ANXA4 promotes trophoblast invasion via the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway in preeclampsia

CPEB2 inhibits preeclampsia progression by regulating SSTR3 translation through polyadenylation

AIMS

Trophoblast cell dysfunction is one of the important factors leading to preeclampsia (PE). Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding 2 (CPEB2) has been found to be differentially expressed in PE patients, but whether it mediates PE process by regulating trophoblast cell function is unclear.

METHODS

The expression of CPEB2 and somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3) was detected by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence staining. Cell functions were analyzed by CCK-8 assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry and transwell assay. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein levels were detected by WB. The interaction of CPEB2 and SSTR3 was confirmed by RIP assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay and PCR poly(A) tail assay. Animal experiments were performed to explore the effect of CPEB2 on PE progression in vivo, and the placental tissues of rat were used for H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining and TUNEL staining.

RESULTS

CPEB2 was lowly expressed in PE patients. CPEB2 upregulation accelerated trophoblast cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, while its knockdown had an opposite effect. CPEB2 bound to the CPE site in the 3'-UTR of SSTR3 mRNA to suppress SSTR3 translation through reducing poly(A) tails. Besides, SSTR3 overexpression suppressed trophoblast cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, while its silencing accelerated trophoblast cell functions. However, these effects could be reversed by CPEB2 upregulation and knockdown, respectively. In vivo experiments, CPEB2 overexpression relieved histopathologic changes, inhibited apoptosis, promoted proliferation and enhanced EMT in the placenta of PE rat by decreasing SSTR3 expression.

CONCLUSION

CPEB2 inhibited PE progression, which promoted trophoblast cell functions by inhibiting SSTR3 translation through polyadenylation.

Comparative single cell analysis reveals complex patterns of cell type and cell signaling innovations at the fetal-maternal interface

The decidual-placental interface is one of the most diverse and rapidly evolving tissues in mammals. Its origin as a chimeric fetal-maternal tissue poses a unique evolutionary puzzle. We present single-cell RNA sequencing atlases from the fetal-maternal interfaces of the opossum, a marsupial, the Malagasy common tenrec, an afrotherian with primitive reproductive features, and mouse, guinea pig, and human. Invasive trophoblast shares a common transcriptomic signature across eutherians, which we argue represents a cell type family that radiated following the evolution of hemochorial placentation. We find evidence that the eutherian decidual stromal cell evolved stepwise from a predecidual state retained in Tenrec , followed by a second decidual cell type originating in Boreoeutheria with endocrine characteristics. We reconstruct ligand-receptor signaling to test evolutionary hypotheses at scale. Novel trophoblast and decidual cell types display strong integration into signaling networks compared to other cells. Additionally, we find consistent disambiguation between fetal and maternal signaling. Using phylogenetic analysis, we infer the cell-cell signaling network of the Placental common ancestor, and identify increased rates of signaling evolution in Euarchontoglires. Together, our findings reveal novel cell type identities and cell signaling dynamics at the mammalian fetal-maternal interface.

Exosomal encapsulation of miR-3198 promotes proliferation and migration of trophoblasts in preeclampsia

PURPOSE

Preeclampsia (PE) is a vascular remodeling disorder cloesly linked to trophoblast dysfunction, involving defects in their proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Maternal exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play pivotal roles in the development of PE. However, the mechanism underlying the role of maternal exosomes in trophoblast dysfunction regarding the development of PE is poorly understood.

METHODS

Plasma exosomes from maternal peripheral blood were collected from pregnant women with PE and from those with normal pregnancy. Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify significantly differentially expressed miRNAs under these two conditions. The expression of the miR-3198 gene in plasma exosomes was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm binding of miR-3198 and 3'UTR region of WNT3. Cell proliferation was examined using the Cell Count Kit-8 and EdU assays, and flow cytometry was performed to detect apoptosis and cell cycle. Changes in cell migration were examined using transwell and scratch assays.

RESULTS

Patients with PE showed decreased expression of plasma-derived exosomal miR-3198. The proliferation and migration abilities of HTR-8/SVneo and primary human trophoblast cells were both improved when cocultured with miR-3198-rich exosomes. Exposure to miR-3198-enriched exosomes facilitated cell cycle progression but reduced apoptosis in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Notably, overexpression of miR-3198 partially prevented the inhibitory effects of WNT3 on proliferation and migration in HTR-8/SVneo cells.

CONCLUSION

Exosomal miR-3198 in the maternal peripheral blood may regulate the biological functions of trophoblasts by targeting WNT3 and influence the development of diseases of placental origin.

Klotho-mediated activation of the anti-oxidant Nrf2/ARE signal pathway affects cell apoptosis, senescence and mobility in hypoxic human trophoblasts: involvement of Klotho in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia

The anti-aging gene Klotho is implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE), which is a pregnancy disease characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Oxidative stress is closely associated with the worse outcomes in PE, and Klotho can eliminate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), but it is still unclear whether Klotho regulates PE pathogenesis through modulating oxidative damages. Here, by analyzing the clinical data, we found that Klotho was aberrantly downregulated in PE umbilical cord serum and placental tissues, compared to their normal counterparts. In in vitro experiments, the human trophoblasts were subjected to hypoxic pressure to establish the PE models, and we confirmed that hypoxia also decreased the expression levels of Klotho in those trophoblasts. In addition, through performing functional experiments, we confirmed that hypoxia promoted oxidative damages, cell apoptosis and senescence, whereas suppressed cell invasion in human trophoblasts, which were all reversed overexpressing Klotho. The following mechanical experiments verified that Klotho increased the levels of nuclear Nrf2, total Nrf2, SOD2 and NQO1 to activate the anti-oxidant Nrf2/ARE signal pathway, and silencing of Nrf2 abrogated the protective effects of Klotho overexpression on hypoxic human trophoblasts. Consistently, in in vivo experiments, Klotho overexpression restrained oxidative damages and facilitated cell mitosis in PE rats' placental tissues. In conclusion, this study validated that Klotho activated the Nrf2/ARE signal pathway to eliminate hypoxia-induced oxidative damages, cell apoptosis and senescence to recover normal cellular functions in human trophoblasts, and our data supported that Klotho could be used as novel biomarker for PE diagnosis and treatment.

Bioinformatic Analysis Identifies Potential Extracellular Matrix Related Genes in the Pathogenesis of Early Onset Preeclampsia

Early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE) is a complex pregnancy complication that poses significant risks to the health of both mothers and fetuses, and research on its pathogenesis and pathophysiology remains insuffcient. This study aims to explore the role of candidate genes and their potential interaction mechanisms in EOPE through bioinformatics analysis techniques. Two gene expression datasets, GSE44711 and GSE74341, were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EOPE and gestational age-matched preterm control samples. Functional enrichment analysis was performed utilizing the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), gene ontology (GO), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database, and hub DEGs were identified through Cytoscape software and comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD) analysis. Furthermore, a diagnostic logistic model was established using these hub genes, which were confirmed through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Finally, immune cell infiltration was analyzed using CIBERSORT. In total, 807 DEGs were identified in the GSE44711 dataset (451 upregulated genes and 356 downregulated genes), and 787 DEGs were identified in the GSE74341 dataset (446 upregulated genes and 341 downregulated genes). These DEGs were significantly enriched in various molecular functions such as extracellular matrix structural constituent, receptor-ligand activity binding, cytokine activity, and platelet-derived growth factor. KEGG and GSEA annotation revealed significant enrichment in pathways related to ECM-receptor interaction, PI3K-AKT signaling, and focal adhesion. Ten hub genes were identified through the CytoHubba plugin in Cytoscape. Among these hub genes, three key DEGs (COL1A1, SPP1, and THY1) were selected using CTD analysis and various topological methods in Cytoscape. The diagnostic logistic model based on these three genes exhibited high efficiency in predicting EOPE (AUC = 0.922). RT-PCR analysis confirmed the downregulation of these genes in EOPE, and immune cell infiltration analysis suggested the significant role of M1 and M2 macrophages in EOPE. In conclusion, this study highlights the association of three key genes (COL1A1, SPP1, and THY1) with EOPE and their contribution to high diagnostic efficiency in the logistic model. Additionally, it provides new insights for future research on EOPE and emphasizes the diagnostic value of these identified genes. More research is needed to explore their functional and diagnostic significance in EOPE.

The role of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), including chronic glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy and diabetic nephropathy, are common chronic diseases characterized by structural damage and functional decline of the kidneys. The current treatment of CKD is symptom relief. Several studies have reported that the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway is a pathway closely related to the pathological process of CKD. It can ameliorate kidney damage by inhibiting this signal pathway which is involved with inflammation, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and autophagy. This review highlights the role of activating or inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in CKD-induced inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy and EMT. We also summarize the latest evidence on treating CKD by targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway, discuss the shortcomings and deficiencies of PI3K/Akt research in the field of CKD, and identify potential challenges in developing these clinical therapeutic CKD strategies, and provide appropriate solutions.

Long non-coding RNAs: a summary of their roles in placenta development and pathology†

Long non-coding RNAs are cellular transcripts that have ˃200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins. Due to their low expression levels, long non-coding RNAs were previously considered as mere transcriptional noise. However, current evidence indicates that they regulate a myriad of biological processes such as cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. Hence, their expression patterns are crucial indicators of the physiological or pathological states of cells, tissues, and organs. The utilization of long non-coding RNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the clinical management of several diseases have been suggested. Gradually, long non-coding RNAs are gaining a substantial attention in the field of feto-maternal medicine. After embryo implantation, the interactions between the trophoblast cells from the embryo and the uterus of the mother facilitate placenta development and pregnancy progression. These processes are tightly regulated, and their impairments result in pregnancy pathologies such as miscarriage and preeclampsia. Accumulating evidence implicates long non-coding RNAs in these processes. Herein, we have summarized the roles of several long non-coding RNAs in human placenta development, have proposed some mechanisms by which they participate in physiological and pathological placentation, have revealed some knowledge deficits, and have recommended ideal experimental approaches that will facilitate the clarification of the mechanistic actions of each long non-coding RNA at the feto-maternal interface during healthy and pathological pregnancies.

OLFML3 suppresses trophoblast apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT pathway: A possible therapeutic target in preeclampsia

INTRODUCTION

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy complication that encompasses various pathogenic mechanisms. Shallow implantation of the placenta due to abnormal trophoblast behavior is considered an important mechanism underlying PE; however, its exact etiology remains unclear.

METHODS

The expression of OLFML3 in the placenta and important clinical indicators were performed, followed by a correlation analysis. The effect of OLFML3 on the behavior of HTR-8/SVneo cells was examined, and the downstream molecular mechanisms of OLFML3 were investigated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Additionally, a rat model of PE was generated by adenovirus injection via the tail vein to verify the role of OLFML3.

RESULTS

OLFML3 is highly expressed in both syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts and deregulated in preeclamptic placentas. OLFML3 overexpression in HTR-8/SVneo cells promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and impeded apoptosis, and triggered phosphorylation on ser473 of AKT. Conversely, OLFML3 knockdown exerted opposite effects. Furthermore, OLFML3 overexpression ameliorates CoCl2-induced apoptosis of HTR-8/SVneo cells. In a rat model, OLFML3 overexpression alleviates PE-associated maternal symptoms, leading to lower blood pressure, less severe proteinuria, improved fetal growth restriction, as well as upregulation of P-AKT and downregulation of Cleaved caspase3 and Bax.

DISCUSSION

OLFML3 may alleviate PE development by inhibiting extravillous trophoblast cell apoptosis through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our findings indicated that OLFML3 may provide a possible therapeutic target for PE.

Unraveling the molecular mechanisms driving enhanced invasion capability of extravillous trophoblast cells: a comprehensive review

Precise extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion is crucial for successful placentation and pregnancy. This review focuses on elucidating the mechanisms that promote heightened EVT invasion. We comprehensively summarize the pivotal roles of hormones, angiogenesis, hypoxia, stress, the extracellular matrix microenvironment, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), immunity, inflammation, programmed cell death, epigenetic modifications, and microbiota in facilitating EVT invasion. The molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced EVT invasion may provide valuable insights into potential pathogenic mechanisms associated with diseases characterized by excessive invasion, such as the placenta accreta spectrum (PAS), thereby offering novel perspectives for managing pregnancy complications related to deficient EVT invasion.

The role of the annexin A protein family at the maternal-fetal interface

Successful pregnancy requires the tolerance of the maternal immune system for the semi-allogeneic embryo, as well as a synchrony between the receptive endometrium and the competent embryo. The annexin family belongs to calcium-regulated phospholipid-binding protein, which functions as a membrane skeleton to stabilize the lipid bilayer and participate in various biological processes in humans. There is an abundance of the annexin family at the maternal-fetal interface, and it exerts a crucial role in embryo implantation and the subsequent development of the placenta. Altered expression of the annexin family and dysfunction of annexin proteins or polymorphisms of the ANXA gene are involved in a range of pregnancy complications. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the annexin A protein family at the maternal-fetal interface and its association with female reproductive disorders, suggesting the use of ANXA as the potential therapeutic target in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy complications.

Upregulation of SEMP1 Contributes to Improving the Biological Functions of Trophoblast via the PI3K/AKT Pathway in Preeclampsia

Disturbance of extravillous trophoblast infiltration is associated with preeclampsia (PE), a severe condition of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Senescence-associated epithelial membrane protein 1 (SEMP1), an integral membrane protein, is a vital component of tight junction strands in epithelial or endothelial cells, with no clear function reported in PE. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets showed that SEMP1 expression was downregulated in the placental tissues of PE patients, which was confirmed by assessing SEMP1 levels in placental samples collected in our hospital. Furthermore, less SEMP1 was detected in cytokeratin 7 positive trophoblast cells in the spiral arteries of rat placentas post L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) treatment. Trophoblast cells acquired robust ability of proliferation, migration, and invasion when SEMP1 was overexpressed. Such capability was weakened in SEMP1-silenced cells. Trophoblast cells overexpressing SEMP1 secreted more vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), which facilitated the tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Blockade of PI3K/AKT signaling transduction with LY294002 dampened the effects of SEMP1 on trophoblast cells. Collectively, we firstly indicated that SEMP1 inhibition is a potential driver for PE, which may be associated with the deactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Mechanistic actions of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 within the ovary and at the feto-maternal interface

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are being unveiled as crucial regulators of several biological processes and pathways. Among the lncRNAs is metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), which is also known as nuclear enriched abundant transcript 2 (NEAT2). MALAT1 is highly conserved in mammals, and controls cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in both physiological and pathological conditions. Roles of MALAT1 in the female reproductive system are gradually getting explored. Within the ovarian micro-environment, the physiological expression of MALAT1 potentially modulates folliculogenesis while its upregulation promotes the metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancers. Interestingly, women with polycystic ovary syndrome have been shown to exhibit aberrant ovarian expression of MALAT1 and this is believed to contribute to the development of the disease. At the feto-maternal interface, MALAT1 potentially promotes trophoblast development. While its placental downregulation is linked to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, its placental upregulation is associated with placenta increta and placenta percreta. Hence, abnormal expression of MALAT1 is a candidate molecular biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of these obstetric and gynecologic anomalies. To enhance a quick uncovering and detailed characterization of the mechanistic actions of MALAT1 in the female reproductive system, we have highlighted some knowledge deficits and have recommended ideal experimental models to be employed in prospective investigations.

Hypericum perforatum L. protects against renal function decline in ovariectomy rat model by regulating expressions of NOS3 and AKT1 in AGE-RAGE pathway

BACKGROUND

Hypericum perforatum L. (HPL) is a potential traditional Chinese medicine. It could promotes menopausal 'kidney-yin deficiency syndrome' that characterized by renal function decline. However, its potential pharmacological effect and mechanism remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate whether HPL can improve menopausal renal function decline and to explore its mechanism of action.

METHODS

The mainly ingredients of HPL were identified using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS approach, and the potential therapeutic targets of HPL for renal function decline were chose via network pharmacology technique. The key therapeutic metabolites were selected through non-targeted metabolomic and chemometric methods. Then, the network were constructed and the key targets and metabolites were screened. At last, the validation experiments and mechanism exploring were adopted by using Immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and western blotting assays.

RESULTS

mainly ingredients of HPL were identified and determined 17 compounds and 29 targets were chose as mainly active compounds and potential therapeutic targets. Based on OVX induced renal decline rat model, after chemometric analysis, 59 endo-metabolites were selected as key therapeutic metabolites, and AGE-RAGE signal pathway in diabetes complications was enriched as the key pathway. By constructing a "disease-component-target" network, Hyperoside, Quercetrin, and quinic were selected as the key therapeutic compounds, and the AKT1 and NOS3 were selected as the key therapeutic targets. The results of ELISA, RT-PCR and western blot experiments indicated that HPL could rescue the abnormal expressions both of AKT1 and NOS3, as well as their related metabolites distortion.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that HPL regulated expression of AKT1 and NOS3 through modulating AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in OVX stimulated rats` renal dysfunction, implicating the potential values of HPL in menopause syndromes therapy.

Beetroot juice, exercise, and cardiovascular function in women planning to conceive

OBJECTIVE

Prepregnancy optimization of cardiovascular function may reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia. We aimed to assess the feasibility and effect of preconception cardiovascular monitoring, exercise, and beetroot juice on cardiovascular parameters in women planning to conceive.

DESIGN AND METHOD

Prospective single-site, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Thirty-two women, aged 18-45 years, were allocated into one of four arms (1 : 1 : 1 : 1): exercise, beetroot juice, exercise plus beetroot juice and no intervention for 12 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) was measured at home daily. Cardiac output ( CO ) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were assessed via bio-impedance.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine out of 32 (91%) participants completed the study. Adherence to daily BP and weight measurements were 81% and 78%, respectively ( n  = 29). Eight out of 15 (53%) of participants did not drink all the provided beetroot juice because of forgetfulness and taste. After 12 weeks, exercise was associated with a reduction in standing TPR (-278 ± 0.272 dynes s cm -5 , P  < 0.05), and an increase in standing CO (+0.88 ± 0.71 l/min, P  < 0.05). Exercise and beetroot juice together was associated with a reduction in standing DBP ( 7 ± 6 mmHg, P  < 0.05), and an increase in standing CO (+0.49 ± 0.66 l/min, P  < 0.05). The control group showed a reduction in standing TPR ( 313 ± 387 dynes s cm -5 ) and standing DBP ( 8 ± 5mmHg). All groups gained weight.

CONCLUSION

Exercise and beetroot juice in combination showed a signal towards improving cardiovascular parameters. The control group showed improvements, indicating that home measurement devices and regular recording of parameters are interventions in themselves. Nevertheless, interventions before pregnancy to improve cardiovascular parameters may alter the occurrence of hypertensive conditions during pregnancy and require further investigation in adequately powered studies.

Blocking the interaction between circTNRC18 and LIN28A promotes trophoblast epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and alleviates preeclampsia

Defects in migration and invasion caused by dysregulation of trophoblastic epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) play a vital role in preeclampsia (PE). We have previously shown that circTNRC18 inhibits the migration and EMT of trophoblasts; however, its role in PE remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that circTNRC18 interacts with an RNA-binding protein, lin-28 homolog A (LIN28A), and this interaction is enhanced in PE placental tissue. LIN28A overexpression suppresses circTNRC18-mediated inhibition of trophoblast migration, invasion, and EMT, whereas LIN28A knockdown promotes them. The intracellular distribution of LIN28A is regulated by circTNRC18, where it promotes the expression of insulin-like growth factor II by stabilizing its mRNA. circTNRC18 also promotes complex formation between GATA-binding factor 1 (GATA1) and sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1) by inhibiting LIN28A-GATA1 interaction. GATA1-SIX1 promotes transcription of grainyhead-like protein 2 homolog and circTNRC18-mediated regulation of cell migration and invasion. Moreover, blocking circTNRC18-LIN28A interaction with antisense nucleotides alleviates PE in a mouse model of reduced uterine perfusion pressure. Thus, targeting the circTNRC18-LIN28A regulatory axis may be a novel PE treatment method.

Thalidomide suppresses migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting HOXB7-mediated activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Heaps of studies have verified the effects of thalidomide (THA) on colorectal cancer (CRC). Howbeit, the corresponding mechanism awaits illustration, which is the foothold of this study. Following the treatment of 0, 1.94, 7.75, or 19.36 μM THA, CRC cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were evaluated by methyl tetrazolium, flow cytometry, wound-healing, and transwell assays. Homeobox B7 (HOXB7) expression in CRC was analyzed and detected by bioinformatics analysis, quantitative real-time PCR or western blot. After the corresponding transfection or treatment with inhibitor of catenin-responsive transcription-3 (iCRT-3), abovementioned CRC cell biological behaviors as well as expression levels of HOXB7 and β-catenin were evaluated. 7.75 and 19.36 μM THA dwindled CRC cell viability, migration, and invasion, and facilitated apoptosis. HOXB7 upregulation was detected in CRC cells, which promoted the viability, migration, invasion, and β-catenin expression, and weakened the apoptosis of CRC cells. Also, HOXB7 upregulation counteracted the effects of THA on CRC cells. iCRT-3 restrained β-catenin expression, viability, migration, and invasion, whereas promoting the apoptosis of CRC cells. In addition, iCRT-3 antagonized the effects of overexpressed HOXB7 on CRC cells. THA inhibits the migration and invasion of CRC cells, which is achieved by suppressing HOXB7-mediated activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

YKL-40 promotes proliferation and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells by activating akt/MMP9 signalling in placenta accreta spectrum disorders

YKL-40 is a secreted glycoprotein that can promote invasion, angiogenesis and inhibit apoptosis, and was highly expressed in a variety of tumours. In this paper, we investigated the impacts of YKL-40 on proliferation and invasion in HTR-8/SVneo cells during placenta accreta spectrum disorders (PAS) development. The levels of YKL-40 protein in late-pregnant placental tissue were detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, and gene expression using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis abilities of HTR-8/SVneo cells were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), Transwell, scratch assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Our current results showed that YKL-40 was significantly increased in the PAS group compared to the normal control group (P < 0.01). Biological function experiments showed that YKL-40 significantly promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells, and inhibited cell apoptosis. Knockdown of YKL-40 inhibited the activation of Akt/MMP9 signalling in trophoblast cells. These data suggested that YKL-40 might be involved in the progression of PAS, which may be attributed to the regulation of Akt/MMP9 signalling pathway.

Yin Yang 1 impacts upon preeclampsia by regulating Treg/TH17 cells and PI3K/AKT pathway

Preeclampsia (PE) is a common obstetric syndrome with an unclear etiology and pathogenesis. The study here aimed to investigate the role of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in PE, and to reveal any YY1-regulated mechanisms in PE. Peripheral blood, placenta, and endometrial tissues of PE patients, healthy volunteers, and patients who had undergone an elective Cesarean section and had a scarred uterus (control group) were collected for analyses. Rat PE models were established by lipopolysaccharide induction. Subsets of these rats were then made to over-express YY1. At 18 d after the PE was established, urine, blood, and placental tissues from all rats were collected. Levels of regulatory-T (T_reg) and helper T-type 17 (T_H17) cells in both human and rat blood were measured by flow cytometry. ELISA kits were used to evaluate blood levels of inflammatory factors (i.e. IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17) as well. RT-qPCR and Western blot assays were performed to quantify levels of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), retinoic acid-related orphan receptor C (RORc), and YY1 in the human and rat placenta and endometrial tissues. Expressions of PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins were also evaluated by Western blots. The results indicated that the PE patients, relative to levels in control group and the healthy control subjects, had decreased circulating levels of T_reg cells/increased T_H17 cells; tissues from these patients also had relatively-decreased FoxP3 mRNA and protein expressions and elevated RORc mRNA and protein expressions. YY1 was expressed only at low levels in the PE patient placenta and endometrial tissues. In rats, PE rats treated with over-expressed YY1 had (relative to in PE rats without over-induced YY1) increased circulating levels of T_reg cells/decreased T_H17 cells; tissues from these rats had elevated FoxP3 mRNA and protein expressions and reduced mRNA and protein RORc expressions, as well as indications of alleviated inflammation. In the rat placenta samples, YY1 was also determined to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway. In summary, YY1 regulates the balance among T_reg/T_H17 cells and so affect the PE process in part through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Inhibition of LAMP3 mediates the protective effect of vitamin D against hypoxia/reoxygenation in trophoblast cells

Inadequate invasion and excessive apoptosis of trophoblast cells are associated with the development of preeclampsia. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women may lead to an increased risk of preeclampsia. However, the underlying mechanisms by which vitamin D is effective in preventing preeclampsia are not fully understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate the role of lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 3 (LAMP3) in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation would protect against the development of preeclampsia by regulating LAMP3 expression. Firstly, the mRNA and protein levels of LAMP3 were significantly upregulated in the placentas of preeclampsia patients compared to normal placentas, especially in trophoblast cells (a key component of the human placenta). In the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-exposed HTR-8/Svneo trophoblast cells, LAMP3 expression was also upregulated. H/R exposure repressed cell viability and invasion and increased apoptosis of trophoblast cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of LAMP3 increased cell viability and invasion and suppressed apoptosis of H/R-exposed trophoblast cells. We further found that 1,25(OH)2D3 (the hormonally active form of vitamin D) treatment reduced LAMP3 expression in H/R exposed trophoblast cells. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment promoted cell viability and invasion and inhibited apoptosis of H/R-exposed trophoblast cells. Notably, overexpression of LAMP3 abrogated the protective effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on H/R-exposed trophoblast cells. Collectively, we demonstrated trophoblast cytoprotection by vitamin D, a process mediated via LAMP3.

Small RNA sequencing of exosomal microRNAs reveals differential expression of microRNAs in preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the most common hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It is a dangerous condition with a high mortality rate in mothers and fetuses and is associated with a lack of early diagnosis and effective treatment. While the etiology of the disease is complex and obscure, it is now clear that the placenta is central to disease progression. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are possible mediators that regulate placenta-related physiological and pathological processes. Placental mesenchymal stem cells have considerable potential to help us understand the pathogenesis and treatment of pregnancy-related diseases. Here, we investigate the exosomal miRNA profiles of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells between healthy pregnant women and those with PE. We performed small RNA sequencing to obtain miRNA profiles, and conducted enrichment analysis of the miRNA target genes to identify differentially expressed miRNAs associated with PE. Overall, we detected 1795 miRNAs; among them, 206 were differentially expressed in women with PE, including 35 upregulated and 171 downregulated miRNAs, when compared with healthy pregnant women. Moreover, we identified possible functions and pathways associated with PE, including angiogenesis, cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and the coagulation-fibrinolysis balance. Eventually, we proposed hsa-miR-675-5p, hsa-miR-3614-5p, and hsa-miR-615-5p as potential regulators of the pathogenesis of PE, and constructed a miRNA-target gene network. Our study identifies possible candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of PE, and introduces a new direction for further understanding the pathogenesis of PE.

Role of leptin in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe pregnancy complication. The exact pathogenesis of PE remains unclear, but it is related to immune, inflammatory, circulatory, and oxidative stress factors. Leptin is a protein involved in these processes and is essential for maintaining a normal pregnancy and healthy fetal growth. Abnormal increases in leptin levels have been observed in the peripheral blood and placenta of patients with PE. Disturbances in leptin can affect the proliferation and hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells, which are important for placentation. Leptin also regulates arterial tension and trophoblast function in pregnant women. In addition, consistently high levels of leptin are linked to hyperactive inflammation and oxidative stress reactions in both patients with PE and animal models. This review focuses on the role of leptin in the pathophysiology of PE and elucidates its potential mechanisms.

AnnexinA6: a potential therapeutic target gene for extracellular matrix mineralization

The mineralization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential and crucial process for physiological bone formation and pathological calcification. The abnormal function of ECM mineralization contributes to the worldwide risk of developing mineralization-related diseases; for instance, vascular calcification is attributed to the hyperfunction of ECM mineralization, while osteoporosis is due to hypofunction. AnnexinA6 (AnxA6), a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, has been extensively reported as an essential target in mineralization-related diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, osteosarcoma, and calcific aortic valve disease. To date, AnxA6, as the largest member of the Annexin family, has attracted much attention due to its significant contribution to matrix vesicles (MVs) production and release, MVs-ECM interaction, cytoplasmic Ca2+ influx, and maturation of hydroxyapatite, making it an essential target in ECM mineralization. In this review, we outlined the recent advancements in the role of AnxA6 in mineralization-related diseases and the potential mechanisms of AnxA6 under normal and mineralization-related pathological conditions. AnxA6 could promote ECM mineralization for bone regeneration in the manner described previously. Therefore, AnxA6 may be a potential osteogenic target for ECM mineralization.

Death receptor 3 is involved in preeclampsia through regulating placental trophoblast cell physiology by inactivating the PI3K/AKT pathway

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy related disease that affects about 5% of pregnancies. Death receptor 3 (DR3) expression is significantly elevated in both placental tissue and plasma of PE patients. However, whether DR3 was involved in trophoblasts in pathogenesis of PE are not well elucidated.

OBJECTIVE

Our research was designed to illustrate the biological roles of DR3 in placental trophoblasts, as well as explain its relevant mechanisms.

METHODS

HTR-8/SVneo cells viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were assessed using MTT, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Levels of DR3, PI3K, and AKT in HTR-8/SVneo cells were analyzed via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Western blot analysis was utilized to assess DR3, p-PI3K, p-AKT, PI3K, and AKT protein expression.

RESULTS

Upregulation of DR3 obviously inhibited HTR-8/SVneo cells viability, migration, and invasion, as well as promoted HTR-8/SVneo cells apoptosis, as opposed to the control-plasmid group. We also found that DR3-plasmid enhanced cleaved-caspase3 expression, reduced p-PI3K and p-AKT protein expression, and p-PI3K/PI3K or p-AKT/AKT ratio in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Importantly, IGF-1, a PI3K/AKT signaling pathway agonist, partially reversed the effects of DR3-plasmid on the cell viability, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and PI3K/AKT signal pathway in HTR-8/SVneo cells.

CONCLUSION

DR3 was involved in PE through regulating placental trophoblast cell physiology via PI3K/AKT pathway, which might be a promising therapeutic target for PE therapy.

Effect of 2-deoxyglucose-mediated inhibition of glycolysis on migration and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells

The proper invasion of trophoblasts is crucial for embryo implantation and placental development, which is helpful to establish a correct maternal-fetal relationship. Trophoblasts can produce a large amount of lactate through aerobic glycolysis during early pregnancy. Lactate creates a low pH microenvironment around the embryo to help uterine tissue decompose and promote the invasion of trophoblasts. The purpose of this study is to reveal the the potential mechanism of aerobic glycolysis regulating the invasiveness of trophoblasts by investigating the effect of 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glycolysis inhibitor, on the biological function of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells, the expressions of epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) markers and invasion-related factors. 2-DG could inhibit the aerobic glycolysis of trophoblasts and decrease the activity of trophoblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, 2-DG inhibited the EMT of HTR-8/SVneo cells, down-regulated the expression of invasion-related factors matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 (MMP2/9) and up-regulated the expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1/2 (TIMP1/2), thus inhibiting cell migration and invasion. This paper provides a foundation in the significance of aerobic glycolysis of trophoblasts in the process of invasion, and also provides ideas and insights for the promotion of embryo implantation.

THBS1-Mediated Degradation of Collagen via the PI3K/AKT Pathway Facilitates the Metastasis and Poor Prognosis of OSCC

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent form of malignant tumor, characterized by a persistently high incidence and mortality rate. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in the initiation, progression, and diverse biological behaviors of OSCC, facilitated by mechanisms such as providing structural support, promoting cell migration and invasion, regulating cell morphology, and modulating signal transduction. This study investigated the involvement of ECM-related genes, particularly THBS1, in the prognosis and cellular behavior of OSCC. The analysis of ECM-related gene data from OSCC samples identified 165 differentially expressed genes forming two clusters with distinct prognostic outcomes. Seventeen ECM-related genes showed a significant correlation with survival. Experimental methods were employed to demonstrate the impact of THBS1 on proliferation, migration, invasion, and ECM degradation in OSCC cells. A risk-prediction model utilizing four differentially prognostic genes demonstrated significant predictive value in overall survival. THBS1 exhibited enrichment of the PI3K/AKT pathway, indicating its potential role in modulating OSCC. In conclusion, this study observed and verified that ECM-related genes, particularly THBS1, have the potential to influence the prognosis, biological behavior, and immunotherapy of OSCC. These findings hold significant implications for enhancing survival outcomes and providing guidance for precise treatment of OSCC.

Long non-coding RNA TLR8-AS1 induces preeclampsia through increasing TLR8/STAT1 axis

OBJECTIVE

Our current study tried to assay the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) TLR8-AS1 in regulating preeclampsia.

METHODS

TLR8-AS1 expression was examined in the clinical placental tissues of preeclampsia patients and the trophoblast cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Then, different lentivirus was infected into trophoblast cells to study the role of TLR8-AS1 in cell functions. Furthermore, interactions among TLR8-AS1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) were determined. A rat model of preeclampsia induced by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester was developed to validate the in-vitro findings.

RESULTS

High expression of TLR8-AS1 was detected in placental tissues of preeclampsia patients and LPS-induced trophoblast cells. In addition, overexpression of TLR8-AS1 arrested the proliferation, migration and invasion of trophoblast cells, which was related to the upregulation of TLR8 expression. Mechanistically, TLR8-AS1 recruited STAT1 to bind to the TLR8 promoter region, and thus promoted the transcription of TLR8. Meanwhile, overexpression of TLR8-AS1 was shown to aggravate preeclampsia by elevating TLR8 in vivo .

CONCLUSION

Our study confirmed that TLR8-AS1 aggravated the progression of preeclampsia through increasing the expression of STAT1 and TLR8.

Hsa_circ_0001326 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of trophoblast cells via miR-145-5p/TGFB2 axis

PROBLEM

Preeclampsia (PE) is an obstetric disease involving multiple systems, which account for maternal and fetal complications and increased mortality. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) were recently deemed to associate with the pathogenesis of PE. This study aims to clarify the correlation between circRNA hsa_circ_0001326 and PE and explore its biological function in PE.

METHOD OF STUDY

The expression of hsa_circ_0001326 in PE placentas was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). After overexpressing or inhibiting hsa_circ_0001326 in trophoblast cells, the cell growth, migration, and invasion were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and transwell assays. Western blot assay was applied to detect the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) proteins, E-cadherin and Vimentin. Furthermore, a dual-luciferase reporter assay was applied to verify the binding sites of hsa_circ_0001326, miR-145-5p, and transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFB2).

RESULTS

Hsa_circ_0001326 was found to be higher expressed in PE placentas than in normal placentas. Furthermore, hsa_circ_0001326 played a negative regulating role in trophoblast cell viability, migration, and invasion. Overexpression of hsa_circ_0001326 inhibited the viability, migration, and invasion of trophoblast cells, while inhibition of hsa_circ_0001326 showed opposite effects. Mechanistically, hsa_circ_0001326 sponged miR-145-5p to elevate TGFB2 expression in trophoblast cells.

CONCLUSION

This study provided evidence that the up-regulated hsa_circ_0001326 in PE restrained trophoblast cells proliferation, migration, and invasion by sponging miR-145-5p to elevate TGFB2 expression. Our results might provide a novel insight into the role of hsa_circ_0001326 in the pathogenesis of PE.

Identification of LncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network in hypoxia-induced HTR-8/SVneo cells for preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is a common pregnancy complication, and placental hypoxia is one of its causes. We aimed to identify the transcriptional profile and construct a long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA)-centered competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) network in hypoxia-induced HTR8/SVneo cells. We used datasets from the GEO database to identify important pathways in PE. We performed microarray profiling and functional analysis to identify differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), differentially expressed profiles of microRNA (miRNAs), and differentially expressed profiles of messenger RNA (mRNAs) in hypoxia-induced HTR8/SVneo cells. The candidates were validated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed to understand the functional significance of differentially expressed genes. Finally, we constructed an lncRNA-centered ceRNA network. Several hub genes were validated both in placentas from PE and normal pregnancy, and in hypoxia-induced HTR8/SVneo cells. The hypoxic response pathway was involved in the pathophysiology of PE. Subsequently, we identified 536 differentially expressed profiles of lncRNAs (183 upregulated and 353 downregulated), 46 differentially expressed profiles of miRNAs (35 upregulated and 11 downregulated), and 2782 differentially expressed profiles of mRNAs (DEmRNAs) (1031 upregulated and 1751 downregulated) in hypoxia-induced HTR8/SVneo cells. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses revealed potential pathways affected by these genes, such as angiogenesis, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The ceRNA network comprised 35 lncRNAs, 11 miRNAs, 27 mRNAs, and 2 hub lncRNAs, which might play a vital role in placental functions and PE. Our results revealed the transcriptome profile and constructed an lncRNA-centered ceRNA network in hypoxia-induced HTR8/SVneo cells, thereby providing potential therapeutic targets for PE.

Predicting disease genes based on multi-head attention fusion

BACKGROUND

The identification of disease-related genes is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. Most studies have focused on developing efficient and accurate computational methods to predict disease-causing genes. Due to the sparsity and complexity of biomedical data, it is still a challenge to develop an effective multi-feature fusion model to identify disease genes.

RESULTS

This paper proposes an approach to predict the pathogenic gene based on multi-head attention fusion (MHAGP). Firstly, the heterogeneous biological information networks of disease genes are constructed by integrating multiple biomedical knowledge databases. Secondly, two graph representation learning algorithms are used to capture the feature vectors of gene-disease pairs from the network, and the features are fused by introducing multi-head attention. Finally, multi-layer perceptron model is used to predict the gene-disease association.

CONCLUSIONS

The MHAGP model outperforms all of other methods in comparative experiments. Case studies also show that MHAGP is able to predict genes potentially associated with diseases. In the future, more biological entity association data, such as gene-drug, disease phenotype-gene ontology and so on, can be added to expand the information in heterogeneous biological networks and achieve more accurate predictions. In addition, MHAGP with strong expansibility can be used for potential tasks such as gene-drug association and drug-disease association prediction.

The causal role of intestinal microbiome in development of pre-eclampsia

The correlation of pre-eclampsia (PE) and intestinal microbiome has been widely demonstrated in existing research, whereas their causal relationship has been rarely explored. The causal relationship between intestinal microbiome and PE risk was examined using large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics. To be specific, the causal microbial taxa for PE were identified using the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method. The results were verified to be robust through comprehensive sensitive analyses, and the independence of causal relationship was ensured through novel multivariable MR analyses. The possibility of reverse relationships was ruled out through reverse-direction MR analyses. Lastly, the biofunction was explored through enrichment analysis, and a series of validations of PE results in a second GWAS were performed to confirm the results. After correction, four microbial taxa, including Streptococcus genus for PE (FDR q = 0.085), Olsenella genus for PE (FDR q = 0.085), Enterobacteriales order for PE (FDR q = 0.0134), and Akkermansia genus for PE (FDR q = 0.015), had a causal relationship to diverse joint PE (FDR q < 0.15). Moreover, when three different methods were employed on basis of the nominal significance (P < 0.05), five suggestive microbial taxa took on significance. The effect of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy was excluded through sensitive analysis, and the possibility of horizontal pleiotropy of BMI was ruled out through multivariable MR analysis. The protective mechanism of the identified taxa against PE was illustrated through GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathways. A number of microbial taxa had a causal relationship to PE. The result of this study provides more insights into intestinal microbiome in the pathology of PE.

Ligustrazine promotes hypoxia/reoxygenation-treated trophoblast cell proliferation and migration by regulating the microRNA-27a-3p/ATF3 axis

OBJECTIVE

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome. Ligustrazine (LSZ) is involved in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-treated trophoblast cell regulation, but its mechanism remains elusive. This study explored the mechanism of LSZ in H/R-treated trophoblast cells to provide a theoretical basis for the new treatment method development for PE.

METHODS

H/R HTR8/SVneo cell model was established for PE simulation to some extent. Trophoblast cell proliferation, apoptosis rate, migration, and invasion were detected by MTT assay, flow cytometry, scratch test, and Transwell assay. miR-27a-3p expression in trophoblast cells was detected by RT-qPCR. Binding sites between miR-27a-3p and ATF3 were predicted using Starbase and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), β-catenin, Cyclin D1, and c-Myc protein levels were examined using Western blot. After LSZ treatment, H/R-induced HTR8/SVneo cells were delivered with miR-27a-3p mimic or ATF3 siRNA to verify their roles in HTR8/SVneo cells.

RESULTS

LSZ facilitated the proliferation, migration, and invasion of trophoblast cells and inhibited apoptosis. miR-27a-3p was elevated in H/R-induced HTR8/SVneo cells and miR-27a-3p overexpression annulled the effect of LSZ on trophoblast cells. miR-27a-3p targeted ATF3. ATF3 silencing averted the property of LSZ on trophoblast cells. Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related proteins were repressed in H/R-induced HTR8/SVneo cells, and LSZ activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by promoting ATF3 expression.

CONCLUSION

LSZ mediated the Wnt pathway by regulating the miR-27a-3p/ATF3 axis, thus promoting the proliferation and migration of trophoblast cells. The protective mechanism of LSZ showed the potential application value in the treatment of PE.

Identification of miR-192 target genes in porcine endometrial epithelial cells based on miRNA pull-down

INTRODUCTION

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)-a class of small endogenous non-coding RNAs-are widely involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation of numerous physiological processes. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the miR-192 expression level appeared to be significantly higher in the blood exosomes of sows at early gestation than that in non-pregnant sows. Furthermore, miR-192 was hypothesized to have a regulatory role in embryo implantation; however, the target genes involved in exerting the regulatory function of miR-192 required further elucidation.

METHODS

In the present study, potential target genes of miR-192 in porcine endometrial epithelial cells (PEECs) were identified through biotin-labeled miRNA pull-down; functional and pathway enrichment analysis was performed via gene ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment. Bioinformatic analyses were concurrently used to predict the potential target genes associated with sow embryo implantation. In addition, double luciferase reporter vectors, reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western blot were performed to verify the targeting and regulatory roles of the abovementioned target genes.

RESULTS

A total of 1688 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified via miRNA pull-down. Through RT-qPCR, the accuracy of the sequencing data was verified. In the bioinformatics analysis, potential target genes of miR-192 appeared to form a dense inter-regulatory network and regulated multiple signaling pathways, such as metabolic pathways and the PI3K-Akt, MAPKs, and mTOR signaling pathways, that are relevant to the mammalian embryo implantation process. In addition, CSK (C-terminal Src kinase) and YY1 (Yin-Yang-1) were predicted to be potential candidates, and we validated that miR-192 directly targets and suppresses the expression of the CSK and YY1 genes.

CONCLUSION

We screened 1688 potential target genes of miR-192 were screened, and CSK and YY1 were identified as miR-192 target genes. The outcomes of the present study provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanism of porcine embryo implantation and the identification of miRNA target genes.

Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic profiling of 5-methylcytosin modification in placentas from preeclampsia and normotensive pregnancies

Increasing evidence suggests that RNA m5C modification and its regulators have been confirmed to be associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases. However, the distribution and biological functions of m5C in mRNAs of placental tissues remain unknown. we collected placentae from normotensive pregnancies (CTR) and preeclampsia patients (PE) to analyze the transcriptomic profiling of m5C RNA methylation through m5C RNA immunoprecipitation (UMI-MeRIP-Seq). we discovered that overall m5C methylation peaks were decreased in placental tissues from PE patients. And, 2844 aberrant m5C peaks were identified, of which respectively 1304 m5C peaks were upregulated and 1540 peaks were downregulated. The distribution of m5C peaks were mainly located in CDS (coding sequences) regions in placental tissues of both groups, but compared with the CTR group, the m5C peak in PE group before the stop code of CDS was significantly increased and even higher than the peak value after start code in CDS. Differentially methylated genes were mainly enriched in MAPK/cAMP signaling pathway. Moreover, the up-regulated genes with hypermethylated modification were enriched in the processes of hypoxia, inflammation/immune response. Finally, through analyzing the mRNA expression levels of m5C RNA methylation regulators, we found only DNMT3B and TET3 were significantly upregulated in PE samples than in control group. And they are not only negatively correlated with each other, but also closely related to those differentially expressed genes modified by differential methylation.Our findings provide new insights regarding alterations of m5C RNA modification into the pathogenic mechanisms of PE.

LDHA deficiency inhibits trophoblast proliferation via the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1/CyclinD1 signaling pathway in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion

Dysregulated trophoblast proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis may cause several pregnancy-associated complications, such as unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). Recent studies have shown that metabolic abnormalities, including glycolysis inhibition, may dysregulate trophoblast function, leading to URSA. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we found that lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), a key enzyme in glycolysis, was significantly reduced in the placental villus of URSA patients. The human trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo was used to investigate the possible LDHA-mediated regulation of trophoblast function. LDHA knockdown in HTR-8/SVneo cells induced G0/G1 phase arrest and increased apoptosis, whereas LDHA overexpression reversed these effects. Next, RNA sequencing combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is potentially affected by downstream genes of LDHA. Especially, we found that LDHA knockdown decreased the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT, and FOXO1, resulting in a significant downregulation of CyclinD1. In addition, treatment with an AKT inhibitor or FOXO1 inhibitor also verified that the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway influenced the gene expression of CyclinD1 in trophoblast. Moreover, p-AKT expression correlated positively with LDHA expression in syncytiotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts in first-trimester villus. Collectively, this study revealed a new regulatory pathway for LDHA/PI3K/AKT/FOXO1/CyclinD1 in the trophoblast cell cycle and proliferation.

Elevated PGT promotes proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis in preeclampsia by Erk signaling pathway

Prostaglandins participate in maternal recognition of pregnancy, implantation and maintenance of gestation. Prostaglandin transporter (PGT), as a candidate molecule of prostaglandin carriers, might be involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In preeclampsia (PE) patients' placental tissue, we identified PGT by RNA sequencing, measured its expression pattern by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. PGT was found to be upregulated in preeclamptic placental tissue. The expression pattern of PGT in PE was double confirmed by eight Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. In abortion tissues at 6-8 weeks, we then observed the cellular location of PGT by Immunofluorescence technique (IF) and found PGT located in trophoblast cell of the placenta of early pregnancy. In vitro studies revealed that forced expression of PGT in HTR8/Sveno cell inhibited its apoptosis, but promoted its proliferation by activating Erk signaling. In vivo study, we used reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) rat model and L-NAME-induced preeclampsia-like rats to study the possible role of PGT in preeclampsia. And PGT was found to be upregulated in both preeclampsia rat models by Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Newly identified PGT plays an important role in trophoblast proliferation via Erk signaling, providing new insights for understanding the pathogenesis of PE.

Progesterone Enhances the Invasion of Trophoblast Cells by Activating PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway to Prevent Preeclampsia

We aimed to explore whether the effect of progesterone on preeclampsia via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. First, we studied the role of progesterone in preeclampsia patients and HTR-8/Svneo cells by adding progesterone. Then PI3K inhibitor LY294002 was added. The effects of progesterone on preeclampsia were also studied in animals by constructing a preeclampsia rat model. CCK-8 and Transwell assay were applied to measure cell viability and invasion ability. ELISA was performed to measure progesterone, MMP-2, MMP-9, pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and anti-inflammatory factors IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 levels. HE staining was used to detect the pathological changes in uterine spiral artery. Western blot was performed to detect Cyclin D1, PCNA, MMP-2, MMP-9, inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway related proteins AKT, p-AKT, PI3K, and p-PI3K expressions. Progesterone could reduce blood pressure and urine protein in pregnant women with preeclampsia. TNF-α and IL-1β levels were decreased, but IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, cyclin D1, and PCNA levels were increased in pregnant women with preeclampsia after using progesterone. After the use of progesterone, the symptoms of the PE model group were improved. Among them, the lumen of the placental uterine spiral artery was enlarged, and the fibrinoid necrosis of the uterine wall and acute atherosclerotic lesions were relieved. In addition, progesterone promoted HTR-8/Svneo cells proliferation and invasion. However, high expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, p-AKT, and p-PI3K in Normal and preeclampsia groups caused by progesterone was weakened after adding LY294002, indicating that progesterone could activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to regulate HTR-8/Svneo cells. Progesterone decreased urine protein and blood pressure of preeclampsia rats in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, progesterone activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inhibited the inflammatory response in preeclampsia rats.

Upregulation of iNOS and phosphorylated eNOS in the implantation-induced blastocysts of mice

Purpose

This study aimed to examine expressions of iNOS and phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) in implantation-induced blastocysts. We also examined the upstream of p-eNOS.

Methods

To address the protein expressions in implantation-induced blastocysts, we performed immunohistochemical analysis using a delayed implantation mouse model. Immunostaining for iNOS, p-eNOS, and p-Akt was done. To address the relationship between p-eNOS and p-Akt, activated blastocysts were treated with an Akt inhibitor, MK-2206.

Results

iNOS expression was at low levels in dormant blastocysts, whereas the expression was significantly increased in the activated blastocysts. Double staining of p-eNOS and p-Akt in individual blastocysts showed colocalization of p-eNOS and p-Akt of the trophectoderm. p-eNOS and p-Akt expressions were at low levels in dormant blastocysts, whereas both of them were significantly increased in the activated blastocysts. Both dormant and activated blastocysts showed significant positive correlations between p-eNOS and p-Akt. MK-2206 treatment for activated blastocysts showed that blastocysts with lower p-Akt had significantly lower p-eNOS levels.

Conclusions

iNOS and p-eNOS, Ca2+ independent NOS, are upregulated by E2 in the blastocysts during implantation activation. Furthermore, p-eNOS is upregulated in implantation-induced blastocysts downstream of p-Akt.

Mice Placental ECM Components May Provide A Three-Dimensional Placental Microenvironment

Bioethical limitations impair deeper studies in human placental physiology, then most studies use human term placentas or murine models. To overcome these challenges, new models have been proposed to mimetize the placental three-dimensional microenvironment. The placental extracellular matrix plays an essential role in several processes, being a part of the establishment of materno-fetal interaction. Regarding these aspects, this study aimed to investigate term mice placental ECM components, highlighting its collagenous and non-collagenous content, and proposing a potential three-dimensional model to mimetize the placental microenvironment. For that, 18.5-day-old mice placenta, both control and decellularized (n = 3 per group) were analyzed on Orbitrap Fusion Lumos spectrometer (ThermoScientific) and LFQ intensity generated on MaxQuant software. Proteomic analysis identified 2317 proteins. Using ECM and cell junction-related ontologies, 118 (5.1%) proteins were filtered. Control and decellularized conditions had no significant differential expression on 76 (64.4%) ECM and cell junction-related proteins. Enriched ontologies in the cellular component domain were related to cell junction, collagen and lipoprotein particles, biological process domain, cell adhesion, vasculature, proteolysis, ECM organization, and molecular function. Enriched pathways were clustered in cell adhesion and invasion, and labyrinthine vasculature regulation. These preserved ECM proteins are responsible for tissue stiffness and could support cell anchoring, modeling a three-dimensional structure that may allow placental microenvironment reconstruction.

LINC00240/miR-155 axis regulates function of trophoblasts and M2 macrophage polarization via modulating oxidative stress-induced pyroptosis in preeclampsia

Background

This study aimed to investigate the effects of LINC00240/miR-155/Nrf2 axis on trophoblast function and macrophage polarization in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Methods

Bindings between LINC00240, miR-155 and Nrf2 were validated by dual luciferase reporter assay or RNA-immunoprecipitation. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and pyroptosis were detected by CCK-8, clone formation, wound healing, Transwell system, and flow cytometry, respectively. Macrophage polarization was tested by flow cytometry. The expression levels of LINC00240, miR-155, Nrf2, and oxidative stress and pyroptosis-related markers in in vitro and in vivo preeclampsia models were analyzed by qPCR, western blot, or ELISA assays. Blood pressure, urine protein levels, liver and kidney damages, and trophoblast markers in placenta tissues were further studied in vivo.

Results

Placenta tissues from preeclampsia patients and animals showed decreased LINC00240 and Nrf2 and increased miR-155 expression levels, and the decreased M2 macrophage polarization. LINC00240 directly bound and inhibited expression of miR-155, which then inhibited oxidative stress-induced pyroptosis, promoting proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of trophoblasts, and M2 macrophage polarization. Inhibition of miR-155 led to increased Nrf2 expression and similar changes as LINC00240 overexpression in trophoblast function and macrophage polarization. Overexpression of LINC00240 in in vivo preeclampsia model decreased blood pressure, urine protein, liver and kidney damages, increased fetal weight and length, and induced trophoblast function and M2 macrophage polarization.

Conclusion

LINC00240 inhibited symptoms of preeclampsia through regulation on miR-155/Nrf2 axis, which suppressed oxidative stress-induced pyroptosis to improve trophoblast function and M2 macrophage polarization. LINC00240 could be a potential therapeutic target for preeclampsia.

Inhibition of the AT1R agonistic autoantibody in a rat model of preeclampsia improves fetal growth in late gestation

Placenta ischemia, the initiating event in preeclampsia (PE), is associated with fetal growth restriction. Inhibition of the agonistic autoantibody against the angiotensin type 1 receptor AT1-AA, using an epitope-binding inhibitory peptide ('n7AAc') attenuates increased blood pressure at gestational day (G)19 in the clinically relevant reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) model of PE. Thus we tested the hypothesis that maternal administration of 'n7AAc' does not transfer to the fetus, improves uterine blood flow and fetal growth, and attenuates elevated placental expression of miRNAs implicated in PE and FGR. Sham or RUPP surgery was performed at G14 with vehicle or 'n7AAc' (144 µg/day) administered via an osmotic pump from G14 to G20. Maternal plasma levels of the peptide on G20 were 16.28 ± 4.4 nM, and fetal plasma levels were significantly lower at 1.15 ± 1.7 nM (P = 0.0007). The uterine artery resistance index was significantly elevated in RUPP (P < 0.0001) but was not increased in 'n7AAc'-RUPP or 'n7AAc'-Sham versus Sham. A significant reduction in fetal weight at G20 in RUPP (P = 0.003) was not observed in 'n7AAc'-RUPP. Yet, percent survival was reduced in RUPP (P = 0.0007) and 'n7AAc'-RUPP (P < 0.0002). Correlation analysis indicated the reduction in percent survival during gestation was specific to the RUPP (r = 0.5342, P = 0.043) and independent of 'n7AAc'. Placental miR-155 (P = 0.0091) and miR-181a (P = 0.0384) expression was upregulated in RUPP at G20 but was not elevated in 'n7AAc'-RUPP. Collectively, our results suggest that maternal administration of 'n7AAc' does not alter fetal growth in the RUPP implicating its potential as a therapeutic for the treatment of PE.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The seven amino acid inhibitory peptide to the AT1-AA ('n7AAc') has limited transfer to the fetus at gestational day 20, improves uterine blood flow and fetal growth in the reduced uterine perfusion pressure model of preeclampsia (PE), and does not impair fetal survival during gestation in sham-operated or placental ischemic rats. Collectively, these findings suggest that maternal administration of 'n7AAc' as an effective strategy for the treatment of PE is associated with improved outcomes in the fetus.

2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether induces placental toxicity via activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro

2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is one of the most important polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners, and epidemiological studies have shown that it can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of placental injury in BDE-47-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes through in vivo and in vitro models. From day 0.5 to day 16.5 of pregnancy of ICR mice, BDE-47 oral doses of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day were administered. Immunohistochemical staining found that BDE-47 inhibited the expression of CD34 in mouse placenta, and ELISA results showed that BDE-47 reduced the levels of VEGF and PlGF in the serum of pregnant mice. Western blot assays found that the expression levels of VEGF-A and invasion-related factors were decreased in the placentas of BDE-47-treated group, which indicated that BDE-47 could impair placental angiogenesis. Furthermore, BDE-47 inhibited proliferation, increased apoptosis and autophagy, and activated p38 MAPK signaling pathway in mouse placental tissue. In vitro, HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 0, 5, 10, 20 μM BDE-47 for 24 h. Wound healing assays and Transwell assays showed that BDE-47 inhibited the migration and invasion ability of HTR-8/SVneo cells. We also found that BDE-47 inhibited the proliferation of HTR-8/SVneo cells and increased apoptosis and autophagy. BDE-47 activated p38 MAPK signaling pathway in HTR-8/SVneo cells, and inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in HTR-8/SVneo cells restored the effects caused by BDE-47. In conclusion, BDE-47 impairs placental angiogenesis by inhibiting cell migration and invasion, and induces placental toxicity by inhibiting proliferation, increasing apoptosis and autophagy. In vitro, activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the processes of placental injury by BDE-47.

Pathobiological functions and clinical implications of annexin dysregulation in human cancers

Annexins are an extensive superfamily of structurally related calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins, largely conserved and widely distributed among species. Twelve human annexins have been identified, referred to as Annexin A1-13 (A12 remains as of yet unassigned), whose genes are spread throughout the genome on eight different chromosomes. According to their distinct tissue distribution and subcellular localization, annexins have been functionally implicated in a variety of biological processes relevant to both physiological and pathological conditions. Dysregulation of annexin expression patterns and functions has been revealed as a common feature in multiple cancers, thereby emerging as potential biomarkers and molecular targets for clinical application. Nevertheless, translation of this knowledge to the clinic requires in-depth functional and mechanistic characterization of dysregulated annexins for each individual cancer type, since each protein exhibits varying expression levels and phenotypic specificity depending on the tumor types. This review specifically and thoroughly examines the current knowledge on annexin dysfunctions in carcinogenesis. Hence, available data on expression levels, mechanism of action and pathophysiological effects of Annexin A1-13 among different cancers will be dissected, also further discussing future perspectives for potential applications as biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis and molecular-targeted therapies. Special attention is devoted to head and neck cancers (HNC), a complex and heterogeneous group of aggressive malignancies, often lately diagnosed, with high mortality, and scarce therapeutic options.

Long non-coding RNA LINC01347 suppresses trophoblast cell migration, invasion and EMT by regulating miR-101-3p/PTEN/AKT axis

Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is one of the common complications of pregnancy, which is closely related to gene mutation. The profiling of non-coding RNAs showed that the expression level of long non-coding RNA LINC01347 (LINC01347) in the serum of patients with recurrent abortion was significantly increased, which could serve as a potential marker for early diagnosis. However, the biological functions of LINC01347 in the miscarriage remain to be elucidated. In this study, LINC01347 expression levels in HTR-8/SVneo cells and placenta samples were measured by RT-qPCR. The migration ability of HTR-8/SVneo cells was detected by wound-healing assay. Western blotting (WB) assay was conducted to measure E-cadherin, Vimentin, N-cadherin, PTEN, phospho-AKT(S473), phospho-AKT(T308) and AKT levels. Dual luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down analysis were performed to validate the molecular interactions. The results showed an upregulation of LINC01347 in the placenta samples of RM patients and HTR-8/SVneo cells. LINC01347 overexpression impaired the invasion and migration of trophoblast cells, while LINC01347 silencing promoted cell migration and invasion. LINC01347 level was also negatively correlated with the changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in trophoblasts. We further demonstrated that miR-101-3p/PTEN/AKT axis played an important role in mediating the biological roles of LINC01347 in the invasion and migration of trophoblasts. In conclusion, our results revealed that LINC01347 suppresses the migratory ability and regulates the EMT processes in trophoblasts by regulating miR-101-3p/PTEN/AKT axis, suggesting that targeting LINC01347 may serve as a strategy to ameliorate RM.

A κ-OR Agonist Protects the Endothelial Function Impaired by Hyperuricemia Through Regulating the Akt/eNOS Signal Pathway

To investigate the effects of κ-OR agonist on hyperuricemia rats and injured endothelial function, as well as the underlying mechanism. A hyperuricemia model was established on rats. The endothelial protective effects of U50,488H were evaluated and compared to the controlled groups. The protein levels of eNOS, p-eNOS, Akt, and p-Akt were determined using western blot analysis. ELISA was employed to measure the expression of soluble ET-1, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and NO in cell supernatants and rat serum samples. Cell migration and the artery tension were determined by in vitro functional assays. The suppressed production of ET-1, ICAM-1, and NO in the hyperuricemia rats was promoted by the treatment of U50,488H, which was reversed by the co-administration of nor-BNI. P-eNOS/eNOS and p-Akt/Akt were up-regulated by the incubation of serum from hyperuricemia rats, which was down-regulated by the introduction of U50,488H. The vascular tension of vessels incubated with U50,488H was higher than the baseline in the presence of ACh, which was lower than baseline in the presence of SNAP. U50,488H significantly promoted the release of ET-1, ICAM-1, and NO, and inhibited the release of TNF-α from endothelial cells and the migration ability of neutrophils in the presence of hyperuricemia rat serum, which were reversed by the co-incubation with nor-BNI, Akt inhibitor or L-NAME. U50,488H protected the endothelial function impaired by hyperuricemia through regulating the Akt/eNOS signal pathway.

Derivation of human triploid trophoblast stem cells

PURPOSE

Human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) are counterparts of the precursor cells of the placenta and are valuable cell models for the study of placental development and the pathogenesis of placental diseases. The aim of this work was to establish a triploid human TSC (hTSC^3PN) derived from the tripronuclear embryos, which are clinically discarded but readily available, for potential applications in basic placental research and disease modeling.

METHODS

Eighteen tripronuclear human zygotes from IVF were collected and cultured for 5-6 days. Five high-quality blastocysts were harvested and were individually cultured in hTSC medium. Finally, two hTSC lines were established after 10 days and could be passaged stably.

RESULTS

The karyotyping analysis showed that hTSC^3PN contained three sets of chromosomes. And the hTSC^3PN exhibited typical features of hTSCs, with the ability to differentiate into two trophoblast lineages: extravillous cytotrophoblasts (EVTs) and syncytiotrophoblasts (STs). In addition, the hTSC^3PN can mimic some vital features of trophoblast, including hormone secretion and invasion. Further studies showed that the proliferation and differentiation of hTSC^3PN were reduced compared with normal hTSCs, which may be related to the disturbed metabolic signaling in hTSC^3PN.

CONCLUSIONS

We established the triploid hTSC lines derived from tripronuclear embryos, which provides a potentially useful research model in vitro to study human placental biology and diseases.

Placental Trophoblast Specific Overexpression of Chemerin Induces Preeclampsia-like Symptoms

Maternal circulating levels of the adipokine chemerin are elevated in preeclampsia, but its origin and contribution to preeclampsia remain unknown. We therefore studied 1) placental chemerin expression and release in human pregnancy, and 2) the consequences of chemerin overexpression via lentivirus-mediated trophoblast-specific gene manipulation in both mice and immortalized human trophoblast. Placental chemerin expression and release were increased in women with preeclampsia, and their circulating chemerin levels correlated positively with the soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1)/placental growth factor ratio, a well-known biomarker of preeclampsia severity. Placental trophoblast chemerin overexpression in mice induced a preeclampsia-like syndrome, involving hypertension, proteinuria, and endotheliosis, combined with diminished trophoblast invasion, a disorganized labyrinth layer, and upregulation of sFlt-1 and the inflammation markers nuclear factor-kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. It also led to embryo resorption, while maternal serum chemerin levels correlated negatively with fetal weight in mice. Chemerin overexpression in human trophoblasts upregulated sFlt-1, reduced vascular endothelial factor-A, and inhibited migration and invasion, as well as tube formation during co-culture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) antagonist α-NETA prevented the latter phenomena, although it did not reverse the chemerin-induced downregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. In conclusion, upregulation of placental chemerin synthesis disturbs normal placental development via its CMKLR1 receptor, thereby contributing to fetal growth restriction/resorption and the development of preeclampsia. Chemerin might be a novel biomarker of preeclampsia, and inhibition of the chemerin/CMKLR1 pathway is a promising novel therapeutic strategy to treat preeclampsia.