Dony V, Fromm A, Nagel O, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. Escherichia coli Alpha-Hemolysin HlyA Induces Host Cell Polarity Changes, Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Cell Detachment in Human Colon Carcinoma Caco-2 Cell Model via PTEN-Dependent Dysregulation of Cell Junctions. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080520. [PMID: 34437391 PMCID: PMC8402498 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) of the B2 phylotype reside in human and animal intestines. The bacteria possess pathogenicity factors such as α-hemolysin (HlyA) that can induce intestinal epithelial leaks. We addressed the questions which host cell processes were dysregulated by E. coli HlyA that can potentiate intestinal diseases. The colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 was infected by HlyA+ E. coli. Cell polarity regulation was analyzed by live cell imaging for the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) abundance. In Caco-2 monolayers, transepithelial electrical resistance was measured for characterization of barrier function. Cell proliferation and separation were assessed microscopically. Epithelial regulation and cell signaling were analyzed by RNA-Seq and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Our main findings from E. coli HlyA toxinogenicity in the colon carcinoma cell line are that (i) PIP2 at the membrane decrease, (ii) PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) inhibition leads to cell polarity changes, (iii) epithelial leakiness follows these polarity changes by disruption of cell junctions and (iv) epithelial cell detachment increases. HlyA affected pathways, e.g., the PTEN and metastasis signaling, were identified by RNA-Seq bioinformatics calculations in IPA. In conclusion, HlyA affects cell polarity, thereby inducing epithelial barrier dysfunction due to defective tight junctions and focal leak induction as an exemplary mechanism for leaky gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Schulz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (E.S.); (M.S.); (V.D.)
- Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Biomedical Innovation Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (E.S.); (M.S.); (V.D.)
| | - Martina Schneemann
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.); (O.N.); (J.-D.S.)
| | - Violaine Dony
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (E.S.); (M.S.); (V.D.)
| | - Anja Fromm
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.); (O.N.); (J.-D.S.)
| | - Oliver Nagel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.); (O.N.); (J.-D.S.)
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.); (O.N.); (J.-D.S.)
| | - Roland Bücker
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.); (O.N.); (J.-D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-514548
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11
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12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid (12-HHT) induces cell growth and improves barrier function through BLT2 interaction in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell cultures. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114663. [PMID: 34161796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid (12-HHT) is an unusual product of the cyclooxygenase pathway that is an endogenous ligand of the low-affinity receptor for leukotriene 4 (LTB4), BLT2. Recent findings suggested that BLT2 possibly plays an important role in the healing of intestinal lesions and the regulation of barrier function. Here, we studied the role of 12-HHT on intestinal epithelial cell growth and the paracellular permeability of intestinal epithelium using Caco-2 cell cultures as experimental model. Our results demonstrated that 12-HHT stimulates intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell growth through 12-HHT-BLT2-p38-PKC axis and improves paracellular permeability in differentiated Caco-2 cell cultures through the regulation of tight junction elements such as myosin light chain phosphorylation through 12-HHT-BLT2-p38-PKC-MYPT1 axis. Thus, 12-HHT-BLT2 interaction can be involved in intestinal epithelial cell growth and consequently in the epithelium regeneration/repair processes, together with an interesting improvement on the paracellular permeability. These effects appoint that 12-HHT/BLT2 axis may be a suitable strategy for treating wound healing epithelium and barrier-disrupted intestinal processes.
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12
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Gao Y, Han T, Han C, Sun H, Yang X, Zhang D, Ni X. Propofol Regulates the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway Through miRNA-155 to Protect Colorectal Cancer Intestinal Barrier. Inflammation 2021; 44:2078-2090. [PMID: 34081253 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC) can cause damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier and lead to bacterial invasion. This study mainly analyzed whether propofol (PPF) could protect the intestinal mucosal barrier damage caused by CRC surgery, and explored its molecular mechanism. A mouse CRC model was constructed using azomethane and dextran sulfate sodium. During anesthesia, continuous intravenous injection of PPF was used for intervention. The influences of PPF on intestinal mucosal permeability and bacterial invasion were detected. The levels of microRNA (miR)-155, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB in the intestinal mucosa, and the location of miR-155 were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Mouse macrophages were used to analyze the regulation of miR-155 on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. PPF treatment promoted the expression of tight junction protein in the intestinal mucosa, protected the intestinal barrier, inhibited the translocation of intestinal bacteria, and increased the level of the beneficial bacterium Lactobacillus on the mucosal surface. In addition, PPF treatment could inhibit the expression of miR-155, TLR4/NF-KB, and reverse inflammatory response. miR-155 was expressed in macrophages of intestinal mucosa tissue. Overexpression of miR-155 promoted the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. The use of VIPER to inhibit TLR4 reversed the pro-inflammatory effects of miR-155. PPF might inhibit the activation of the NF-κB pathway by downregulating miR-155 expression, thereby reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. This might be the mechanism by which PPF protected the intestinal barrier of CRC surgical model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli South Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Ultrasound, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Cailing Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli South Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Hua Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli South Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli South Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli South Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Xinli Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli South Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
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13
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Zhong W, Shahbaz O, Teskey G, Beever A, Kachour N, Venketaraman V, Darmani NA. Mechanisms of Nausea and Vomiting: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Intracellular Emetic Signaling Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5797. [PMID: 34071460 PMCID: PMC8198651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints that can be triggered by diverse emetic stimuli through central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Both nausea and vomiting are considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/drugs/bacteria/viruses/fungi enter the body either via the enteral (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract) or parenteral routes, including the blood, skin, and respiratory systems. While vomiting is the act of forceful removal of gastrointestinal contents, nausea is believed to be a subjective sensation that is more difficult to study in nonhuman species. In this review, the authors discuss the anatomical structures, neurotransmitters/mediators, and corresponding receptors, as well as intracellular emetic signaling pathways involved in the processes of nausea and vomiting in diverse animal models as well as humans. While blockade of emetic receptors in the prevention of vomiting is fairly well understood, the potential of new classes of antiemetics altering postreceptor signal transduction mechanisms is currently evolving, which is also reviewed. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide potential answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Omar Shahbaz
- School of Medicine, Universidad Iberoamericana, Av. Francia 129, Santo Domingo 10203, Dominican Republic;
| | - Garrett Teskey
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Abrianna Beever
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nala Kachour
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nissar A. Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
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14
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Zaiss MM, Joyce Wu HJ, Mauro D, Schett G, Ciccia F. The gut-joint axis in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:224-237. [PMID: 33674813 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the joints. One hypothesis for the pathogenesis of RA is that disease begins at mucosal sites as a consequence of interactions between the mucosal immune system and an aberrant local microbiota, and then transitions to involve the synovial joints. Alterations in the composition of the microbial flora in the lungs, mouth and gut in individuals with preclinical and established RA suggest a role for mucosal dysbiosis in the development and perpetuation of RA, although establishing whether these alterations are the specific consequence of intestinal involvement in the setting of a systemic inflammatory process, or whether they represent a specific localization of disease, is an ongoing challenge. Data from mouse models of RA and investigations into the preclinical stages of disease also support the hypothesis that these alterations to the microbiota predate the onset of disease. In addition, several therapeutic options widely used for the treatment of RA are associated with alterations in intestinal microbiota, suggesting that modulation of intestinal microbiota and/or intestinal barrier function might be useful in preventing or treating RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hsin-Jung Joyce Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, Arizona Arthritis Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniele Mauro
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, University della Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesco Ciccia
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, University della Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
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15
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Zhong J, Yu R, Zhou Q, Liu P, Liu Z, Bian Y. Naringenin prevents TNF-α-induced gut-vascular barrier disruption associated with inhibiting the NF-κB-mediated MLCK/p-MLC and NLRP3 pathways. Food Funct 2021; 12:2715-2725. [PMID: 33667286 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microvasculature endothelium accurately regulates the passage of molecules across the gut-vascular barrier (GVB), which plays an essential role in intestinal immunity. Naringenin is reported to have therapeutic potential against several intestinal disorders. However, the effect of naringenin on GVB disruption has been rarely studied. This study aims to investigate the effect of naringenin on GVB function and the potential mechanism. In the present study, the in vitro GVB disruption of rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (RIMVEC) was induced by 50 ng mL-1 of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The integrity of the in vitro GVB was determined by Evans blue (EB)-albumin efflux assay and trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TER). Meanwhile, the expression of tight junction proteins and the related NF-κB, MLCK/p-MLC and NLRP3 pathways were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. The results show that naringenin (100 μM) inhibits TNF-α-induced interleukin (IL)-6 hypersecretion, alleviates GVB disruption and mitigates the change in the tight junction protein expression pattern. Naringenin inhibits the GVB-disruption-associated activation of the MLCK/p-MLC system and TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways. Furthermore, naringenin shows a similar effect to that of NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 in reducing the TNF-α-induced activation of NLRP3, p-MLC and secondary GVB disruption. The results suggest that naringenin evidently alleviates TNF-α-induced in vitro GVB disruption via the maintenance of a tight junction protein pattern, partly with the inhibition of the NF-κB-mediated MLCK/p-MLC and NLRP3 pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhong
- Division of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
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16
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NMR-Guided Repositioning of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs into Tight Junction Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052583. [PMID: 33806674 PMCID: PMC7961873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioavailability is a major bottleneck in the clinical application of medium molecular weight therapeutics, including protein and peptide drugs. Paracellular transport of these molecules is hampered by intercellular tight junction (TJ) complexes. Therefore, safe chemical regulators for TJ loosening are desired. Here, we showed a potential application of select non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as TJ modulators. Based on our previous observation that diclofenac and flufenamic acid directly bound various PDZ domains with a broad specificity, we applied solution nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to examine the interaction of other NSAIDs and the first PDZ domain (PDZ1) of zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-1(PDZ1). Inhibition of ZO-1(PDZ1) is expected to provide loosening of the epithelial barrier function because the domain plays a crucial role in maintaining TJ integrity. Accordingly, diclofenac and indomethacin were found to decrease the subcellular localization of claudin (CLD)-2 but not occludin and ZO-1 at the apicolateral intercellular compartment of Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells. These NSAIDs exhibited 125–155% improved paracellular efflux of fluorescein isothiocyanate insulin for the Caco-2 cell monolayer. We propose that these NSAIDs can be repurposed as drug absorption enhancers for peptide drugs.
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17
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Alhouayek M, Ameraoui H, Muccioli GG. Bioactive lipids in inflammatory bowel diseases - From pathophysiological alterations to therapeutic opportunities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158854. [PMID: 33157277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are lifelong diseases that remain challenging to treat. IBDs are characterized by alterations in intestinal barrier function and dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immunity. An increasing number of lipids are found to be important regulators of inflammation and immunity as well as gut physiology. Therefore, the study of lipid mediators in IBDs is expected to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and lead to novel therapeutic opportunities. Here, through selected examples - such as fatty acids, specialized proresolving mediators, lysophospholipids, endocannabinoids, and oxysterols - we discuss how lipid signaling is involved in IBD physiopathology and how modulating lipid signaling pathways could affect IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Hafsa Ameraoui
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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18
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Storniolo CE, Cabral M, Busquets MA, Martín-Venegas R, Moreno JJ. Dual Behavior of Long-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Cyclooxygenase/Lipoxygenase Metabolites on Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Growth. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:529976. [PMID: 33013380 PMCID: PMC7500452 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.529976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) is related, at least in part, with nutritional profile and epidemiological data indicating a key role of dietary fat on CRC pathogenesis. Moreover, inflammation and eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid might have a pivotal role in CRC development. However, the effect of specific fatty acids (FAs) on intestinal epithelial cell growth is not completely studied now. By this reason, the aim of this work is to unravel the effect of different saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and some LCFA metabolites on CRC cell line growth and their possible mechanisms of action. Our results demonstrated that oleic acid is a potent mitogenic factor to Caco-2 cells, at least in part, through 10-hydroxy-8-octadecenoic synthesized by lipoxigenase pathway, whereas polyunsaturated FAs such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acid has a dual behavior effect depending on its concentration. A high concentration, EPA induced apoptosis through intrinsic pathway, whereas at low concentration induced cell proliferation that could be related to the synthesis of eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E3 and 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid and the subsequent induction of mitogenic cell signaling pathways (ERK 1/2, CREB, p38α). Thus, this study contributes to understand the complicated relationship between fat ingest and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E Storniolo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisol Cabral
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria A Busquets
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Venegas
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Huang N, Wang M, Peng J, Wei H. Role of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids in intestinal innate immunity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2399-2410. [PMID: 32662287 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1777932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA), an n-6 essential fatty acid, plays an important role in human and animal growth and development. The ARA presents in the membrane phospholipids can be released by phospholipase A2. These free arachidonic acid molecules are then used to produce eicosanoids through three different pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated that eicosanoids have a wide range of physiological functions. Although they are generally considered to be pro-inflammatory molecules, recent advances have elucidated they have an effect on innate immunity via regulating the development, and differentiation of innate immune cells and the function of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Here, we review eicosanoids generation in intestine and their role in intestinal innate immunity, focusing on intestinal epithelial barrier, innate immune cell in lamina propria (LP) and their crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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20
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Cas MD, Roda G, Li F, Secundo F. Functional Lipids in Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3074. [PMID: 32349258 PMCID: PMC7246500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are apolar small molecules known not only as components of cell membranes but also, in recent literature, as modulators of different biological functions. Herein, we focused on the bioactive lipids that can influence the immune responses and inflammatory processes regulating vascular hyperreactivity, pain, leukocyte trafficking, and clearance. In the case of excessive pro-inflammatory lipid activity, these lipids also contribute to the transition from acute to chronic inflammation. Based on their biochemical function, these lipids can be divided into different families, including eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving mediators, lysoglycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids. These bioactive lipids are involved in all phases of the inflammatory process and the pathophysiology of different chronic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20131 Milan, Italy
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21
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Cheng Y, Wu T, Tang S, Liang F, Fang Y, Cao W, Pan S, Xu X. Fermented blueberry pomace ameliorates intestinal barrier function through the NF-κB-MLCK signaling pathway in high-fat diet mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:3167-3179. [PMID: 32208477 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02517k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The barrier-improving functions of fermented blueberry pomace (FBP) and its potential mechanism were investigated in this study. Polyphenols and the approximate composition of FBP were evaluated according to the National Standard of the People's Republic of China and the UPLC-MS system. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without FBP supplementation. Oxidative stress, inflammation, histological morphology and the expression of functional proteins in the small intestine of mice were evaluated using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. The content of protein, fat, soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and carbohydrates (non-dietary fiber) was 114.5 ± 1.5 g kg-1, 5.0 ± 0.2 g kg-1, 48.0 ± 0.1 g kg-1, 360.3 ± 2.2 g kg-1 and 423 g kg-1 (by difference), respectively. Thirty-six polyphenols were identified in FBP. FBP improved the growth of mice and attenuated hepatic and intestinal oxidative stress. Intestinal inflammation was significantly reduced through the decrease of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) as well as an increase of interleukin-10 (IL-10). FBP supplementation significantly improved the intestinal morphology and barrier function, potentially by mediating the NF-κB-MLCK signaling pathway. The supplementation of FBP in HFD mice enhanced the intestinal barrier function. This suggested that polyphenol-rich by-products might provide a similar health effect in HFD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Storniolo CE, Martínez-Hovelman N, Martínez-Huélamo M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Moreno JJ. Extra Virgin Olive Oil Minor Compounds Modulate Mitogenic Action of Oleic Acid on Colon Cancer Cell Line. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11420-11427. [PMID: 31545039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical findings suggest that olive oil has a protective effect, whereas oleic acid consumption induces colorectal cancer (CRC). Considering this apparent contradiction and that olive oil is a complex mix of fatty acids, mainly oleic acid and minor compounds such as phenolic compounds, lignans, hydrocarbons, and triterpenes, we study its effects on intestinal epithelial cell growth. Our results show that oleic acid (1-100 μM) but not elaidic acid induced DNA synthesis and Caco-2 cell growth (2-fold higher than cells without growth factors, p < 0.05). These effects were inhibited by 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors as well as the leukotriene antagonist (p < 0.05), suggesting the implication of this pathway in this mitogenic action. Hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, pinoresinol, squalene, and maslinic acid (0.1-10 μM) reverted DNA synthesis and Caco-2 cell growth induced by oleic acid. These effects were not the consequence of the cell cycle arrest or the impairment of cell viability with the exception of hydroxytyrosol and maslinic acid that induced cell detachment and apoptosis (35.6 ± 2.3 and 43.2 ± 2.4%, respectively) at the higher concentration assayed. Oleuropein effects can be related with hydroxytyrosol release as a consequence of oleuropein hydrolysis by Caco-2 cells (up to 25%). Furthermore, hydroxytyrosol modulates the arachidonic acid cascade, and this event can be associated with its antimitogenic action. In conclusion, oleic acid and oleic acid in the presence of olive oil representative minor components have opposite effects, suggesting that the consumption of seed oils, high oleic acid seed oils, or olive oil will probably have different effects on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miriam Martínez-Huélamo
- CIBER 06/003 Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBEROBN , Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos
- CIBER 06/003 Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBEROBN , Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
| | - Juan J Moreno
- CIBER 06/003 Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBEROBN , Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
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Durchschein F, Eherer A, Grill M, Sturm EM, Pommer V, Langner C, Högenauer C, Schicho R. Involvement of EP2 and EP4 Receptors in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Pilot Study. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2806-2814. [PMID: 30989466 PMCID: PMC6744386 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostaglandin D2 receptor DP2 has been implicated in eosinophil infiltration and the development of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). AIMS AND METHODS In this study, we investigated an involvement of PGE2 (EP1-EP4) and PGD2 (DP1) receptors in EoE by measuring their expression in peripheral blood eosinophils and esophageal mucosal biopsies of EoE patients and by performing migration and adhesion assays with eosinophils from healthy donors. RESULTS Expression of EP2 and EP4, but not EP1 and EP3, was decreased in blood eosinophils of patients with EoE vs. control subjects. Adhesion of eosinophils to esophageal epithelial cells was decreased by EP2 receptor agonist butaprost and EP4 agonist ONO-AE1-329, whereas DP1 agonist BW245C increased adhesion. In chemotaxis assays with supernatant from human esophageal epithelial cells, only ONO-AE1-329 but not butaprost or BW245C inhibited the migration of eosinophils. Expression of EP and DP receptors in epithelial cells and eosinophils was detected in sections of esophageal biopsies from EoE patients by immunohistochemistry. qPCR of biopsies from EoE patients revealed that gene expression of EP4 and DP1 was the highest among PGE2 and PGD2 receptors. Esophageal epithelial cells in culture showed high gene expression for EP2 and EP4. Activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors decreased barrier integrity of esophageal epithelial cells in impedance assays. CONCLUSIONS Activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors may inhibit eosinophil recruitment to the esophageal mucosa. However, their activation could negatively affect esophageal barrier integrity suggesting that eosinophilic rather than epithelial EP2 and EP4 have a protective role in EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Durchschein
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Eherer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Magdalena Grill
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Divison of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M. Sturm
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Divison of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Veronika Pommer
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Divison of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Cord Langner
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Högenauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria ,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Divison of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria ,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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Neuschäfer-Rube F, Pathe-Neuschäfer-Rube A, Hippenstiel S, Püschel GP. PGE 2 enhanced TNFα-mediated IL-8 induction in monocytic cell lines and PBMC. Cytokine 2018; 113:105-116. [PMID: 29929938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE Recent studies suggested a role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the expression of the chemokine IL-8 by monocytes. The function of EP4 receptor for TNFα-induced IL-8 expression was studied in monocytic cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH IL-8 mRNA and protein induction as well as IL-8 promoter activity and transcription factor activation were assessed in monocytic cell lines, primary blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and transgenic HEK293 cells expressing the EP4 receptor. KEY RESULTS In monocytic cell lines THP-1, MonoMac and U937 PGE2 had only a marginal impact on IL-8 induction but strongly enhanced TNFα-induced IL-8 mRNA and protein synthesis. Similarly, in PBMC IL-8 mRNA induction was larger by simultaneous stimulation with TNFα and PGE2 than by either stimulus alone. The EP4 receptor subtype was the most abundant EP receptor in all three cell lines and in PBMC. Stimulation of THP-1 cells with an EP4 specific agonist enhanced TNFα-induced IL-8 mRNA and protein formation to the same extent as PGE2. In HEK293 cells expressing EP4, but not in wild type HEK293 cells lacking EP4, PGE2 enhanced TNFα-induced IL-8 protein and mRNA synthesis. In THP-1 cells, the enhancement of TNFα-mediated IL-8 mRNA induction by PGE2 was mimicked by a PKA-activator. Furthermore in these cells PGE2 induced expression of transcription factor C/EBPß, enhanced NF-κB activation by TNFα and inhibited TNFα-mediated AP-1 activation. PGE2 and TNFα synergistically activated transcription factor CREB, induced C/EBPß expression and enhanced the activity of an IL-8 promoter fragment containing -223 bp upstream of the transcription start site. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that a combined stimulation of TNFα and PGE2/EP4 signal chains in monocytic cells leads to maximal IL-8 promoter activity, as well as IL-8 mRNA and protein induction, by activating the PKA/CREB/C/EBPß as well as NF-κB signal chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Neuschäfer-Rube
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - A Pathe-Neuschäfer-Rube
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - S Hippenstiel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Dept. of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - G P Püschel
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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González-Mariscal L, Raya-Sandino A, González-González L, Hernández-Guzmán C. Relationship between G proteins coupled receptors and tight junctions. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:e1414015. [PMID: 29420165 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1414015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are sites of cell-cell adhesion, constituted by a cytoplasmic plaque of molecules linked to integral proteins that form a network of strands around epithelial and endothelial cells at the uppermost portion of the lateral membrane. TJs maintain plasma membrane polarity and form channels and barriers that regulate the transit of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway. This structure that regulates traffic between the external milieu and the organism is affected in numerous pathological conditions and constitutes an important target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe how a wide array of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by diverse stimuli including light, ions, hormones, peptides, lipids, nucleotides and proteases, signal through heterotrimeric G proteins, arrestins and kinases to regulate TJs present in the blood-brain barrier, the blood-retinal barrier, renal tubular cells, keratinocytes, lung and colon, and the slit diaphragm of the glomerulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Laura González-González
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Christian Hernández-Guzmán
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal barrier defects are common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To identify which components could underlie these changes, we performed an in-depth analysis of epithelial barrier genes in IBD. METHODS A set of 128 intestinal barrier genes was selected. Polygenic risk scores were generated based on selected barrier gene variants that were associated with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) in our study. Gene expression was analyzed using microarray and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Influence of barrier gene variants on expression was studied by cis-expression quantitative trait loci mapping and comparing patients with low- and high-risk scores. RESULTS Barrier risk scores were significantly higher in patients with IBD than controls. At single-gene level, the associated barrier single-nucleotide polymorphisms were most significantly enriched in PTGER4 for CD and HNF4A for UC. As a group, the regulating proteins were most enriched for CD and UC. Expression analysis showed that many epithelial barrier genes were significantly dysregulated in active CD and UC, with overrepresentation of mucus layer genes. In uninflamed CD ileum and IBD colon, most barrier gene levels restored to normal, except for MUC1 and MUC4 that remained persistently increased compared with controls. Expression levels did not depend on cis-regulatory variants nor combined genetic risk. CONCLUSIONS We found genetic and transcriptomic dysregulations of key epithelial barrier genes and components in IBD. Of these, we believe that mucus genes, in particular MUC1 and MUC4, play an essential role in the pathogenesis of IBD and could represent interesting targets for treatment.
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Zhong W, Picca AJ, Lee AS, Darmani NA. Ca2+ signaling and emesis: Recent progress and new perspectives. Auton Neurosci 2017; 202:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Moreno JJ. Eicosanoid receptors: Targets for the treatment of disrupted intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 796:7-19. [PMID: 27940058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways and the consequent eicosanoid synthesis in the physiology and pathophysiology of the intestinal epithelium is currently being established. Each eicosanoid (prostanoid, leukotriene, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) preferentially recognizes one or more receptors coupled to one or more signal-transduction processes. This overview focuses on the role of eicosanoid receptors in the maintenance of intestinal epithelium physiology through the control of proliferation/differentiation/apoptosis processes. Furthermore, it is reported that the role of these receptors on the regulation of the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium have arisen through the regulation of absorption/secretion processes, tight-junction state and the control of the intestinal immune response. Also, this review considers the implication of AA cascade in the disruption of epithelial homeostasis during inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer as well as the therapeutic values and potential of the eicosanoid receptors as novel targets for the treatments of the pathologies above mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
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He GL, Luo Z, Shen TT, Li P, Yang J, Luo X, Chen CH, Gao P, Yang XS. Inhibition of STAT3- and MAPK-dependent PGE 2 synthesis ameliorates phagocytosis of fibrillar β-amyloid peptide (1-42) via EP2 receptor in EMF-stimulated N9 microglial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:296. [PMID: 27871289 PMCID: PMC5117690 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-involved neuroinflammatory processes are prevalent in several neurological conditions and diseases. Amyloid burden is correlated with the activation of E-prostanoid (EP) 2 receptors by PGE2 in Alzheimer’s disease. We previously demonstrated that electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure can induce pro-inflammatory responses and the depression of phagocytosis in microglial cells, but the signaling pathways involved in phagocytosis of fibrillar β-amyloid (fAβ) in microglial cells exposed to EMF are poorly understood. Given the important role of PGE2 in neural physiopathological processes, we investigated the PGE2-related signaling mechanism in the immunomodulatory phagocytosis of EMF-stimulated N9 microglial cells (N9 cells). Methods N9 cells were exposed to EMF with or without pretreatment with the selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and antagonists of PG receptors EP1-4. The production of endogenous PGE2 was quantified by enzyme immunoassays. The phagocytic ability of N9 cells was evaluated based on the fluorescence intensity of the engulfed fluorescent-labeled fibrillar β-amyloid peptide (1-42) (fAβ42) measured using a flow cytometer and a fluorescence microscope. The effects of pharmacological agents on EMF-activated microglia were investigated based on the expressions of JAK2, STAT3, p38/ERK/JNK MAPKs, COX-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), and EP2 using real-time PCR and/or western blotting. Results EMF exposure significantly increased the production of PGE2 and decreased the phagocytosis of fluorescent-labeled fAβ42 by N9 cells. The selective inhibitors of COX-2, JAK2, STAT3, and MAPKs clearly depressed PGE2 release and ameliorated microglial phagocytosis after EMF exposure. Pharmacological agents suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2-STAT3 and MAPKs, leading to the amelioration of the phagocytic ability of EMF-stimulated N9 cells. Antagonist studies of EP1-4 receptors showed that EMF depressed the phagocytosis of fAβ42 through the PGE2 system, which is linked to EP2 receptors. Conclusions This study indicates that EMF exposure could induce phagocytic depression via JAK2-STAT3- and MAPK-dependent PGE2-EP2 receptor signaling pathways in microglia. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 synthesis and EP2 receptors may be a potential therapeutic strategy to combat the neurobiological deterioration that follows EMF exposure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0762-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Lin He
- Department of Tropic Hygiene, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Tropic Hygiene, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Shen
- Department of Tropic Hygiene, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Tropic Hygiene, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Yang
- Department of Tropic Hygiene, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Luo
- Department of Tropic Hygiene, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Sen Yang
- Department of Tropic Hygiene, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Safdari B, Sia T, Wattchow D, Smid S. Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharide and COX-2 mediators on human colonic neuromuscular function and epithelial permeability. Cytokine 2016; 83:231-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ni WJ, Tang LQ, Zhou H, Ding HH, Qiu YY. Renoprotective effect of berberine via regulating the PGE2 -EP1-Gαq-Ca(2+) signalling pathway in glomerular mesangial cells of diabetic rats. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1491-502. [PMID: 27098986 PMCID: PMC4956950 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G‐protein coupled receptor‐mediated pathogenesis is of great importance in the development of diabetic complications, but the detailed mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Therefore, we aimed to explore the roles of the prostaglandin E2 receptor 1 (EP1)‐mediated signalling pathway and develop a corresponding treatment for diabetic nephropathy (DN). To create the DN model, rats fed a high‐fat and high‐glucose diet were injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p.). Then, rats were either treated or not with berberine (100 mg/kg per day, i.g., 8 weeks). Cells were isolated from the renal cortex and cultured in high‐sugar medium with 20% foetal bovine serum. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were determined by ELISA, and cells were identified by fluorescence immunoassay. We measured the biochemical characteristics and observed morphological changes by periodic‐acid‐Schiff staining. The expression of the EP1 receptor and the roles of GRK2 and β‐arrestin2 were identified using western blotting and flow cytometry. Downstream proteins were detected by western blot, while molecular changes were assessed by ELISA and laser confocal scanning microscopy. Berberine not only improved the majority of biochemical and renal functional parameters but also improved the histopathological alterations. A significant increase in PGE2 level, EP1 membrane expression and Gαq expression, and concentration of Ca2+ were observed, accompanied by increased GRK2 and β‐arrestin2 levels soon afterwards. Berberine decreased the abnormal concentration of Ca2+, the increased levels of PGE2, the high expression of EP1 and Gαq and suppressed the proliferation of mesangial cells. The EP1 receptor, a critical therapeutic target of the signalling pathway, contributed to mesangial cell abnormalities, which are linked to renal injury in DN. The observed renoprotective effects of berberine via regulating the PGE2‐EP1‐Gαq‐Ca2+ signalling pathway indicating that berberine could be a promising anti‐DN medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jian Ni
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, China
| | - Li-Qin Tang
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- West Branch of Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hai-Hua Ding
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuan-Ye Qiu
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, China
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Ivonnet P, Unwalla H, Salathe M, Conner GE. Soluble adenylyl cyclase mediates hydrogen peroxide-induced changes in epithelial barrier function. Respir Res 2016; 17:15. [PMID: 26857816 PMCID: PMC4746823 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated H2O2 levels are associated with inflammatory diseases and H2O2 exposure is known to disrupt epithelial barrier function, leading to increased permeability and decreased electrical resistance. In normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, fully differentiated at the air liquid interface (ALI), H2O2 activates an autocrine prostaglandin pathway that stimulates transmembrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC) as well as soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), but the role of this autocrine pathway in H2O2-mediated barrier disruption is not entirely clear. METHODS To further characterize the mechanism of H2O2-induced barrier disruption, NHBE cultures were treated with H2O2 and evaluated for changes in transepithelial resistance and mannitol permeability using agonist and inhibitors to dissect the pathway. RESULTS A short (<10 min) H2O2 treatment was sufficient to induce resistance and permeability changes that occurred 40 min to 1 h later and the changes were partially sensitive to EP1 but not EP4 receptor antagonists. EP1 receptors were localized to the apical compartment of NHBE. Resistance and permeability changes were sensitive to inhibition of sAC but not tmAC and were partially blocked by PKA inhibition. Pretreatment with a PLC inhibitor or an IP3 receptor antagonist reduced changes in resistance and permeability suggesting activation of sAC occurred through increased intracellular calcium. CONCLUSION The data support an important role for prostaglandin activation of sAC and PKA in H2O2-induced barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ivonnet
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, 33136, FL, USA.
| | - Hoshang Unwalla
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, 33136, FL, USA.
| | - Gregory E Conner
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, 33136, FL, USA.
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Tao S, Han Z, Tian J, Cong R, Duanmu Y, Dong H, Ni Y, Zhao R. Downregulation of prostaglandin E2 is involved in hindgut mucosal damage in lactating goats fed a high-concentrate diet. Exp Physiol 2015; 101:272-81. [PMID: 26593381 DOI: 10.1113/ep085256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? A high-concentrate (HC) diet results in damage to the hindgut mucosa. The aim of the study was to investigate the status of epithelial proliferation in the hindgut mucosa of goats with subacute ruminal acidosis and, simultaneously, to evaluate prostaglandin E2 synthesis and the downstream signalling pathways. What is the main finding and its importance? The downregulation of local prostaglandin E2 synthesis and its downstream signalling pathway are involved in the process of inhibiting epithelial proliferation in the hindgut epithelium of HC-fed goats. Our results provide new insight into the relationship between abnormal fermentation in the hindgut and damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier. Our previous data demonstrated that feeding a high-concentrate (HC) diet to lactating goats for a long time causes severe damage to the hindgut mucosa and parallels the activation of cell apoptosis and local oxidative stress. In the present study, changes in production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) and its signalling pathway were evaluated in the process of epithelial barrier disruption in the hindgut. Twelve goats in mid-lactation were randomly assigned to either a HC diet group or a low-concentrate (LC) diet group for 10 weeks. Cell proliferation markers, cyclooxygenase-2 activity, PGE2 content and the relative signalling pathway, including CREB and AKT, were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of MKI67 and CCND2 (two proliferation markers) were significantly decreased in the caecal mucosa of HC- compared with LC-fed goats (P < 0.05). The protein content of interleukin-10 and β-defensin in the caecal mucosa was also downregulated in HC-fed goats (P < 0.05). The HC-fed goats showed a tendency to a decrease in cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme activity (P = 0.081) and a significant decrease of local PGE2 content and EP4 (PGE2 receptor) protein expression in caecal mucosa (P < 0.05). Moreover, the protein abundance of p-CREB (P = 0.069) and p-AKT (P < 0.05) and the mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (P < 0.05) were downregulated in caecal mucosa of HC- compared with LC-fed goats. These results indicate that a reduction in epithelial cell proliferation was partly responsible for the damage to the epithelial barrier, which might be associated with the downregulation of PGE2 synthesis and its downstream signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rihua Cong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
| | - Yongqian Duanmu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingdong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Intestinal barrier dysfunction and increased COX-2 gene expression in the gut of elderly rats with acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2015; 16:52-6. [PMID: 26610611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The clinical course of acute pancreatitis can vary from mild to severe. In its most severe manifestation, acute pancreatitis is associated with an exacerbated systemic inflammatory response and high mortality rates. The severe form of acute pancreatitis is more frequent in elderly patients than in young patients, but the mechanisms underlying this difference are still under investigation. METHODS Rats were divided into two groups as follows: Group 1, young rats; and Group 2, old rats. Acute pancreatitis group was induced by a retrograde injection of a sodium taurocholate solution into the biliopancreatic duct. Using this model of acute pancreatic injury, we designed a study to investigate possible differences in microbial translocation and characteristics of the intestinal barrier between elderly and young rats. RESULTS There was a significantly higher number of bacterial colonies in the pancreas of elderly rats compared with young rats following pancreas injury, which was associated with a more severe local intestinal inflammatory response that included elevated gene expression of COX-2 and a decreased gene expression of tight junction proteins. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that intestinal damage during acute pancreatitis is exacerbated in elderly rats compared with young rats and that COX-2 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic target to offer tailored treatment for acute pancreatitis in the elderly.
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Le Loupp AG, Bach-Ngohou K, Bettan A, Denis M, Masson D. [Dual role for prostaglandin D2 in intestinal epithelial homeostasis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:617-21. [PMID: 26152165 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153106014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and derivatives are lipid mediators involved in the control of the intestinal epithelial barrier homeostasis. Their involvement in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still debated. Several results highlight the duality of PGD2 as an anti- or pro-inflammatory mediator. This duality seems to be related to a differential expression of its receptors by intestinal epithelial cells and the surrounding immunocompetent cells. The enteric glial cells from the enteric nervous system (ENS) express the lipocalin-type-prostaglandin D synthase and secrete PGD2 and 15d-PGJ2. The protective role of the ENS in the homeostatic control of the epithelial intestinal barrier and its involvement in the pathogenesis of IBD have already been demonstrated. Thus, these lipid mediators seem to be new actors of the neuro-glio-epithelial unit and could play a crucial role maintaining gut barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gaelle Le Loupp
- Inserm UMR913, institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, Université de Nantes, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes, France - Laboratoire de Biochimie, institut de biologie, CHU Nantes, 9, quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Kalyane Bach-Ngohou
- Inserm UMR913, institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, Université de Nantes, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes, France - Laboratoire de Biochimie, institut de biologie, CHU Nantes, 9, quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Armel Bettan
- Inserm UMR913, institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, Université de Nantes, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Marc Denis
- Inserm UMR913, institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, Université de Nantes, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes, France - Laboratoire de Biochimie, institut de biologie, CHU Nantes, 9, quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Damien Masson
- Inserm UMR913, institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, Université de Nantes, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes, France - Laboratoire de Biochimie, institut de biologie, CHU Nantes, 9, quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes, France
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Brayden DJ, Maher S, Bahar B, Walsh E. Sodium caprate-induced increases in intestinal permeability and epithelial damage are prevented by misoprostol. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:194-206. [PMID: 26026287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial damage caused by intestinal permeation enhancers is a source of debate concerning safety. The medium chain fatty acid, sodium caprate (C10), causes reversible membrane perturbation at high dose levels required for efficacy in vivo, so the aim was to model it in vitro. Exposure of Caco-2 monolayers to 8.5mM C10 for 60min followed by incubation in fresh buffer led to (i) recovery in epithelial permeability (i.e. transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of [(14)C]-mannitol), (ii) recovery of cell viability parameters (monolayer morphology, plasma membrane potential, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular calcium) and (iii) reduction in mRNA expression associated with inflammation (IL-8). Pre-incubation of monolayers with a mucosal prostaglandin cytoprotectant was attempted in order to further decipher the mechanism of C10. Misoprostol (100nM), inhibited C10-induced changes in monolayer parameters, an effect that was partially attenuated by the EP1 receptor antagonist, SC51322. In rat isolated intestinal tissue mucosae and in situ loop instillations, C10-induced respective increases in the [(14)C]-mannitol Papp and the AUC of FITC-dextran 4000 (FD-4) were similarly inhibited by misoprostol, with accompanying morphological damage spared. These data support a temporary membrane perturbation effect of C10, which is linked to its capacity to mainly increase paracellular flux, but which can be prevented by pre-exposure to misoprostol.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Brayden
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sam Maher
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bojlul Bahar
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Edwin Walsh
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Gehren AS, Rocha MR, de Souza WF, Morgado-Díaz JA. Alterations of the apical junctional complex and actin cytoskeleton and their role in colorectal cancer progression. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1017688. [PMID: 26451338 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1017688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer represents the fourth highest mortality rate among cancer types worldwide. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate their progression can prevents or reduces mortality due to this disease. Epithelial cells present an apical junctional complex connected to the actin cytoskeleton, which maintains the dynamic properties of this complex, tissue architecture and cell homeostasis. Several studies have indicated that apical junctional complex alterations and actin cytoskeleton disorganization play a critical role in epithelial cancer progression. However, few studies have examined the existence of an interrelation between these 2 components, particularly in colorectal cancer. This review discusses the recent progress toward elucidating the role of alterations of apical junctional complex constituents and of modifications of actin cytoskeleton organization and discusses how these events are interlinked to modulate cellular responses related to colorectal cancer progression toward successful metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Sartorio Gehren
- Program of Cellular Biology; Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Murilo Ramos Rocha
- Program of Cellular Biology; Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - José Andrés Morgado-Díaz
- Program of Cellular Biology; Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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St-Jacques B, Ma W. Peripheral prostaglandin E2 prolongs the sensitization of nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons possibly by facilitating the synthesis and anterograde axonal trafficking of EP4 receptors. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:354-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Technological advances in the large scale analysis of human genetics have generated profound insights into possible genetic contributions to chronic diseases including the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. To date, 163 distinct genetic risk loci have been associated with either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, with a substantial degree of genetic overlap between these 2 conditions. Although many risk variants show a reproducible correlation with disease, individual gene associations only affect a subset of patients, and the functional contribution(s) of these risk variants to the onset of IBD is largely undetermined. Although studies in twins have demonstrated that the development of IBD is not mediated solely by genetic risk, it is nevertheless important to elucidate the functional consequences of risk variants for gene function in relevant cell types known to regulate key physiological processes that are compromised in IBD. This article will discuss IBD candidate genes that are known to be, or are suspected of being, involved in regulating the intestinal epithelial barrier and several of the physiological processes presided over by this dynamic and versatile layer of cells. This will include assembly and regulation of tight junctions, cell adhesion and polarity, mucus and glycoprotein regulation, bacterial sensing, membrane transport, epithelial differentiation, and restitution.
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Darmani NA, Zhong W, Chebolu S, Vaezi M, Alkam T. Broad-spectrum antiemetic potential of the L-type calcium channel antagonist nifedipine and evidence for its additive antiemetic interaction with the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist palonosetron in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 722:2-12. [PMID: 24513517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin-like chemotherapeutics cause vomiting via release of multiple neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin (5-HT), or substance P (SP)) from the gastrointestinal enterochromaffin cells and/or the brainstem via a calcium dependent process. Diverse channels in the plasma membrane allow extracellular Ca(2+) entry into cells for the transmitter release process. Agonists of 5-HT3 receptors increase calcium influx through both 5-HT3 receptors and L-type Ca(2+) channels. We envisaged that L-type calcium agonists such as FPL 64176 should cause vomiting and corresponding antagonists such as nifedipine would behave as broad-spectrum antiemetics. Administration of FPL 64176 did cause vomiting in the least shrew in a dose-dependent fashion. Nifedipine and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist palonosetron, potently suppressed FPL 64176-induced vomiting, while a combination of ineffective doses of these antagonists was more efficacious. Subsequently, we investigated the broad-spectrum antiemetic potential of nifedipine against diverse emetogens including agonists of serotonergic 5-HT3- (e.g. 5-HT or 2-Me-5-HT), SP tachykinin NK1- (GR73632), dopamine D2- (apomorphine or quinpirole), and cholinergic M1- (McN-A-343) receptors, as well as the non-specific emetogen, cisplatin. Nifedipine by itself suppressed vomiting in a potent and dose-dependent manner caused by the above emetogens except cisplatin. Moreover, low doses of nifedipine potentiated the antiemetic efficacy of non-effective or semi-effective doses of palonosetron against vomiting caused by either 2-Me-5-HT or cisplatin. Thus, our findings demonstrate that activation of L-type calcium channels causes vomiting, whereas blockade of these ion channels by nifedipine-like antagonists not only provides broad-spectrum antiemetic activity but can also potentiate the antiemetic efficacy of well-established antiemetics such as palonosetron. L-type calcium channel antagonists should also provide antiemetic activity against drug-induced vomiting as well as other emetogens including bacterial and viral proteins.
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Storniolo CE, Roselló-Catafau J, Pintó X, Mitjavila MT, Moreno JJ. Polyphenol fraction of extra virgin olive oil protects against endothelial dysfunction induced by high glucose and free fatty acids through modulation of nitric oxide and endothelin-1. Redox Biol 2014; 2:971-7. [PMID: 25460732 PMCID: PMC4215463 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have reported that olive oil reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms involved in this beneficial effect have not been delineated. The endothelium plays an important role in blood pressure regulation through the release of potent vasodilator and vasoconstrictor agents such as nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), respectively, events that are disrupted in type 2 diabetes. Extra virgin olive oil contains polyphenols, compounds that exert a biological action on endothelial function. This study analyzes the effects of olive oil polyphenols on endothelial dysfunction using an in vitro model that simulates the conditions of type 2 diabetes. Our findings show that high glucose and linoleic and oleic acids decrease endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation, and consequently intracellular NO levels, and increase ET-1 synthesis by ECV304 cells. These effects may be related to the stimulation of reactive oxygen species production in these experimental conditions. Hydroxytyrosol and the polyphenol extract from extra virgin olive oil partially reversed the above events. Moreover, we observed that high glucose and free fatty acids reduced NO and increased ET-1 levels induced by acetylcholine through the modulation of intracellular calcium concentrations and endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation, events also reverted by hydroxytyrosol and polyphenol extract. Thus, our results suggest a protective effect of olive oil polyphenols on endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia and free fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Emilia Storniolo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Joan Roselló-Catafau
- Department of Experimental Pathology, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona E-08036, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona E-08907, Spain
| | - María Teresa Mitjavila
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 485, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Juan José Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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Zhong W, Chebolu S, Darmani NA. Broad-spectrum antiemetic efficacy of the l-type calcium channel blocker amlodipine in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 120:124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Short SS, Wang J, Castle SL, Fernandez GE, Smiley N, Zobel M, Pontarelli EM, Papillon SC, Grishin AV, Ford HR. Low doses of celecoxib attenuate gut barrier failure during experimental peritonitis. J Transl Med 2013; 93:1265-75. [PMID: 24126890 PMCID: PMC3966546 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier becomes compromised during systemic inflammation, leading to the entry of luminal bacteria into the host and gut origin sepsis. Pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory gut barrier failure is an important problem in critical care. In this study, we examined the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in the production of inflammatory prostanoids, in gut barrier failure during experimental peritonitis in mice. I.p. injection of LPS or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) increased the levels of COX-2 and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the ileal mucosa, caused pathologic sloughing of the intestinal epithelium, increased passage of FITC-dextran and bacterial translocation across the barrier, and increased internalization of the tight junction (TJ)-associated proteins junction-associated molecule-A and zonula occludens-1. Luminal instillation of PGE2 in an isolated ileal loop increased transepithelial passage of FITC-dextran. Low doses (0.5-1 mg/kg), but not a higher dose (5 mg/kg) of the specific COX-2 inhibitor Celecoxib partially ameliorated the inflammatory gut barrier failure. These results demonstrate that high levels of COX-2-derived PGE2 seen in the mucosa during peritonitis contribute to gut barrier failure, presumably by compromising TJs. Low doses of specific COX-2 inhibitors may blunt this effect while preserving the homeostatic function of COX-2-derived prostanoids. Low doses of COX-2 inhibitors may find use as an adjunct barrier-protecting therapy in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S. Short
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jin Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shannon L. Castle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Nancy Smiley
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Zobel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeth M. Pontarelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephanie C. Papillon
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anatoly V. Grishin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Henri R. Ford
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Composition and Antidiarrheal Activity of Bidens odorata Cav. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:170290. [PMID: 24282432 PMCID: PMC3825220 DOI: 10.1155/2013/170290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antidiarrheal effects of chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts of Bidens odorata Cav. were investigated at doses of 200 mg/kg on castor-oil-induced diarrhea. The chloroform extract of B. odorata (CBO) reduced diarrhea by 72.72%. The effect of CBO was evaluated on mice with diarrhea induced by castor oil, MgSO4, arachidonic acid, or prostaglandin E2. CBO inhibited the contraction induced by carbachol chloride on ileum (100 µg/mL) and intestinal transit (200 mg/kg) in Wistar rats. The active fraction of CBO (F4) at doses of 100 mg/kg inhibited the diarrhea induced by castor oil (90.1%) or arachidonic acid (72.9%) but did not inhibit the diarrhea induced by PGE2. The active fraction of F4 (FR5) only was tested on diarrhea induced with castor oil and inhibited this diarrhea by 92.1%. The compositions of F4 and FR5 were determined by GC-MS, and oleic, palmitic, linoleic, and stearic acids were found. F4 and a mixture of the four fatty acids inhibited diarrhea at doses of 100 mg/kg (90.1% and 70.6%, resp.). The results of this study show that B. odorata has antidiarrheal effects, as is claimed by folk medicine, and could possibly be used for the production of a phytomedicine.
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Rodríguez-Lagunas M, Storniolo C, Ferrer R, Moreno J. 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene D4 increase intestinal epithelial paracellular permeability. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1318-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Yokoyama U, Iwatsubo K, Umemura M, Fujita T, Ishikawa Y. The Prostanoid EP4 Receptor and Its Signaling Pathway. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1010-52. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Cabral M, Martín-Venegas R, Moreno JJ. Role of arachidonic acid metabolites on the control of non-differentiated intestinal epithelial cell growth. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1620-8. [PMID: 23685077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly evidence indicates that enzymes, receptors and metabolites of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade play a role in intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and colorectal tumorigenesis. However, the information available does not provide a complete picture and contains a number of discrepancies. For this reason it might be appropriate a thorough study into the impacts of the AA cascade on intestinal epithelial cell growth. Our data show that non-differentiated Caco-2 cells cultured with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) synthesize appreciable amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and 5-, 12 and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) but not LTD4, 20-HETE and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. We also found that inhibitors of PGE2, LTB4 and 5-, 12-, 15-HETE synthesis as well as receptor antagonists of PGE2 and LTB4 blocked Caco-2 cell growth and DNA synthesis induced by 10% FBS without cytotoxic or apoptotic activity. Interestingly, PGE2, LTB4 and 5-, 12- and 15-HETE at concentrations reached in 10% FBS Caco-2 cultures (1-10nM) were able to induce Caco-2 cell growth and DNA synthesis. This was due to the interaction of PGE2 with EP1 and EP4 receptors and LTB4 and HETEs with BLT1 and BLT2 receptors. Moreover, we provide evidence that PGE2 stimulates several cell signaling pathways such as ERK, P38α, CREB and GSKβ/β-catenin involved in the regulation of Caco-2 growth. Finally, we provide evidence that the mitogenic effects of LTB4 and HETEs can be dependent, at least in part, on PGE2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Cabral
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Ferrer R, Moreno JJ. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid-derived prostaglandin E3 on intestinal epithelial barrier function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:339-45. [PMID: 23453388 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) are inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic or eicosapentaenoic acid giving rise to the 2-series or the 3-series prostanoids, respectively. Previously, we have observed that PGE2 disrupts epithelial barrier function. Considering the beneficial effect of fish oil consumption in intestinal inflammatory processes, the aim of this study was to assess the role of PGE3 on epithelial barrier function assessed from transepithelial electrical resistance and dextran fluxes in Caco-2 cells. The results indicate that PGE3 increased paracellular permeability (PP) to the same extent as PGE2, through the interaction with EP1 and EP4 receptors and with intracellular Ca(2+) and cAMP as the downstream targets. Moreover, we observed a redistribution of tight junction proteins, occludin and claudin-4. In conclusion, PGE3 is able to increase PP thus leading to reconsider the role of PGE2/PGE3 ratio in the beneficial effects of dietary fish oil supplementation in the disruption of barrier function.
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Role of 12-lipoxygenase derived eicosanoids on epithelial barrier function in intestinal Caco-2 cells. Proc Nutr Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yang Y, Tang LQ, Wei W. Prostanoids receptors signaling in different diseases/cancers progression. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:14-27. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.752003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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