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Cohen S. Role of calpains in promoting desmin filaments depolymerization and muscle atrophy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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2
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Hyatt HW, Powers SK. The Role of Calpains in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling with Exercise and Inactivity-induced Atrophy. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:994-1008. [PMID: 32679598 DOI: 10.1055/a-1199-7662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are cysteine proteases expressed in skeletal muscle fibers and other cells. Although calpain was first reported to act as a kinase activating factor in skeletal muscle, the consensus is now that calpains play a canonical role in protein turnover. However, recent evidence reveals new and exciting roles for calpains in skeletal muscle. This review will discuss the functions of calpains in skeletal muscle remodeling in response to both exercise and inactivity-induced muscle atrophy. Calpains participate in protein turnover and muscle remodeling by selectively cleaving target proteins and creating fragmented proteins that can be further degraded by other proteolytic systems. Nonetheless, an often overlooked function of calpains is that calpain-mediated cleavage of proteins can result in fragmented proteins that are biologically active and have the potential to actively influence cell signaling. In this manner, calpains function beyond their roles in protein turnover and influence downstream signaling effects. This review will highlight both the canonical and noncanonical roles that calpains play in skeletal muscle remodeling including sarcomere transformation, membrane repair, triad junction formation, regulation of excitation-contraction coupling, protein turnover, cell signaling, and mitochondrial function. We conclude with a discussion of key unanswered questions regarding the roles that calpains play in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden W Hyatt
- Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Scott K Powers
- Applied Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
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3
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Muscle-specific activation of calpain system in hindlimb unloading rats and hibernating Daurian ground squirrels: a comparison between artificial and natural disuse. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:863-876. [PMID: 30039299 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether the regulation of calpain system is involved in non-hibernators and hibernators in disused condition, the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were used for investigating the muscle mass, the ratio of muscle wet weight/body weight (MWW/BW), fiber-type distribution, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and the protein expression of MuRF1, calpain-1, calpain-2, calpastatin, desmin, troponin T, and troponin C in hindlimb unloading rats and hibernating Daurian ground squirrels. The muscle mass, MWW/BW, and fiber CSA were found significantly decreased in SOL and EDL of hindlimb unloading rats, but unchanged in hibernating ground squirrels. The MuRF1 expression was increased in both SOL and EDL of unloading rats, while it was only increased in SOL, but maintained in EDL of hibernating ground squirrels. The expression levels of calpain-1 and calpain-2 were increased in different degrees in unloaded SOL and EDL in rats, while they were maintained in EDL and even reduced in SOL of hibernating ground squirrels. Besides, the expression of calpastatin was decreased in unloaded rats, but increased in hibernating ground squirrels. The desmin expression was decreased in unloaded rats, but maintained in hibernating squirrels. Interestingly, the levels of troponin T and troponin C were decreased in both SOL and EDL of unloaded rats, but increased in hibernating ground squirrels with muscle-type specificity. In conclusion, differential calpain activation and substrate-selective degradation in slow and fast muscles are involved in the mechanisms of muscle atrophy of unloaded rats and remarkable ability of muscle maintenance of hibernating ground squirrels.
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Pierre N, Appriou Z, Gratas-Delamarche A, Derbré F. From physical inactivity to immobilization: Dissecting the role of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle insulin resistance and atrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:197-207. [PMID: 26744239 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the literature, the terms physical inactivity and immobilization are largely used as synonyms. The present review emphasizes the need to establish a clear distinction between these two situations. Physical inactivity is a behavior characterized by a lack of physical activity, whereas immobilization is a deprivation of movement for medical purpose. In agreement with these definitions, appropriate models exist to study either physical inactivity or immobilization, leading thereby to distinct conclusions. In this review, we examine the involvement of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle insulin resistance and atrophy induced by, respectively, physical inactivity and immobilization. A large body of evidence demonstrates that immobilization-induced atrophy depends on the chronic overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). On the other hand, the involvement of RONS in physical inactivity-induced insulin resistance has not been investigated. This observation outlines the need to elucidate the mechanism by which physical inactivity promotes insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pierre
- EA1274 Laboratory "Movement, Sport and Health Sciences" M2S, Rennes 2 University - ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Zephyra Appriou
- EA1274 Laboratory "Movement, Sport and Health Sciences" M2S, Rennes 2 University - ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Arlette Gratas-Delamarche
- EA1274 Laboratory "Movement, Sport and Health Sciences" M2S, Rennes 2 University - ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Frédéric Derbré
- EA1274 Laboratory "Movement, Sport and Health Sciences" M2S, Rennes 2 University - ENS Rennes, Bruz, France.
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5
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Slimani L, Vazeille E, Deval C, Meunier B, Polge C, Dardevet D, Béchet D, Taillandier D, Micol D, Listrat A, Attaix D, Combaret L. The delayed recovery of the remobilized rat tibialis anterior muscle reflects a defect in proliferative and terminal differentiation that impairs early regenerative processes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6:73-83. [PMID: 26136414 PMCID: PMC4435099 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immobilization-induced tibialis anterior (TA) muscle atrophy worsens after cast removal and is associated with altered extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. The secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (Sparc) is an ECM component involved in Akt activation and in β-catenin stabilization, which controls protein turnover and induces muscle regulatory factors (MRFs), respectively. We hypothesized that ECM alterations may influence these intracellular signalling pathways controlling TA muscle mass. METHODS Six-month-old Wistar rats were subjected to hindlimb cast immobilization for 8 days (I8) or not (I0) and allowed to recover for 1 to 10 days (R1-10). RESULTS The TA atrophy during remobilization correlated with reduced fibre cross-sectional area and thickening of endomysium. mRNA levels for Sparc increased during remobilization until R10 and for integrin-α7 and -β1 at I8 and R1. Integrin-linked kinase protein levels increased during immobilization and remobilization until R10. This was inversely correlated with changes in Akt phosphorylation. β-Catenin protein levels increased in the remobilized TA at R1 and R10. mRNA levels of the proliferative MRFs (Myf5 and MyoD) increased at I8 and R1, respectively, without changes in Myf5 protein levels. In contrast, myogenin mRNA levels (a terminal differentiation MRF) decreased at R1, but only increased at R10 in remobilized muscles, as for protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, this suggests that the TA inefficiently attempted to preserve regeneration during immobilization by increasing transcription of proliferative MRFs, and that the TA could engage recovery during remobilization only when the terminal differentiation step of regeneration is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Slimani
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH, F-63000, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emilie Vazeille
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christiane Deval
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH, F-63000, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Meunier
- INRA, UMR 1213 Herbivores, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Cécile Polge
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH, F-63000, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH, F-63000, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniel Béchet
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH, F-63000, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniel Taillandier
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH, F-63000, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Micol
- INRA, UMR 1213 Herbivores, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Anne Listrat
- INRA, UMR 1213 Herbivores, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Didier Attaix
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH, F-63000, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lydie Combaret
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH, F-63000, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Oki K, Halievski K, Vicente L, Xu Y, Zeolla D, Poort J, Katsuno M, Adachi H, Sobue G, Wiseman RW, Breedlove SM, Jordan CL. Contractile dysfunction in muscle may underlie androgen-dependent motor dysfunction in spinal bulbar muscular atrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:941-52. [PMID: 25663674 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00886.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is characterized by progressive muscle weakness linked to a polyglutamine expansion in the androgen receptor (AR). Current evidence indicates that mutant AR causes SBMA by acting in muscle to perturb its function. However, information about how muscle function is impaired is scant. One fundamental question is whether the intrinsic strength of muscles, an attribute of muscle independent of its mass, is affected. In the current study, we assess the contractile properties of hindlimb muscles in vitro from chronically diseased males of three different SBMA mouse models: a transgenic (Tg) model that broadly expresses a full-length human AR with 97 CAGs (97Q), a knock-in (KI) model that expresses a humanized AR containing a CAG expansion in the first exon, and a Tg myogenic model that overexpresses wild-type AR only in skeletal muscle fibers. We found that hindlimb muscles in the two Tg models (97Q and myogenic) showed marked losses in their intrinsic strength and resistance to fatigue, but were minimally affected in KI males. However, diseased muscles of all three models showed symptoms consistent with myotonic dystrophy type 1, namely, reduced resting membrane potential and deficits in chloride channel mRNA. These data indicate that muscle dysfunction is a core feature of SBMA caused by at least some of the same pathogenic mechanisms as myotonic dystrophy. Thus mechanisms controlling muscle function per se independent of mass are prime targets for SBMA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oki
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - Laura Vicente
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Youfen Xu
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Donald Zeolla
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jessica Poort
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan; and
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Robert W Wiseman
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - S Marc Breedlove
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Cynthia L Jordan
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan;
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7
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Reilly BD, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Activity, abundance and expression of Ca2+-activated proteases in skeletal muscle of the aestivating frog, Cyclorana alboguttata. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 185:243-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Yang CX, He Y, Gao YF, Wang HP, Goswami N. Changes in calpains and calpastatin in the soleus muscle of Daurian ground squirrels during hibernation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 176:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Preziosa E, Liu S, Terova G, Gao X, Liu H, Kucuktas H, Terhune J, Liu Z. Effect of nutrient restriction and re-feeding on calpain family genes in skeletal muscle of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). PLoS One 2013; 8:e59404. [PMID: 23527186 PMCID: PMC3602173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calpains, a superfamily of intracellular calcium-dependent cysteine proteases, are involved in the cytoskeletal remodeling and wasting of skeletal muscle. Calpains are generated as inactive proenzymes which are activated by N-terminal autolysis induced by calcium-ions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we characterized the full-length cDNA sequences of three calpain genes, clpn1, clpn2, and clpn3 in channel catfish, and assessed the effect of nutrient restriction and subsequent re-feeding on the expression of these genes in skeletal muscle. The clpn1 cDNA sequence encodes a protein of 704 amino acids, Clpn2 of 696 amino acids, and Clpn3 of 741 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis of deduced amino acid sequences indicate that catfish Clpn1 and Clpn2 share a sequence similarity of 61%; catfish Clpn1 and Clpn3 of 48%, and Clpn2 and Clpn3 of only 45%. The domain structure architectures of all three calpain genes in channel catfish are similar to those of other vertebrates, further supported by strong bootstrap values during phylogenetic analyses. Starvation of channel catfish (average weight, 15-20 g) for 35 days influenced the expression of clpn1 (2.3-fold decrease, P<0.05), clpn2 (1.3-fold increase, P<0.05), and clpn3 (13.0-fold decrease, P<0.05), whereas the subsequent refeeding did not change the expression of these genes as measured by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Calpain catalytic activity in channel catfish skeletal muscle showed significant differences only during the starvation period, with a 1.2- and 1.4- fold increase (P<0.01) after 17 and 35 days of starvation, respectively. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We have assessed that fasting and refeeding may provide a suitable experimental model to provide us insight into the role of calpains during fish muscle atrophy and how they respond to changes in nutrient supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Preziosa
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Inter-University Centre for Research in Protein Biotechnologies “The Protein Factory”- Polytechnic University of Milan and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Shikai Liu
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Inter-University Centre for Research in Protein Biotechnologies “The Protein Factory”- Polytechnic University of Milan and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Hong Liu
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Huseyin Kucuktas
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jeffery Terhune
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Alabama, United States of America
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Zhu S, Nagashima M, Khan MAS, Yasuhara S, Kaneki M, Martyn JAJ. Lack of caspase-3 attenuates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy and loss of tension generation along with mitigation of apoptosis and inflammation. Muscle Nerve 2013; 47:711-21. [PMID: 23401051 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immobilization by casting induces disuse muscle atrophy (DMA). METHODS Using wild type (WT) and caspase-3 knockout (KO) mice, we evaluated the effect of caspase-3 on muscle mass, apoptosis, and inflammation during DMA. RESULTS Caspase-3 deficiency significantly attenuated muscle mass decrease [gastrocnemius: 28 ± 1% in KO vs. 41 ± 3% in WT; soleus: 47 ± 2% in KO vs. 56 ± 2% in WT; (P < 0.05)] and gastrocnemius twitch tension decrease (23 ± 4% in KO vs. 36 ± 3% in WT, P < 0.05) at day 14 in immobilized vs. contralateral hindlimb. Lack of caspase-3 decreased immobilization-induced increased apoptotic myonuclei (3.2-fold) and macrophage infiltration (2.2-fold) in soleus muscle and attenuated increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA expression (2-fold in KO vs. 18-fold in WT) in gastrocnemius. CONCLUSIONS Caspase-3 plays a key role in DMA and associated decreased tension, presumably by acting on the apoptosis and inflammation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Room 206, 5l Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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11
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Douillard A, Galbes O, Begue G, Rossano B, Levin J, Vernus B, Bonnieu A, Candau R, Py G. Calpastatin overexpression in the skeletal muscle of mice prevents clenbuterol-induced muscle hypertrophy and phenotypic shift. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:364-72. [PMID: 22300302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the calpain/calpastatin system is involved in skeletal muscle remodelling induced by β(2) -adrenoceptor agonist treatment. In addition to other pathways, the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, controlling protein synthesis, and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CamK2) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, recently identified as calpain substrates, could be relevant in β(2) -adrenoceptor agonist-induced skeletal muscle remodelling. In the present study we investigated muscle hypertrophy and phenotypic shifts, as well as the molecular response of components of the Akt/mTOR pathway (i.e. Akt, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), CamK2 and AMPK), in response to calpastatin overexpression in the skeletal muscle of mice treated with 1 mg/kg per day clenbuterol for 21 days. Using gene electrotransfer of a calpastatin expression vector into the tibialis anterior of adult mice, we found that calpastatin overexpression attenuates muscle hypertrophy and phenotypic shifts induced by clenbuterol treatment. At the molecular level, calpastatin overexpression markedly decreased calpain activity, but was ineffective in altering the phosphorylation of Akt, 4E-BP1 and rpS6. In contrast, calpastatin overexpression increased the protein expression of both total AMPK and total CamK2. In conclusion, the results support the contention that the calpain/calpastatin system plays a crucial role in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and phenotypic shifts under chronic clenbuterol treatment, with AMPK and CamK2 probably playing a minor role. Moreover, the calpastatin-induced inhibition of hypertrophy under clenbuterol treatment was not related to a decreased mTOR-dependent initiation of protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Douillard
- National Institute for Agronomical Research (INRA), Muscular Dynamic and Metabolism, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Lomonosova YN, Kalamkarov GR, Bugrova AE, Shevchenko TF, Kartashkina NL, Lysenko EA, Shenkman BS, Nemirovskaya TL. Role of NO-synthase in regulation of protein metabolism of stretched rat m. soleus muscle during functional unloading. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:208-16. [PMID: 22348482 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gravitational unloading causes atrophy of muscle fibers and can lead to destruction of cytoskeletal and contractile proteins. Along with the atrophic changes, unloaded muscle frequently demonstrates significant shifts in the ratio of muscle fibers expressing fast and slow myosin heavy chain isoforms. Stretching of the m. soleus during hindlimb suspension prevents its atrophy. We supposed that neuronal NO-synthase (NOS) (which is attached to membrane dystrophin-sarcoglycan complex) can contribute to maintenance of protein metabolism in the muscle and prevent its atrophy when m. soleus is stretched. To test this hypothesis, we used Wistar rats (56 animals) in experiments with hindlimb suspension during 14 days. The group of hindlimb suspended rats with stretched m. soleus was injected with L-NAME to block NOS activity. We found that m. soleus mass and its protein content in hindlimb-suspended rats with stretched m. soleus were preserved due to prevention of protein degradation. NOS is involved in maintenance of expression of some muscle proteins. Proliferation of satellite cells in stretched m. soleus may be due to nNOS activity, but maintenance of muscle mass upon stretching is regulated not by NOS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu N Lomonosova
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Elevated calpain activity in acute myelogenous leukemia correlates with decreased calpastatin expression. Blood Cancer J 2012; 2:e51. [PMID: 22829235 PMCID: PMC3270254 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2011.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are intracellular cysteine proteases that have crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes. Elevated calpain activity has been associated with many pathological states. Calpain inhibition can be protective or lethal depending on the context. Previous work has shown that c-myc transformation regulates calpain activity by suppressing calpastatin, the endogenous negative regulator of calpain. Here, we have investigated calpain activity in primary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blast cells. Calpain activity was heterogeneous and greatly elevated over a wide range in AML blast cells, with no correlation to FAB classification. Activity was particularly elevated in the CD34+CD38− enriched fraction compared with the CD34+CD38+ fraction. Treatment of the cells with the specific calpain inhibitor, PD150606, induced significant apoptosis in AML blast cells but not in normal equivalent cells. Sensitivity to calpain inhibition correlated with calpain activity and preferentially targeted CD34+CD38− cells. There was no correlation between calpain activity and p-ERK levels, suggesting the ras pathway may not be a major contributor to calpain activity in AML. A significant negative correlation existed between calpain activity and calpastatin, suggesting calpastatin is the major regulator of activity in these cells. Analysis of previously published microarray data from a variety of AML patients demonstrated a significant negative correlation between calpastatin and c-myc expression. Patients who achieved a complete remission had significantly lower calpain activity than those who had no response to treatment. Taken together, these results demonstrate elevated calpain activity in AML, anti-leukemic activity of calpain inhibition and prognostic potential of calpain activity measurement.
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Okamoto T, Torii S, Machida S. Differential gene expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase MAFbx/Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in response to immobilization-induced atrophy of slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles. J Physiol Sci 2011; 61:537-46. [PMID: 21901639 PMCID: PMC10717876 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases MAFbx/Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 gene expression resulting from immobilization-induced skeletal muscle atrophy of slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch plantaris muscles. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to hindlimb immobilization, which induced similar percentage decreases in muscle mass in the soleus and plantaris muscles. Expression of MAFbx/Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 was significantly greater in the plantaris muscle than in the soleus muscle during the early stage of atrophy. After a 3-day period of atrophy, total FOXO3a protein level had increased in both muscles, while phosphorylated FOXO3a protein had decreased in the plantaris muscle, but not in the soleus muscle. PGC-1α protein expression did not change following immobilization in both muscles, but basal PGC-1α protein in the soleus was markedly higher than that in plantaris muscles. These data suggest that although soleus and plantaris muscles atrophied to a similar extent and that muscle-specific ubiquitin protein ligases (E3) may contribute more to the atrophy of fast-twitch muscle than to that of slow-twitch muscle during immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Okamoto
- School of Physical Education, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192 Japan
| | - Shuichi Machida
- School of Physical Education, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan
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15
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Ohira T, Terada M, Kawano F, Nakai N, Ogura A, Ohira Y. Region-specific responses of adductor longus muscle to gravitational load-dependent activity in Wistar Hannover rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21044. [PMID: 21731645 PMCID: PMC3120817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Response of adductor longus (AL) muscle to gravitational unloading and reloading was studied. Male Wistar Hannover rats (5-wk old) were hindlimb-unloaded for 16 days with or without 16-day ambulation recovery. The electromyogram (EMG) activity in AL decreased after acute unloading, but that in the rostral region was even elevated during continuous unloading. The EMG levels in the caudal region gradually increased up to 6th day, but decreased again. Approximately 97% of fibers in the caudal region were pure type I at the beginning of experiment. Mean percentage of type I fibers in the rostral region was 61% and that of type I+II and II fiber was 14 and 25%, respectively. The percent type I fibers decreased and de novo appearance of type I+II was noted after unloading. But the fiber phenotype in caudal, not rostral and middle, region was normalized after 16-day ambulation. Pronounced atrophy after unloading and re-growth following ambulation was noted in type I fibers of the caudal region. Sarcomere length in the caudal region was passively shortened during unloading, but that in the rostral region was unchanged or even stretched slightly. Growth-associated increase of myonuclear number seen in the caudal region of control rats was inhibited by unloading. Number of mitotic active satellite cells decreased after unloading only in the caudal region. It was indicated that the responses of fiber properties in AL to unloading and reloading were closely related to the region-specific neural and mechanical activities, being the caudal region more responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohira
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka City, Osaka, Japan.
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16
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Lomonosova YN, Kalamkarov GR, Bugrova AE, Shevchenko TF, Kartashkina NL, Lysenko EA, Shvets VI, Nemirovskaya TL. Protective effect of L-arginine administration on proteins of unloaded m. soleus. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:571-80. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Tetanic contractions impair sarcomeric Z-disk of atrophic soleus muscle via calpain pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 354:171-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Douillard A, Galbes O, Rossano B, Vernus B, Bonnieu A, Candau R, Py G. Time course in calpain activity and autolysis in slow and fast skeletal muscle during clenbuterol treatment. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89:117-25. [DOI: 10.1139/y10-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Calpains are Ca2+ cysteine proteases that have been proposed to be involved in the cytoskeletal remodeling and wasting of skeletal muscle. Cumulative evidence also suggests that β2-agonists can lead to skeletal muscle hypertrophy through a mechanism probably related to calcium-dependent proteolytic enzyme. The aim of our study was to monitor calpain activity as a function of clenbuterol treatment in both slow and fast phenotype rat muscles. For this purpose, for 21 days we followed the time course of the calpain activity and of the ubiquitous calpain 1 and 2 autolysis, as well as muscle remodeling in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles of male Wistar rats treated daily with clenbuterol (4 mg·kg–1). A slow to fast fiber shift was observed in both the EDL and soleus muscles after 9 days of treatment, while hypertrophy was observed only in EDL after 9 days of treatment. Soleus muscle but not EDL muscle underwent an early apoptonecrosis phase characterized by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Total calpain activity was increased in both the EDL and soleus muscles of rats treated with clenbuterol. Moreover, calpain 1 autolysis increased significantly after 14 days in the EDL, but not in the soleus. Calpain 2 autolysis increased significantly in both muscles 6 hours after the first clenbuterol injection, indicating that clenbuterol-induced calpain 2 autolysis occurred earlier than calpain 1 autolysis. Together, these data suggest a preferential involvement of calpain 2 autolysis compared with calpain 1 autolysis in the mechanisms underlying the clenbuterol-induced skeletal muscle remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Douillard
- INRA, UMR866 Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Galbes
- INRA, UMR866 Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Bernadette Rossano
- INRA, UMR866 Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Vernus
- INRA, UMR866 Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Bonnieu
- INRA, UMR866 Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Robin Candau
- INRA, UMR866 Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Py
- INRA, UMR866 Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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Yamamoto D, Maki T, Herningtyas EH, Ikeshita N, Shibahara H, Sugiyama Y, Nakanishi S, Iida K, Iguchi G, Takahashi Y, Kaji H, Chihara K, Okimura Y. Branched-chain amino acids protect against dexamethasone-induced soleus muscle atrophy in rats. Muscle Nerve 2010; 41:819-27. [PMID: 20169591 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the utility of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Dexamethasone (600 microg/kg, intraperitoneally) and/or BCAA (600 mg/kg, orally) were administered for 5 days in rats, and the effect of BCAA on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy was evaluated. Dexamethasone decreased total protein concentration of rat soleus muscles. Concomitant administration of BCAA reversed the decrease. Dexamethasone decreased mean cross-sectional area of soleus muscle fibers, which was reversed by BCAA. Dexamethasone increased atrogin-1 expression, which has been reported to play a pivotal role in muscle atrophy. The increased expression of atrogin-1 mRNA was significantly attenuated by BCAA. Furthermore, dexamethasone-induced conversion from microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-I to LC3-II, which is an indicator of autophagy, was blocked by BCAA. These findings suggest that BCAA decreased protein breakdown to prevent muscle atrophy. BCAA administration appears to be useful for prevention of steroid myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, 7-10-2, Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
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20
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Salazar JJ, Michele DE, Brooks SV. Inhibition of calpain prevents muscle weakness and disruption of sarcomere structure during hindlimb suspension. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:120-7. [PMID: 19892928 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01080.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Unloading skeletal muscle results in atrophy and weakness. Inhibition of calpain activity during unloading reduced atrophy, but the impact on force generation has not been determined. Our hypothesis was that inhibition of calpain, through muscle-specific overexpression of calpastatin, would prevent the disruption of sarcomere structure and decreased specific force (kN/m(2)) observed during unloading. Calpastatin-overexpressing (cp) and wild-type (wt) mice were subjected to 3, 9, or 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HS). Compared with soleus muscles of non-suspended control mice, soleus muscles of wt mice showed a 25% decline in mass after 14 days of HS while maximum isometric force (P(o)) decreased by 40%, resulting in a specific P(o) that was 35% lower than control values. Over the same time period, muscles of cp mice demonstrated 25% declines in both mass and P(o) but no change in specific P(o). Consistent with the preservation of specific force during HS, soleus muscles of cp mice also maintained a high degree of order in sarcomere structure, in contrast to wt muscles that demonstrated misalignment of z-lines and decreased uniformity of thick filament lengths. Susceptibility to lengthening contraction-induced injury increased with the duration of HS and was not different for muscles of cp and wt mice. We conclude that inhibition of calpain activity during unloading preserves sarcomere structure such that the isometric force-generating capability is not diminished, while the effects of unloading on lengthening contraction-induced injury likely occur through calpain-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Salazar
- Dept. of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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21
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Proteolysis activation and proteome alterations in murine skeletal muscle submitted to 1 week of hindlimb suspension. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:553-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Chopard A, Hillock S, Jasmin BJ. Molecular events and signalling pathways involved in skeletal muscle disuse-induced atrophy and the impact of countermeasures. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:3032-50. [PMID: 19656243 PMCID: PMC4516463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy occurs following chronic periods of inactivity such as those involving prolonged bed rest, trauma and microgravity environments. Deconditioning of skeletal muscle is mainly characterized by a loss of muscle mass, decreased fibre cross-sectional area, reduced force, increased fatigability, increased insulin resistance and transitions in fibre types. A description of the role of specific transcriptional mechanisms contributing to muscle atrophy by altering gene expression during muscle disuse has recently emerged and focused primarily on short period of inactivity. A better understanding of the transduction pathways involved in activation of proteolytic and apoptotic pathways continues to represent a major objective, together with the study of potential cross-talks in these cellular events. In parallel, evaluation of the impact of countermeasures at the cellular and molecular levels in short- and long-term disuse experimentations or microgravity environments should undoubtedly and synergistically increase our basic knowledge in attempts to identify new physical, pharmacological and nutritional targets to counteract muscle atrophy. These investigations are important as skeletal muscle atrophy remains an important neuromuscular challenge with impact in clinical and social settings affecting a variety of conditions such as those seen in aging, cancer cachexia, muscle pathologies and long-term space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Chopard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Muscle wasting in sepsis reflects activation of multiple proteolytic mechanisms, including lyosomal and ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent protein breakdown. Recent studies suggest that activation of the calpain system also plays an important role in sepsis-induced muscle wasting. Perhaps the most important consequence of calpain activation in skeletal muscle during sepsis is disruption of the sarcomere, allowing for the release of myofilaments (including actin and myosin) that are subsequently ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26S proteasome. Other important consequences of calpain activation that may contribute to muscle wasting during sepsis include degradation of certain transcription factors and nuclear cofactors, activation of the 26S proteasome, and inhibition of Akt activity, allowing for downstream activation of Foxo transcription factors and GSK-3beta. The role of calpain activation in sepsis-induced muscle wasting suggests that the calpain system may be a therapeutic target in the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting during sepsis. Furthermore, because calpain activation may also be involved in muscle wasting caused by other conditions, including different muscular dystrophies and cancer, calpain inhibitors may be beneficial not only in the treatment of sepsis-induced muscle wasting but in other conditions causing muscle atrophy as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Smith
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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