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Umbayev B, Saliev T, Safarova (Yantsen) Y, Yermekova A, Olzhayev F, Bulanin D, Tsoy A, Askarova S. The Role of Cdc42 in the Insulin and Leptin Pathways Contributing to the Development of Age-Related Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4964. [PMID: 38068822 PMCID: PMC10707920 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related obesity significantly increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and certain cancers. The insulin-leptin axis is crucial in understanding metabolic disturbances associated with age-related obesity. Rho GTPase Cdc42 is a member of the Rho family of GTPases that participates in many cellular processes including, but not limited to, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, cell polarity, morphology, proliferation, motility, and migration. Cdc42 functions as an integral part of regulating insulin secretion and aging. Some novel roles for Cdc42 have also been recently identified in maintaining glucose metabolism, where Cdc42 is involved in controlling blood glucose levels in metabolically active tissues, including skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, pancreas, etc., which puts this protein in line with other critical regulators of glucose metabolism. Importantly, Cdc42 plays a vital role in cellular processes associated with the insulin and leptin signaling pathways, which are integral elements involved in obesity development if misregulated. Additionally, a change in Cdc42 activity may affect senescence, thus contributing to disorders associated with aging. This review explores the complex relationships among age-associated obesity, the insulin-leptin axis, and the Cdc42 signaling pathway. This article sheds light on the vast molecular web that supports metabolic dysregulation in aging people. In addition, it also discusses the potential therapeutic implications of the Cdc42 pathway to mitigate obesity since some new data suggest that inhibition of Cdc42 using antidiabetic drugs or antioxidants may promote weight loss in overweight or obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Timur Saliev
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan;
| | - Yuliya Safarova (Yantsen)
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Aislu Yermekova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Farkhad Olzhayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Denis Bulanin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Andrey Tsoy
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
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Wang R, Huang R, Liu Y, Tamalunas A, Stief CG, Hennenberg M. Silencing of CDC42 inhibits contraction and growth-related functions in prostate stromal cells, which is mimicked by ML141. Life Sci 2023; 329:121928. [PMID: 37437651 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate smooth muscle contraction and stromal growth may contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia, but are incompletely understood. A role of the monomeric GTPase CDC42 for smooth muscle contraction and proliferation appears possible, but is unknown for the prostate. Here, we silenced CDC42 expression in prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1), and examined contractility, growth-related functions and responses to the presumed CDC42 inhibitor, ML141. METHODS WPMY-1 cells were transfected with scrambled or CDC42-specific siRNA, and characterized for GTPase activities, contraction, proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis, cell death and viability. Effects of ML141 were examined in cells with and without silencing. RESULTS CDC42 silencing was confirmed by reduced mRNA and protein expression, and reduced CDC42 activity. Silencing impaired contraction (23-47 %), actin organization (25 %), proliferation (17-63 %), colony formation and viability (64-89 %), and increased the percentage of dead cells (2.6-fold). ML141 mimicked the phenotype of silencing in scrambled siRNA-transfected controls, and in non-transfected WPMY-1 cells, including inhibition of contraction, proliferation, colony formation and viability, breakdown of actin organization and increased cell death. In CDC42-silenced cells, ML141 still affected phalloiding organization, proliferation and cell death, with effect sizes resembling controls without silencing. ML141 inhibited RhoA activity in CDC42-silenced cells, but not in cells without silencing. CONCLUSIONS CDC42 promotes contraction of prostate stromal cells, and drives stromal growth by CDC42-mediated proliferation and suppression of apoptosis-independent cell death. ML141 mimicks all effects of CDC42 silencing, but its specificity may be limited and depends on GTPase phenotypes of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiao Wang
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ru Huang
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Tamalunas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christan G Stief
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Aikemu B, Shao Y, Yang G, Ma J, Zhang S, Yang X, Hong H, Yesseyeva G, Huang L, Jia H, Wang C, Zang L, Sun J, Zheng M. NDRG1 regulates Filopodia-induced Colorectal Cancer invasiveness via modulating CDC42 activity. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1716-1730. [PMID: 33994856 PMCID: PMC8120473 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) has been identified as a putative metastasis suppressor gene and proved to be a key player in cancer spreading and proliferation in our previous work. However, the effects of NDRG1 on tumor invasion and the mechanisms behind it are rarely understood. Here we provided in silico evidence that NDRG1 plays a crucial role in actin reorganization in colorectal cancer (CRC). Through in vitro experiments, we next observed filopodia formation was altered in NDRG1-modified cell lines, while cell division cycle-42 (CDC42) displayed excessive activation in NDRG1-silenced cells. Mechanistically, NDRG1 loss disrupts the binding between RhoGDIα and CDC42 and triggers the activation of CDC42 and the downstream cascades PAK1/Cofilin, thereby promotes the formation of filopodia and invasiveness of CRC. The knockdown of NDRG1 led to enhanced dissemination of CRC cells in vivo and correlates with active CDC42 expression. Using clinical sample analysis, we found an elevated level of active CDC42 in patients with advanced T stage, and it was negatively related to NDRG1 expression. In sum, these results uncover a mechanism utilized by NDRG1 to regulate CDC42 activity in coordinating cytoskeleton reorganization, which was crucial in cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batuer Aikemu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hiju Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Galiya Yesseyeva
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongtao Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chen Y, Sha R, Xu L, Xia Y, Liu Y, Li X, Xie HQ, Tang N, Zhao B. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes migration ability of primary cultured rat astrocytes via aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:368-376. [PMID: 30528028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence showed that 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) could induce expression of certain reactivation-associated genes in astrocytes, however, the consequent cellular effects and molecular mechanisms are still unclear. During the process of astrocyte reactivation, migration is a critical cellular event. In the present study, we employed wound-healing assay and Transwell® motility assay to explore the effects of TCDD on cell migration in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes. We found that upon TCDD treatments at relative low concentrations (10-10 and/or 10-9 mol/L), the ability of primary astrocytes to migrate horizontally and vertically was promoted. In line with this cellular effect, the mRNA expression of two pro-migratory genes, including cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) was induced by TCDD treatment. Dioxin exerts its toxic effects mainly through aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. So the role of AhR pathway in the pro-migratory effects of TCDD was examined using an AhR antagonist, CH223191. We found that application of CH223191 significantly reversed the pro-migratory effects of TCDD. Interestingly, the basal ability of horizontal migration as well as basal levels of CDC42 and MMP2 expression were dramatically reduced suggesting a possible physiological role of AhR in maintaining the endogenous migration ability of the primary astrocytes. These findings support the notion that dioxin promotes astrocyte reactivation at molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Rui Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingjie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, s, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Naijun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, s, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Is Required for MMP-2 Function in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Implications for Cytoskeleton Assembly and Proliferation. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:5034679. [PMID: 29713350 PMCID: PMC5866864 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5034679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell- (BM-MSC-) based therapy is a promising option for regenerative medicine. An important role in the control of the processes influencing the BM-MSC therapeutic efficacy, namely, extracellular matrix remodelling and proliferation and secretion ability, is played by matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 2. Therefore, the identification of paracrine/autocrine regulators of MMP-2 function may be of great relevance for improving BM-MSC therapeutic potential. We recently reported that BM-MSCs release the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and, here, we demonstrated an impairment of MMP-2 expression/release when the S1P receptor subtype S1PR1 is blocked. Notably, active S1PR1/MMP-2 signalling is required for F-actin structure assembly (lamellipodia, microspikes, and stress fibers) and, in turn, cell proliferation. Moreover, in experimental conditions resembling the damaged/regenerating tissue microenvironment (hypoxia), S1P/S1PR1 system is also required for HIF-1α expression and vinculin reduction. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the trophic role of S1P/S1PR1 signalling in maintaining BM-MSCs' ability to modulate MMP-2 function, necessary for cytoskeleton reorganization and cell proliferation in both normoxia and hypoxia. Altogether, these data provide new perspectives for considering S1P/S1PR1 signalling a pharmacological target to preserve BM-MSC properties and to potentiate their beneficial potential in tissue repair.
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Qin Z, Hou H, Fu F, Wu J, Han B, Yang W, Zhang L, Cao J, Jin X, Cheng S, Yang Z, Zhang M, Lan X, Yao T, Dong Q, Wu S, Zhang J, Xu Z, Li Y, Chen Y. Fine particulate matter exposure induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits migration and invasion of human extravillous trophoblast, as determined by an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics strategy. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 74:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bildyug N. Matrix metalloproteinases: an emerging role in regulation of actin microfilament system. Biomol Concepts 2017; 7:321-329. [PMID: 27763882 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2016-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes, including contraction, migration, differentiation, and proliferation. These processes all involve cell phenotype changes, known to be accompanied by reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. Growing evidence indicates a correlation between MMP activity and the dynamics of actin system, suggesting their mutual regulation. Here, data on the influence of MMPs on the actin microfilament system, on the one hand, and the dependence of MMP expression and activation on the organization of actin structures, on the other hand, are reviewed. The different mechanisms of putative actin-MMP regulation are discussed.
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The US3 Protein of Pseudorabies Virus Drives Viral Passage across the Basement Membrane in Porcine Respiratory Mucosa Explants. J Virol 2016; 90:10945-10950. [PMID: 27681139 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01577-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Passage of the basement membrane (BM), which forms a barrier between the epithelium and the underlying lamina propria, represents an important step in the early pathogenesis of different alphaherpesviruses. Rho GTPase signaling plays an important role in transmigration of cells across the BM during physiological and pathological processes. We reported earlier that the US3 protein kinase of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) interferes with Rho GTPase signaling and causes a reorganization of the host cell cytoskeleton, which as a consequence, enhances viral cell-to-cell spread in epithelial cell cultures. Here, using an ex vivo system of porcine nasal respiratory mucosa explants that allows to study PRV invasion through the BM, we found that a PRV strain that lacks US3 expression (ΔUS3 PRV) showed a reduced spread in mucosal epithelium and was virtually unable to breach the BM, in contrast to isogenic wild-type (WT) or US3 rescue PRV strains. Interestingly, addition of IPA3, an inhibitor of p21-activated kinases that blocks the effects of US3 on the cytoskeleton, suppressed the ability of WT PRV to spread across the BM. In addition, artificial suppression of RhoA signaling using CPC3 (cell-permeable C3 transferase) to mimic the effects of US3 on Rho GTPase signaling, significantly increased passage of ΔUS3 PRV through the BM, whereas it did not significantly affect BM passage of WT or US3 rescue PRV. In conclusion, these data indicate that US3 plays an important role in PRV mucosal invasion across the BM, which involves its interference with Rho GTPase signaling. This is the first report describing an alphaherpesvirus protein that drives viral BM passage. IMPORTANCE Many viruses, including alphaherpesviruses, primarily replicate in epithelial cells of surface mucosae, such as the respiratory mucosa. Some of these viruses breach the basement membrane underlying these epithelial cells to reach underlying connective tissue and blood vessels and invade the host. Hence, epithelial spread and basement membrane passage represent crucial but still poorly understood early steps in (alphaherpes)virus pathogenesis. Here, using ex vivo porcine respiratory mucosa explants, we show that the conserved US3 protein of the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) is critical for passage of PRV across the basement membrane and contributes to efficient viral epithelial spread. In addition, we show that US3-mediated viral epithelial spread and passage across the basement membrane depend at least in part on the ability of this viral protein to modulate cellular Rho GTPase signaling. This is the first report that identifies an alphaherpesvirus protein that drives viral basement membrane passage.
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9
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Triptolide disrupts the actin-based Sertoli-germ cells adherens junctions by inhibiting Rho GTPases expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 310:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Nicholas NS, Pipili A, Lesjak MS, Ameer SM, Geh JLC, Healy C, Ross ADM, Parsons M, Nestle FO, Lacy KE, Wells CM. PAK4 suppresses PDZ-RhoGEF activity to drive invadopodia maturation in melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:70881-70897. [PMID: 27765920 PMCID: PMC5342596 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are thought to use actin rich invadopodia to facilitate matrix degradation. Formation and maturation of invadopodia requires the co-ordained activity of Rho-GTPases, however the molecular mechanisms that underlie the invadopodia lifecycle are not fully elucidated. Previous work has suggested a formation and disassembly role for Rho family effector p-21 activated kinase 1 (PAK1) however, related family member PAK4 has not been explored. Systematic analysis of isoform specific depletion using in vitro and in vivo invasion assays revealed there are differential invadopodia-associated functions. We consolidated a role for PAK1 in the invadopodia formation phase and identified PAK4 as a novel invadopodia protein that is required for successful maturation. Furthermore, we find that PAK4 (but not PAK1) mediates invadopodia maturation likely via inhibition of PDZ-RhoGEF. Our work points to an essential role for both PAKs during melanoma invasion but provides a significant advance in our understanding of differential PAK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Nicholas
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aikaterini Pipili
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michaela S. Lesjak
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simon M. Ameer
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny L. C. Geh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ciaran Healy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frank O. Nestle
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katie E. Lacy
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Claire M. Wells
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Cadamuro M, Spagnuolo G, Sambado L, Indraccolo S, Nardo G, Rosato A, Brivio S, Caslini C, Stecca T, Massani M, Bassi N, Novelli E, Spirli C, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. Low-Dose Paclitaxel Reduces S100A4 Nuclear Import to Inhibit Invasion and Hematogenous Metastasis of Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4775-84. [PMID: 27328733 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear expression of the calcium-binding protein S100A4 is a biomarker of increased invasiveness in cholangiocarcinoma, a primary liver cancer with scarce treatment opportunities and dismal prognosis. In this study, we provide evidence that targeting S100A4 nuclear import by low-dose paclitaxel, a microtubule-stabilizing agent, inhibits cholangiocarcinoma invasiveness and metastatic spread. Administration of low-dose paclitaxel to established (EGI-1) and primary (CCA-TV3) cholangiocarcinoma cell lines expressing nuclear S100A4 triggered a marked reduction in nuclear expression of S100A4 without modifying its cytoplasmic levels, an effect associated with a significant decrease in cell migration and invasiveness. While low-dose paclitaxel did not affect cellular proliferation, apoptosis, or cytoskeletal integrity, it significantly reduced SUMOylation of S100A4, a critical posttranslational modification that directs its trafficking to the nucleus. This effect of low-dose paclitaxel was reproduced by ginkolic acid, a specific SUMOylation inhibitor. Downregulation of nuclear S100A4 by low-dose paclitaxel was associated with a strong reduction in RhoA and Cdc42 GTPase activity, MT1-MMP expression, and MMP-9 secretion. In an SCID mouse xenograft model, low-dose metronomic paclitaxel treatment decreased lung dissemination of EGI-1 cells without significantly affecting their local tumor growth. In the tumor mass, nuclear S100A4 expression by cholangiocarcinoma cells was significantly reduced, whereas rates of proliferation and apoptosis were unchanged. Overall, our findings highlight nuclear S100A4 as a candidate therapeutic target in cholangiocarcinoma and establish a mechanistic rationale for the use of low-dose paclitaxel in blocking metastatic progression of cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4775-84. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cadamuro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy. International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Gaia Spagnuolo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Sambado
- Metabolism, Disease and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Nardo
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy. Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Brivio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Caslini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Stecca
- 4 Surgery Division, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Marco Massani
- 4 Surgery Division, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Nicolò Bassi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy. 4 Surgery Division, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Spirli
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy. Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luca Fabris
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy. Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy. International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy. Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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12
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Chang JH, Huang YH, Cunningham CM, Han KY, Chang M, Seiki M, Zhou Z, Azar DT. Matrix metalloproteinase 14 modulates signal transduction and angiogenesis in the cornea. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 61:478-97. [PMID: 26647161 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is transparent and avascular, and retention of these characteristics is critical to maintaining vision clarity. Under normal conditions, wound healing in response to corneal injury occurs without the formation of new blood vessels; however, neovascularization may be induced during corneal wound healing when the balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic mediators is disrupted to favor angiogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are key factors in extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis, contribute to the maintenance of this balance, and in pathologic instances, can contribute to its disruption. Here, we elaborate on the facilitative role of MMPs, specifically MMP-14, in corneal neovascularization. MMP-14 is a transmembrane MMP that is critically involved in extracellular matrix proteolysis, exosome transport, and cellular migration and invasion, processes that are critical for angiogenesis. To aid in developing efficacious therapies that promote healing without neovascularization, it is important to understand and further investigate the complex pathways related to MMP-14 signaling, which can also involve vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, Wnt/β-catenin, transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor or chemokines, epidermal growth factor, prostaglandin E2, thrombin, integrins, Notch, Toll-like receptors, PI3k/Akt, Src, RhoA/RhoA kinase, and extracellular signal-related kinase. The involvement and potential contribution of these signaling molecules or proteins in neovascularization are the focus of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu-Hui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christy M Cunningham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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13
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Xiong W, Yin A, Mao X, Zhang W, Huang H, Zhang X. Resveratrol suppresses human glioblastoma cell migration and invasion via activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:484-490. [PMID: 26870238 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that resveratrol has a potential use in cancer prevention and treatment. However, the effects of resveratrol on cancer cell motility and invasiveness remain unclear. The current study aimed to examine the effects of resveratrol on cell migration and invasion in human glioblastoma cells, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. In wound-healing and Matrigel transwell assays, resveratrol was found to significantly inhibit the migration and invasion of U87MG, T98G and U251 glioblastoma cells in vitro. Results from western blot analysis and gelatin zymography revealed that resveratrol also suppressed the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2; P<0.05), an important mediator of cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, using a pull-down assay, increased activation of RhoA was observed in glioblastoma cells treated with resveratrol vs. controls (P<0.05). Notably, inhibition of the RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway by C3 transferase or Y-27362 was found to attenuate the resveratrol-induced reductions in cell migration and invasion (P<0.05), and also partially rescued the decreased expression and activity of MMP-2 induced by resveratrol (P<0.05). Taken together, the results suggest that resveratrol may inhibit glioblastoma cell motility and invasiveness via activating the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China; Trauma Centre, The 196th Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Anan Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xinggang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Huiyong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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14
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Uchida C, Nwadozi E, Hasanee A, Olenich S, Olfert IM, Haas TL. Muscle-derived vascular endothelial growth factor regulates microvascular remodelling in response to increased shear stress in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:349-60. [PMID: 25659833 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM The source of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) may influence vascular function. Exercise-induced vascular growth has been attributed to elevated metabolic demand and to increased blood flow, involving the production of VEGF-A by skeletal muscle and by endothelial cells respectively. We hypothesized that muscle-derived VEGF-A is not required for vascular adaptations to blood flow in skeletal muscle, as this remodelling stimulus originates within the capillary. METHODS Myocyte-specific VEGF-A (mVEGF(-/-) ) deleted mice were treated for 7-21 days with the vasodilator prazosin to produce a sustained increase in skeletal muscle blood flow. RESULTS Capillary number increased in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in response to prazosin in wild type but not mVEGF(-/-) mice. Prazosin increased the number of smooth muscle actin-positive blood vessels in the EDL of wild-type but not mVEGF(-/-) mice. The average size of smooth muscle actin-positive blood vessels also was smaller in knockout mice after prazosin treatment. In response to prazosin treatment, VEGF-A mRNA was elevated within the EDL of wild-type but not mVEGF(-/-) mice. Ex vivo incubation of wild-type EDL with a nitric oxide donor increased VEGF-A mRNA. Likewise, we demonstrated that nitric oxide donor treatment of cultured myoblasts stimulated an increase in VEGF-A mRNA and protein. CONCLUSION These results suggest a link through which flow-mediated endothelial-derived signals may promote myocyte production of VEGF-A. In turn, myocyte-derived VEGF-A is required for appropriate flow-mediated microvascular remodelling. This highlights the importance of the local environment and paracrine interactions in the regulation of tissue perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Uchida
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; Angiogenesis Research Group; York University; Toronto ON Canada
| | - E. Nwadozi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; Angiogenesis Research Group; York University; Toronto ON Canada
| | - A. Hasanee
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; Angiogenesis Research Group; York University; Toronto ON Canada
| | - S. Olenich
- Division of Exercise Physiology & Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences; West Virginia University; Morgantown WV USA
| | - I. M. Olfert
- Division of Exercise Physiology & Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences; West Virginia University; Morgantown WV USA
| | - T. L. Haas
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; Angiogenesis Research Group; York University; Toronto ON Canada
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15
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Skrbic B, Engebretsen KVT, Strand ME, Lunde IG, Herum KM, Marstein HS, Sjaastad I, Lunde PK, Carlson CR, Christensen G, Bjørnstad JL, Tønnessen T. Lack of collagen VIII reduces fibrosis and promotes early mortality and cardiac dilatation in pressure overload in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:32-42. [PMID: 25694587 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In pressure overload, left ventricular (LV) dilatation is a key step in transition to heart failure (HF). We recently found that collagen VIII (colVIII), a non-fibrillar collagen and extracellular matrix constituent, was reduced in hearts of mice with HF and correlated to degree of dilatation. A reduction in colVIII might be involved in LV dilatation, and we here examined the role of reduced colVIII in pressure overload-induced remodelling using colVIII knock-out (col8KO) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Col8KO mice exhibited increased mortality 3-9 days after aortic banding (AB) and increased LV dilatation from day one after AB, compared with wild type (WT). LV dilatation remained increased over 56 days. Forty-eight hours after AB, LV expression of main structural collagens (I and III) was three-fold increased in WT mice, but these collagens were unaltered in the LV of col8KO mice together with reduced expression of the pro-fibrotic cytokine TGF-β, SMAD2 signalling, and the myofibroblast markers Pxn, α-SMA, and SM22. Six weeks after AB, LV collagen mRNA expression and protein were increased in col8KO mice, although less pronounced than in WT. In vitro, neonatal cardiac fibroblasts from col8KO mice showed lower expression of TGF-β, Pxn, α-SMA, and SM22 and reduced migratory ability possibly due to increased RhoA activity and reduced MMP2 expression. Stimulation with recombinant colVIIIα1 increased TGF-β expression and fibroblast migration. CONCLUSION Lack of colVIII reduces myofibroblast differentiation and fibrosis and promotes early mortality and LV dilatation in response to pressure overload in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Skrbic
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin V T Engebretsen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari E Strand
- KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida G Lunde
- KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Genetics, Harvard` Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kate M Herum
- KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henriette S Marstein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per K Lunde
- KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine R Carlson
- KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Christensen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes L Bjørnstad
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theis Tønnessen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Snail regulates the motility of oral cancer cells via RhoA/Cdc42/p-ERM pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:490-6. [PMID: 25172658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional factor Snail has been reported to possess properties related to cancer progression; however, the mechanism for it is not fully understood. Our data showed that Snail knockdown by small interfering RNA in two OSCC cell lines, WSU-HN6 and CAL27, significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion which also resulted in decreased cell motility, such as impaired cell spreading on type I collagen substrate, reduced filopodia, and premature assembly of stress fibers. In addition, Snail-silencing decreased Cdc42 activity but increased RhoA activity, accompanied by the downregulation in both p-ERM expression and cell motility. Meanwhile, endogenous p-ERM was found specifically co-precipitated with activated Cdc42, but not RhoA, and this co-association was decreased by Snail-silencing. The small molecule inhibitors of Rho-associated kinase (Y27632) markedly enhanced Cdc42 activity and the association of p-ERM with activated Cdc42, increasing cell motility remarkably. Using immunohistochemistry, Snail and p-ERM overexpressions were found in OSCC tissues correlated with nodal metastasis and shorter survival. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Snail regulates cell motility through RhoA/Cdc42/p-ERM pathway and may serve as a biomarker to predict prognosis for OSCC patients. Although RhoA and Cdc42 are concurrently regulated downstream of Snail, there is a direct interplay between them, which indicates RhoA has to be inactivated at some point in cell motility cycle.
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17
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Murali A, Rajalingam K. Small Rho GTPases in the control of cell shape and mobility. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1703-21. [PMID: 24276852 PMCID: PMC11113993 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are a class of evolutionarily conserved proteins comprising 20 members, which are predominantly known for their role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton. They are primarily regulated by binding of GTP/GDP, which is again controlled by regulators like GEFs, GAPs, and RhoGDIs. Rho GTPases are thus far well known for their role in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and migration. Here we present an overview on the role of Rho GTPases in regulating cell shape and plasticity of cell migration. Finally, we discuss the emerging roles of ubiquitination and sumoylation in regulating Rho GTPases and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Murali
- Cell Death Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Death Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
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18
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Kim B, Abdel-Rahman MH, Wang T, Pouly S, Mahmoud AM, Cebulla CM. Retinal MMP-12, MMP-13, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 expression in murine experimental retinal detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2031-40. [PMID: 24526442 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors play a role in the pathobiology of retinal detachment (RD) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Proliferative vitreoretinopathy is facilitated by chronic retinal detachment and involves excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -13 are important modulators of the ECM which have not been evaluated in RD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the retinal expression of select MMPs, including MMP-12, MMP-13, and associated inhibitors in a murine model of retinal detachment. METHODS Transient or chronic retinal detachments (RDs) were induced by subretinal injection of either saline (SA) or hyaluronic acid (HA) in C57BL/6 mice. To confirm that the HA-RD model has features consistent with PVR-like changes, glial activation and subretinal fibrosis were evaluated with immunofluorescence, dilated fundus examination, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Gene expression was quantified by qRT-PCR. Proteins were assayed by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Hyaluronic acid RD eyes developed gliosis and subretinal fibrosis on dilated exam, SD-OCT, and immunofluorescence analysis. Gene expression of Mmp-12 and Mmp-13, and Timp-1 was strongly upregulated at all time points in RD compared with controls. Timp-2, Mmp-2, and Mmp-9 expression was modest. Hyaluronic acid RDs exhibited more MMP and TIMP expression than SA-RDs. MMP-12, -13, and TIMP-1 proteins were elevated in RDs compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed moderate to strong MMP-13 levels in subretinal space macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Fibrosis can develop in the HA-RD model. There is an upregulation of select MMPs that may modulate the wound healing process following RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongsu Kim
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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19
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Gorman JL, Liu STK, Slopack D, Shariati K, Hasanee A, Olenich S, Olfert IM, Haas TL. Angiotensin II evokes angiogenic signals within skeletal muscle through co-ordinated effects on skeletal myocytes and endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85537. [PMID: 24416421 PMCID: PMC3887063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle overload induces the expression of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, leading to new capillary growth. We found that the overload-induced increase in angiogenesis, as well as increases in VEGF, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP transcripts were abrogated in muscle VEGF KO mice, highlighting the critical role of myocyte-derived VEGF in controlling this process. The upstream mediators that contribute to overload-induced expression of VEGF have yet to be ascertained. We found that muscle overload increased angiotensinogen expression, a precursor of angiotensin (Ang) II, and that Ang II signaling played an important role in basal VEGF production in C2C12 cells. Furthermore, matrix-bound VEGF released from myoblasts induced the activation of endothelial cells, as evidenced by elevated endothelial cell phospho-p38 levels. We also found that exogenous Ang II elevates VEGF expression, as well as MMP-2 transcript levels in C2C12 myotubes. Interestingly, these responses also were observed in skeletal muscle endothelial cells in response to Ang II treatment, indicating that these cells also can respond directly to the stimulus. The involvement of Ang II in muscle overload-induced angiogenesis was assessed. We found that blockade of AT1R-dependent Ang II signaling using losartan did not attenuate capillary growth. Surprisingly, increased levels of VEGF protein were detected in overloaded muscle from losartan-treated rats. Similarly, we observed elevated VEGF production in cultured endothelial cells treated with losartan alone or in combination with Ang II. These studies conclusively establish the requirement for muscle derived VEGF in overload-induced angiogenesis and highlight a role for Ang II in basal VEGF production in skeletal muscle. However, while Ang II signaling is activated following overload and plays a role in muscle VEGF production, inhibition of this pathway is not sufficient to halt overload-induced angiogenesis, indicating that AT1-independent signals maintain VEGF production in losartan-treated muscle.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensinogen/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Losartan/pharmacology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microvessels/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Gorman
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sammy T. K. Liu
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dara Slopack
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khashayar Shariati
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Hasanee
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Olenich
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Division of Exercise Physiology, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - I. Mark Olfert
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Division of Exercise Physiology, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tara L. Haas
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Valtcheva N, Primorac A, Jurisic G, Hollmén M, Detmar M. The orphan adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR97 regulates migration of lymphatic endothelial cells via the small GTPases RhoA and Cdc42. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35736-48. [PMID: 24178298 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.512954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The important role of the lymphatic vascular system in pathological conditions such as inflammation and cancer has been increasingly recognized, but its potential as a pharmacological target is poorly exploited. Our study aimed at the identification and molecular characterization of lymphatic-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to assess new targets for pharmacological manipulation of the lymphatic vascular system. We used a TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR-based low density array to determine the GPCR expression profiles of ex vivo isolated intestinal mouse lymphatic (LECs) and blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs). GPR97, an orphan adhesion GPCR of unknown function, was the most highly and specifically expressed GPCR in mouse lymphatic endothelium. Using siRNA silencing, we found that GPR97-deficient primary human LECs displayed increased adhesion and collective cell migration, whereas single cell migration was decreased as compared with nontargeting siRNA-transfected control LECs. Loss of GPR97 shifted the ratio of active Cdc42 and RhoA and initiated cytoskeletal rearrangements, including F-actin redistribution, paxillin and PAK4 phosphorylation, and β1-integrin activation. Our data suggest a possible role of GPR97 in lymphatic remodeling and furthermore provide the first insights into the biological functions of GPR97.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Valtcheva
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Adiguzel E, Hou G, Sabatini PJB, Bendeck MP. Type VIII collagen signals via β1 integrin and RhoA to regulate MMP-2 expression and smooth muscle cell migration. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:332-41. [PMID: 23523587 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix signals and regulates the behavior of vascular cells during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Type VIII collagen, a short chain collagen, is scarcely present in normal arteries, but is dramatically upregulated in atherosclerosis and after other types of vascular injury. Cell culture studies have revealed that this protein supports smooth muscle cell (SMC) adhesion and stimulates migration, however little is known about the signaling or the mechanisms by which this occurs. SMCs isolated from wild-type C57BL/6 and type VIII collagen deficient mice were studied using assays to measure chemotactic and haptotactic migration, and remodeling and contraction of 3-dimensional type I collagen gels. Col8(-/-) SMCs exhibited impairments in migration, and a strongly adhesive phenotype with prominent stress fibers, stable microtubules and pronounced central basal focal adhesions. The addition of exogenous type VIII collagen to the Col8(-/-) SMCs rescued the impairments in migration, and restored cytoskeletal architecture so that it was similar to Col8(+/+) cells. We measured elevated levels of active GTP-RhoA in the Col8(-/-) cells, and this too was reversed by treatment with exogenous type VIII collagen. We showed that type VIII collagen normally suppresses RhoA activation through a beta-1 integrin dependent mechanism. MMP-2 levels were reduced in the Col8(-/-) SMCs, and knockdown of MMP-2 in Col8(+/+) SMCs partially recapitulated the decreases in migration and 3D gel contraction seen in Col8(-/-) cells, showing that type VIII collagen-stimulated migration was dependent on MMP-2. Inhibition of Rho restored MMP-2 activity in the Col8(-/-) cells, and partially rescued migration, demonstrating that the elevations in RhoA activity were responsible for the suppression of migration of these cells. In conclusion, we have shown that type VIII collagen signals through beta-1 integrin receptors to suppress RhoA, allowing optimal configuration of the cytoskeleton, and the stimulation of MMP-2-dependent cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eser Adiguzel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Siemerink MJ, Klaassen I, Van Noorden CJF, Schlingemann RO. Endothelial tip cells in ocular angiogenesis: potential target for anti-angiogenesis therapy. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 61:101-15. [PMID: 23092791 PMCID: PMC3636692 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412467635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial tip cells are leading cells at the tips of vascular sprouts coordinating multiple processes during angiogenesis. In the developing retina, tip cells play a tightly controlled, timely role in angiogenesis. In contrast, excessive numbers of tip cells are a characteristic of the chaotic pathological blood vessels in proliferative retinopathies. Tip cells control adjacent endothelial cells in a hierarchical manner to form the stalk of the sprouting vessel, using, among others, the VEGF-DLL-Notch signaling pathway, and recruit pericytes. Tip cells are guided toward avascular areas by signals from the local extracellular matrix that are released by cells from the neuroretina such as astrocytes. Recently, tip cells were identified in endothelial cell cultures, enabling identification of novel molecular markers and mechanisms involved in tip cell biology. These mechanisms are relevant for understanding proliferative retinopathies. Agents that primarily target tip cells can block pathological angiogenesis in the retina efficiently and safely without adverse effects. A striking example is platelet-derived growth factor, which was recently shown to be an efficacious additional target in the treatment of retinal neovascularization. Here we discuss these and other tip cell-based strategies with respect to their potential to treat patients with ocular diseases dominated by neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Siemerink
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common vascular disease that reduces blood flow capacity to the legs of patients. PAD leads to exercise intolerance that can progress in severity to greatly limit mobility, and in advanced cases leads to frank ischemia with pain at rest. It is estimated that 12 to 15 million people in the United States are diagnosed with PAD, with a much larger population that is undiagnosed. The presence of PAD predicts a 50% to 1500% increase in morbidity and mortality, depending on severity. Treatment of patients with PAD is limited to modification of cardiovascular disease risk factors, pharmacological intervention, surgery, and exercise therapy. Extended exercise programs that involve walking approximately five times per week, at a significant intensity that requires frequent rest periods, are most significant. Preclinical studies and virtually all clinical trials demonstrate the benefits of exercise therapy, including improved walking tolerance, modified inflammatory/hemostatic markers, enhanced vasoresponsiveness, adaptations within the limb (angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and mitochondrial synthesis) that enhance oxygen delivery and metabolic responses, potentially delayed progression of the disease, enhanced quality of life indices, and extended longevity. A synthesis is provided as to how these adaptations can develop in the context of our current state of knowledge and events known to be orchestrated by exercise. The benefits are so compelling that exercise prescription should be an essential option presented to patients with PAD in the absence of contraindications. Obviously, selecting for a lifestyle pattern that includes enhanced physical activity prior to the advance of PAD limitations is the most desirable and beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Haas
- Angiogenesis Research Group, Muscle Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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MMP-2 expression by fibroblasts is suppressed by the myofibroblast phenotype. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1542-53. [PMID: 22449415 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During wound healing, fibroblasts transition from quiescence to a migratory state, then to a contractile myofibroblast state associated with wound closure. We found that the myofibroblast phenotype, characterized by the expression of high levels of contractile proteins, suppresses the expression of the pro-migratory gene, MMP-2. Fibroblasts cultured in a 3-D collagen lattice and allowed to develop tension showed increased contractile protein expression and decreased MMP-2 levels in comparison to a stress-released lattice. In 2-D cultures, factors that promote fibroblast contractility, including serum or TGF-β, down-regulated MMP-2. Pharmacologically inducing F-actin disassembly or reduced contractility increased MMP-2 expression, while conditions that promote F-actin assembly suppressed MMP-2 expression. In all cases, changes in MMP-2 levels were inversely related to changes in the contractile marker, smooth muscle α-actin. To determine if the mechanisms involved in contractile protein gene expression play a direct role in MMP-2 regulation, we used RNAi-mediated knock-down of the myocardin-like factors, MRTF-A and MRTF-B, which induced the down-regulation of contractile protein genes by fibroblasts under both serum-containing and serum-free conditions. In the presence of serum or TGF-β, MRTF-A/B knock-down resulted in the up-regulation of MMP-2; serum-free conditions prevented this increased expression. Together, these results indicate that, while MMP-2 expression is suppressed by F-actin formation, its up-regulation is not simply a consequence of contractile protein down-regulation.
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Sipes NS, Feng Y, Guo F, Lee HO, Chou FS, Cheng J, Mulloy J, Zheng Y. Cdc42 regulates extracellular matrix remodeling in three dimensions. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36469-77. [PMID: 21880728 PMCID: PMC3196090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.283176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) actively participates in normal cell regulation and in the process of tumor progression. The Rho GTPase Cdc42 has been shown to regulate cell-ECM interaction in conventional two-dimensional culture conditions by using dominant mutants of Cdc42 in immortalized cell lines that may introduce nonspecific effects. Here, we employ three-dimensional culture systems for conditional gene targeted primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts that better simulate the reciprocal and adaptive interactions between cells and surrounding matrix to define the role of Cdc42 signaling pathways in ECM organization. Cdc42 deficiency leads to a defect in global cell-matrix interactions reflected by a decrease in collagen gel contraction. The defect is associated with an altered cell-matrix interaction that is evident by morphologic changes and reduced focal adhesion complex formation. The matrix defect is also associated with a reduction in synthesis and activation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and altered fibronectin deposition patterning. A Cdc42 mutant rescue experiment found that downstream of Cdc42, p21-activated kinase (PAK), but not Par6 or WASP, may be involved in regulating collagen gel contraction and fibronectin organization. Thus, in addition to the previously implicated roles in intracellular regulation of actin organization, proliferation, and vesicle trafficking, Cdc42 is essential in ECM remodeling in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha S. Sipes
- From the Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center and
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Yuxin Feng
- From the Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center and
| | - Fukun Guo
- From the Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center and
| | - Hyung-Ok Lee
- the Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - Fu-Sheng Chou
- From the Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center and
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Jonathan Cheng
- the Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - James Mulloy
- From the Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center and
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Yi Zheng
- From the Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center and
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
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27
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Hung HS, Chu MY, Lin CH, Wu CC, Hsu SH. Mediation of the migration of endothelial cells and fibroblasts on polyurethane nanocomposites by the activation of integrin-focal adhesion kinase signaling. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:26-37. [PMID: 21972215 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Model surfaces of polyurethane-gold nanocomposites (PU-Au) were used to examine cell behavior on nanophase-segregated materials. Previously we showed that endothelial cell (EC) migration on these materials was modulated by the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. The present study, investigated the expressions of alpha5/beta3 (α5β3) integrin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and other downstream signal molecules such as the Rho family and matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) induced by the materials in two different cells, that is bovine arterial endothelial cells (BAEC) and human skin fibroblasts (HSF). Both cells proliferated better on the more phase-separated PU-Au 43.5 ppm than on the less phase-separated controls (PU and PU-Au 174 ppm). On PU-Au 43.5 ppm, BAEC compared to HSF had denser actin fibers and were more extended. BAEC became rounded with Y-27632 treatment and shrunk with LY294002 treatment. Treatment by inhibitors only caused slight changes in HSF. The migration distance of BAEC on PU-Au 43.5 ppm was greater than that of HSF, and was significantly reduced by LY294002 or Y-27632 but not SU-1498. The expressions of p-FAK, p-RhoA, p-Rac/Cdc42, MMP2, and α5β3 integrin induced by PU-Au 43.5 ppm were more pronounced in BAEC versus HSF. Further enhancement in MMP2 and α5β3 integrin expressions by FAK-GFP transfection was more remarkable for cells on PU-Au 43.5 ppm. Our findings suggested that the integrin α5β3/FAK pathway may be induced by nanophase-separated materials in both ECs and fibroblasts to promote their proliferation/migration, while the crosstalk between the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway and FAK/Rho-GTPase activation may account for the greater effect in ECs than in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Shan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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28
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Huang ST, Yang RC, Wu HT, Wang CN, Pang JHS. Zinc-chelation contributes to the anti-angiogenic effect of ellagic acid on inhibiting MMP-2 activity, cell migration and tube formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18986. [PMID: 21573219 PMCID: PMC3087719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ellagic acid (EA), a dietary polyphenolic compound, has been demonstrated to exert anti-angiogenic effect but the detailed mechanism is not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the zinc chelating activity of EA contributed to its anti-angiogenic effect. Methods and Principal Findings The matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) activity, a zinc-required reaction, was directly inhibited by EA as examined by gelatin zymography, which was reversed dose-dependently by adding zinc chloride. In addition, EA was demonstrated to inhibit the secretion of MMP-2 from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as analyzed by Western blot method, which was also reversed by the addition of zinc chloride. Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), known to down-regulate the MMP-2 activity, was induced by EA at both the mRNA and protein levels which was correlated well with the inhibition of MMP-2 activity. Interestingly, zinc chloride could also abolish the increase of EA-induced RECK expression. The anti-angiogenic effect of EA was further confirmed to inhibit matrix-induced tube formation of endothelial cells. The migration of endothelial cells as analyzed by transwell filter assay was suppressed markedly by EA dose-dependently as well. Zinc chloride could reverse these two effects of EA also in a dose-dependent manner. Since magnesium chloride or calcium chloride could not reverse the inhibitory effect of EA, zinc was found to be involved in tube formation and migration of vascular endothelial cells. Conclusions/Significance Together these results demonstrated that the zinc chelation of EA is involved in its anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting MMP-2 activity, tube formation and cell migration of vascular endothelial cells. The role of zinc was confirmed to be important in the process of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Teng Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Chi Yang
- Chinese Herbal Pharmacy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hwei S. Pang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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29
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Schram K, Ganguly R, No EK, Fang X, Thong FSL, Sweeney G. Regulation of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 by leptin in cardiac fibroblasts involves Rho/ROCK-dependent actin cytoskeletal reorganization and leads to enhanced cell migration. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2037-47. [PMID: 21385940 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Altered leptin action has been implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure in obesity, a hallmark of which is extracellular matrix remodeling. Here, we characterize the direct influence of leptin on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in primary adult rat cardiac fibroblasts and focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms responsible. Leptin increased expression and cell surface localization of membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP, measured by cell surface biotinylation assay and antibody-based colorimetric detection of an exofacial epitope in intact cells. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis showed that leptin also induced the formation of a cluster of differentiation 44/MT1-MMP complex. Qualitative analysis using rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin immunofluorescence indicated that leptin stimulated actin cytoskeletal reorganization and enhanced stress fiber formation. Hence, we analyzed activation of Ras homolog gene family (Rho), member A GTPase activity and found a rapid increase in response to leptin that corresponded with increased phosphorylation of cofilin. Quantitative analysis of cytoskeleton reorganization upon separation of globular and filamentous actin by differential centrifugation confirmed the significant increase in filamentous to globular actin ratio in response to leptin, which was prevented by pharmacological inhibition of Rho (C3 transferase) or its downstream effector kinase Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK) (Y-27632). Inhibition of Rho or ROCK also attenuated leptin-stimulated increases in cell surface MT1-MMP content. Pro-MMP-2 is a known MT1-MMP substrate, and we observed that enhanced cell surface MT1-MMP in response to leptin resulted in enhanced extracellular activation of pro-MMP-2 measured by gelatin zymography, which was again attenuated by inhibition of Rho or ROCK. Using wound scratch assays, we observed enhanced cell migration, but not proliferation, measured by 5-bromo2'-deoxy-uridine incorporation, in response to leptin, again via a Rho-dependent signaling mechanism. Our results suggest that leptin regulates myocardial matrix remodeling by regulating the cell surface localization of MT1-MMP in adult cardiac fibroblasts via Rho/ROCK-dependent actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Subsequent pro-MMP-2 activation then contributes to stimulation of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schram
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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van der Meel R, Symons MH, Kudernatsch R, Kok RJ, Schiffelers RM, Storm G, Gallagher WM, Byrne AT. The VEGF/Rho GTPase signalling pathway: A promising target for anti-angiogenic/anti-invasion therapy. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:219-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hanjaya-Putra D, Yee J, Ceci D, Truitt R, Yee D, Gerecht S. Vascular endothelial growth factor and substrate mechanics regulate in vitro tubulogenesis of endothelial progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:2436-47. [PMID: 19968735 PMCID: PMC3823161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the circulatory system have been suggested to maintain vascular homeostasis and contribute to adult vascular regeneration and repair. These processes require that EPCs break down the extracellular matrix (ECM), migrate, differentiate and undergo tube morphogenesis. Evidently, the ECM plays a critical role by providing biochemical and biophysical cues that regulate cellular behaviour. Using a chemically and mechanically tunable hydrogel to study tube morphogenesis in vitro, we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and substrate mechanics co-regulate tubulogenesis of EPCs. High levels of VEGF are required to initiate tube morphogenesis and activate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which enable EPC migration. Under these conditions, the elasticity of the substrate affects the progression of tube morphogenesis. With decreases in substrate stiffness, we observe decreased MMP expression while increased cellular elongation, with intracellular vacuole extension and coalescence to open lumen compartments. RNAi studies demonstrate that membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) is required to enable the movement of EPCs on the matrix and that EPCs sense matrix stiffness through signalling cascades leading to the activation of the RhoGTPase Cdc42. Collectively, these results suggest that coupled responses for VEGF stimulation and modulation of substrate stiffness are required to regulate tube morphogenesis of EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Science Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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33
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Davis GE, Stratman AN, Sacharidou A, Koh W. Molecular basis for endothelial lumen formation and tubulogenesis during vasculogenesis and angiogenic sprouting. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 288:101-65. [PMID: 21482411 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386041-5.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many studies reveal a fundamental role for extracellular matrix-mediated signaling through integrins and Rho GTPases as well as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the molecular control of vascular tube morphogenesis in three-dimensional (3D) tissue environments. Recent work has defined an endothelial cell (EC) lumen signaling complex of proteins that controls these vascular morphogenic events. These findings reveal a signaling interdependence between Cdc42 and MT1-MMP to control the 3D matrix-specific process of EC tubulogenesis. The EC tube formation process results in the creation of a network of proteolytically generated vascular guidance tunnels in 3D matrices that are utilized to remodel EC-lined tubes through EC motility and could facilitate processes such as flow-induced remodeling and arteriovenous EC sorting and differentiation. Within vascular guidance tunnels, key dynamic interactions occur between ECs and pericytes to affect vessel remodeling, diameter, and vascular basement membrane matrix assembly, a fundamental process necessary for endothelial tube maturation and stabilization. Thus, the EC lumen and tube formation mechanism coordinates the concomitant establishment of a network of vascular tubes within tunnel spaces to allow for flow responsiveness, EC-mural cell interactions, and vascular extracellular matrix assembly to control the development of the functional microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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34
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Johnston APW, Baker J, Bellamy LM, McKay BR, De Lisio M, Parise G. Regulation of muscle satellite cell activation and chemotaxis by angiotensin II. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15212. [PMID: 21203566 PMCID: PMC3006204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in skeletal muscle is poorly understood. We report that pharmacological inhibition of Ang II signaling or ablation of the AT1a receptor significantly impaired skeletal muscle growth following myotrauma, in vivo, likely due to impaired satellite cell activation and chemotaxis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Ang II treatment activated quiescent myoblasts as evidenced by the upregulation of myogenic regulatory factors, increased number of β-gal+, Myf5-LacZ myoblasts and the acquisition of cellular motility. Furthermore, exogenous treatment with Ang II significantly increased the chemotactic capacity of C2C12 and primary cells while AT1a−/− myoblasts demonstrated a severe impairment in basal migration and were not responsive to Ang II treatment. Additionally, Ang II interacted with myoblasts in a paracrine-mediated fashion as 4 h of cyclic mechanical stimulation resulted in Ang II-induced migration of cocultured myoblasts. Ang II-induced chemotaxis appeared to be regulated by multiple mechanisms including reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and augmentation of MMP2 activity. Collectively, these results highlight a novel role for Ang II and ACE inhibitors in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth and satellite cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Baker
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Bryon R. McKay
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael De Lisio
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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35
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Navarro A, Perez RE, Rezaiekhaligh MH, Mabry SM, Ekekezie II. Polarized migration of lymphatic endothelial cells is critically dependent on podoplanin regulation of Cdc42. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L32-42. [PMID: 21036919 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00171.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that T1α/podoplanin is required for capillary tube formation by human lung microvascular lymphatic endothelial cells (HMVEC-LLy) and that cells with decreased podoplanin expression fail to properly activate the small GTPase RhoA shortly after the beginning of the lymphangiogenic process. The objective of this study was to determine whether podoplanin regulates HMVEC-LLy migration and whether this regulation is via modulation of small GTPase activation. In analysis of scratch wound assays, we found that small interfering RNA (siRNA) depletion of podoplanin expression in HMVEC-LLy inhibits VEGF-induced microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and Golgi polarization and causes a dramatic reduction in directional migration compared with control siRNA-transfected cells. In addition, a striking redistribution of cortical actin to fiber networks across the cell body is observed in these cells, and, remarkably, it returns to control levels if the cells are cotransfected with a dominant-negative mutant of Cdc42. Moreover, cotransfection of a dominant-negative construct of Cdc42 into podoplanin knockdown HMVEC-LLy completely abrogated the effect of podoplanin deficiency, rescuing MTOC and Golgi polarization and cell migration to control level. Importantly, expression of constitutively active Cdc42 construct, like podoplanin knockdown, decreased RhoA-GTP level in HMVEC-LLy, demonstrating cross talk between both GTPases. Taken together, the results indicate that polarized migration of lymphatic endothelial cells in response to VEGF is mediated via a pathway of podoplanin regulation of small GTPase activities, in particular Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angels Navarro
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, USA
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36
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McHenry PR, Vargo-Gogola T. Pleiotropic functions of Rho GTPase signaling: a Trojan horse or Achilles' heel for breast cancer treatment? Curr Drug Targets 2010; 11:1043-58. [PMID: 20545614 PMCID: PMC3188943 DOI: 10.2174/138945010792006852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPase signaling is altered in human breast tumors, and elevated expression and activation of Rho GTPases correlate with tumor progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Here we review the evidence that Rho signaling functions as a key regulator of cell cycle, mitosis, apoptosis, and invasion during breast cancer growth and progression and discuss whether these pleiotropic actions enhance or limit the targetability of this network. We propose that depending on the stage and subtype of breast cancer, targeting Rho signaling may have chemopreventative, anti-tumor, and anti-metastatic efficacy. An understanding of how Rho signaling is perturbed in specific stages and subtypes of breast cancer and how it functions in the context of the complex in vivo environment during the stochastic process of tumor formation and progression are necessary in order to effectively target this signaling network for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R McHenry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
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37
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Kean MJ, Williams KC, Skalski M, Myers D, Burtnik A, Foster D, Coppolino MG. VAMP3, syntaxin-13 and SNAP23 are involved in secretion of matrix metalloproteinases, degradation of the extracellular matrix and cell invasion. J Cell Sci 2010; 122:4089-98. [PMID: 19910495 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.052761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), an essential component of many physiological and pathological processes, is dependent on the trafficking and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-mediated membrane traffic has documented roles in cell-ECM interactions and the present study specifically examines SNARE function in the trafficking of MMPs during ECM degradation. Using the invasive human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080, we demonstrate that a plasma membrane SNARE, SNAP23, and an endosomal v-SNARE, VAMP3 (also known as cellubrevin), partly colocalize with MMP2 and MMP9, and that inhibition of these SNAREs using dominant-negative SNARE mutants impaired secretion of the MMPs. Inhibition of VAMP3, SNAP23 or syntaxin-13 using dominant-negative SNARES, RNA interference or tetanus toxin impaired trafficking of membrane type 1 MMP to the cell surface. Consistent with these observations, we found that blocking the function of these SNAREs reduced the ability of HT-1080 cells to degrade a gelatin substrate in situ and impaired invasion of HT-1080 cells in vitro. The results reveal the importance of VAMP3, syntaxin-13 and SNAP23 in the trafficking of MMP during degradation of ECM substrates and subsequent cellular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Kean
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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38
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Rowe RG, Weiss SJ. Navigating ECM barriers at the invasive front: the cancer cell-stroma interface. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2010; 25:567-95. [PMID: 19575644 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A seminal event in cancer progression is the ability of the neoplastic cell to mobilize the necessary machinery to breach surrounding extracellular matrix barriers while orchestrating a host stromal response that ultimately supports tissue-invasive and metastatic processes. With over 500 proteolytic enzymes identified in the human genome, interconnecting webs of protease-dependent and protease-independent processes have been postulated to drive the cancer cell invasion program via schemes of daunting complexity. Increasingly, however, a body of evidence has begun to emerge that supports a unifying model wherein a small group of membrane-tethered enzymes, termed the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs), plays a dominant role in regulating cancer cell, as well as stromal cell, traffic through the extracellular matrix barriers assembled by host tissues in vivo. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the regulation and function of these metalloenzymes as host cell populations traverse the dynamic extracellular matrix assembled during neoplastic states should provide new and testable theories regarding cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Grant Rowe
- The Division of Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine A Khalil
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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40
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De Smet F, Segura I, De Bock K, Hohensinner PJ, Carmeliet P. Mechanisms of Vessel Branching. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:639-49. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.185165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia, “the fingers that do the walking,” have been identified on endothelial cells at the tip of sprouting vessels for half a century, but the key role of the tip cell in vessel branching has been recognized only in the past few years. A model is emerging, whereby tip cells lead the way in a branching vessel, stalk cells elongate the sprout, and a very recently discovered phalanx cell ensures quiescence and perfusion of the newly formed branch. Recent genetic studies have shed light on the molecular signature of these distinct endothelial phenotypes; this provides a novel conceptual framework of how vessel morphogenesis occurs. Here, we will discuss the molecular candidates that participate in the decision of endothelial cells to adapt these distinct fates and highlight the emerging insights on how these cells send out filopodia while navigating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katrien De Bock
- From the Vesalius Research Center, VIB, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Carmeliet
- From the Vesalius Research Center, VIB, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
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Bigarella CL, Borges L, Costa FF, Saad STO. ARHGAP21 modulates FAK activity and impairs glioblastoma cell migration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:806-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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