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Tian L, Andrews C, Yan Q, Yang JJ. Molecular regulation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)-mediated signaling. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2024; 10:167-194. [PMID: 39027195 PMCID: PMC11252437 DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a family C G-protein-coupled receptor, plays a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis by sensing small concentration changes of extracellular Ca2+, Mg2+, amino acids (e.g., L-Trp and L-Phe), small peptides, anions (e.g., HCO3 - and PO4 3-), and pH. CaSR-mediated intracellular Ca2+ signaling regulates a diverse set of cellular processes including gene transcription, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, muscle contraction, and neuronal transmission. Dysfunction of CaSR with mutations results in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypocalcemia, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. CaSR also influences calciotropic disorders, such as osteoporosis, and noncalciotropic disorders, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. This study first reviews recent advances in biochemical and structural determination of the framework of CaSR and its interaction sites with natural ligands, as well as exogenous positive allosteric modulators and negative allosteric modulators. The establishment of the first CaSR protein-protein interactome network revealed 94 novel players involved in protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, trafficking, cell surface expression, endocytosis, degradation, and signaling pathways. The roles of these proteins in Ca2+-dependent cellular physiological processes and in CaSR-dependent cellular signaling provide new insights into the molecular basis of diseases caused by CaSR mutations and dysregulated CaSR activity caused by its protein interactors and facilitate the design of therapeutic agents that target CaSR and other family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging FacilityGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Corey Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging FacilityGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Qiuyun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging FacilityGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jenny J. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging FacilityGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Wu KC, Leong IL, Leung YM. Ca 2+-sensing receptor-TRP channel-mediated Ca 2+ signaling: Functional diversity and pharmacological complexity. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 977:176717. [PMID: 38857682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor activated by elevated concentrations of extracellular Ca2+, and was initially known for its regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) release. Ubiquitous expression of CaSR in different tissues and organs was later noted and CaSR participation in various physiological functions was demonstrated. Accumulating evidence has suggested that CaSR functionally interacts with transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which are mostly non-selective cation channels involved in sensing temperature, pain and stress. This review describes the interactions of CaSR with TRP channels in diverse cell types to trigger a variety of biological responses. CaSR has been known to interact with different types of G proteins. Possible involvements of G proteins, other signaling and scaffolding protein intermediates in CaSR-TRP interaction are discussed. In addition, an attempt will be made to extend the current understanding of biased agonism of CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Chuen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan; Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Iat-Lon Leong
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Chankamngoen W, Thammayon N, Suntornsaratoon P, Nammultriputtar K, Kitiyanant N, Donpromma N, Chaichanan J, Supcharoen P, Teerapo K, Teerapornpuntakit J, Rodrat M, Panupinthu N, Svasti S, Wongdee K, Charoenphandhu N. Fibroblast growth factor-21 potentiates the stimulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on transepithelial calcium transport and TRPV6 Ca 2+ channel expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 733:150429. [PMID: 39053106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 is a salient liver-derived endocrine regulator for metabolism of glucose and triglyceride as well as bone remodeling. Previously, certain peptides in the FGF family have been shown to modulate calcium absorption across the intestinal epithelia. Since FGF21 receptor, i.e., FGF receptor-1, is abundantly expressed in the enterocytes, there was a possibility that FGF21 might exert direct actions on the intestine. Herein, a large-scale production of recombinant FGF21 at the multi-gram level was developed in order to minimize variations among various batches. In the oral glucose tolerance test, recombinant FGF21 was found to reduce plasma glucose levels in mice fed high-fat diet. A series of experiments applying radioactive tracer 45Ca in Ussing chamber showed that FGF21 potentiated the stimulatory effect of low-dose 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [10 nM 1,25(OH)2D3] on the transepithelial calcium transport across intestinal epithelium-like Caco-2 monolayer. FGF21 + 1,25(OH)2D3 also decreased transepithelial resistance, but had no effect on epithelial potential difference or short-circuit current. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)2D3 alone upregulated the Caco-2 mRNA expression of the major apical calcium channels, i.e., transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 6 (TRPV6), which was further elevated by a combination of FGF21 and 1,25(OH)2D3, consistent with the upregulated TRPV6 protein expression in enterocytes of FGF21-treated mice. However, FGF21 was without effects on the mRNA expression of voltage-gated calcium channel 1.3, calbindin-D9k, plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase 1b, claudin-12 or claudin-15. In conclusion, FGF21 did exert a direct action on the intestinal epithelial cells by potentiating the 1,25(OH)2D3-enhanced calcium transport, presumably through the upregulation of TRPV6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasutorn Chankamngoen
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nithipak Thammayon
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panan Suntornsaratoon
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ketsaraporn Nammultriputtar
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisorn Kitiyanant
- Center for Advanced Therapeutics (CAT), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Natthida Donpromma
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Advanced Therapeutics (CAT), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jirapan Chaichanan
- Establishment of Mahidol University Bio-industrial Development Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Promsup Supcharoen
- Mahidol University Frontier Research Facility (MU-FRF), Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kittitat Teerapo
- Mahidol University Frontier Research Facility (MU-FRF), Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Mayuree Rodrat
- Center for Advanced Therapeutics (CAT), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saovaros Svasti
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand.
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Anjom-Shoae J, Fitzgerald PC, Horowitz M, Mohammadpour Z, Hall GV, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Veedfald S, Feinle-Bisset C. Intraduodenal calcium enhances the effects of L-tryptophan to stimulate gut hormone secretion and suppress energy intake in healthy males: a randomized, crossover, clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024:S0002-9165(24)00602-6. [PMID: 38996913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, intraduodenal infusion of L-tryptophan (Trp) increases plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones and stimulates pyloric pressures, both key determinants of gastric emptying and associated with potent suppression of energy intake. The stimulation of gastrointestinal hormones by Trp has been shown, in preclinical studies, to be enhanced by extracellular calcium and mediated in part by the calcium-sensing receptor. OBJECTIVES This study aim was to determine whether intraduodenal calcium can enhance the effects of Trp to stimulate gastrointestinal hormones and pyloric pressures and, if so, whether it is associated with greater suppression of energy intake, in healthy males. METHODS Fifteen males with normal weight (mean ± standard deviation; age: 26 ± 7 years; body mass index: 22 ± 2 kg/m2), received on 3 separate occasions, 150-min intraduodenal infusions of 0, 500, or 1000 mg calcium (Ca), each combined with Trp (load: 0.1 kcal/min, with submaximal energy intake-suppressant effects) from t = 75-150 min, in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Plasma concentrations of GI hormones [gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY)], and Trp and antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured throughout. Immediately postinfusions (t = 150-180 min), energy intake at a standardized buffet-style meal was quantified. RESULTS In response to calcium alone, both 500- and 1000-mg doses stimulated PYY, while only the 1000-mg dose stimulated GLP-1 and pyloric pressures (all P < 0.05). The 1000-mg dose also enhanced the effects of Trp to stimulate cholecystokinin and GLP-1, and both doses stimulated PYY but, surprisingly, reduced the stimulation of GIP (all P < 0.05). Both doses substantially and dose dependently enhanced the effects of Trp to suppress energy intake (Ca-0+Trp: 1108 ± 70 kcal; Ca-500+Trp: 961 ± 90 kcal; and Ca-1000+Trp: 922 ± 96 kcal; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intraduodenal administration of calcium enhances the effect of Trp to stimulate plasma cholecystokinin, GLP-1, and PYY and suppress energy intake in healthy males. These findings have potential implications for novel nutrient-based approaches to energy intake regulation in obesity. The trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (www.anzctr.org.au) as ACTRN12620001294943).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Anjom-Shoae
- Adelaide Medical School and Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope Ce Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zinat Mohammadpour
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Posta E, Fekete I, Gyarmati E, Stündl L, Zold E, Barta Z. The Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Intestinal Nutrient-Sensing Receptors: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Life (Basel) 2023; 14:10. [PMID: 38276259 PMCID: PMC10817473 DOI: 10.3390/life14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of artificial and low-calorie sweeteners (ASs, LCSs) is an important component of the Western diet. ASs play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and various inflammatory conditions. Intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors act as a crosstalk between dietary components, the gut microbiota, and the regulation of immune, endocrinological, and neurological responses. This narrative review aimed to summarize the possible effects of ASs and LCSs on intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors and their related functions. Based on the findings of various studies, long-term AS consumption has effects on the gut microbiota and intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors in modulating incretin hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokine secretion. These effects contribute to the regulation of glucose metabolism, ion transport, gut permeability, and inflammation and modulate the gut-brain, and gut-kidney axes. Based on the conflicting findings of several in vitro, in vivo, and randomized and controlled studies, artificial sweeteners may have a role in the pathogenesis of IBDs, functional bowel diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancers via the modulation of nutrient-sensing receptors. Further studies are needed to explore the exact mechanisms underlying their effects to decide the risk/benefit ratio of sugar intake reduction via AS and LCS consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Posta
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
| | - Istvan Fekete
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Eva Gyarmati
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Blvd. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Eva Zold
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond Str. 22, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Barta
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
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Zhou Z, Feng D, Yang Y, Gao P, Wang L, Wu Z. Pan-cancer analysis reveals the prognostic gene CASR suppresses tumor progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal clear cell carcinoma. Cell Calcium 2023; 116:102803. [PMID: 37804688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), primarily found in the parathyroid gland and other tissues, plays a crucial role in sensing and regulating extracellular calcium, which was also aberrantly expressed in human tumors. Nevertheless, a comprehensive analysis of CASR in pan-cancer has yet to be conducted. To gain a better understanding of CASR in pan-cancer, data profiles on CASR cancers were collected from TCGA database. The expression level, clinical significance, prognostic value, and potential mechanisms of CASR in pan-cancer were analyzed via multiple public databases. The functional assays were conducted using human kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) cell lines, clinical samples, and nude mice. Our research revealed that the abnormal expression of CASR was found in a variety of tumors. The expression and mutation of CASR were significantly associated with tumor prognosis and stage. Pathway analyses suggested that CASR was involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress. Besides, CASR expression was correlated with immune inhibitory genes and immunotherapy in cancers. Particularly in KIRC, we established that CASR mRNA and protein levels were downregulated in clinical samples and cell lines. Moreover, a Cox regression analysis revealed that CASR was an independent prognostic factor in both TCGA-KIRC samples and clinical samples from our center. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that blocking CASR with lentivirus could suppress tumor growth and invasion, and EMT progress in KIRC cells. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of CASR in pan-cancer, offering deeper insights into its function and the EMT mechanism in KIRC, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhou
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Dexiang Feng
- Department of Urology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China; Institute of Urology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Lujia Wang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China; Institute of Urology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China; Institute of Urology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
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Lu X, Luo C, Wu J, Deng Y, Mu X, Zhang T, Yang X, Liu Q, Li Z, Tang S, Hu Y, Du Q, Xu J, Xie R. Ion channels and transporters regulate nutrient absorption in health and disease. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2631-2642. [PMID: 37638698 PMCID: PMC10494301 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels and transporters are ubiquitously expressed on cell membrane, which involve in a plethora of physiological process such as contraction, neurotransmission, secretion and so on. Ion channels and transporters is of great importance to maintaining membrane potential homeostasis, which is essential to absorption of nutrients in gastrointestinal tract. Most of nutrients are electrogenic and require ion channels and transporters to absorb. This review summarizes the latest research on the role of ion channels and transporters in regulating nutrient uptake such as K+ channels, Ca2+ channels and ion exchangers. Revealing the mechanism of ion channels and transporters associated with nutrient uptake will be helpful to provide new methods to diagnosis and find potential targets for diseases like diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, etc. Even though some of study still remain ambiguous and in early stage, we believe that ion channels and transporters will be novel therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmin Lu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Jiangbo Wu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Ya Deng
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Xingyi Mu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Siqi Tang
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Yanxia Hu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Qian Du
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
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Rodrat M, Wongdee K, Chankamngoen W, Teerapornpuntakit J, Thongbunchoo J, Tanramluk D, Charoenphandhu N. Modulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 expression and transepithelial calcium absorption in Caco-2 monolayer by calcium-sensing receptor and calcineurin under calcium hyperabsorptive state. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 659:105-112. [PMID: 37060830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have previously been postulated to be parts of a negative feedback regulation of the intestinal calcium absorption to prevent excessive calcium uptake and its toxicity. However, the underlying mechanism of this feedback regulation remained elusive, especially whether it required transcription of FGF-23. Herein, we induced calcium hyperabsorptive state (CHS) by exposing intestinal epithelium-like Caco-2 monolayer to 30 mM CaCl2 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] after which FGF-23 mRNA levels and transepithelial calcium flux were determined. We found that CHS upregulated FGF-23 transcription, which was reverted by CaSR inhibitors (Calhex-231 and NPS2143) but without effect on CaSR transcription. Although 10 nM 1,25(OH)2D3 was capable of enhancing transepithelial calcium flux, the higher-than-normal calcium inundation as in CHS led to a decrease in calcium flux, consistent with an increase in FGF-23 protein expression. Administration of inhibitors (≤10 μM CN585 and cyclosporin A) of calcineurin, a mediator of CaSR action to control transcription and production of its target proteins, was found to partially prevent FGF-23 protein production and the negative effect of CHS on calcium transport, while having no effect on FGF-23 mRNA expression. Direct exposure to FGF-23, but not FGF-23 + PD173074 (FGFR1/3 inhibitor), also completely abolished the 1,25(OH)2D3-enhanced calcium transport in Caco-2 monolayer. Nevertheless, CHS and CaSR inhibitors had no effect on the mRNA levels of calcineurin (PPP3CB) or its targets (i.e., NFATc1-4). In conclusion, exposure to CHS induced by high apical calcium and 1,25(OH)2D3 triggered a negative feedback mechanism to prevent further calcium uptake. CaSR and its downstream mediator, calcineurin, possibly contributed to the regulatory process, in part by enhancing FGF-23 production to inhibit calcium transport. Our study, therefore, corroborated the physiological significance of CaSR-autocrine FGF-23 axis as a local feedback loop for prevention of excessive calcium uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuree Rodrat
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center of Research and Development for Biomedical Instrumentation, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Wasutorn Chankamngoen
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Jirawan Thongbunchoo
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangrudee Tanramluk
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Giustina A, di Filippo L, Allora A, Bikle DD, Cavestro GM, Feldman D, Latella G, Minisola S, Napoli N, Trasciatti S, Uygur M, Bilezikian JP. Vitamin D and malabsorptive gastrointestinal conditions: A bidirectional relationship? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:121-138. [PMID: 36813995 PMCID: PMC9946876 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper is one of the outcomes of the 5th International Conference "Controversies in Vitamin D" held in Stresa, Italy from 15 to 18 September 2021 as part of a series of annual meetings which was started in 2017. The scope of these meetings is to discuss controversial issues about vitamin D. Publication of the outcomes of the meeting in international journals allows a wide sharing of the most recent data with the medical and academic community. Vitamin D and malabsorptive gastrointestinal conditions was one of the topics discussed at the meeting and focus of this paper. Participants to the meeting were invited to review available literature on selected issues related to vitamin D and gastrointestinal system and to present their topic to all participants with the aim to initiate a discussion on the main outcomes of which are reported in this document. The presentations were focused on the possible bidirectional relationship between vitamin D and gastrointestinal malabsorptive conditions such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and bariatric surgery. In fact, on one hand the impact of these conditions on vitamin D status was examined and on the other hand the possible role of hypovitaminosis D on pathophysiology and clinical course of these conditions was also evaluated. All examined malabsorptive conditions severely impair vitamin D status. Since vitamin D has known positive effects on bone this in turn may contribute to negative skeletal outcomes including reduced bone mineral density, and increased risk of fracture which may be mitigated by vitamin D supplementation. Due to the immune and metabolic extra-skeletal effects there is the possibility that low levels of vitamin D may negatively impact on the underlying gastrointestinal conditions worsening its clinical course or counteracting the effect of treatment. Therefore, vitamin D status assessment and supplementation should be routinely considered in all patients affected by these conditions. This concept is strengthened by the existence of a possible bidirectional relationship through which poor vitamin D status may negatively impact on clinical course of underlying disease. Sufficient elements are available to estimate the desired threshold vitamin D level above which a favourable impact on the skeleton in these conditions may be obtained. On the other hand, ad hoc controlled clinical trials are needed to better define this threshold for obtaining a positive effect of vitamin D supplementation on occurrence and clinical course of malabsorptive gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
- Division of Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luigi di Filippo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Allora
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Giulia Martina Cavestro
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - David Feldman
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Università Campus Bio-Medico Di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Melin Uygur
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, RTE University School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - John P Bilezikian
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, NY, USA
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Hu YX, van Harn J, Hendriks WH, van Baal J, Dijkslag MA, van Krimpen MM, Bikker P. Low-calcium diets increase duodenal mRNA expression of calcium and phosphorus transporters and claudins but compromise growth performance irrespective of microbial phytase inclusion in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101488. [PMID: 34731739 PMCID: PMC8572882 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that dietary inclusion of microbial phytase improves apparent calcium (Ca) digestibility thereby allowing a lower dietary Ca inclusion without compromising growth performance was tested. One-day-old male Ross 308 broilers (25 birds/pen, 9 pens/treatment) were assigned to 8 experimental diets containing one of 4 dietary Ca to retainable P (rP) ratios (1.3, 1.8, 2.3, and 2.8) with (1,000 FTU/kg) or without microbial phytase. On d 21 to 23, digesta from different intestinal segments of 8 birds per pen were collected to determine apparent Ca and P digestibility. Mid duodenal mucosa was collected for expression of Ca (CaBP-D28k, PMCA1) and P (NaPi-IIb, PiT-1, PiT-2, and XPR1) transporters by RT-qPCR. Dietary phytase inclusion in low Ca/rP diets increased Ca digestibility in the distal ileum (Pinteraction = 0.023) but not the proximal or distal jejunum. Broilers receiving the lowest Ca/rP displayed the lowest body weight gain, highest feed conversion ratio (P < 0.001), and lowest tibia strength, irrespective of dietary phytase inclusion. Incremental dietary Ca/rP linearly reduced P digestibility to a greater extent in the absence of phytase in the distal jejunum and ileum (Pinteraction = 0.021 and 0.001, respectively). Incremental dietary Ca/rP linearly reduced serum P more in phytase-free diets (Pinteraction < 0.001), and lowered duodenal expression of P transporters NaPi-IIb, PiT-2, and XPR1 (P = 0.052, 0.071 and 0.028, respectively). Incremental dietary Ca/rP linearly increased (P < 0.001) serum Ca irrespective of phytase inclusion, accompanied by a lower (P < 0.001) duodenal expression of Ca transporters CaSR, CaBP-D28k and PMCA1 and Ca-pore forming claudins CLDN-2 and CLDN-12. Dietary phytase increased (P = 0.026) NaPi-IIb but reduced (P = 0.029) CLDN-2 expression. Incremental Ca/rP reduced Ca and P digestibility, increased serum Ca, lowered serum P and inhibited mRNA levels of Ca and P-related transporters, indicating that these transporters and CLDN contribute to the observed effect of dietary Ca and phytase on Ca and P absorption. Despite the improvement in Ca digestibility, dietary phytase did not restore the compromised growth performance and tibia strength of broilers fed a Ca-deficient diet, leading to rejection of the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Hu
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands; Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - J van Harn
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - W H Hendriks
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - J van Baal
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | | | - M M van Krimpen
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - P Bikker
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands.
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Phoaubon S, Lertsuwan K, Teerapornpuntakit J, Charoenphandhu N. Hepcidin induces intestinal calcium uptake while suppressing iron uptake in Caco-2 cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258433. [PMID: 34644351 PMCID: PMC8513844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal calcium absorption and iron overload from iron hyperabsorption can contribute to osteoporosis as found in several diseases, including hemochromatosis and thalassemia. Previous studies in thalassemic mice showed the positive effects of the iron uptake suppressor, hepcidin, on calcium transport. However, whether this effect could be replicated in other conditions is not known. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of hepcidin on iron and calcium uptake ability under physiological, iron uptake stimulation and calcium uptake suppression. To investigate the potential mechanism, effects of hepcidin on the expression of iron and calcium transporter and transport-associated protein in Caco-2 cells were also determined. Our results showed that intestinal cell iron uptake was significantly increased by ascorbic acid together with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), but this phenomenon was suppressed by hepcidin. Interestingly, hepcidin significantly increased calcium uptake under physiological condition but not under iron uptake stimulation. While hepcidin significantly suppressed the expression of iron transporter, it had no effect on calcium transporter expression. This indicated that hepcidin-induced intestinal cell calcium uptake did not occur through the stimulation of calcium transporter expression. On the other hand, 1,25(OH)2D3 effectively induced intestinal cell calcium uptake, but it did not affect intestinal cell iron uptake or iron transporter expression. The 1,25(OH)2D3-induced intestinal cell calcium uptake was abolished by 12 mM CaCl2; however, hepcidin could not rescue intestinal cell calcium uptake suppression by CaCl2. Taken together, our results showed that hepcidin could effectively and concurrently induce intestinal cell calcium uptake while reducing intestinal cell iron uptake under physiological and iron uptake stimulation conditions, suggesting its therapeutic potential for inactive calcium absorption, particularly in thalassemic patients or patients who did not adequately respond to 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supathra Phoaubon
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Biochemistry (International Program), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kornkamon Lertsuwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
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Chaimana R, Teerapornpuntakit J, Jantarajit W, Lertsuwan K, Krungchanuchat S, Panupinthu N, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu N. CFTR-mediated anion secretion in parathyroid hormone-treated Caco-2 cells is associated with PKA and PI3K phosphorylation but not intracellular pH changes or Na +/K +-ATPase abundance. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101054. [PMID: 34189282 PMCID: PMC8220001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has previously been shown to enhance the transepithelial secretion of Cl− and HCO3− across the intestinal epithelia including Caco-2 monolayer, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are not completely understood. Herein, we identified the major signaling pathways that possibly mediated the PTH action to its known target anion channel, i.e., cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator anion channel (CFTR). Specifically, PTH was able to induce phosphorylation of protein kinase A and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Since the apical HCO3− efflux through CFTR often required the intracellular H+/HCO3− production and/or the Na+-dependent basolateral HCO3− uptake, the intracellular pH (pHi) balance might be disturbed, especially as a consequence of increased endogenous H+ and HCO3− production. However, measurement of pHi by a pH-sensitive dye suggested that the PTH-exposed Caco-2 cells were able to maintain normal pH despite robust HCO3− transport. In addition, although the plasma membrane Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) is normally essential for basolateral HCO3− uptake and other transporters (e.g., NHE1), PTH did not induce insertion of new NKA molecules into the basolateral membrane as determined by membrane protein biotinylation technique. Thus, together with our previous data, we concluded that the PTH action on Caco-2 cells is dependent on PKA and PI3K with no detectable change in pHi or NKA abundance on cell membrane. Intestinal epithelial-like Caco-2 cells expressed CFTR and PTH1R. PTH increased anion transport across Caco-2 monolayer as suggested by Vt change. PTH induced phosphorylation of PKA and PI3K in Caco-2 cells. Intracellular pH was unaltered despite the presence of PTH-induced HCO3− efflux. PTH did not change Na+/K+-ATPase abundance in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattana Chaimana
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Walailak Jantarajit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kornkamon Lertsuwan
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowalak Krungchanuchat
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nateetip Krishnamra
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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