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Ahmed IA, Liu M, Gomez D. Nuclear Control of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity during Vascular Remodeling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:525-538. [PMID: 37820925 PMCID: PMC10988766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Control of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) gene expression is an essential process for establishing and maintaining lineage identity, contractility, and plasticity. Most mechanisms (epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional) implicated in gene regulation occur in the nucleus. Still, intranuclear pathways are directly impacted by modifications in the extracellular environment in conditions of adaptive or maladaptive remodeling. Integration of extracellular, cellular, and genomic information into the nucleus through epigenetic and transcriptional control of genome organization plays a major role in regulating SMC functions and phenotypic transitions during vascular remodeling and diseases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive update on nuclear mechanisms, their interactions, and their integration in controlling SMC homeostasis and dysfunction. It summarizes and discusses the main nuclear mechanisms preponderant in SMCs in the context of vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, with an emphasis on studies employing in vivo cell-specific loss-of-function and single-cell omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Ahmed
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mingjun Liu
- Department of Pathology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Delphine Gomez
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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2
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Liu H, Zhao Y, Zhao G, Deng Y, Chen YE, Zhang J. SWI/SNF Complex in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Its Implications in Cardiovascular Pathologies. Cells 2024; 13:168. [PMID: 38247859 PMCID: PMC10814623 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mature vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit a remarkable degree of plasticity, a characteristic that has intrigued cardiovascular researchers for decades. Recently, it has become increasingly evident that the chromatin remodeler SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex plays a pivotal role in orchestrating chromatin conformation, which is critical for gene regulation. In this review, we provide a summary of research related to the involvement of the SWI/SNF complexes in VSMC and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), integrating these discoveries into the current landscape of epigenetic and transcriptional regulation in VSMC. These novel discoveries shed light on our understanding of VSMC biology and pave the way for developing innovative therapeutic strategies in CVD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongjie Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
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3
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Mechanism of oxidized phospholipid-related inflammatory response in vascular ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101888. [PMID: 36806379 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Vascular ageing is an important factor in the morbidity and mortality of the elderly. Atherosclerosis is a characteristic disease of vascular ageing, which is closely related to the enhancement of vascular inflammation. Phospholipid oxidation products are important factors in inducing cellular inflammation. Through interactions with vascular cells and immune cells, they regulate intracellular signaling pathways, activate the expression of various cytokines, and affect cell behavior, such as metabolic level, proliferation, apoptosis, etc. Intervention in lipid metabolism and anti-inflammation are the two key pathways of drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis. This review aims to sort out the signaling pathway of oxidized phospholipids-induced inflammatory factors in vascular cells and immune cells and the mechanism leading to changes in cell behavior, and summarize the therapeutic targets in the inflammatory signaling pathway for the development of atherosclerosis drugs.
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Liu L, Jouve C, Henry J, Berrandou TE, Hulot JS, Georges A, Bouatia-Naji N. Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Proteomic Depiction of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Smooth Muscle Cells As Emerging Cellular Models for Arterial Diseases. Hypertension 2023; 80:740-753. [PMID: 36655574 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plasticity is a central mechanism in cardiovascular health and disease. We aimed at providing cellular phenotyping, epigenomic and proteomic depiction of SMCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells and evaluating their potential as cellular models in the context of complex diseases. METHODS Human induced pluripotent stem cell lines were differentiated using RepSox (R-SMCs) or PDGF-BB (platelet-derived growth factor-BB) and TGF-β (transforming growth factor beta; TP-SMCs), during a 24-day long protocol. RNA-Seq and assay for transposase accessible chromatin-Seq were performed at 6 time points of differentiation, and mass spectrometry was used to quantify proteins. RESULTS Both induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols generated SMCs with positive expression of SMC markers. TP-SMCs exhibited greater proliferation capacity, migration and lower calcium release in response to contractile stimuli, compared with R-SMCs. Genes involved in the contractile function of arteries were highly expressed in R-SMCs compared with TP-SMCs or primary SMCs. R-SMCs and coronary artery transcriptomic profiles were highly similar, characterized by high expression of genes involved in blood pressure regulation and coronary artery disease. We identified FOXF1 and HAND1 as key drivers of RepSox specific program. Extracellular matrix content contained more proteins involved in wound repair in TP-SMCs and higher secretion of basal membrane constituents in R-SMCs. Open chromatin regions of R-SMCs and TP-SMCs were significantly enriched for variants associated with blood pressure and coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS Both induced pluripotent stem cell-derived SMCs models present complementary cellular phenotypes of high relevance to SMC plasticity. These cellular models present high potential to study functional regulation at genetic risk loci of main arterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Charlène Jouve
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Joséphine Henry
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Takiy-Eddine Berrandou
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hulot
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Adrien Georges
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Nabila Bouatia-Naji
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
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5
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Déglise S, Bechelli C, Allagnat F. Vascular smooth muscle cells in intimal hyperplasia, an update. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1081881. [PMID: 36685215 PMCID: PMC9845604 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1081881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial occlusive disease is the leading cause of death in Western countries. Core contemporary therapies for this disease include angioplasties, stents, endarterectomies and bypass surgery. However, these treatments suffer from high failure rates due to re-occlusive vascular wall adaptations and restenosis. Restenosis following vascular surgery is largely due to intimal hyperplasia. Intimal hyperplasia develops in response to vessel injury, leading to inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cells dedifferentiation, migration, proliferation and secretion of extra-cellular matrix into the vessel's innermost layer or intima. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on the origin and mechanisms underlying the dysregulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in intimal hyperplasia, and we present the new avenues of research targeting VSMC phenotype and proliferation.
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Szczepanski HE, Flannigan KL, Mainoli B, Alston L, Baruta GM, Lee JW, Venu VKP, Shearer J, Dufour A, Hirota SA. NR4A1 modulates intestinal smooth muscle cell phenotype and dampens inflammation-associated intestinal remodeling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22609. [PMID: 36250380 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101817rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Stricture formation is a common complication of Crohn's disease (CD), driven by enhanced deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and expansion of the intestinal smooth muscle layers. Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) is an orphan nuclear receptor that exhibits anti-proliferative effects in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). We hypothesized that NR4A1 regulates intestinal SMC proliferation and muscle thickening in the context of inflammation. Intestinal SMCs isolated from Nr4a1+/+ and Nr4a1-/- littermates were subjected to shotgun proteomic analysis, proliferation, and bioenergetic assays. Proliferation was assessed in the presence and absence of NR4A1 agonists, cytosporone-B (Csn-B) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). In vivo, we compared colonic smooth muscle thickening in Nr4a1+/+ and Nr4a1-/- mice using the chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of colitis. Second, SAMP1/YitFc mice (a model of spontaneous ileitis) were treated with Csn-B and small intestinal smooth muscle thickening was assessed. SMCs isolated from Nr4a1-/- mice exhibited increased abundance of proteins related to cell proliferation, metabolism, and ECM production, whereas Nr4a1+/+ SMCs highly expressed proteins related to the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and contractile processes. SMCs isolated from Nr4a1-/- mice exhibited increased proliferation and alterations in cellular metabolism, whereas activation of NR4A1 attenuated proliferation. In vivo, Nr4a1-/- mice exhibited increased colonic smooth muscle thickness following repeated cycles of DSS. Activating NR4A1 with Csn-B, in the context of established inflammation, reduced ileal smooth muscle thickening in SAMP1/YitFc mice. Targeting NR4A1 may provide a novel approach to regulate intestinal SMC phenotype, limiting excessive proliferation that contributes to stricture development in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Szczepanski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kyle L Flannigan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Barbara Mainoli
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laurie Alston
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Grace M Baruta
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joshua W Lee
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vivek Krishna Pulakazhi Venu
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Chakraborty R, Ostriker AC, Xie Y, Dave JM, Gamez-Mendez A, Chatterjee P, Abu Y, Valentine J, Lezon-Geyda K, Greif DM, Schulz VP, Gallagher PG, Sessa WC, Hwa J, Martin KA. Histone Acetyltransferases p300 and CBP Coordinate Distinct Chromatin Remodeling Programs in Vascular Smooth Muscle Plasticity. Circulation 2022; 145:1720-1737. [PMID: 35502657 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching contributes to cardiovascular diseases. Epigenetic regulation is emerging as a key regulatory mechanism, with the methylcytosine dioxygenase TET2 acting as a master regulator of smooth muscle cell phenotype. The histone acetyl-transferases p300 and CREB-binding protein (CBP) are highly homologous and often considered to be interchangeable, and their roles in smooth muscle cell phenotypic regulation are not known. METHODS We assessed the roles of p300 and CBP in human VSMC with knockdown, in inducible smooth muscle-specific knockout mice (inducible knockout [iKO]; p300iKO or CBPiKO), and in samples of human intimal hyperplasia. RESULTS P300, CBP, and histone acetylation were differently regulated in VSMCs undergoing phenotypic switching and in vessel remodeling after vascular injury. Medial p300 expression and activity were repressed by injury, but CBP and histone acetylation were induced in neointima. Knockdown experiments revealed opposing effects of p300 and CBP in the VSMC phenotype: p300 promoted contractile protein expression and inhibited migration, but CBP inhibited contractile genes and enhanced migration. p300iKO mice exhibited severe intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury compared with controls, whereas CBPiKO mice were entirely protected. In normal aorta, p300iKO reduced, but CBPiKO enhanced, contractile protein expression and contractility compared with controls. Mechanistically, we found that these histone acetyl-transferases oppositely regulate histone acetylation, DNA hydroxymethylation, and PolII (RNA polymerase II) binding to promoters of differentiation-specific contractile genes. Our data indicate that p300 and TET2 function together, because p300 was required for TET2-dependent hydroxymethylation of contractile promoters, and TET2 was required for p300-dependent acetylation of these loci. TET2 coimmunoprecipitated with p300, and this interaction was enhanced by rapamycin but repressed by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) treatment, with p300 promoting TET2 protein stability. CBP did not associate with TET2, but instead facilitated recruitment of histone deacetylases (HDAC2, HDAC5) to contractile protein promoters. Furthermore, CBP inhibited TET2 mRNA levels. Immunostaining of cardiac allograft vasculopathy samples revealed that p300 expression is repressed but CBP is induced in human intimal hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS This work reveals that p300 and CBP serve nonredundant and opposing functions in VSMC phenotypic switching and coordinately regulate chromatin modifications through distinct functional interactions with TET2 or HDACs. Targeting specific histone acetyl-transferases may hold therapeutic promise for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Chakraborty
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Allison C Ostriker
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yi Xie
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jui M Dave
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Genetics (J.M.D., D.M.G., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ana Gamez-Mendez
- Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yaw Abu
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jake Valentine
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kimberly Lezon-Geyda
- Pediatrics (K.L.-G., V.P.S., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Daniel M Greif
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Genetics (J.M.D., D.M.G., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Vincent P Schulz
- Pediatrics (K.L.-G., V.P.S., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Patrick G Gallagher
- Genetics (J.M.D., D.M.G., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pediatrics (K.L.-G., V.P.S., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - William C Sessa
- Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - John Hwa
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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8
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Evans BR, Yerly A, van der Vorst EPC, Baumgartner I, Bernhard SM, Schindewolf M, Döring Y. Inflammatory Mediators in Atherosclerotic Vascular Remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:868934. [PMID: 35600479 PMCID: PMC9114307 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.868934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease remains the most common cause of ischemia, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Vascular function is determined by structural and functional properties of the arterial vessel wall, which consists of three layers, namely the adventitia, media, and intima. Key cells in shaping the vascular wall architecture and warranting proper vessel function are vascular smooth muscle cells in the arterial media and endothelial cells lining the intima. Pathological alterations of this vessel wall architecture called vascular remodeling can lead to insufficient vascular function and subsequent ischemia and organ damage. One major pathomechanism driving this detrimental vascular remodeling is atherosclerosis, which is initiated by endothelial dysfunction allowing the accumulation of intimal lipids and leukocytes. Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and modified lipids further drive vascular remodeling ultimately leading to thrombus formation and/or vessel occlusion which can cause major cardiovascular events. Although it is clear that vascular wall remodeling is an elementary mechanism of atherosclerotic vascular disease, the diverse underlying pathomechanisms and its consequences are still insufficiently understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce R. Evans
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Yerly
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Iris Baumgartner
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Maike Bernhard
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schindewolf
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Yvonne Döring
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9
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Gui Y, Zheng H, Cao RY. Foam Cells in Atherosclerosis: Novel Insights Into Its Origins, Consequences, and Molecular Mechanisms. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:845942. [PMID: 35498045 PMCID: PMC9043520 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.845942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam cells play a vital role in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. This review aims to summarize the novel insights into the origins, consequences, and molecular mechanisms of foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques. Foam cells are originated from monocytes as well as from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), stem/progenitor cells, and endothelium cells. Novel technologies including lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have revolutionized our understanding of subtypes of monocyte- and VSMC-derived foam cells. By using scRNA-seq, three main clusters including resident-like, inflammatory, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (Trem2 hi ) are identified as the major subtypes of monocyte-derived foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques. Foam cells undergo diverse pathways of programmed cell death including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, contributing to the necrotic cores of atherosclerotic plaques. The formation of foam cells is affected by cholesterol uptake, efflux, and esterification. Novel mechanisms including nuclear receptors, non-coding RNAs, and gut microbiota have been discovered and investigated. Although the heterogeneity of monocytes and the complexity of non-coding RNAs make obstacles for targeting foam cells, further in-depth research and therapeutic exploration are needed for the better management of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Gui
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research and Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchao Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard Y Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Zhang F, Guo X, Xia Y, Mao L. An update on the phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:6. [PMID: 34936041 PMCID: PMC11072026 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are involved in phenotypic switching in atherosclerosis. This switching is characterized by VSMC dedifferentiation, migration, and transdifferentiation into other cell types. VSMC phenotypic transitions have historically been considered bidirectional processes. Cells can adopt a physiological contraction phenotype or an alternative "synthetic" phenotype in response to injury. However, recent studies, including lineage tracing and single-cell sequencing studies, have shown that VSMCs downregulate contraction markers during atherosclerosis while adopting other phenotypes, including macrophage-like, foam cell, mesenchymal stem-like, myofibroblast-like, and osteochondral-like phenotypes. However, the molecular mechanism and processes regulating the switching of VSMCs at the onset of atherosclerosis are still unclear. This systematic review aims to review the critical outstanding challenges and issues that need further investigation and summarize the current knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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11
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Chakraborty R, Chatterjee P, Dave JM, Ostriker AC, Greif DM, Rzucidlo EM, Martin KA. Targeting smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching in vascular disease. JVS Vasc Sci 2021; 2:79-94. [PMID: 34617061 PMCID: PMC8489222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The phenotypic plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is central to vessel growth and remodeling, but also contributes to cardiovascular pathologies. New technologies including fate mapping, single cell transcriptomics, and genetic and pharmacologic inhibitors have provided fundamental new insights into the biology of VSMC. The goal of this review is to summarize the mechanisms underlying VSMC phenotypic modulation and how these might be targeted for therapeutic benefit. Methods We summarize findings from extensive literature searches to highlight recent discoveries in the mechanisms underlying VSMC phenotypic switching with particular relevance to intimal hyperplasia. PubMed was searched for publications between January 2001 and December 2020. Search terms included VSMCs, restenosis, intimal hyperplasia, phenotypic switching or modulation, and drug-eluting stents. We sought to highlight druggable pathways as well as recent landmark studies in phenotypic modulation. Results Lineage tracing methods have determined that a small number of mature VSMCs dedifferentiate to give rise to oligoclonal lesions in intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis and aneurysm, single cell transcriptomics reveal a striking diversity of phenotypes that can arise from these VSMCs. Mechanistic studies continue to identify new pathways that influence VSMC phenotypic plasticity. We review the mechanisms by which the current drug-eluting stent agents prevent restenosis and note remaining challenges in peripheral and diabetic revascularization for which new approaches would be beneficial. We summarize findings on new epigenetic (DNA methylation/TET methylcytosine dioxygenase 2, histone deacetylation, bromodomain proteins), transcriptional (Hippo/Yes-associated protein, peroxisome proliferator-activity receptor-gamma, Notch), and β3-integrin-mediated mechanisms that influence VSMC phenotypic modulation. Pharmacologic and genetic targeting of these pathways with agents including ascorbic acid, histone deacetylase or bromodomain inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, and integrin inhibitors suggests potential therapeutic value in the setting of intimal hyperplasia. Conclusions Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the remarkable plasticity of VSMCs may lead to novel approaches to treat and prevent cardiovascular disease and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Jui M Dave
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Allison C Ostriker
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Daniel M Greif
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Eva M Rzucidlo
- Department Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, McLeod Regional Medical Center, Florence, SC
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
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12
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Zurek M, Aavik E, Mallick R, Ylä-Herttuala S. Epigenetic Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Switching in Atherosclerotic Artery Remodeling: A Mini-Review. Front Genet 2021; 12:719456. [PMID: 34422021 PMCID: PMC8375552 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.719456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by extensive remodeling of medium and large-sized arteries. Inward remodeling (=lumen shrinkage) of the vascular walls is the underlying cause for ischemia in target organs. Therefore, inward remodeling can be considered the predominant feature of atherosclerotic pathology. Outward remodeling (=lumen enlargement) is a physiological response compensating for lumen shrinkage caused by neointimal hyperplasia, but as a pathological response to changes in blood flow, outward remodeling leads to substantial arterial wall thinning. Thinned vascular walls are prone to rupture, and subsequent thrombus formation accounts for the majority of acute cardiovascular events. Pathological remodeling is driven by inflammatory cells which induce vascular smooth muscle cells to switch from quiescent to a proliferative and migratory phenotype. After decades of intensive research, the molecular mechanisms of arterial remodeling are starting to unfold. In this mini-review, we summarize the current knowledge of the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype involved in arterial remodeling and discuss potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zurek
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Einari Aavik
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rahul Mallick
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Aalkjær C, Nilsson H, De Mey JGR. Sympathetic and Sensory-Motor Nerves in Peripheral Small Arteries. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:495-544. [PMID: 33270533 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small arteries, which play important roles in controlling blood flow, blood pressure, and capillary pressure, are under nervous influence. Their innervation is predominantly sympathetic and sensory motor in nature, and while some arteries are densely innervated, others are only sparsely so. Innervation of small arteries is a key mechanism in regulating vascular resistance. In the second half of the previous century, the physiology and pharmacology of this innervation were very actively investigated. In the past 10-20 yr, the activity in this field was more limited. With this review we highlight what has been learned during recent years with respect to development of small arteries and their innervation, some aspects of excitation-release coupling, interaction between sympathetic and sensory-motor nerves, cross talk between endothelium and vascular nerves, and some aspects of their role in vascular inflammation and hypertension. We also highlight what remains to be investigated to further increase our understanding of this fundamental aspect of vascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Nilsson
- Department Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jo G R De Mey
- Deptartment Pharmacology and Personalized Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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14
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Chen Y, Su X, Qin Q, Yu Y, Jia M, Zhang H, Li H, Pei L. New insights into phenotypic switching of VSMCs induced by hyperhomocysteinemia: Role of endothelin-1 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 123:109758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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15
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Prostaglandin D 2 stimulates phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31735914 PMCID: PMC6859158 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since chronic inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, inflammatory cytokines might contribute to the phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) facilitated the transformation of contractile VSMCs to the synthetic phenotype, as determined by the expression of marker proteins and a collagen gel contraction assay. Western blot analysis and a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) promoter assay revealed that TNFα stimulation resulted in the induction of COX2. The overexpression, silencing, or pharmacological inhibition of COX2 significantly affected TNFα-induced phenotypic conversion, and of the tested prostaglandins, only PGD2 significantly induced phenotypic conversion. ERK was significantly activated by PGD2 stimulation, and the pharmacological inhibition of ERK blocked the PGD2-induced phenotypic conversion of VSMCs. However, antagonists or agonists of PGD2 receptors did not affect VSMC conversion. In contrast, spontaneously dehydrated forms of PGD2, such as PGJ2, Δ12-PGJ2, and 15-d-PGJ2, strongly induced phenotypic conversion. A reporter gene assay showed that TNFα, PGD2, and 15-d-PGJ2 significantly activated the peroxisome proliferator-responsive element (PPRE) promoter. In addition, the overexpression or silencing of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) significantly influenced 15-d-PGJ2-induced phenotypic conversion. Finally, atherosclerotic neointima formation was significantly suppressed in mice lacking TNFα. In addition, mice fed celecoxib exhibited complete inhibition of carotid artery ligation-induced neointima formation. This study shows that PGD2 regulates the phenotypic conversion of VSMCs by generating an endogenous ligand of PPAR, and that this leads to neointima formation in occlusive arterial disease. A lipid compound that stimulates muscle cells to change type is instrumental in the development of arterial plaque formation in artherosclerosis. Sun Sik Bae at Pusan National University School of Medicine in Gyungnam, South Korea, and co-workers examined the role of inflammatory proteins in the development of artherosclerosis, a condition involving the build-up of scar tissue or ‘plaques’ on artery walls. The behavior of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is crucial to plaque development because, triggered by inflammatory protein activity, the cells switch from contractile-type cells to faster proliferating VSMCs, accelerating plaque growth. The team found that a compound called prostaglandin D2, a direct by-product of inflammatory protein behavior, together with a protein regulating gene expression, are key factors triggering this VSMC change. These insights may prove valuable in developing therapies for artherosclerosis.
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16
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Leeper NJ, Maegdefessel L. Non-coding RNAs: key regulators of smooth muscle cell fate in vascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:611-621. [PMID: 29300828 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) is one of the most plastic cells in the body. Understanding how non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate SMC cell-fate decision making in the vasculature has significantly enhanced our understanding of disease development, and opened up exciting new avenues for potential therapeutic applications. Recent studies on SMC physiology have in addition challenged our traditional view on their role and contribution to vascular disease, mainly in the setting of atherosclerosis as well as aneurysm disease, and restenosis after angioplasties. The impact of SMC behaviour on vascular disease is now recognized to be context dependent; SMC proliferation and migration can be harmful or beneficial, whereas their apoptosis, senescence, and switching into a more macrophage-like phenotype can promote inflammation and disease progression. This is in particular true for atherosclerosis-related diseases, where proliferation of SMCs was believed to promote lesion formation, but may also prevent plaque rupture by stabilizing the fibrous cap. Based on newer findings of genetic lineage tracing studies, it was revealed that SMC phenotypic switching can result in less-differentiated forms that lack classical SMC markers while exhibiting functions more related to macrophage-like cells. This switching can directly promote atherogenesis. The aim of this current review is to summarize and discuss how ncRNAs (mainly microRNAs and long ncRNAs) are involved in SMC plasticity, and how they directly affect vascular disease development and progression. Finally, we want to critically assess where potential future therapies could be useful to influence the burden of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Leeper
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, and German Center for Cardiovascular Research Center (DZHK) Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Karolinska Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Salmon M, Spinosa M, Zehner ZE, Upchurch GR, Ailawadi G. Klf4, Klf2, and Zfp148 activate autophagy-related genes in smooth muscle cells during aortic aneurysm formation. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14058. [PMID: 31025534 PMCID: PMC6483937 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a progressive dilation of the aorta that is characterized by an initial influx of inflammatory cells followed by a pro-inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, and eventually apoptotic smooth muscle cell phenotype. In recent years, the mechanisms related to the initial influx of inflammatory cells have become well-studied; the mechanisms related to chronic aneurysm formation, smooth muscle cell apoptosis and death are less well-characterized. Autophagy is a generally believed to be a protective cellular mechanism that functions to recycle defective proteins and cellular organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. Our goal with the present study was to investigate the role of autophagy in smooth muscle cells during AAA formation. Levels of the autophagy factors, Beclin, and LC3 were elevated in human and mouse AAA tissue via both qPCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Confocal staining in human and mouse AAA tissue demonstrated Beclin and LC3 were present in smooth muscle cells during AAA formation. Treatment of smooth muscle cells with porcine pancreatic elastase or interleukin (IL)-1β activated autophagy-related genes in vitro while treatment with a siRNA to Kruppel-like transcription factor 4 (Klf4), Kruppel-like transcription factor 2 (Klf2) or Zinc-finger protein 148 (Zfp148) separately inhibited activation of autophagy genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Klf4, Klf2, and Zfp148 separately bind autophagy genes in smooth muscle cells following elastase treatment. These results demonstrate that autophagy is an important mechanism related to Klfs in smooth muscle cells during AAA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Salmon
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Michael Spinosa
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Zendra E. Zehner
- Department of BiochemistryVirginia Commonwealth University Medical CenterRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Gorav Ailawadi
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
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18
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Salmon M, Schaheen B, Spinosa M, Montgomery W, Pope NH, Davis JP, Johnston WF, Sharma AK, Owens GK, Merchant JL, Zehner ZE, Upchurch GR, Ailawadi G. ZFP148 (Zinc-Finger Protein 148) Binds Cooperatively With NF-1 (Neurofibromin 1) to Inhibit Smooth Muscle Marker Gene Expression During Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:73-88. [PMID: 30580567 PMCID: PMC6422047 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective- The goal of this study was to determine the role of ZFP148 (zinc-finger protein 148) in aneurysm formation. Approach and Results- ZFP148 mRNA expression increased at day 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after during abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in C57BL/6 mice. Loss of ZFP148 conferred abdominal aortic aneurysm protection using ERTCre+ ZFP148 flx/flx mice. In a third set of experiments, smooth muscle-specific loss of ZFP148 alleles resulted in progressively greater protection using novel transgenic mice (MYH [myosin heavy chain 11] Cre+ flx/flx, flx/wt, and wt/wt). Elastin degradation, LGAL3, and neutrophil staining were significantly attenuated, while α-actin staining was increased in ZFP148 knockout mice. Results were verified in total cell ZFP148 and smooth muscle-specific knockout mice using an angiotensin II model. ZFP148 smooth muscle-specific conditional mice demonstrated increased proliferation and ZFP148 was shown to bind to the p21 promoter during abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. ZFP148 smooth muscle-specific conditional knockout mice also demonstrated decreased apoptosis as measured by decreased cleaved caspase-3 staining. ZFP148 bound smooth muscle marker genes via chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis mediated by NF-1 (neurofibromin 1) promote histone H3K4 deacetylation via histone deacetylase 5. Transient transfections and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that NF-1 was required for ZFP148 protein binding to smooth muscle marker genes promoters during aneurysm formation. Elimination of NF-1 using shRNA approaches demonstrated that NF-1 is required for binding and elimination of NF-1 increased BRG1 recruitment, the ATPase subunit of the SWI/SWF complex, and increased histone acetylation. Conclusions- ZFP148 plays a critical role in multiple murine models of aneurysm formation. These results suggest that ZFP148 is important in the regulation of proliferation, smooth muscle gene downregulation, and apoptosis in aneurysm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Salmon
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Basil Schaheen
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Spinosa
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William Montgomery
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicolas H. Pope
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John P. Davis
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William F. Johnston
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ashish K. Sharma
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine of the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gary K. Owens
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Zendra E. Zehner
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Gilbert R. Upchurch
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine of the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gorav Ailawadi
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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19
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Zhang M, Urabe G, Little C, Wang B, Kent AM, Huang Y, Kent KC, Guo LW. HDAC6 Regulates the MRTF-A/SRF Axis and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:782-795. [PMID: 30623138 PMCID: PMC6314972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Distinct from other histone deacetylases, HDAC6 primarily resides in the cytosol. Unexpectedly, HDAC6-selective inhibition (or silencing) enhances the nuclear activity of SRF. HDAC6 inhibition elevates acetylation and protein levels of myocardin-related transcription factor A, a cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling co-activator of SRF. Myocardin-related transcription factor A/SRF are known to critically regulate vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic stability. HDAC6 inhibition prevents smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation in vitro and reduces neointima and restenosis in vivo.
Cellular plasticity is fundamental in biology and disease. Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) dedifferentiation (loss of contractile proteins) initiates and perpetrates vascular pathologies such as restenosis. Contractile gene expression is governed by the master transcription factor, serum response factor (SRF). Unlike other histone deacetylases, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) primarily resides in the cytosol. Whether HDAC6 regulates SRF nuclear activity was previously unknown in any cell type. This study found that selective inhibition of HDAC6 with tubastatin A preserved the contractile protein (alpha-smooth muscle actin) that was otherwise diminished by platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Tubastatin A also enhanced SRF transcriptional (luciferase) activity, and this effect was confirmed by HDAC6 knockdown. Interestingly, HDAC6 inhibition increased acetylation and total protein of myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A), a transcription co-activator known to translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus, thereby activating SRF. Consistently, HDAC6 co-immunoprecipitated with MRTF-A. In vivo studies showed that tubastatin A treatment of injured rat carotid arteries mitigated neointimal lesion, which is known to be formed largely by dedifferentiated SMCs. This report is the first to show HDAC6 regulation of the MRTF-A/SRF axis and SMC plasticity, thus opening a new perspective for interventions of vascular pathologies.
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Key Words
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EEL, external elastic lamina
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HDAC6
- IEL, internal elastic lamina
- IH, intimal hyperplasia
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MRTF-A
- MRTF-A, myocardin-related transcription factor A
- PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor-BB
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- SMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
- SMHC, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain
- SRF
- SRF, serum response factor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSA, trichostatin A
- dedifferentiation
- siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid
- vascular smooth muscle cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Go Urabe
- Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Little
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alycia M Kent
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Yitao Huang
- Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - K Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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20
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Bonafiglia QA, Lourenssen SR, Hurlbut DJ, Blennerhassett MG. Epigenetic modification of intestinal smooth muscle cell phenotype during proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C722-C733. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00216.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation causes proliferation of intestinal smooth muscle cells (ISMC), contributing to a thickened intestinal wall and to stricture formation in Crohn’s disease. Proliferation of ISMC in vitro and in vivo caused decreased expression of marker proteins, but the underlying cause is unclear. Since epigenetic change is important in other systems, we used immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and quantitative PCR to examine epigenetic modification in cell lines from rat colon at low passage or after extended growth to evaluate phenotype. Exposure to the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A or the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine reversed the characteristic loss of phenotypic markers among high-passage cell lines of ISMC. Expression of smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle protein 22, as well as functional expression of the neurotrophin glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, was markedly increased. Increased expression of muscarinic receptor 3 and myosin light chain kinase was correlated with an upregulated response to cholinergic stimulation. In human ISMC (hISMC) lines from the terminal ileum, phenotype was similarly affected by extended proliferation. However, in hISMC from resected Crohn’s strictures, we observed a significantly reduced contractile phenotype compared with patient-matched intrinsic controls that was associated with increased patient-specific expression of DNA methyltransferase 1, HDAC2, and HDAC5. Therefore, protracted growth causes epigenetic alterations that account for an altered phenotype of ISMC. A similar process may promote stricture formation in Crohn’s disease, where the potential for halting progression, or even reversal, of disease through control of phenotypic modulation may become a novel treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn A. Bonafiglia
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra R. Lourenssen
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Hurlbut
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Roostalu U, Wong JK. Arterial smooth muscle dynamics in development and repair. Dev Biol 2018; 435:109-121. [PMID: 29397877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arterial vasculature distributes blood from early embryonic development and provides a nutrient highway to maintain tissue viability. Atherosclerosis, peripheral artery diseases, stroke and aortic aneurysm represent the most frequent causes of death and are all directly related to abnormalities in the function of arteries. Vascular intervention techniques have been established for the treatment of all of these pathologies, yet arterial surgery can itself lead to biological changes in which uncontrolled arterial wall cell proliferation leads to restricted blood flow. In this review we describe the intricate cellular composition of arteries, demonstrating how a variety of distinct cell types in the vascular walls regulate the function of arteries. We provide an overview of the developmental origin of arteries and perivascular cells and focus on cellular dynamics in arterial repair. We summarize the current knowledge of the molecular signaling pathways that regulate vascular smooth muscle differentiation in the embryo and in arterial injury response. Our review aims to highlight the similarities as well as differences between cellular and molecular mechanisms that control arterial development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmas Roostalu
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Jason Kf Wong
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK; Department of Plastic Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK.
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22
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Maguire EM, Xiao Q, Xu Q. Differentiation and Application of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2026-2037. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a role in the development of vascular disease, for example, neointimal formation, arterial aneurysm, and Marfan syndrome caused by genetic mutations in VSMCs, but little is known about the mechanisms of the disease process. Advances in induced pluripotent stem cell technology have now made it possible to derive VSMCs from several different somatic cells using a selection of protocols. As such, researchers have set out to delineate key signaling processes involved in triggering VSMC gene expression to grasp the extent of gene regulatory networks involved in phenotype commitment. This technology has also paved the way for investigations into diseases affecting VSMC behavior and function, which may be treatable once an identifiable culprit molecule or gene has been repaired. Moreover, induced pluripotent stem cell–derived VSMCs are also being considered for their use in tissue-engineered blood vessels as they may prove more beneficial than using autologous vessels. Finally, while several issues remains to be clarified before induced pluripotent stem cell–derived VSMCs can become used in regenerative medicine, they do offer both clinicians and researchers hope for both treating and understanding vascular disease. In this review, we aim to update the recent progress on VSMC generation from stem cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms of VSMC differentiation. We will also explore how the use of induced pluripotent stem cell–derived VSMCs has changed the game for regenerative medicine by offering new therapeutic avenues to clinicians, as well as providing researchers with a new platform for modeling of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithne Margaret Maguire
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (E.M.M., Q. Xiao); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Q. Xu)
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (E.M.M., Q. Xiao); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Q. Xu)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (E.M.M., Q. Xiao); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Q. Xu)
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23
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Lacolley P, Regnault V, Segers P, Laurent S. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Arterial Stiffening: Relevance in Development, Aging, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1555-1617. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cushioning function of large arteries encompasses distension during systole and recoil during diastole which transforms pulsatile flow into a steady flow in the microcirculation. Arterial stiffness, the inverse of distensibility, has been implicated in various etiologies of chronic common and monogenic cardiovascular diseases and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The first components that contribute to arterial stiffening are extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that support the mechanical load, while the second important components are vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which not only regulate actomyosin interactions for contraction but mediate also mechanotransduction in cell-ECM homeostasis. Eventually, VSMC plasticity and signaling in both conductance and resistance arteries are highly relevant to the physiology of normal and early vascular aging. This review summarizes current concepts of central pressure and tensile pulsatile circumferential stress as key mechanical determinants of arterial wall remodeling, cell-ECM interactions depending mainly on the architecture of cytoskeletal proteins and focal adhesion, the large/small arteries cross-talk that gives rise to target organ damage, and inflammatory pathways leading to calcification or atherosclerosis. We further speculate on the contribution of cellular stiffness along the arterial tree to vascular wall stiffness. In addition, this review provides the latest advances in the identification of gene variants affecting arterial stiffening. Now that important hemodynamic and molecular mechanisms of arterial stiffness have been elucidated, and the complex interplay between ECM, cells, and sensors identified, further research should study their potential to halt or to reverse the development of arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Regnault
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Segers
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Laurent
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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24
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Bauer AJ, Martin KA. Coordinating Regulation of Gene Expression in Cardiovascular Disease: Interactions between Chromatin Modifiers and Transcription Factors. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:19. [PMID: 28428957 PMCID: PMC5382160 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death with increasing economic burden. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases is complex, but can arise from genetic and/or environmental risk factors. This can lead to dysregulated gene expression in numerous cell types including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and inflammatory cells. While initial studies addressed transcriptional control of gene expression, epigenetics has been increasingly appreciated to also play an important role in this process through alterations in chromatin structure and gene accessibility. Chromatin-modifying proteins including enzymes that modulate DNA methylation, histone methylation, and histone acetylation can influence gene expression in numerous ways. These chromatin modifiers and their marks can promote or prevent transcription factor recruitment to regulatory regions of genes through modifications to DNA, histones, or the transcription factors themselves. This review will focus on the emerging question of how epigenetic modifiers and transcription factors interact to coordinately regulate gene expression in cardiovascular disease. While most studies have addressed the roles of either epigenetic or transcriptional control, our understanding of the integration of these processes is only just beginning. Interrogating these interactions is challenging, and improved technical approaches will be needed to fully dissect the temporal and spatial relationships between transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, and gene expression in cardiovascular disease. We summarize the current state of the field and provide perspectives on limitations and future directions. Through studies of epigenetic and transcriptional interactions, we can advance our understanding of the basic mechanisms of cardiovascular disease pathogenesis to develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Bauer
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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25
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Zhao J, Wu W, Zhang W, Lu YW, Tou E, Ye J, Gao P, Jourd'heuil D, Singer HA, Wu M, Long X. Selective expression of TSPAN2 in vascular smooth muscle is independently regulated by TGF-β1/SMAD and myocardin/serum response factor. FASEB J 2017; 31:2576-2591. [PMID: 28258189 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601021r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins (TSPANs) comprise a large family of 4-transmembrane domain proteins. The importance of TSPANs in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is unexplored. Given that TGF-β1 and myocardin (MYOCD) are potent activators for VSMC differentiation, we screened for TGF-β1 and MYOCD/serum response factor (SRF)-regulated TSPANs in VSMC by using RNA-seq analyses and RNA-arrays. TSPAN2 was found to be the only TSPAN family gene induced by TGF-β1 and MYOCD, and reduced by SRF deficiency in VSMCs. We also found that TSPAN2 is highly expressed in smooth muscle-enriched tissues and down-regulated in in vitro models of VSMC phenotypic modulation. TSPAN2 expression is attenuated in mouse carotid arteries after ligation injury and in failed human arteriovenous fistula samples after occlusion by dedifferentiated neointimal VSMC. In vitro functional studies showed that TSPAN2 suppresses VSMC proliferation and migration. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that TSPAN2 is regulated by 2 parallel pathways, MYOCD/SRF and TGF-β1/SMAD, via distinct binding elements within the proximal promoter. Thus, we identified the first VSMC-enriched and MYOCD/SRF and TGF-β1/SMAD-dependent TSPAN family member, whose expression is intimately associated with VSMC differentiation and negatively correlated with vascular disease. Our results suggest that TSPAN2 may play important roles in vascular disease.-Zhao, J., Wu, W., Zhang, W., Lu, Y. W., Tou, E., Ye, J., Gao, P., Jourd'heuil, D., Singer, H. A., Wu, M., Long, X. Selective expression of TSPAN2 in vascular smooth muscle is independently regulated by TGF-β1/SMAD and myocardin/serum response factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Yao Wei Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Emiley Tou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jiemei Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - David Jourd'heuil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Harold A Singer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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26
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Shi N, Li CX, Cui XB, Tomarev SI, Chen SY. Olfactomedin 2 Regulates Smooth Muscle Phenotypic Modulation and Vascular Remodeling Through Mediating Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 Binding to Serum Response Factor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:446-454. [PMID: 28062493 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of Olfactomedin 2 (Olfm2) in smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling. APPROACH AND RESULTS Platelet-derived growth factor-BB induces Olfm2 expression in primary SMCs while modulating SMC phenotype as shown by the downregulation of SMC marker proteins. Knockdown of Olfm2 blocks platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced SMC phenotypic modulation, proliferation, and migration. Conversely, Olfm2 overexpression inhibits SMC marker expression. Mechanistically, Olfm2 promotes the interaction of serum response factor with the runt-related transcription factor 2 that is induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB, leading to a decreased interaction between serum response factor and myocardin, causing a repression of SMC marker gene transcription and consequently SMC phenotypic modulation. Animal studies show that Olfm2 is upregulated in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. Knockdown of Olfm2 effectively inhibits balloon injury-induced neointima formation. Importantly, knockout of Olfm2 in mice profoundly suppresses wire injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia while restoring SMC contractile protein expression, suggesting that Olfm2 plays a critical role in SMC phenotypic modulation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Olfm2 is a novel factor mediating SMC phenotypic modulation. Thus, Olfm2 may be a potential target for treating injury-induced proliferative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shi
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (N.S., C.-X.L., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); and Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.I.T.)
| | - Chen-Xiao Li
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (N.S., C.-X.L., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); and Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.I.T.)
| | - Xiao-Bing Cui
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (N.S., C.-X.L., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); and Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.I.T.)
| | - Stanislav I Tomarev
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (N.S., C.-X.L., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); and Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.I.T.)
| | - Shi-You Chen
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (N.S., C.-X.L., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); and Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.I.T.).
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27
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Herring BP, Hoggatt AM, Griffith SL, McClintick JN, Gallagher PJ. Inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation following carotid artery ligation. Physiol Genomics 2016; 49:115-126. [PMID: 28039430 PMCID: PMC5374455 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00095.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following vascular injury medial smooth muscle cells dedifferentiate and migrate through the internal elastic lamina where they form a neointima. The goal of the current study was to identify changes in gene expression that occur before the development of neointima and are associated with the early response to injury. Vascular injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice and in Myh11-creER(T2) mTmG reporter mice by complete ligation of the left carotid artery. Reporter mice were used to visualize cellular changes in the injured vessels. Total RNA was isolated from control carotid arteries or from carotid arteries 3 days following ligation of C57BL/6 mice and analyzed by Affymetrix microarray and quantitative RT-PCR. This analysis revealed decreased expression of mRNAs encoding smooth muscle-specific contractile proteins that was accompanied by a marked increase in a host of mRNAs encoding inflammatory cytokines following injury. There was also marked decrease in molecules associated with BMP, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling and an increase in those associated with B cell, T cell, and macrophage signaling. Expression of a number of noncoding RNAs were also altered following injury with microRNAs 143/145 being dramatically downregulated and microRNAs 1949 and 142 upregulated. Several long noncoding RNAs showed altered expression that mirrored the expression of their nearest coding genes. These data demonstrate that following carotid artery ligation an inflammatory cascade is initiated that is associated with the downregulation of coding and noncoding RNAs that are normally required to maintain smooth muscle cells in a differentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Paul Herring
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - April M Hoggatt
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Sarah L Griffith
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Jeanette N McClintick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Patricia J Gallagher
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
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28
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Abstract
The historical view of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerosis is that aberrant proliferation of VSMCs promotes plaque formation, but that VSMCs in advanced plaques are entirely beneficial, for example preventing rupture of the fibrous cap. However, this view has been based on ideas that there is a homogenous population of VSMCs within the plaque, that can be identified separate from other plaque cells (particularly macrophages) using standard VSMC and macrophage immunohistochemical markers. More recent genetic lineage tracing studies have shown that VSMC phenotypic switching results in less-differentiated forms that lack VSMC markers including macrophage-like cells, and this switching directly promotes atherosclerosis. In addition, VSMC proliferation may be beneficial throughout atherogenesis, and not just in advanced lesions, whereas VSMC apoptosis, cell senescence, and VSMC-derived macrophage-like cells may promote inflammation. We review the effect of embryological origin on VSMC behavior in atherosclerosis, the role, regulation and consequences of phenotypic switching, the evidence for different origins of VSMCs, and the role of individual processes that VSMCs undergo in atherosclerosis in regard to plaque formation and the structure of advanced lesions. We think there is now compelling evidence that a full understanding of VSMC behavior in atherosclerosis is critical to identify therapeutic targets to both prevent and treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Bennett
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B., S.S.); and University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (G.K.O.).
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B., S.S.); and University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (G.K.O.)
| | - Gary K Owens
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B., S.S.); and University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (G.K.O.)
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29
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MISÁRKOVÁ E, BEHULIAK M, BENCZE M, ZICHA J. Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Excitation-Transcription Coupling in Blood Vessels: Their Possible Interactions in Hypertensive Vascular Remodeling. Physiol Res 2016; 65:173-91. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) display considerable phenotype plasticity which can be studied in vivo on vascular remodeling which occurs during acute or chronic vascular injury. In differentiated cells, which represent contractile phenotype, there are characteristic rapid transient changes of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), while the resting cytosolic [Ca2+]i concentration is low. It is mainly caused by two components of the Ca2+ signaling pathways: Ca2+ entry via L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and dynamic involvement of intracellular stores. Proliferative VSMC phenotype is characterized by long-lasting [Ca2+]i oscillations accompanied by sustained elevation of basal [Ca2+]i. During the switch from contractile to proliferative phenotype there is a general transition from voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry to voltage-independent Ca2+ entry into the cell. These changes are due to the altered gene expression which is dependent on specific transcription factors activated by various stimuli. It is an open question whether abnormal VSMC phenotype reported in rats with genetic hypertension (such as spontaneously hypertensive rats) might be partially caused by a shift from contractile to proliferative VSMC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J. ZICHA
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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30
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Scirocco A, Matarrese P, Carabotti M, Ascione B, Malorni W, Severi C. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Switch in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:295-302. [PMID: 26206426 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
As a general rule, smooth muscle cells (SMC) are able to switch from a contractile phenotype to a less mature synthetic phenotype. This switch is accompanied by a loss of differentiation with decreased expression of contractile markers, increased proliferation as well as the synthesis and the release of several signaling molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemotaxis-associated molecules, and growth factors. This SMC phenotypic plasticity has extensively been investigated in vascular diseases, but interest is also emerging in the field of gastroenterology. It has in fact been postulated that altered microenvironmental conditions, including the composition of microbiota, could trigger the remodeling of the enteric SMC, with phenotype changes and consequent alterations of contraction and impairment of gut motility. Several molecular actors participate in this phenotype remodeling. These include extracellular molecules such as cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins, as well as intracellular proteins, for example, transcription factors. Epigenetic control mechanisms and miRNA have also been suggested to participate. In this review key roles and actors of smooth muscle phenotypic switch, mainly in GI tissue, are described and discussed in the light of literature data available so far. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 295-302, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Scirocco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University Sapienza Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanit, à, Rome, Italy
- Center of Metabolomics, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilia Carabotti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University Sapienza Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ascione
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanit, à, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanit, à, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Pisana Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Severi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University Sapienza Rome, Rome, Italy
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31
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Gomez D, Swiatlowska P, Owens GK. Epigenetic Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Identity and Lineage Memory. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2508-16. [PMID: 26449751 PMCID: PMC4662608 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), like all cells, acquire a cell-specific epigenetic signature during development that includes acquisition of a unique repertoire of histone and DNA modifications. These changes are postulated to induce an open chromatin state (referred to as euchromatin) on the repertoire of genes that are expressed in differentiated SMC, including SMC-selective marker genes like Acta2 and Myh11, as well as housekeeping genes expressed by most cell types. In contrast, genes that are silenced in differentiated SMC acquire modifications associated with a closed chromatin state (ie, heterochromatin) and transcriptional silencing. Herein, we review mechanisms that regulate epigenetic control of the differentiated state of SMC. In addition, we identify some of the major limitations in the field and future challenges, including development of innovative new tools and approaches, for performing single-cell epigenetic assays and locus-selective editing of the epigenome that will allow direct studies of the functional role of specific epigenetic controls during development, injury repair, and disease, including major cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and microvascular disease, associated with diabetes mellitus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Lineage/drug effects
- Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/pathology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Epigenomics/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Gomez
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (D.G., G.K.O.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Pamela Swiatlowska
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (D.G., G.K.O.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Gary K Owens
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (D.G., G.K.O.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.
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32
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Li W, Wang N, Li M, Gong H, Liao X, Yang X, Zhang T. Protein kinase Cα inhibits myocardin-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the promotion of myocardin phosphorylation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015. [PMID: 26206583 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardin plays a key role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. However, the upstream signals that control the stability and transactivity of myocardin remain to be fully understood. The expression of protein kinase Cα (PKCα) also induces cardiac hypertrophy. An essential downstream molecule of PKCα, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, was reported to negatively regulate the activities of myocardin. But, the effect of cooperation between PKCα and myocardin and the potential molecular mechanism by which PKCα regulates myocardin-mediated cardiac hypertrophy are unclear. In this study, a luciferase assay was performed using H9C2 cells transfected with expression plasmids for PKCα and myocardin. Surprisingly, the results showed that PKCα inhibited the transcriptional activity of myocardin. PKCα inhibited myocardin-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, demonstrated by the decrease in cell surface area and fetal gene expression, in cardiomyocyte cells overexpressing PKCα and myocardin. The potential mechanism underlying the inhibition effect of PKCα on the function of myocardin is further explored. PKCα directly promoted the basal phosphorylation of endogenous myocardin at serine and threonine residues. In myocardin-overexpressing cardiomyocyte cells, PKCα induced the excessive phosphorylation of myocardin, resulting in the degradation of myocardin and a transcriptional suppression of hypertrophic genes. These results demonstrated that PKCα inhibits myocardin-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the promotion of myocardin phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huiqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinghua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
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Yang JY, Wang Q, Wang W, Zeng LF. Histone deacetylases and cardiovascular cell lineage commitment. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:852-858. [PMID: 26131315 PMCID: PMC4478631 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i5.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which include all diseases of the heart and circulation system, are the leading cause of deaths on the globally. During the development of CVDs, choric inflammatory, lipid metabolism disorder and endothelial dysfunction are widely recognized risk factors. Recently, the new treatment for CVDs that designed to regenerate the damaged myocardium and injured vascular endothelium and improve recovery by the use of stem cells, attracts more and more public attention. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from lysine residues of histone proteins allowing the histones to wrap the DNA more tightly and commonly known as epigenetic regulators of gene transcription. HDACs play indispensable roles in nearly all biological processes, such as transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events, and have originally shown to be involved in cancer and neurological diseases. HDACs are also found to play crucial roles in cardiovascular diseases by modulating vascular cell homeostasis (e.g., proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of both ECs and SMCs). This review focuses on the roles of different members of HDACs and HDAC inhibitor on stem cell/ progenitor cell differentiation toward vascular cell lineages (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and Cardiomyocytes) and its potential therapeutics.
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Liu J, Wang Y, Wu Y, Ni B, Liang Z. Sodium butyrate promotes the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to smooth muscle cells through histone acetylation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116183. [PMID: 25548915 PMCID: PMC4280132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing an effective method to improve stem cell differentiation is crucial in stem cell transplantation. Here we aimed to explore whether and how sodium butyrate (NaB) induces rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into bladder smooth muscle cells (SMCs). We found that NaB significantly suppressed MSC proliferation and promoted MSCs differentiation into SMCs, as evidenced by the enhanced expression of SMC specific genes in the MSCs. Co-culturing the MSCs with SMCs in a transwell system promoted the differentiation of MSCs into SMCs. NaB again promoted MSC differentiation in this system. Furthermore, NaB enhanced the acetylation of SMC gene-associated H3K9 and H4, and decreased the expression of HDAC2 and down-regulated the recruitment of HDAC2 to the promoter regions of SMC specific genes. Finally, we found that NaB significantly promoted MSC depolarization and increased the intracellular calcium level of MSCs upon carbachol stimulation. These results demonstrated that NaB effectively promotes MSC differentiation into SMCs, possibly by the marked inhibition of HDAC2 expression and disassociation of HDAC2 recruitment to SMC specific genes in MSCs, which further induces high levels of H3K9ace and H4ace and the enhanced expression of target genes, and this strategy could potentially be applied in clinical tissue engineering and cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxia Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yanzhou Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institutions of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institutions of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Zhiqing Liang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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Gole HKA, Tharp DL, Bowles DK. Upregulation of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCNN4) in porcine coronary smooth muscle requires NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5). PLoS One 2014; 9:e105337. [PMID: 25144362 PMCID: PMC4140784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims NADPH oxidase (NOX) is the primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and is proposed to play a key role in redox signaling involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Growth factors and cytokines stimulate coronary SMC (CSMC) phenotypic modulation, proliferation, and migration during atherosclerotic plaque development and restenosis. We previously demonstrated that increased expression and activity of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCNN4) is necessary for CSMC phenotypic modulation and progression of stenotic lesions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether NOX is required for KCNN4 upregulation induced by mitogenic growth factors. Methods and Results Dihydroethidium micro-fluorography in porcine CSMCs demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) increased superoxide production, which was blocked by the NOX inhibitor apocynin (Apo). Apo also blocked bFGF-induced increases in KCNN4 mRNA levels in both right coronary artery sections and CSMCs. Similarly, immunohistochemistry and whole cell voltage clamp showed bFGF-induced increases in CSMC KCNN4 protein expression and channel activity were abolished by Apo. Treatment with Apo also inhibited bFGF-induced increases in activator protein-1 promoter activity, as measured by luciferase activity assay. qRT-PCR demonstrated porcine coronary smooth muscle expression of NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, and NOX5 isoforms. Knockdown of NOX5 alone prevented both bFGF-induced upregulation of KCNN4 mRNA and CSMC migration. Conclusions Our findings provide novel evidence that NOX5-derived ROS increase functional expression of KCNN4 through activator protein-1, providing another potential link between NOX, CSMC phenotypic modulation, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope K. A. Gole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Darla L. Tharp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Douglas K. Bowles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu R, Leslie KL, Martin KA. Epigenetic regulation of smooth muscle cell plasticity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:448-53. [PMID: 24937434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMC) are the major cell type in blood vessels. Their principal function in the body is to regulate blood flow and pressure through vessel wall contraction and relaxation. Unlike many other mature cell types in the adult body, SMC do not terminally differentiate but retain a remarkable plasticity. They have the unique ability to toggle between a differentiated and quiescent "contractile" state and a highly proliferative and migratory "synthetic" phenotype in response to environmental stresses. While there have been major advances in our understanding of SMC plasticity through the identification of growth factors and signals that can influence the SMC phenotype, how these regulate SMC plasticity remains unknown. To date, several key transcription factors and regulatory cis elements have been identified that play a role in modulating SMC state. The frontier in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SMC plasticity has now advanced to the level of epigenetics. This review will summarize the epigenetic regulation of SMC, highlighting the role of histone modification, DNA methylation, and our most recent identification of a DNA demethylation pathway in SMC that is pivotal in the regulation of the SMC phenotypic state. Many disorders are associated with smooth muscle dysfunction, including atherosclerosis, the major underlying cause of stroke and coronary heart disease, as well as transplant vasculopathy, aneurysm, asthma, hypertension, and cancer. An increased understanding of the major regulators of SMC plasticity will lead to the identification of novel target molecules that may, in turn, lead to novel drug discoveries for the treatment of these diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjing Liu
- Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centre for the Endothelium, Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristen L Leslie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Wen P, Cao H, Fang L, Ye H, zhou Y, Jiang L, Su W, Xu H, He W, Dai C, Yang J. miR-125b/Ets1 axis regulates transdifferentiation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells in a high-phosphate environment. Exp Cell Res 2014; 322:302-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kirchmer MN, Franco A, Albasanz-Puig A, Murray J, Yagi M, Gao L, Dong ZM, Wijelath ES. Modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype by STAT-1 and STAT-3. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:169-75. [PMID: 24657387 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smooth muscle cell (SMC) de-differentiation is a key step that leads to pathological narrowing of blood vessels. De-differentiation involves a reduction in the expression of the SMC contractile genes that are the hallmark of quiescent SMCs. While there is considerable evidence linking inflammation to vascular diseases, very little is known about the mechanisms by which inflammatory signals lead to SMC de-differentiation. Given that the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) transcriptional factors are the key signaling molecules activated by many inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, the aim of the present study was to determine if STAT transcriptional factors play a role SMC de-differentiation. METHODS AND RESULTS Using shRNA targeted to STAT-1 and STAT-3, we show by real time RT-PCR and Western immunoblots that STAT-1 significantly reduces SMC contractile gene expression. In contrast, STAT-3 promotes expression of SMC contractile genes. Over-expression studies of STAT-1 and STAT-3 confirmed our observation that STAT-1 down-regulates whereas STAT-3 promotes SMC contractile gene expression. Bioinformatics analysis shows that promoters of all SMC contractile genes contain STAT binding sites. Finally, using ChIP analysis, we show that both STAT-1 and STAT-3 associate with the calponin gene. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the balance of STAT-1 and STAT-3 influences the differentiation status of SMCs. Increased levels of STAT-1 promote SMC de-differentiation, whereas high levels of STAT-3 drive SMC into a more mature phenotype. Thus, inhibition of STAT-1 may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention in the control of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Namekata Kirchmer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anais Franco
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adaia Albasanz-Puig
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Murray
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mayumi Yagi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhao Ming Dong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Errol S Wijelath
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Wang Y, Hu G, Liu F, Wang X, Wu M, Schwarz JJ, Zhou J. Deletion of yes-associated protein (YAP) specifically in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells reveals a crucial role for YAP in mouse cardiovascular development. Circ Res 2014; 114:957-65. [PMID: 24478334 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.303411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Our previous study has shown that yes-associated protein (YAP) plays a crucial role in the phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in response to arterial injury. However, the role of YAP in vascular SMC development is unknown. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the functional role of YAP in cardiovascular development in mice and determine the mechanisms underlying YAP's actions. METHODS AND RESULTS YAP was deleted in cardiomyocytes and vascular SMCs by crossing YAP flox mice with SM22α-Cre transgenic mice. Cardiac/SMC-specific deletion of YAP directed by SM22α-Cre resulted in perinatal lethality in mice because of profound cardiac defects including hypoplastic myocardium, membranous ventricular septal defect, and double outlet right ventricle. The cardiac/SMC-specific YAP knockout mice also displayed severe vascular abnormalities including hypoplastic arterial wall, short/absent brachiocephalic artery, and retroesophageal right subclavian artery. Deletion of YAP in mouse vascular SMCs induced expression of a subset of cell cycle arrest genes including G-protein-coupled receptor 132 (Gpr132). Silencing Gpr132 promoted SMC proliferation, whereas overexpression of Gpr132 attenuated SMC growth by arresting cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, suggesting that ablation of YAP-induced impairment of SMC proliferation was mediated, at least in part, by induction of Gpr132 expression. Mechanistically, YAP recruited the epigenetic repressor histone deacetylase-4 to suppress Gpr132 gene expression via a muscle CAT element in the Gpr132 gene. CONCLUSIONS YAP plays a critical role in cardiac/SMC proliferation during cardiovascular development by epigenetically regulating expression of a set of cell cycle suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (Y.W., G.H., F.L., J.Z.); and Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, NY (X.W., M.W., J.J.S.)
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Hu B, Dobson J, El Haj AJ. Control of smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) up-regulation in HBMSCs using remote magnetic particle mechano-activation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Salmon M, Johnston WF, Woo A, Pope NH, Su G, Upchurch GR, Owens GK, Ailawadi G. KLF4 regulates abdominal aortic aneurysm morphology and deletion attenuates aneurysm formation. Circulation 2013; 128:S163-74. [PMID: 24030402 PMCID: PMC3922284 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KLF4 mediates inflammatory responses after vascular injury/disease; however, the role of KLF4 in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) remains unknown. The goals of the present study were to (1) determine the role of KLF4 in experimental AAA; and (2) determine the effect of KLF4 on smooth muscle (SM) cells in AAAs. METHODS AND RESULTS KLF4 expression progressively increased at days 3, 7, and 14 after aortic elastase perfusion in C57BL/6 mice. Separately, loss of a KLF4 allele conferred AAA protection using ERTCre+ KLF4 flx/wt mice in the elastase AAA model. In a third set of experiments, SM-specific loss of 1 and 2 KLF4 alleles resulted in progressively greater protection using novel transgenic mice (MYHCre+ flx/flx, flx/wt, and wt/wt) in the elastase AAA model compared with control. Elastin degradation, MAC2, and cytokine production (MCP1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-23) were significantly attenuated, whereas α-actin staining was increased in KLF4 knockout mice versus controls. Results were verified in global KLF4 and SM-specific knockout mice using an angiotensin II model of aneurysm formation. KLF4 inhibition with siRNA attenuated downregulation of SM gene expression in vitro, whereas in vivo studies demonstrated that KLF4 binds to promoters of SM genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Finally, human aortic aneurysms demonstrated significantly higher KLF4 expression that was localized to SM cells. CONCLUSIONS KLF4 plays a critical role in aortic aneurysm formation via effects on SM cells. These results suggest that KLF4 regulates SM cell phenotypic switching and could be a potential therapeutic target for AAA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Salmon
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - William F. Johnston
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Andrew Woo
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Nicolas H. Pope
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Gang Su
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Gilbert R. Upchurch
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Gary K. Owens
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Gorav Ailawadi
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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Abstract
Epigenetics involve heritable and acquired changes in gene transcription that occur independently of the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms constitute a hierarchic upper-level of transcriptional control through complex modifications of chromosomal components and nuclear structures. These modifications include, for example, DNA methylation or post-translational modifications of core histones; they are mediated by various chromatin-modifying enzymes; and ultimately they define the accessibility of a transcriptional complex to its target DNA. Integrating epigenetic mechanisms into the pathophysiologic concept of complex and multifactorial diseases such as atherosclerosis may significantly enhance our understanding of related mechanisms and provide promising therapeutic approaches. Although still in its infancy, intriguing scientific progress has begun to elucidate the role of epigenetic mechanisms in vascular biology, particularly in the control of smooth muscle cell phenotypes. In this review, we will summarize epigenetic pathways in smooth muscle cells, focusing on mechanisms involved in the regulation of vascular remodeling.
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Yoshida T, Yamashita M, Horimai C, Hayashi M. Smooth muscle-selective inhibition of nuclear factor-κB attenuates smooth muscle phenotypic switching and neointima formation following vascular injury. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000230. [PMID: 23702880 PMCID: PMC3698790 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular proliferative diseases such as atherosclerosis are inflammatory disorders involving multiple cell types including macrophages, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Although activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in vessels has been shown to be critical for the progression of vascular diseases, the cell-autonomous role of NF-κB within SMCs has not been fully understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated SMC-selective truncated IκB expressing (SM22α-Cre/IκBΔN) mice, in which NF-κB was inhibited selectively in SMCs, and analyzed their phenotype following carotid injury. Results showed that neointima formation was markedly reduced in SM22α-Cre/IκBΔN mice after injury. Although vascular injury induced downregulation of expression of SMC differentiation markers and myocardin, a potent activator of SMC differentiation markers, repression of these markers and myocardin was attenuated in SM22α-Cre/IκBΔN mice. Consistent with these findings, NF-κB activation by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) decreased expression of SMC differentiation markers as well as myocardin in cultured SMCs. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling by BAY 11-7082 attenuated repressive effects of IL-1β. Of interest, Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), a transcription factor critical for regulating SMC differentiation and proliferation, was also involved in IL-1β-mediated myocardin repression. Promoter analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that NF-κB repressed myocardin by binding to the myocardin promoter region in concert with Klf4. CONCLUSIONS These results provide novel evidence that activation of the NF-κB pathway cell-autonomously mediates SMC phenotypic switching and contributes to neointima formation following vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yoshida
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Chalouhi N, Ali MS, Starke RM, Jabbour PM, Tjoumakaris SI, Gonzalez LF, Rosenwasser RH, Koch WJ, Dumont AS. Cigarette smoke and inflammation: role in cerebral aneurysm formation and rupture. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:271582. [PMID: 23316103 PMCID: PMC3532877 DOI: 10.1155/2012/271582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is an established risk factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage yet the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Recent data has implicated a role of inflammation in the development of cerebral aneurysms. Inflammation accompanying cigarette smoke exposure may thus be a critical pathway underlying the development, progression, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. Various constituents of the inflammatory response appear to be involved including adhesion molecules, cytokines, reactive oxygen species, leukocytes, matrix metalloproteinases, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Characterization of the molecular basis of the inflammatory response accompanying cigarette smoke exposure will provide a rational approach for future targeted therapy. In this paper, we review the current body of knowledge implicating cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in cerebral aneurysm formation/rupture and attempt to highlight important avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohra Chalouhi
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Muhammad S. Ali
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Robert M. Starke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Pascal M. Jabbour
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Stavropoula I. Tjoumakaris
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - L. Fernando Gonzalez
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Robert H. Rosenwasser
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Walter J. Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine and George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Aaron S. Dumont
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Azahri NSM, Di Bartolo BA, Khachigian LM, Kavurma MM. Sp1, acetylated histone-3 and p300 regulate TRAIL transcription: mechanisms of PDGF-BB-mediated VSMC proliferation and migration. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2597-606. [PMID: 22415975 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is important in atherogenesis, since it can induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and arterial thickening following injury. Here we show the first demonstrate that TRAIL siRNA reduces platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration. PDGF-BB-inducible VSMC proliferation was completely inhibited in VSMCs isolated from aortas of TRAIL(-/-) mice; whereas inducible migration was blocked compared to control VSMCs. TRAIL transcriptional control mediating this response is not established. TRAIL mRNA, protein and promoter activity was increased by PDGF-BB and subsequently inhibited by dominant-negative Sp1, suggesting that the transcription factor Sp1 plays a role. Sp1 bound multiple Sp1 sites on the TRAIL promoter, including two established (Sp1-1 and -2) and two novel Sp1-5/6 and -7 sites. PDGF-BB-inducible TRAIL promoter activity by Sp1 was mediated through these sites, since transverse mutations to each abolished inducible activity. PDGF-BB stimulation increased acetylation of histone-3 (ac-H3) and expression of the transcriptional co-activator p300, implicating chromatin remodelling. p300 overexpression increased TRAIL promoter activity, which was blocked by dominant-negative Sp1. Furthermore, PDGF-BB treatment increased the physical interaction of Sp1, p300 and ac-H3, while chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed Sp1, p300 and ac-H3 enrichment on the TRAIL promoter. Taken together, our studies demonstrate for the first time that PDGF-BB-induced TRAIL transcriptional activity requires the cooperation of Sp1, ac-H3 and p300, mediating increased expression of TRAIL which is important for VSMC proliferation and migration. Our findings have the promising potential for targeting TRAIL as a new therapeutic for vascular proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Saadah M Azahri
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Salmon M, Gomez D, Greene E, Shankman L, Owens GK. Cooperative binding of KLF4, pELK-1, and HDAC2 to a G/C repressor element in the SM22α promoter mediates transcriptional silencing during SMC phenotypic switching in vivo. Circ Res 2012; 111:685-96. [PMID: 22811558 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.269811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We previously identified conserved G/C Repressor elements in the promoters of most smooth muscle cell (SMC) marker genes and demonstrated that mutation of this element within the SM22α promoter nearly abrogated repression of this transgene after vascular wire injury or within lesions of ApoE-/- mice. However, the mechanisms regulating the activity of the G/C Repressor are unknown, although we have previously shown that phenotypic switching of cultured SMC is dependent on Krupple-like factor (KLF)4. OBJECTIVE The goals of the present studies were to ascertain if (1) injury-induced repression of SM22α gene after vascular injury is mediated through KLF4 binding to the G/C Repressor element and (2) the transcriptional repressor activity of KLF4 on SMC marker genes is dependent on cooperative binding with pELK-1 (downstream activator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway) and subsequent recruitment of histone de-acetylase 2 (HDAC2), which mediates epigenetic gene silencing. METHODS AND RESULTS Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed on chromatin derived from carotid arteries of mice having either a wild-type or G/C Repressor mutant SM22α promoter-LacZ transgene. KLF4 and pELK-1 binding to the SM22α promoter was markedly increased after vascular injury and was G/C Repressor dependent. Sequential ChIP assays and proximity ligation analyses in cultured SMC treated with platelet-derived growth factor BB or oxidized phospholipids showed formation of a KLF4, pELK-1, and HDAC2 multiprotein complex dependent on the SM22α G/C Repressor element. CONCLUSIONS Silencing of SMC marker genes during phenotypic switching is partially mediated by sequential binding of pELK-1 and KLF4 to G/C Repressor elements. The pELK-1-KLF4 complex in turn recruits HDAC2, leading to reduced histone acetylation and epigenetic silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Salmon
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, PO Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1394, USA
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Tang Y, Boucher JM, Liaw L. Histone deacetylase activity selectively regulates notch-mediated smooth muscle differentiation in human vascular cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e000901. [PMID: 23130137 PMCID: PMC3487326 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Histone deacetylases (HDACs) modify smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and affect neointimal lesion formation by regulating cell cycle progression. HDACs might also regulate SMC differentiation, although this is not as well characterized. Methods and Results Notch signaling activates SMC contractile markers and the differentiated phenotype in human aortic SMCs. Using this model, we found that HDAC inhibition antagonized the ability of Notch to increase levels of smooth muscle α-actin, calponin1, smooth muscle 22α, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. However, inhibition of HDAC activity did not suppress Notch activation of the HRT target genes. In fact, HDAC inhibition increased activation of the canonical C-promoter binding factor-1 (CBF-1)–mediated Notch pathway, which activates HRT transcription. Although CBF-1–mediated Notch signaling was increased by HDAC inhibition in human SMCs and in a C3H10T1/2 model, SMC differentiation was inhibited in both cases. Further characterization of downstream Notch signaling pathways showed activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and PI3K/Akt pathways. The activation of these pathways was sensitive to HDAC inhibition and was positively correlated with the differentiated phenotype. Conclusions Our studies define novel signaling pathways downstream of Notch signaling in human SMCs. In addition to the canonical CBF-1 pathway, Notch stimulates c-Jun N-terminal kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and PI3K cascades. Both canonical and noncanonical pathways downstream of Notch promote a differentiated, contractile phenotype in SMCs. Although CBF-1–mediated Notch signaling is not suppressed by HDAC inhibition, HDAC activity is required for Notch differentiation signals through mitogen-activated protein kinase and PI3K pathways in SMCs. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e000901 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.000901)
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Tang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough, ME
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Yoshida T, Yamashita M, Hayashi M. Kruppel-like factor 4 contributes to high phosphate-induced phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteogenic cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25706-14. [PMID: 22679022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.361360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease is highly associated with vascular calcification. Previous studies have shown that high phosphate-induced phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) into osteogenic cells plays an important role in the calcification process. In the present study, we determined whether Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) and phosphorylated Elk-1, transcriptional repressors of SMC differentiation marker genes activated by intimal atherogenic stimuli, contributed to this process. Rat aortic SMCs were cultured in the medium with normal (0.9 mmol/liter) or high (4.5 mmol/liter) phosphate concentration. Results showed that high phosphate concentration induced SMC calcification. Moreover, high phosphate decreased expression of SMC differentiation marker genes including smooth muscle α-actin and SM22α, whereas it increased expression of osteogenic genes, such as Runx2 and osteopontin. High phosphate also induced Klf4 expression, although it did not phosphorylate Elk-1. In response to high phosphate, Klf4 selectively bound to the promoter regions of SMC differentiation marker genes. Of importance, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Klf4 blunted high phosphate-induced suppression of SMC differentiation marker genes, as well as increases in expression of osteogenic genes and calcium deposition. Klf4 was also induced markedly in the calcified aorta of adenine-induced uremic rats. Results provide novel evidence that Klf4 mediates high phosphate-induced conversion of SMCs into osteogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yoshida
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Malabanan KP, Sheahan AV, Khachigian LM. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB mediates cell migration through induction of activating transcription factor 4 and tenascin-C. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:2590-7. [PMID: 22507839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The acute response to vascular cell injury, which underpins vasculo-occlusive pathologies such as atherogenesis and restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention, involves a complex series of molecular events that alter patterns of gene expression and favor a synthetic phenotype. One transcription factor that has been implicated in this process is the evolutionarily conserved mammalian stress response pathway regulator activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4). Here, we show for the first time that both mRNA and protein levels of ATF-4 are induced in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by the potent migratory factor PDGF-BB through PDGFR-β. PDGF-BB also stimulates the expression of tenascin-C (TN-C), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that regulates the activity of focal adhesion complexes, facilitating the SMC migration that underlies negative vascular remodeling in response to injury. Overexpression of ATF-4 increased transcript levels of the four TN-C isoforms in rat vascular SMCs, and ATF-4 knockdown inhibited PDGF-BB-inducible TN-C expression in vitro and injury-inducible TN-C protein expression in the balloon-injured rat artery wall. Furthermore, we show that ATF-4 is required for PDGF-BB-inducible SMC migration in response to injury. PDGF-BB-induced migration was also compromised in ATF-4 null mEFs, and this effect was rescued by the addition of TN-C. Our findings thus demonstrate the role of ATF-4 in both injury- and PDGF-BB-inducible TN-C expression and cell migration.
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Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) possess remarkable phenotypic plasticity that allows rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental cues, including during development and progression of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Although much is known regarding factors and mechanisms that control SMC phenotypic plasticity in cultured cells, our knowledge of the mechanisms controlling SMC phenotypic switching in vivo is far from complete. Indeed, the lack of definitive SMC lineage-tracing studies in the context of atherosclerosis, and difficulties in identifying phenotypically modulated SMCs within lesions that have down-regulated typical SMC marker genes, and/or activated expression of markers of alternative cell types including macrophages, raise major questions regarding the contributions of SMCs at all stages of atherogenesis. The goal of this review is to rigorously evaluate the current state of our knowledge regarding possible phenotypes exhibited by SMCs within atherosclerotic lesions and the factors and mechanisms that may control these phenotypic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Gomez
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, PO Box 801394, Room 1322 Medical Research Building 5, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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