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Schibalski RS, Shulha AS, Tsao BP, Palygin O, Ilatovskaya DV. The role of polyamine metabolism in cellular function and physiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C341-C356. [PMID: 38881422 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00074.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyamines are molecules with multiple amino groups that are essential for cellular function. The major polyamines are putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and cadaverine. Polyamines are important for posttranscriptional regulation, autophagy, programmed cell death, proliferation, redox homeostasis, and ion channel function. Their levels are tightly controlled. High levels of polyamines are associated with proliferative pathologies such as cancer, whereas low polyamine levels are observed in aging, and elevated polyamine turnover enhances oxidative stress. Polyamine metabolism is implicated in several pathophysiological processes in the nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems. Currently, manipulating polyamine levels is under investigation as a potential preventive treatment for several pathologies, including aging, ischemia/reperfusion injury, pulmonary hypertension, and cancer. Although polyamines have been implicated in many intracellular mechanisms, our understanding of these processes remains incomplete and is a topic of ongoing investigation. Here, we discuss the regulation and cellular functions of polyamines, their role in physiology and pathology, and emphasize the current gaps in knowledge and potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Schibalski
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Anastasia S Shulha
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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2
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Chen C, Feng D, Wang Y, Yao T, Mackowiak B, Gao B. Necrotic Liver Lesion Resolution: Another Mode of Liver Regeneration. Semin Liver Dis 2024. [PMID: 38955211 DOI: 10.1055/a-2358-9505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The liver has the great ability to regenerate after partial resection or injury, and the mechanisms underlying liver regeneration have been extensively investigated. Interestingly, acute liver injuries triggered by various etiologies are associated with the formation of necrotic lesions, and such necrotic lesions are also rapidly resolved. However, how necrotic liver lesions are repaired has not been carefully investigated until recently. In this review, we briefly summarize the spatiotemporal process of necrotic liver lesion resolution in several liver injury models including immune-mediated liver injury and drug-induced liver injury. The roles of liver nonparenchymal cells and infiltrating immune cells in controlling necrotic liver lesion resolution are discussed, which may help identify potential therapies for acute liver injury and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tiantian Yao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bryan Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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3
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Han Z, Batudeligen, Chen H, Narisu, Anda, Xu Y, Xue L. Luteolin attenuates CCl4-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via SLC7A11. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:193. [PMID: 38755566 PMCID: PMC11100030 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Luteolin (3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone) is reported to strongly protect from acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) -induced liver injury or fibrosis. Ferroptosis can be induced by hepatic injury, and contributes to liver fibrosis development. The exact functional mechanism underlying luteolin inhibition of hepatic injury and whether ferroptosis is involved are unclear. METHODS Mice model and cell model of liver injury were constructed or induced to explore the effect and molecular mechanisms of Luteolin in the treatment of hepatic injury using CCl4. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry were used to evaluate HepG2 cell viability and apoptosis. The differential expressed genes involved in liver injury were scanned using RNA-seq and confirmed using functional study. Western blot was used to detect the indicators related to ferroptosis. RESULTS Luteolin attenuated hepatic injury by alleviating cell morphology and decreasing serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in vivo mice models, and increasing cell viability, downregulating arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and P21 protein expression, suppressing apoptosis in vitro cell models. Luteolin also inhibited ferroptosis by stimulating glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and mitochondrial ferritin (FTMT) protein expression, increasing glutathione (GSH) content, and minimizing Fe2+ and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Solute carrier family 7a member 11 (SLC7A11) was identified to be a key regulatory gene that participated in luteolin attenuation of CCl4-induced hepatic injuries in HepG2 cells using Microarray assay. Functional study showed that SLC7A11 can alleviate hepatic injury and ferroptosis. CONCLUSION Luteolin attenuated CCl4-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via SLC7A11. SLC7A11 may serve as a novel alternative therapeutic target for hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No.1742, Huolinhe Street, Horqin Area, Tongliao City, Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, 028000, China.
| | - Batudeligen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No.1742, Huolinhe Street, Horqin Area, Tongliao City, Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No.1742, Huolinhe Street, Horqin Area, Tongliao City, Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
| | - Narisu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No.1742, Huolinhe Street, Horqin Area, Tongliao City, Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
| | - Anda
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No.1742, Huolinhe Street, Horqin Area, Tongliao City, Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No.1742, Huolinhe Street, Horqin Area, Tongliao City, Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
| | - Lan Xue
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No.1742, Huolinhe Street, Horqin Area, Tongliao City, Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
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4
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He K, Liu M, Wang Q, Chen S, Guo X. Combined analysis of 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomics to find biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15138. [PMID: 37704684 PMCID: PMC10499917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is a kind of liver dysfunction which caused by drugs, and gut microbiota could affect liver injury. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and its metabolites in DILI patients is not clear. The total gut microbiota DNA was extracted from 28 DILI patient and 28 healthy control volunteers (HC) and 16S rDNA gene were amplified. Next, differentially metabolites were screened. Finally, the correlations between the diagnostic strains and differentially metabolites were studied.The richness and uniformity of the bacterial communities decreased in DILI patients, and the structure of gut microbiota changed obviously. Enterococcus and Veillonella which belong to Firmicutes increased in DILI, and Blautia and Ralstonia which belong to Firmicutes, Dialister which belongs to Proteobacteria increased in HC. In addition, these diagnostic OTUs of DILI were associated with the DILI damage mechanism. On the other hands, there were 66 differentially metabolites between DILI and HC samples, and these metabolites were mainly enriched in pyrimidine metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, the collinear network map of the key microbiota-metabolites were constructed and the results indicated that Cortodoxone, Prostaglandin I1, Bioyclo Prostaglandin E2 and Anacardic acid were positively correlated with Blautia and Ralstonia, and negatively correlated with Veillonella.This study analyzed the changes of DILI from the perspective of gut microbiota and metabolites. Key strains and differentially metabolites of DILI were screened and the correlations between them were studied. This study further illustrated the mechanism of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaini He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mimi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sijie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Pibiri M, Simbula G. Role of the Hippo pathway in liver regeneration and repair: recent advances. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:59. [PMID: 36471376 PMCID: PMC9720992 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the signaling pathways involved in normal liver regeneration have been well characterized, less has been done for livers affected by chronic tissue damage. These "abnormal livers" have an impaired regenerative response that leads to liver repair and fibrosis. The tumor suppressor Hippo pathway plays a key role in liver regeneration and repair. On this basis, this review discusses recent studies focusing on the involvement of the Hippo signaling pathway during "normal healthy liver regeneration" (i.e., in a normal liver after 2/3 partial hepatectomy) and "abnormal liver regeneration" (i.e., in a liver damaged by chronic disease). This could be an important question to address with respect to new therapies aimed at improving impaired liver regenerative responses. The studies reported here have shown that activation of the Hippo coactivators YAP/TAZ during normal liver regeneration promotes the formation of a new bile duct network through direct BEC proliferation or/and hepatocyte dedifferentiation to HPCs which can trans-differentiate to BECs. Moreover, YAP/TAZ signaling interaction with other signaling pathways mediates the recruitment and activation of Kupffer cells, which release mitogenic cytokines for parenchymal and/or non-parenchymal cells and engage in phagocytosis of cellular debris. In addition, YAP-mediated activation of stellate cells (HSCs) promotes liver regeneration through the synthesis of extracellular matrix. However, in chronically diseased livers, where the predetermined threshold for proper liver regeneration is exceeded, YAP/TAZ activation results in a reparative process characterized by liver fibrosis. In this condition, YAP/TAZ activation in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells results in (i) differentiation of quiescent HSCs into myofibroblastic HSCs; (ii) recruitment of macrophages releasing inflammatory cytokines; (iii) polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. Since accumulation of damaged hepatocytes in chronic liver injury represent a significant risk factor for the development of hepatocarcinoma, this review also discussed the involvement of the Hippo pathway in the clearance of damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pibiri
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, Blocco A. 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Simbula
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, Blocco A. 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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Pretzsch E, Nieß H, Khaled NB, Bösch F, Guba M, Werner J, Angele M, Chaudry IH. Molecular Mechanisms of Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury and Regeneration in the Liver-Shock and Surgery-Associated Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12942. [PMID: 36361725 PMCID: PMC9657004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a major challenge during liver surgery, liver preservation for transplantation, and can cause hemorrhagic shock with severe hypoxemia and trauma. The reduction of blood supply with a concomitant deficit in oxygen delivery initiates various molecular mechanisms involving the innate and adaptive immune response, alterations in gene transcription, induction of cell death programs, and changes in metabolic state and vascular function. Hepatic IRI is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and is associated with an increased risk for tumor growth and recurrence after oncologic surgery for primary and secondary hepatobiliary malignancies. Therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat hepatic IRI have been investigated in animal models but, for the most part, have failed to provide a protective effect in a clinical setting. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic IRI and regeneration, as well as its clinical implications. A better understanding of this complex and highly dynamic process may allow for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches and optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Pretzsch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno Nieß
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Najib Ben Khaled
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Bösch
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Markus Guba
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Angele
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Irshad H. Chaudry
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Plasma Polyamines Decrease in Patients with Obstructive Cholecystitis. LIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/livers2030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs), endogenous metabolites with a wide range of biological activities, are synthesized at a high rate in liver supporting hepatocyte proliferation and survival. The liver appears as an important regulator of plasma PAs; however, the perspective to exploit plasma PA measurements as indicators for liver function was not explored. This study aimed to evaluate the value of the plasma levels of PAs as a biomarker of pathological changes in the liver in patients with obstructive cholecystitis. The levels of polyamines and their acetylated forms were measured using HPLC/UV in the plasma of patients with obstructive cholecystitis and in healthy subjects. PA turnover was assessed by the ratio between an acetylated form of PA and PA. An effect of diet preference of cheese or meat, the major exogenous sources of PAs, smoking, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in anamnesis was also evaluated in healthy subjects. We found that the plasma levels of spermine and acetylated spermidine decreased in patients with obstructive cholecystitis without a concurring increase in the total plasma bilirubin and amylase levels. The turnover of spermine and spermidine was also changed, suggesting a decrease in the rate of PA degradation in the liver. In healthy subjects, the PA levels tended to mirror chronic smoking and recent SARS-CoV-2 infection but were not relevant to diet factors. A number of observations indicated the role of physical exercise in the regulation of the plasma pool of PA. The decrease in plasma PA levels and index of PA turnover in the cholestasis syndrome indicate the liver’s metabolic function reduction. A conceivable effect of lung-related conditions on plasma PA, while indicating low specificity, nonetheless, speaks favorably about the high sensitivity of plasma PA measurement as an early diagnostic test in the clinic.
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Alvarez MDL, Lorenzetti F. Role of eicosanoids in liver repair, regeneration and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114732. [PMID: 34411565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are lipid signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of ω-6 fatty acids, usually arachidonic acid. There are three major pathways, including the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and P450 cytochrome epoxygenase (CYP) pathway. Prostanoids, which include prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (Tx), are formed via the COX pathway, leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins (LX) by the action of 5-LOX, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by CYP. Although eicosanoids are usually associated with pro-inflammatory responses, non-classic eicosanoids, as LX, have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. Eicosanoids like PGE2, LTB4 and EETs have been involved in promoting liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. PGE2 and LTB4 have also been reported to participate in the regenerative phase after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), while cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LT) contribute to the inflammatory process associated with I/R and are also involved in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, LX, another product of 5-LOX, have the opposite effect, acting as pro-resolving mediators in these pathologies. In liver cancer, most studies show that eicosanoids, with the exception of LX, promote the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and favor metastasis. This review summarizes the synthesis of different eicosanoids in the liver and discusses key findings from basic research linking eicosanoids to liver repair, regeneration and cancer and the impact of targeting eicosanoid cascade. In addition, studies in patients are presented that explore the potential use of eicosanoids as biomarkers and show correlations between eicosanoid production and the course and prognosis of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Luján Alvarez
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina; Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina; Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECIHS) Sede Regional Rosario, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Av. Pellegrini 1618 (S2000BUG), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Lorenzetti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina
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9
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Hu C, Zhao L, Zhang F, Li L. Melatonin and its protective role in attenuating warm or cold hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13021. [PMID: 33751704 PMCID: PMC8016647 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the liver is the only organ with regenerative capacity, various injury factors induce irreversible liver dysfunction and end‐stage liver disease. Liver resection and liver transplantation (LT) are effective treatments for individuals with liver failure, liver cirrhosis and liver cancers. The remnant or transplanted liver tissues will undergo hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion (IR), which leads to oxidative stress, inflammation, immune injury and liver damage. Moreover, systemic ischaemia induced by trauma, stroke, myocardial ischaemia, haemorrhagic shock and other injury factors also induces liver ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) in individuals. Hepatic IRI can be divided into warm IRI, which is induced by liver surgery and systemic ischaemia, and cold IRI, which is induced by LT. Multiple studies have shown that melatonin (MT) acts as an endogenous free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity and is also able to attenuate hepatic IRI via its anti‐inflammatory and antiapoptotic capacities. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms and current strategies of MT administration in liver surgery for protecting against warm or cold hepatic IRI. We highlight strategies to improve the efficacy and safety of MT for attenuating hepatic IRI in different conditions. After the potential mechanisms underlying the interactions between MT and other important cellular processes during hepatic IR are clarified, more opportunities will be available to use MT to treat liver diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Kidney Disease Center, Institute of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Li S, Zhu Z, Xue M, Pan X, Tong G, Yi X, Fan J, Li Y, Li W, Dong Y, Shen E, Gong W, Wang X, Yu Y, Maeng YJ, Li X, Lee KY, Jin L, Cong W. The protective effects of fibroblast growth factor 10 against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Redox Biol 2021; 40:101859. [PMID: 33445067 PMCID: PMC7806526 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication of liver surgery and transplantation. IRI leads to hepatic parenchymal cell death, resulting in liver failure, and lacks effective therapeutic approaches. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is a paracrine factor which is well-characterized with respect to its pro-proliferative effects during embryonic liver development and liver regeneration, but its role in hepatic IRI remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of FGF10 in liver IRI and identified signaling pathways regulated by FGF10. In a mouse model of warm liver IRI, FGF10 was highly expressed during the reperfusion phase. In vitro experiments demonstrated that FGF10 was primarily secreted by hepatic stellate cells and acted on hepatocytes. The role of FGF10 in liver IRI was further examined using adeno-associated virus-mediated gene silencing and overexpression. Overexpression of FGF10 alleviated liver dysfunction, reduced necrosis and inflammation, and protected hepatocytes from apoptosis in the early acute injury phase of IRI. Furthermore, in the late phase of IRI, FGF10 overexpression also promoted hepatocyte proliferation. Meanwhile, gene silencing of FGF10 had the opposite effect. Further studies revealed that overexpression of FGF10 activated nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and decreased oxidative stress, mainly through activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathway, and the protective effects of FGF10 overexpression were largely abrogated in NRF2 knockout mice. These results demonstrate the protective effects of FGF10 in liver IRI, and reveal the important role of NRF2 in FGF10-mediated hepatic protection during IRI. FGF10 is markedly upregulated in the early phase of liver IRI. FGF10 overexpression exerts great potential in ameliorating hepatic IRI. FGF10 knockdown significantly aggravates hepatic IRI. FGF10 overexpression activates PI3K/AKT-NRF2 signaling and thus ameliorates hepatic IRI. NRF2 knockout abrogates the protective effects of FGF10 overexpression during liver IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhongxin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Mei Xue
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Xuebo Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Gaozan Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Xinchu Yi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Junfu Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Yuankuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Wanqian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Yetong Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Enzhao Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Yoo Jae Maeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Litai Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China.
| | - Weitao Cong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China.
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11
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Zahedi K, Barone S, Soleimani M. Polyamine Catabolism in Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4790. [PMID: 31561575 PMCID: PMC6801762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to an abrupt decrease in kidney function. It affects approximately 7% of all hospitalized patients and almost 35% of intensive care patients. Mortality from acute kidney injury remains high, particularly in critically ill patients, where it can be more than 50%. The primary causes of AKI include ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), sepsis, or nephrotoxicity; however, AKI patients may present with a complicated etiology where many of the aforementioned conditions co-exist. Multiple bio-markers associated with renal damage, as well as metabolic and signal transduction pathways that are involved in the mediation of renal dysfunction have been identified as a result of the examination of models, patient samples, and clinical data of AKI of disparate etiologies. These discoveries have enhanced our ability to diagnose AKIs and to begin to elucidate the mechanisms involved in their pathogenesis. Studies in our laboratory revealed that the expression and activity of spermine/spermidine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine back conversion, were enhanced in kidneys of rats after I/R injury. Additional studies revealed that the expression of spermine oxidase (SMOX), another critical enzyme in polyamine catabolism, is also elevated in the kidney and other organs subjected to I/R, septic, toxic, and traumatic injuries. The maladaptive role of polyamine catabolism in the mediation of AKI and other injuries has been clearly demonstrated. This review will examine the biochemical and mechanistic basis of tissue damage brought about by enhanced polyamine degradation and discuss the potential of therapeutic interventions that target polyamine catabolic enzymes or their byproducts for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Sharon Barone
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Liu T, Liu L, Liu M, Du R, Dang Y, Bai M, Zhang L, Ma F, Yang X, Ning X, Sun S. MicroRNA-493 targets STMN-1 and promotes hypoxia-induced epithelial cell cycle arrest in G 2/M and renal fibrosis. FASEB J 2018; 33:1565-1577. [PMID: 30183377 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701355rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia plays an important role in the development of renal fibrosis. G2/M arrest in renal tubular cells is an important pathway in the development of chronic kidney disease. It is unknown whether hypoxia leads to renal fibrosis via the regulation of G2/M arrest in renal tubular epithelial cells. For the first time, to our knowledge, we showed that hypoxia induces G2/M arrest in renal tubular cells leading to renal fibrosis, and microRNAs are involved in this regulation. We compared microRNA expression between hypoxia and normoxia in HK2 cells and found microRNA (miR)-493 to be highly expressed at 24 and 48 h after hypoxia. The overexpression of miR-493 reduced the expression of the cell cycle regulator, Stathmin (STMN)-1, and increased the percentage of G2/M phase cells and profibrotic factors in HK2 cells. Targeting STMN-1 with short hairpin RNA produced an effect similar to that of miR-493 overexpression. On contrast, the miR-493 inhibitor reversed these effects in vitro. Consistent with these results, miR-493 sponge adeno-associated virus reduced the expression of profibrotic factors and increased STMN-1 in vivo. In summary, these results suggest that the miR-493-STMN-1 pathway contributes to hypoxia-induced tubular epithelial cell G2/M arrest and renal fibrosis. Abrogating G2/M arrest and blocking the miR-493-STMN-1 pathway will provide further insight for the development of antifibrosis therapy.-Liu, T., Liu, L., Liu, M., Du, R., Dang, Y., Bai, M., Zhang, L., Ma, F., Yang, X., Ning, X., Sun, S. MicroRNA-493 targets STMN-1 and promotes hypoxia-induced epithelial cell cycle arrest In G2/M and renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Nephrology, Guangren Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Minna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjie Dang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiren Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Konishi T, Schuster RM, Lentsch AB. Proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, mediated by YAP and TAZ, contributes to liver repair and regeneration after liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G471-G482. [PMID: 29351389 PMCID: PMC5966748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00153.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are key regulators of cell proliferation and organ size; however, their physiological contribution after liver injury has not been fully understood. In this study, we sought to determine the role of YAP and TAZ during liver recovery after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). A murine model of partial (70%) I/R was used to induce liver injury and study the reparative and regenerative response. After liver injury, there was marked activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells. The Hippo pathway components, large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1) and its adapter protein, Mps one binder 1 (MOB1), were inactivated during liver repair, and YAP and TAZ were activated selectively in hepatic stellate cells. Concurrently, the expression of connective tissue growth factor and survivin, both of which are YAP and TAZ target genes, were upregulated. Hepatic stellate cell expansion and concomitant activation of YAP and TAZ occurred only in the injured liver and were not observed in the nonischemic liver. Treatment of mice with verteporfin, an inhibitor of YAP and TAZ, decreased hepatic stellate cell proliferation, survivin, and cardiac ankyrin repeat protein expression. These changes were associated with a significant decrease in hepatocyte proliferation. The data suggest that liver repair and regeneration after I/R injury are dependent on hepatic stellate cell proliferation, which is mediated by YAP and TAZ. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to assess the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and their role in the reparative and regenerative process. Here we show that the Hippo pathway is inactivated after I/R and that Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) activation is detected in HSC. HSC proliferation and expansion are prominent during liver recovery after I/R injury. Inhibition of YAP/TAZ activation with verteporfin reduces HSC proliferation and target gene expression and attenuates hepatocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Konishi
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebecca M. Schuster
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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14
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Li H, Zou T, Meng S, Peng YZ, Yang JF. p21 protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4665-4671. [PMID: 29328456 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a major health threat, resulting in a large number of mortalities annually worldwide. Oxidative stress is one of the main causes of cell death during ischemia‑reperfusion (IR) injury. Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (known as p21) is important in protecting tissues against IR injury, however the mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, oxygen‑glucose deprivation and subsequent reoxygenation (OGD/R) in H9c2 heart‑derived myocytes was used as a model to study myocardial IR injury in vitro. mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. The levels of reactive oxygen species were measured using the fluorescence dye 2',7'‑dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. The present data demonstrated that p21 expression was upregulated by tumor protein p53 (p53) in H9c2 cells exposed to OGD/R. p21 protected H9c2 cells against OGD/R‑induced oxidative stress. In addition, p21 mediated upregulation of NF‑E2‑related factor‑2 (Nrf2), a regulator of antioxidant responses, which in turn suppressed cell death in H9c2 cells subjected to OGD/R. Thus, activation of the p53/p21/Nrf2 signaling pathway may be an important adaptive response that limits oxidative injury during IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Meng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Zhu Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Fu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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15
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Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major complication of liver surgery, including liver resection, liver transplantation, and trauma surgery. Much has been learned about the inflammatory injury response induced by I/R, including the cascade of proinflammatory mediators and recruitment of activated leukocytes. In this review, we discuss the complex network of events that culminate in liver injury after I/R, including cellular, protein, and molecular mechanisms. In addition, we address the known endogenous regulatory mediators that function to maintain homeostasis and resolve injury. Finally, we cover more recent insights into how the liver repairs and regenerates after I/R injury, a setting in which physical mass remains unchanged, but functional liver mass is greatly reduced. In this regard, we focus on recent work highlighting a novel role of CXC chemokines as important regulators of hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Konishi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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16
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Kim J. Spermidine rescues proximal tubular cells from oxidative stress and necrosis after ischemic acute kidney injury. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1197-1208. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zahedi K, Barone S, Destefano-Shields C, Brooks M, Murray-Stewart T, Dunworth M, Li W, Doherty JR, Hall MA, Smith RD, Cleveland JL, Casero RA, Soleimani M. Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response by enhanced polyamine catabolism is important in the mediation of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184570. [PMID: 28886181 PMCID: PMC5590979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity limits its use in many cancer patients. The expression of enzymes involved in polyamine catabolism, spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and spermine oxidase (SMOX) increase in the kidneys of mice treated with cisplatin. We hypothesized that enhanced polyamine catabolism contributes to tissue damage in cisplatin acute kidney injury (AKI). Using gene knockout and chemical inhibitors, the role of polyamine catabolism in cisplatin AKI was examined. Deficiency of SSAT, SMOX or neutralization of the toxic products of polyamine degradation, H2O2 and aminopropanal, significantly diminished the severity of cisplatin AKI. In vitro studies demonstrated that the induction of SSAT and elevated polyamine catabolism in cells increases the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and enhances the expression of binding immunoglobulin protein BiP/GRP78) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP/GADD153). The increased expression of these endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) markers was accompanied by the activation of caspase-3. These results suggest that enhanced polyamine degradation in cisplatin AKI may lead to tubular damage through the induction of ERSR and the consequent onset of apoptosis. In support of the above, we show that the ablation of the SSAT or SMOX gene, as well as the neutralization of polyamine catabolism products modulate the onset of ERSR (e.g. lower BiP and CHOP) and apoptosis (e.g. reduced activated caspase-3). These studies indicate that enhanced polyamine catabolism and its toxic products are important mediators of ERSR and critical to the pathogenesis of cisplatin AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Sharon Barone
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Christina Destefano-Shields
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marybeth Brooks
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew Dunworth
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Joanne R. Doherty
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Hall
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Roger D. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - John L. Cleveland
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Center on Genetics of Transport, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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18
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Liu X, Hu Z, Zhou B, Li X, Tao R. Chinese Herbal Preparation Xuebijing Potently Inhibits Inflammasome Activation in Hepatocytes and Ameliorates Mouse Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131436. [PMID: 26132490 PMCID: PMC4488587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese herb preparation Xuebijing injection (XBJ) has been widely used in the management of various septic disorders or inflammation-related conditions, however the molecular mechanism of its anti-inflammatory effect remains largely elusive. In the current study, we found that XBJ treatment potently ameliorated mouse hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, manifested as decreased liver function tests (LDH, ALT, AST), improved inflammation and less hepatocyte apoptosis. Notably, XBJ markedly inhibited inflammasome activation and IL-1 production in mouse livers subjected to IRI, even in the absence of Kupffer cells, suggesting Kupffer cells are not necessary for hepatic inflammasome activation upon Redox-induced sterile inflammation. This finding led us to investigate the role of XBJ on hepatocyte apoptosis and inflammasome activation using an in vitro hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-triggered hepatocyte injury model. Our data clearly demonstrated that XBJ potently inhibited apoptosis, as well as caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β production in a time- and dose-dependent manner in isolated hepatocytes, suggesting that in addition to its known modulatory effect on NF-κB-dependent inflammatory gene expression, it also has a direct impact on hepatocyte inflammasome activation. The current study not only deepens our understanding of how XBJ ameliorates inflammation and apoptosis, but also has immediate practical significance in many clinical situations such as partial hepatectomy, liver transplantation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqiang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiqiu Hu
- Department of Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of cardiothoracic surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (ZJPPH), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (ZJPPH), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Zahedi K, Barone S, Wang Y, Murray-Stewart T, Roy-Chaudhury P, Smith RD, Casero RA, Soleimani M. Proximal tubule epithelial cell specific ablation of the spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase gene reduces the severity of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110161. [PMID: 25390069 PMCID: PMC4229091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression and activity of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) increases in kidneys subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, while its ablation reduces the severity of such injuries. These results suggest that increased SSAT levels contribute to organ injury; however, the role of SSAT specifically expressed in proximal tubule epithelial cells, which are the primary targets of I/R injury, in the mediation of renal damage remains unresolved. METHODS Severity of I/R injury in wt and renal proximal tubule specific SSAT-ko mice (PT-SSAT-Cko) subjected to bilateral renal I/R injury was assessed using cellular and molecular biological approaches. RESULTS Severity of the loss of kidney function and tubular damage are reduced in PT-SSAT-Cko- compared to wt-mice after I/R injury. In addition, animals treated with MDL72527, an inhibitor of polyamine oxidases, had less severe renal damage than their vehicle treated counter-parts. The renal expression of HMGB 1 and Toll like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 were also reduced in PT-SSAT-Cko- compared to wt mice after I/R injury. Furthermore, infiltration of neutrophils, as well as expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) transcripts were lower in the kidneys of PT-SSAT-Cko compared to wt mice after I/R injury. Finally, the activation of caspase3 was more pronounced in the wt compared to PT-SSAT-Cko animals. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced SSAT expression by proximal tubule epithelial cells leads to tubular damage, and its deficiency reduces the severity of renal I/R injury through reduction of cellular damage and modulation of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affair Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sharon Barone
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affair Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yang Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Roger D. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affair Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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20
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Regulation of molecular pathways in ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2014; 96:926-34. [PMID: 23985720 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182a20398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a multifactorial phenomenon that occurs during the transplant event and frequently compromises early graft function after liver transplantation (LT). Current comprehension of molecular mechanisms and regulation processes of I/R injury lacks clarity. MicroRNA (miRNA) regulation results critical in several biological processes. METHODS This study evaluated gene expression and miRNA expression profiles using microarrays in 34 graft biopsies collected at preimplantation (L1) and at 90 min postreperfusion (L2) from consecutives deceased-donor LT recipients. miRNA profiles were first analyzed. Data integration analysis (gene expression/miRNA expression) aimed to identify potential target genes for each identified miRNA from the L1/L2 differential gene expression profile. RESULTS Pairwise comparison analyses identified 40 miRNAs and 3168 significantly differentially expressed genes at postreperfusion time compared with preimplantation time. Pathway analysis of miRNAs associated these profiles with antiapoptosis, inhibition of cellular proliferation, and proinflammatory processes. Target analysis identified an miRNA-associated molecular profile of 2172 genes involved in cellular growth and proliferation modulation by cell cycle regulation, cell death and survival, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes. miRNA-independent genes involved proinflammatory molecules. CONCLUSION We identified a miRNA profile involved in posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms in I/R injury post-LT. A better understanding of these molecular processes involved in I/R may contribute to develop new strategies to minimize graft injury.
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21
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Ohkubo H, Ito Y, Minamino T, Mishima T, Hirata M, Hosono K, Shibuya M, Yokomizo T, Shimizu T, Watanabe M, Majima M. Leukotriene B4 type-1 receptor signaling promotes liver repair after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury through the enhancement of macrophage recruitment. FASEB J 2013; 27:3132-43. [PMID: 23629862 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-227421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recruited macrophages play a critical role in liver repair after acute liver injury. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent chemoattractant for macrophages. In this study, we investigated the role of LTB4 receptor type 1 (BLT1) in liver repair during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. BLT1-knockout mice (BLT1(-/-)) or their wild-type counterparts (WT) were subjected to partial hepatic I/R. Compared with WT, BLT1(-/-) exhibited delayed liver repair and hepatocyte proliferation accompanied by a 70% reduction in the recruitment of macrophages and a 70-80% attenuation in hepatic expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1). Disruption of BLT1 signaling also reduced the expression of EGF by 67% on recruited macrophages expressing VEGFR1 in the injured liver. Treatment of WT mice with an EGF-neutralizing antibody delayed liver repair and reduced macrophage recruitment, compared with control immunoglobulin G (IgG). BLT1 signaling enhanced the expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, and EGF in isolated peritoneal macrophages in vitro. These results indicate that BLT1 signaling plays a role in liver repair after hepatic I/R through enhanced expression of EGF in recruited macrophages and that the development of a specific agonist for BLT1 could be useful for liver recovery from acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoki Ohkubo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Van Sweringen HL, Sakai N, Quillin RC, Bailey J, Schuster R, Blanchard J, Goetzman H, Caldwell CC, Edwards MJ, Lentsch AB. Roles of hepatocyte and myeloid CXC chemokine receptor-2 in liver recovery and regeneration after ischemia/reperfusion in mice. Hepatology 2013; 57:331-8. [PMID: 22961770 PMCID: PMC3540195 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have demonstrated the significance of signaling through the CXC chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2) receptor in the process of recovery and regeneration of functional liver mass after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). CXCR2 is constitutively expressed on both neutrophils and hepatocytes; however, the cell-specific roles of this receptor are unknown. In the present study, chimeric mice were created through bone marrow transplantation (BMT) using wild-type and CXCR2-knockout mice, yielding selective expression of CXCR2 on hepatocytes (Hep) and/or myeloid cells (My) in the following combinations: Hep+/My+; Hep-/My+; Hep+/My-; and Hep-/My-. These tools allowed us to assess the contributions of myeloid and hepatocyte CXCR2 in the recovery of the liver after I/R injury. Flow cytometry confirmed the adoption of the donor phenotype in neutrophils. Interestingly, Kupffer cells from all chimeras lacked CXCR2 expression. Recovery/regeneration of hepatic parenchyma was assessed by histologic assessment and measurement of hepatocyte proliferation. CXCR2(Hep+/My+) mice showed the least amount of liver recovery and hepatocyte proliferation, whereas CXCR2(Hep-/My-) mice had the greatest liver recovery and hepatocyte proliferation. CXCR2(Hep+/My-) mice had enhanced liver recovery, with hepatocyte proliferation similar to CXCR2(Hep-/My-) mice. Myeloid expression of CXCR2 directly regulated CXC chemokine expression levels after hepatic I/R, such that mice lacking myeloid CXCR2 had markedly increased chemokine expression, compared with mice expressing CXCR2 on myeloid cells. CONCLUSION The data suggest that CXCR2 on myeloid cells is the predominant regulator of liver recovery and regeneration after I/R injury, whereas hepatocyte CXCR2 plays a minor, secondary role. These findings suggest that myeloid cell-directed therapy may significantly affect liver regeneration after liver resection or transplantation.
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Lentsch AB. Regulatory mechanisms of injury and repair after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:513192. [PMID: 24278708 PMCID: PMC3820555 DOI: 10.6064/2012/513192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury is an important complication of liver surgery and transplantation. The mechanisms of this injury as well as the subsequent reparative and regenerative processes have been the subject of thorough study. In this paper, we discuss the complex and coordinated responses leading to parenchymal damage after liver ischemia/reperfusion as well as the manner in which the liver clears damaged cells and regenerates functional mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0558, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA
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24
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Zahedi K, Barone SL, Xu J, Steinbergs N, Schuster R, Lentsch AB, Amlal H, Wang J, Casero RA, Soleimani M. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of spermine/spermidine-N1-acetyltransferase gene reduces the severity of CCl4-induced acute liver injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G546-60. [PMID: 22723264 PMCID: PMC3468550 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00431.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Activation of spermine/spermidine-N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) leads to DNA damage and growth arrest in mammalian cells, and its ablation reduces the severity of ischemic and endotoxic injuries. Here we have examined the role of SSAT in the pathogenesis of toxic liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)). The expression and activity of SSAT increase in the liver subsequent to CCl(4) administration. Furthermore, the early liver injury after CCl(4) treatment was significantly attenuated in hepatocyte-specific SSAT knockout mice (Hep-SSAT-Cko) compared with wild-type (WT) mice as determined by the reduced serum alanine aminotransferase levels, decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation, and less severe liver damage. Cytochrome P450 2e1 levels remained comparable in both genotypes, suggesting that SSAT deficiency does not affect the metabolism of CCl(4). Hepatocyte-specific deficiency of SSAT also modulated the induction of cytokines involved in inflammation and repair as well as leukocyte infiltration. In addition, Noxa and activated caspase 3 levels were elevated in the livers of WT compared with Hep-SSAT-Cko mice. Interestingly, the onset of cell proliferation was significantly more robust in the WT compared with Hep-SSAT Cko mice. The inhibition of polyamine oxidases protected the animals against CCl(4)-induced liver injury. Our studies suggest that while the abrogation of polyamine back conversion or inhibition of polyamine oxidation attenuate the early injury, they may delay the onset of hepatic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.
| | - Sharon L. Barone
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Jie Xu
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Nora Steinbergs
- 2The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Rebecca Schuster
- 3Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- 3Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Hassane Amlal
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Jiang Wang
- 4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Robert A. Casero
- 2The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; ,5Veterans Affair Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Van Sweringen HL, Sakai N, Tevar AD, Burns JM, Edwards MJ, Lentsch AB. CXC chemokine signaling in the liver: impact on repair and regeneration. Hepatology 2011; 54:1445-53. [PMID: 21626524 PMCID: PMC3175305 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The process of liver repair and regeneration following hepatic injury is complex and relies on a temporally coordinated integration of several key signaling pathways. Pathways activated by members of the CXC family of chemokines play important roles in the mechanisms of liver repair and regeneration through their effects on hepatocytes. However, little is known about the signaling pathways used by CXC chemokine receptors in hepatocytes. Here we review our current understanding of the pathways involved in both CXC chemokine receptor signaling in other cell types, most notably neutrophils, and similar pathways operant during hepatocyte proliferation/liver regeneration to formulate a basis for the function of CXC chemokine receptor signaling in hepatocytes.
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Chow AM, Chan KW, Fan SJ, Yang J, Cheung JS, Khong PL, Wu EX. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in an experimental model. Acad Radiol 2011; 18:246-52. [PMID: 21111640 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs during certain hepatobiliary surgeries, hemorrhagic shock, and veno-occlusive disease. Biochemical changes caused by hepatic IRI lead to hepatocellular remodeling, including cellular regeneration or irreversible apoptosis. This study aims to characterize and monitor the metabolic changes in hepatic IRI using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MRS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8) were scanned with ¹H MRS using 5.0 × 5.0 × 5.0 mm³ voxel over a homogeneous liver parenchyma at 7 Tesla with a respiratory-gated point-resolved spectroscopy sequence at 1 day before, 6 hours, 1 day, and 1 week after 30 minutes total hepatic IRI. Signal integral ratios of choline-containing compounds (CCC), glycogen and glucose complex (Glyu), methylene proton ((-CH₂-)(n)), and methene proton (-CH=CH-) to lipid (integral sum of methyl proton (-CH₃), (-CH₂-)(n) and -CH=CH-) were quantified by areas under peaks longitudinally. RESULTS The CCC-to-lipid and Glyu-to-lipid ratios at 6 hours after IRI were significantly higher than those at 1 day before, 1 day, and 1 week after injury. The (-CH₂-)(n)-to-lipid, and -CH=CH-to-lipid ratios showed no significant differences over different time points. Hepatocellular regeneration was observed at 6 hours after IRI in histology with immunohistochemical technique. CONCLUSIONS Changes in CCC-to-lipid and Glyu-to-lipid ratios likely reflect the hepatocellular remodeling and impaired glucose utilization upon hepatic IRI, respectively. The experimental findings in the current study demonstrated that ¹H MRS is a valuable tool for characterizing either global or regional metabolic changes in liver noninvasively and longitudinally. Such capability has the potential to lead to early diagnosis and detection of impaired liver function.
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the polyamine field and introduces the 32 other chapters that make up this volume. These chapters provide a wide range of methods, advice, and background relevant to studies of the function of polyamines, the regulation of their content, their role in disease, and the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting polyamine content and function. The methodology provided in this new volume will enable laboratories already working in this area to expand their experimental techniques and facilitate the entry of additional workers into this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
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Clarke C, Kuboki S, Sakai N, Kasten KR, Tevar AD, Schuster R, Blanchard J, Caldwell CC, Edwards MJ, Lentsch AB. CXC chemokine receptor-1 is expressed by hepatocytes and regulates liver recovery after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Hepatology 2011; 53:261-71. [PMID: 21254176 PMCID: PMC3058860 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CXC chemokines mediate hepatic inflammation and injury following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). More recently, signaling through CXC chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2) was shown to delay liver recovery and repair after I/R injury. The chemokine receptor CXCR1 shares ligands with CXCR2, yet nothing is known about its potential role in liver pathology. In the present study, we examined the role of CXCR1 in the injury and recovery responses to I/R using a murine model. CXCR1 expression was undetectable in livers of sham-operated mice. However, after ischemia CXCR1 expression increased 24 hours after reperfusion and was maximal after 96 hours of reperfusion. CXCR1 expression was localized largely to hepatocytes. In order to assess the function of CXCR1, CXCR2(-/-) mice were treated with the CXCR1/CXCR2 antagonist, repertaxin. Prophylactic treatment with repertaxin had no effect on acute inflammation or liver injury. However, when repertaxin was administered 24 hours postreperfusion there was a significant increase in hepatocellular injury and a delay in recovery compared to control-treated mice. CXCR1(-/-) mice also demonstrated delayed recovery and regeneration after I/R when compared to wild-type mice. In vitro, hepatocytes from CXCR2(-/-) mice that were stimulated to express CXCR1 showed increased proliferation in response to ligand. Hepatocyte proliferation was decreased in CXCR1(-/-) mice in vivo. CONCLUSION This is the first report to show that CXCR1 expression is induced in hepatocytes after injury. Furthermore, the data suggest that CXCR1 has divergent effects from CXCR2 and appears to facilitate repair and regenerative responses after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callisia Clarke
- Laboratory of Trauma, Sepsis & Inflammation Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA
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Zahedi K, Barone S, Kramer DL, Amlal H, Alhonen L, Jänne J, Porter CW, Soleimani M. The role of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase in endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C164-74. [PMID: 20392931 PMCID: PMC2904252 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00512.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of catabolic enzymes spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and spermine oxidase (SMO) increases after ischemic reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that polyamine catabolism is upregulated and that this increase in catabolic response contributes to tissue damage in endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). SSAT mRNA expression peaked at threefold 24 h following LPS injection and returned to background levels by 48 h. The activity of SSAT correlated with its mRNA levels. The expression of SMO also increased in the kidney after LPS administration. Serum creatinine levels increased significantly at approximately 15 h, peaking by 24 h, and returned to background levels by 72 h. To test the role of SSAT in endotoxin-induced AKI, we injected wild-type (SSAT-wt) and SSAT-deficient (SSAT-ko) mice with LPS. Compared with SSAT-wt mice, the SSAT-ko mice subjected to endotoxic-AKI had less severe kidney damage as indicated by better preservation of kidney function. The role of polyamine oxidation in the mediation of kidney injury was examined by comparing the severity of renal damage in SSAT-wt mice treated with MDL72527, an inhibitor of both polyamine oxidase and SMO. Animals treated with MDL72527 showed significant protection against endotoxin-induced AKI. We conclude that increased polyamine catabolism through generation of by-products of polyamine oxidation contributes to kidney damage and that modulation of polyamine catabolism may be a viable approach for the treatment of endotoxin-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0585, USA.
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Zahedi K, Huttinger F, Morrison R, Murray-Stewart T, Casero RA, Strauss KI. Polyamine catabolism is enhanced after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:515-25. [PMID: 19968558 PMCID: PMC2867553 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines spermine and spermidine are highly regulated, ubiquitous aliphatic cations that maintain DNA structure and function as immunomodulators and as antioxidants. Polyamine homeostasis is disrupted after brain injuries, with concomitant generation of toxic metabolites that may contribute to secondary injuries. To test the hypothesis of increased brain polyamine catabolism after traumatic brain injury (TBI), we determined changes in catabolic enzymes and polyamine levels in the rat brain after lateral controlled cortical impact TBI. Spermine oxidase (SMO) catalyzes the degradation of spermine to spermidine, generating H2O2 and aminoaldehydes. Spermidine/spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) catalyzes acetylation of these polyamines, and both are further oxidized in a reaction that generates putrescine, H2O2, and aminoaldehydes. In a rat cortical impact model of TBI, SSAT mRNA increased subacutely (6-24 h) after TBI in ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus. SMO mRNA levels were elevated late, from 3 to 7 days post-injury. Polyamine catabolism increased as well. Spermine levels were normal at 6 h and decreased slightly at 24 h, but were normal again by 72 h post-injury. Spermidine levels also decreased slightly (6-24 h), then increased by approximately 50% at 72 h post-injury. By contrast, normally low putrescine levels increased up to sixfold (6-72 h) after TBI. Moreover, N-acetylspermidine (but not N-acetylspermine) was detectable (24-72 h) near the site of injury, consistent with increased SSAT activity. None of these changes were seen in the contralateral hemisphere. Immunohistochemical confirmation indicated that SSAT and SMO were expressed throughout the brain. SSAT-immunoreactivity (SSAT-ir) increased in both neuronal and nonneuronal (likely glial) populations ipsilateral to injury. Interestingly, bilateral increases in cortical SSAT-ir neurons occurred at 72 h post-injury, whereas hippocampal changes occurred only ipsilaterally. Prolonged increases in brain polyamine catabolism are the likely cause of loss of homeostasis in this pathway. The potential for simple therapeutic interventions (e.g., polyamine supplementation or inhibition of polyamine oxidation) is an exciting implication of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Francis Huttinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ryan Morrison
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University College of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University College of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenneth I. Strauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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31
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Yu JH, Lim JW, Kim H. Altered gene expression in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells: pathologic mechanism of acute pancreatitis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 13:409-16. [PMID: 20054485 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.6.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a multifactorial disease associated with the premature activation of digestive enzymes. The genes expressed in pancreatic acinar cells determine the severity of the disease. The present study determined the differentially expressed genes in pancreatic acinar cells treated with cerulein as an in vitro model of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were stimulated with 10(-8) M cerulein for 4 h, and genes with altered expression were identified using a cDNA microarray for 4,000 rat genes and validated by real-time PCR. These genes showed a 2.5-fold or higher increase with cerulein: lithostatin, guanylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase 2, cathepsin C, progestin-induced protein, and pancreatic trypsin 2. Stathin 1 and ribosomal protein S13 showed a 2.5-fold or higher decreases in expression. Real-time PCR analysis showed time-dependent alterations of these genes. Using commercially available antibodies specific for guanylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase 2, and cathepsin C, a time-dependent increase in these proteins were observed by Western blotting. Thus, disturbances in proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeleton arrangement, enzyme activity, and secretion may be underlying mechanisms of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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32
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Malz M, Weber A, Singer S, Riehmer V, Bissinger M, Riener MO, Longerich T, Soll C, Vogel A, Angel P, Schirmacher P, Breuhahn K. Overexpression of far upstream element binding proteins: a mechanism regulating proliferation and migration in liver cancer cells. Hepatology 2009; 50:1130-9. [PMID: 19585652 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Microtubule-dependent effects are partly regulated by factors that coordinate polymer dynamics such as the microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin (oncoprotein 18). In cancer cells, increased microtubule turnover affects cell morphology and cellular processes that rely on microtubule dynamics such as mitosis and migration. However, the molecular mechanisms deregulating modifiers of microtubule activity in human hepatocarcinogenesis are poorly understood. Based on profiling data of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we identified far upstream element binding proteins (FBPs) as significantly coregulated with stathmin. Coordinated overexpression of two FBP family members (FBP-1 and FBP-2) in >70% of all analyzed human HCCs significantly correlated with poor patient survival. In vitro, FBP-1 predominantly induced tumor cell proliferation, while FBP-2 primarily supported migration in different HCC cell lines. Surprisingly, reduction of FBP-2 levels was associated with elevated FBP-1 expression, suggesting a regulatory interplay of FBP family members that functionally discriminate between cell division and mobility. Expression of FBP-1 correlated with stathmin expression in HCC tissues and inhibition of FBP-1 but not of FBP-2 drastically reduced stathmin at the transcript and protein levels. In contrast, further overexpression of FBP-1 did not affect stathmin bioavailability. Accordingly, analyzing nuclear and cytoplasmic areas of HCC cells revealed that reduced FBP-1 levels affected cell morphology and were associated with a less malignant phenotype. CONCLUSION The coordinated activation of FBP-1 and FBP-2 represents a novel and frequent pro-tumorigenic mechanism promoting proliferation (tumor growth) and motility (dissemination) of human liver cancer cells. FBPs promote tumor-relevant functions by at least partly employing the microtubule-destabilizing factor stathmin and represent a new potential target structure for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Malz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Clarke CN, Kuboki S, Tevar A, Lentsch AB, Edwards M. CXC chemokines play a critical role in liver injury, recovery, and regeneration. Am J Surg 2009; 198:415-9. [PMID: 19716886 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a principal consideration of trauma, resectional liver surgery, and transplantation. Despite improvements in supportive care, hepatic I/R injury continues to negatively impact patient outcomes because of significant tissue damage and organ dysfunction. CXC chemokines have been implicated as key mediators in the deleterious inflammatory cascade after hepatic I/R and also as important, beneficial regulators of liver recovery and regeneration. As such, their potential to mediate both beneficial and detrimental effects on hepatocytes makes them a key target for therapy. Herein, we provide a review of the inflammatory mechanisms of hepatic I/R injury, with a focus on the divergent functions of CXC chemokines in this response compared with other liver insults, and offer an explanation of this apparent paradox. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and PubMed. CONCLUSIONS CXC chemokines are key mediators of both the inflammatory response to hepatic I/R as well as the recovery from this injury. Their contrasting functions in the regeneration of liver mass after an ischemic insult indicates that therapeutic manipulation of these mediator pathways should differ depending on the surgical milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callisia N Clarke
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA
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Abstract
In addition to polyamine homoeostasis, it has become increasingly clear that polyamine catabolism can play a dominant role in drug response, apoptosis and the response to stressful stimuli, and contribute to the aetiology of several pathological states, including cancer. The highly inducible enzymes SSAT (spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase) and SMO (spermine oxidase) and the generally constitutively expressed APAO (N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase) appear to play critical roles in many normal and disease processes. The dysregulation of polyamine catabolism frequently accompanies several disease states and suggests that such dysregulation may both provide useful insight into disease mechanism and provide unique druggable targets that can be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Each of these enzymes has the potential to alter polyamine homoeostasis in response to multiple cell signals and the two oxidases produce the reactive oxygen species H2O2 and aldehydes, each with the potential to produce pathological states. The activity of SSAT provides substrates for APAO or substrates for the polyamine exporter, thus reducing the intracellular polyamine concentration, the net effect of which depends on the magnitude and rate of any increase in SSAT. SSAT may also influence cellular metabolism via interaction with other proteins and by perturbing the content of acetyl-CoA and ATP. The goal of the present review is to cover those aspects of polyamine catabolism that have an impact on disease aetiology or treatment and to provide a solid background in this ever more exciting aspect of polyamine biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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35
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Kuboki S, Sakai N, Tschöp J, Edwards MJ, Lentsch AB, Caldwell CC. Distinct contributions of CD4+ T cell subsets in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1054-9. [PMID: 19264952 PMCID: PMC2696215 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90464.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Helper T cells are known to mediate hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the precise mechanisms and subsets of CD4(+) T cells that contribute to this injury are still controversial. Therefore, we sought to determine the contributions of different CD4(+) T cell subsets during hepatic I/R injury. Wild-type, OT-II, or T cell receptor (TCR)-delta-deficient mice were subjected to 90 min of partial hepatic ischemia followed by 8 h of reperfusion. Additionally, wild-type mice were pretreated with anti-CD1d, -NK1.1, or -IL-2R-alpha antibodies before I/R injury. OT-II mice had diminished liver injury compared with wild-type mice, implicating that antigen-dependent activation of CD4(+) T cells through TCRs is involved in hepatic I/R injury. TCR-delta knockout mice had decreased hepatic neutrophil accumulation, suggesting that gammadelta T cells regulate neutrophil recruitment. We found that natural killer T (NKT) cells, but not NK cells, contribute to hepatic I/R injury via CD1d-dependent activation of their TCRs, as depletion of NKT cells by anti-CD1d antibody or depletion of both NKT cells and NK cells by anti-NK1.1 attenuated liver injury. Although regulatory T cells (Treg) are known to suppress T cell-dependent inflammation, depletion of Treg cells had little effect on hepatic I/R injury. The data suggest that antigen-dependent activation of CD4(+) T cells contributes to hepatic I/R injury. Among the subsets of CD4(+) T cells, it appears that gammadelta T cells contribute to neutrophil recruitment and that NKT cells directly injure the liver. In contrast, NK cells and Treg have little effects on hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kuboki
- The Laboratory of Trauma, Sepsis and Inflammation Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nozomu Sakai
- The Laboratory of Trauma, Sepsis and Inflammation Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Johannes Tschöp
- The Laboratory of Trauma, Sepsis and Inflammation Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael J. Edwards
- The Laboratory of Trauma, Sepsis and Inflammation Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- The Laboratory of Trauma, Sepsis and Inflammation Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Charles C. Caldwell
- The Laboratory of Trauma, Sepsis and Inflammation Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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36
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Zahedi K, Lentsch AB, Okaya T, Barone S, Sakai N, Witte DP, Arend LJ, Alhonen L, Jell J, Jänne J, Porter CW, Soleimani M. Spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase ablation protects against liver and kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G899-909. [PMID: 19164485 PMCID: PMC2670665 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90507.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expression of spermine/spermidine-N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT), the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine backconversion cascade, increases after ischemia-reperfusion injuries (IRI). We hypothesized that SSAT plays an important role in the mediation of IRI. To test our hypothesis, wild-type (SSAT-wt) and SSAT-deficient (SSAT-ko) mice were subjected to liver or kidney IRI by ligation of hepatic or renal arteries. The liver and kidney content of putrescine (Put), a downstream by-product of SSAT activity, increased in SSAT-wt animals but not in SSAT-ko animals after IRI, indicating that polyamine backconversion is not functional in SSAT-deficient mice. When subjected to hepatic IRI, SSAT-ko mice were significantly protected against liver damage compared with SSAT-wt mice. Similarly, SSAT-ko animals subjected to renal IRI showed significantly greater protection against damage to kidney tubules than SSAT-wt mice. These studies indicate that SSAT-deficient animals are protected against IRI and suggest that SSAT is an important mediator of the tissue damage in IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabine Way, MSB 259G, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0585, USA
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37
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Abstract
Recent studies have documented that remote organs are affected by ischemic injury to the kidney. Here we studied whether the liver also suffers damage during induction of renal ischemia-reperfusion in rats and compared this to bilateral nephrectomy. Hepatic levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased significantly after 6 and 24 h of renal ischemia or nephrectomy. Malondialdehyde, an index of lipid peroxidation, increased while total glutathione was decreased in the liver in both the renal ischemia and nephrectomy groups, suggesting activation of oxidative stress. Expression of liver spermine-spermidine acetyl transferase, an enzyme upregulated in early phases of hepatic injury was significantly increased 6 h after either kidney ischemia or nephrectomy. Apoptosis was increased in hepatocytes 24 h after nephrectomy. We also found histological evidence of hepatocyte injury following both ischemia and bilateral nephrectomy. Infusion of reduced glutathione, before the induction of renal ischemia, significantly improved liver architecture and was associated with a reduction in hepatic malondialdehyde and serum alanine transaminase levels. Our study shows that acute kidney ischemia or renal failure activates oxidative stress and promotes inflammation, apoptosis, and tissue damage in hepatocytes.
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38
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Kuboki S, Shin T, Huber N, Eismann T, Galloway E, Schuster R, Blanchard J, Edwards MJ, Lentsch AB. Hepatocyte signaling through CXC chemokine receptor-2 is detrimental to liver recovery after ischemia/reperfusion in mice. Hepatology 2008; 48:1213-23. [PMID: 18688883 PMCID: PMC2695827 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CXC chemokines and their receptor, CXC chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2), are important components of the hepatic inflammatory response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, direct effects of CXC chemokines on hepatocytes during this response have not been studied. Wild-type and CXCR2(-/-) mice were subjected to 90 minutes of partial hepatic ischemia followed by up to 96 hours of reperfusion. CXCR2(-/-) mice had significantly less liver injury at all reperfusion times compared with wild-type mice. Early neutrophil recruitment (12 hours) was diminished in CXCR2(-/-) mice, but within 24 hours it was the same as that of wild-type mice. Hepatocyte proliferation and regeneration was accelerated in CXCR2(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. These effects were associated with increased activation of nuclear factor kappaB and signal transducers and activators of transcription-3, despite there being no difference in the expression of proliferative factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and hepatocyte growth factor. To establish whether the accelerated proliferation and regeneration observed in CXCR2(-/-) mice was due to effects on hepatocytes rather than just a generalized decrease in acute inflammatory injury, mice were treated with the CXCR2 antagonist, SB225002, after neutrophil recruitment and injury were maximal (24 hours after reperfusion). SB225002 treatment increased hepatocyte proliferation and regeneration in a manner identical to that observed in CXCR2(-/-) mice. Treatment of primary wild-type hepatocytes with macrophage inflammatory protein-2 revealed that low concentrations protected against cell death, whereas high concentrations induced cell death. These effects were absent in hepatocytes from CXCR2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that hepatocyte CXCR2 regulates proliferation and regeneration after I/R injury and reveal important differences in the role of this receptor in liver regeneration and repair induced under different conditions that may be related to ligand concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kuboki
- Laboratory of Trauma, Sepsis, & Inflammation Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA
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39
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Jang JH, Kang KJ, Kang Y, Lee IS, Graf R, Clavien PA. Ischemic preconditioning and intermittent clamping confer protection against ischemic injury in the cirrhotic mouse liver. Liver Transpl 2008; 14:980-8. [PMID: 18581460 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surgery on cirrhotic livers is fraught with complications, and many surgeons refrain from operating on patients with cirrhosis. Surgical procedures include temporal occlusion of blood flow resulting in ischemia. The mechanisms of protective strategies to prevent ischemic injury in patients with cirrhosis are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the cirrhotic liver tolerates an ischemic insult, whether mechanisms other than those observed in the normal liver are active, and whether intermittent clamping and preconditioning, which are known as safe surgical strategies in normal and steatotic livers, confer protection to the cirrhotic liver. We applied partial hepatic inflow occlusion to cirrhotic mice fed carbon tetrachloride according to different vascular occlusion protocols: intermittent clamping with 15 or 30 minute cycles of ischemia or ischemic preconditioning prior to 60 or 75 minutes of ischemia. Continuous ischemia (60 or 75 minutes) served as controls. The results showed that the cirrhotic liver was significantly more susceptible to 60 minutes of ischemia than the normal liver. Apoptosis was higher in the normal liver, whereas necrosis was a predominant feature in the cirrhotic liver. Both protocols of intermittent vascular occlusion and ischemic preconditioning dramatically prevented injury compared to continuous occlusion for 60 minutes. This protection was associated with reduced necrosis and apoptosis, and particularly reduced activation of the apoptotic pathway through mitochondria. In conclusion, this study extends the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning and intermittent clamping to the cirrhotic liver, highlighting a diminished apoptotic pathway with dramatic improvement in the development of necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwi Jang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Genetics, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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40
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Ryu JH, Cho YS, Chun YS, Park JW. Myocardial SSAT induction via AMPK signaling and its implication for ischemic injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 366:438-44. [PMID: 18062919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine/spermine N-1-acetyl-transferase (SSAT) is a catabolic enzyme that participates in polyamine metabolism. SSAT has been reported to be induced in some organs subjected to ischemia-reperfusion, but its induction mechanism has not been clarified, and little is known about SSAT regulation by ischemia per se. We induced regional ischemia of rat heart by coronary ligation and found that SSAT expression increased in ischemic myocardium. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and HEK293 cells, SSAT was up-regulated at the transcriptional step primarily by ATP depletion rather than oxygen deprivation. Moreover, an AMPK inhibitor compound C and AMPKalpha1-silencing RNAs attenuated the SSAT induction by ATP depletion, and an AMPK activator AICAR induced SSAT expression even without ATP depletion. When SSAT was suppressed using siRNA, the caspase activities and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios further increased in ATP depletion. These results suggest that myocardial SSAT is induced by AMPK signaling and function as a cardioprotectant under ATP-depleted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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41
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Babbar N, Murray-Stewart T, Casero RA. Inflammation and polyamine catabolism: the good, the bad and the ugly. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:300-4. [PMID: 17371265 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The induction of polyamine catabolism by specific anti-tumour polyamine analogues has increased interest in the roles polyamine catabolism play in cell growth, death and response to various anti-tumour agents. The relatively recent finding of an inducible mammalian spermine oxidase (SMO/PAOh1), in addition to the two-step spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferanse (SSAT)/N(1)-acetylpolyamine oxidase (APAO) catabolic pathway, underscores the complexities of the regulation of polyamine catabolism by various stimuli. Furthermore, recent data indicate that infectious agents and mediators of inflammation can also up-regulate polyamine catabolism. Induction of SSAT by these agents can reduce intracellular polyamine concentrations and cell growth rate, thus providing a beneficial mechanism by which cells may adapt to inflammatory stress. However, increased polyamine catabolism can also result in substantial increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the production of H(2)O(2) as a by-product of either APAO or SMO/PAOh1 activity. This increased generation of ROS can have different results, depending on the mechanism of induction and cell types involved. Targeted killing of tumour cells by agents that stimulate SSAT/APAO and/or SMO/PAOh1 is obviously a 'good' effect. However, induction of SMO/PAOh1 by inflammation or infectious agents has the potential to produce sufficient ROS in normal, non-tumour cells to lead to DNA damage, mutation and, potentially, carcinogenic transformation ('bad'). The variation in the induction of these polyamine catabolic enzymes, as well as the level and timing of this induction will dictate the cellular outcome in the presence of both desirable and undesirable effects ('ugly'). Here we discuss the relative role of each of the steps in polyamine catabolism in response to inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Babbar
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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42
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Singer S, Ehemann V, Brauckhoff A, Keith M, Vreden S, Schirmacher P, Breuhahn K. Protumorigenic overexpression of stathmin/Op18 by gain-of-function mutation in p53 in human hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2007; 46:759-68. [PMID: 17663418 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The microtubule (MT)-destabilizing protein stathmin/Op18 has previously been described to be negatively regulated by p53 and to be highly expressed in several tumor entities. However, little is known about its expression profile, functional or therapeutic relevance, and regulation in human hepatocarcinogenesis. Here we demonstrate cytoplasmic overexpression of stathmin in premalignant lesions (dysplastic nodules; DNs) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), which significantly correlated with tumor progression, proliferation, and activation of other protumorigenic factors (e.g., nuclear p53). Inhibition of stathmin expression by gene-specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) was associated with a significant reduction of MT-dependent cellular functions such as tumor cell viability, proliferation, migration, and increased apoptosis in HCC cells. Loss of stathmin expression increased responsiveness of tumor cells to the treatment with cytostatic drugs targeting MT-stability (paclitaxel, vinblastine) and to DNA cross-linking agents (cisplatin). Surprisingly, inducible expression of p53(wt) in p53-negative HCC cells as well as a reduction of p53(wt) by siRNA in p53(wt)-positive cells did not alter stathmin expression. However, stathmin was down-regulated after siRNA-based reduction of p53(mut/Y220C) and p53(mut/R213Q) expression in different tumor cell types. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that overexpression of stathmin is an early protumorigenic event in human hepatocarcinogenesis, and its up-regulation can be mediated by gain-of-function mutations in p53. Thus, stathmin represents a potential therapeutic target, for example, by increasing responsiveness of tumor cells to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents after reduction of stathmin bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Singer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220/221, Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Zahedi K, Bissler JJ, Wang Z, Josyula A, Lu L, Diegelman P, Kisiel N, Porter CW, Soleimani M. Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase overexpression in kidney epithelial cells disrupts polyamine homeostasis, leads to DNA damage, and causes G2 arrest. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 292:C1204-15. [PMID: 17065202 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00451.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) increases in kidneys subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Increased expression of SSAT in vitro leads to alterations in cellular polyamine content, depletion of cofactors and precursors of polyamine synthesis, and reduced cell proliferation. In our model system, a >28-fold increase in SSAT levels in HEK-293 cells leads to depletion of polyamines and elevation in the enzymatic activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, suggestive of a compensatory reaction to increased polyamine catabolism. Increased expression of SSAT also led to DNA damage and G2 arrest. The increased DNA damage was primarily due to the depletion of polyamines. Other factors such as increased production of H2O2 due to polyamine oxidase activity may play a secondary role in the induction of DNA lesions. In response to DNA damage the ATM/ATR → Chk1/2 DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint pathways were activated, mediating the G2 arrest in SSAT-expressing cells. In addition, the activation of ERK1 and ERK2, which play integral roles in the G2/M transition, is impaired in cells expressing SSAT. These results indicate that the disruption of polyamine homeostasis due to enhanced SSAT activity leads to DNA damage and reduced cell proliferation via activation of DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint and disruption of Raf → MEK → ERK pathways. We propose that in kidneys subjected to IRI, one mechanism through which increased expression of SSAT may cause cellular injury and organ damage is through induction of DNA damage and the disruption of cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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44
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Wang Y, Casero RA. Mammalian polyamine catabolism: a therapeutic target, a pathological problem, or both? J Biochem 2007; 139:17-25. [PMID: 16428315 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent discovery of the polyamine catabolic enzyme spermine oxidase (SMO/PAOh1), the apparent complexity of the polyamine metabolic pathway has increased considerably. Alone or in combination with the two other known members of human polyamine catabolism, spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase, and N(1)-acetylpolyamine oxidase (PAO), SMO/PAOh1 expression has the potential to alter polyamine homeostasis in response to normal cellular signals, drug treatment and environmental and/or cellular stressors. The activity of the oxidases producing toxic aldehydes and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) H(2)O(2), suggest a mechanism by which these oxidases can be exploited as an antineoplastic drug target. However, inappropriate activation of the pathways may also lead to pathological outcomes, including DNA damage that can lead to cellular transformation. The most recent data suggest that the two polyamine catabolic pathways exhibit distinct properties and understanding these properties should aid in their exploitation for therapeutic and/or chemopreventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Wang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
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45
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Perco P, Pleban C, Kainz A, Lukas A, Mayer B, Oberbauer R. Gene expression and biomarkers in renal transplant ischemia reperfusion injury. Transpl Int 2007; 20:2-11. [PMID: 17181647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of postischemic acute renal allograft failure (ARF) occurs in roughly 25% of cadaveric donor kidney recipients. This high rate remained virtually unchanged over the last decades despite modification in recipient management and modern immunosuppressive strategies. It has recently been shown that among other reasons, the systemic inflammation in the brain death cadaveric organ donor contributes to subsequent ARF in the recipient. This review focuses on the consequences of ischemia and reperfusion on the cellular level and offers potential solutions for the reduction of ARF. Genome-wide gene expression analysis together with sophisticated biostatistical analysis made it possible to identify several candidate gene products and proteins that may act as specific and sensitive biomarker for renal inflammation and ischemia. These markers may be very helpful in the clinical management of patients with a high a priori risk of subsequent ARF such as recipients of marginal donor kidneys. Ongoing clinical trials will evaluate whether immunosuppression of the cadaveric organ donor before organ harvest will have the potential to reduce inflammation in the transplant kidney and subsequently lead to a reduction in the rate of ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Perco
- Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
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46
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Yuan RH, Jeng YM, Chen HL, Lai PL, Pan HW, Hsieh FJ, Lin CY, Lee PH, Hsu HC. Stathmin overexpression cooperates with p53 mutation and osteopontin overexpression, and is associated with tumour progression, early recurrence, and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol 2006; 209:549-58. [PMID: 16739096 DOI: 10.1002/path.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stathmin, a major microtubule-depolymerizing protein, is involved in cell cycle progression and cell motility. This study aimed to elucidate its role in the progression, early tumour recurrence (ETR), and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Stathmin mRNA was overexpressed in 88/156 (56%) resected, unifocal, primary HCCs, while p53 mutation was present in 72 (46%) and osteopontin mRNA overexpression in 79 (51%). Stathmin mRNA expression exhibited high concordance (93%) with protein expression in 107 cases examined by immunohistochemistry. Stathmin overexpression correlated with high alpha-fetoprotein (>200 ng/ml, p = 0.02), larger tumour size (>5 cm, p = 0.012), high tumour grade (p < 0.0002), high tumour stage (stage IIIA-IV) with vascular invasion and various degrees of intrahepatic metastasis (p < 1 x 10(-8)), ETR (p = 0.003), and lower 5-year survival (p = 0.0007). Stathmin protein expression was often more intense in the peripheral regions of tumour trabeculae, tumour borders, and portal vein tumour thrombi. Stathmin overexpression correlated with p53 mutation (p = 0.017) and osteopontin overexpression (p = 1 x 10(-8)), both of which were associated with vascular invasion (both p < 0.0001) and poorer prognosis (p < 0.0004 and p = 0.0004, respectively). Regardless of the status of p53 mutation or osteopontin expression, stathmin overexpression was associated with higher vascular invasion (all p < 0.0001). Approximately 90% of HCCs harbouring stathmin overexpression with concomitant p53 mutation or osteopontin overexpression exhibited vascular invasion, and hence the lowest 5-year survival, p = 0.00018 and p = 0.0009, respectively. However, we did not find that stathmin overexpression exerted prognostic impact independent of tumour stage. In conclusion, stathmin expression correlates with metastatic potential, is an important prognostic factor for HCC, and may serve as a useful marker to predict ETR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-H Yuan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
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47
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Perco P, Pleban C, Kainz A, Lukas A, Mayer G, Mayer B, Oberbauer R. Protein biomarkers associated with acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36:753-63. [PMID: 17032342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) as well as chronic kidney disease (CKD) are currently categorized according to serum creatinine concentrations. Serum creatinine, however, has shortcomings because of its low predictive values. The need for novel markers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of renal diseases is imminent, particularly for markers reflecting intrinsic organ injury in stages when glomerular filtration is not impaired. This review summarizes protein markers discussed in the context of ARF as well as CKD, and provides an overview on currently available discovery results following 'omics' techniques. The identified set of candidate marker proteins is discussed in their cellular and functional context. The systematic review of proteomics and genomics studies revealed 56 genes to be associated with acute or chronic kidney disease. Context analysis, i.e. correlation of biological processes and molecular functions of reported kidney markers, revealed that 15 genes on the candidate list were assigned to the most significant ontology groups: immunity and defence. Other significantly enriched groups were cell communication (14 genes), signal transduction (22 genes) and apoptosis (seven genes). Among 24 candidate protein markers, nine proteins were also identified by gene expression studies. Next generation candidate marker proteins with improved diagnostic and prognostic values for kidney diseases will be derived from whole genome scans and protemics approaches. Prospective validation still remains elusive for all proposed candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Perco
- Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
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48
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Tiberio L, Tiberio GAM, Bardella L, Cervi E, Cerea K, Dreano M, Garotta G, Fra A, Montani N, Ferrari-Bravo A, Callea F, Grigolato P, Giulini SM, Schiaffonati L. Mechanisms of interleukin-6 protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver. Cytokine 2006; 34:131-42. [PMID: 16814559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous animal studies simulating liver injury have demonstrated that interleukin-6 (IL-6) exerts a protective effect. This study was designed to further analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective role of IL-6 in a rat model of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. We show that IL-6: (i) at high doses reduces cell damage which occurs in ischemic-reperfused liver, while at low doses displays only a limited protective capacity, (ii) anticipates and enhances hepatocyte compensatory proliferation seen in ischemic-reperfused liver also at a low, more pharmacologically acceptable dose, (iii) sustains the acute phase response which is dampened in ischemic-reperfused liver, (iv) strengthens the heat shock-stress response shown by ischemic-reperfused liver and (v) overcomes the dysfunctions of the unfolding protein response found in ischemic-reperfused liver. We also show that IL-6-enhanced STAT3 activation probably plays a crucial role in the potentiation of the different protective pathways activated in ischemic-reperfused liver. Our data confirm that IL-6 is a potential therapeutic in liver injury of different etiologies and reveal novel mechanisms by which IL-6 sustains liver function after ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tiberio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Division of General Pathology and Immunology, University of Brescia, Italy
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49
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Nieuwenhuijs VB, De Bruijn MT, Padbury RTA, Barritt GJ. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: roles of Ca2+ and other intracellular mediators of impaired bile flow and hepatocyte damage. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:1087-102. [PMID: 16865576 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-8014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver resection and liver transplantation have been successful in the treatment of liver tumors and end-stage liver disease. This success has led to an expansion in the pool of patients potentially treatable by liver surgery and, in the case of transplantation, to a shortage of liver donors. At present, there are significant numbers of potential candidates for liver resection and liver donation who have fatty livers, are aged, or have livers damaged by chemotherapy. All of these are at high risk for ischemic reperfusion (IR) injury. The aims of this review are to assess current knowledge of the clinical effectiveness of ischemic preconditioning and intermittent ischemia in reducing IR damage in liver surgery; to evaluate the use of bile flow as a sensitive indicator of IR liver damage; and to analyze the molecular mechanisms, especially intracellular Ca2+, involved in IR injury and ischemic preconditioning. It is concluded that bile flow is a sensitive indicator of IR injury. Together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules, intracellular Ca2+ in hepatocytes plays a key role in the normal regulation of bile flow and in IR-induced injury and cell death. Ischemic preconditioning is an effective strategy to reduce IR injury but there is considerable scope for improvement, especially in patients with fatty and aged livers. The development of effective new strategies to reduce IR injury will depend on improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved, especially by gaining a better perspective of the relative importance of the various intrahepatocyte signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent B Nieuwenhuijs
- HPB and Liver Transplant Unit, Flinders Medical Centre and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
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50
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Chkhotua AB, Abendroth D, Froeba G, Schelzig H. Up-regulation of cell cycle regulatory genes after renal ischemia/reperfusion: differential expression of p16(INK4a), p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(Kip1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes depending on reperfusion time. Transpl Int 2006; 19:72-7. [PMID: 16359379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2005.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of renal ischemia, cold preservation and reperfusion on the degree of renal kidney senescence. An experimental model of ex vivo renal hemoperfusion was used. Expression of p16(INK4a), p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(Kip1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes (CDKIGs) was studied immunohistochemically in kidney biopsy samples at baseline and different time points after reperfusion. All three markers were up-regulated in kidney tissue after the reperfusion; however, their activation in different renal cells varied according to the reperfusion time. Expression of p16 was significantly increased in tubular cells at 180 min of reperfusion when compared with the baseline. Activation of p27 was detected in glomerular cells at 15 min and was significantly higher at 60, 120 and 180 min of reperfusion. The marker started increasing in tubular cells at 15 min and was elevated at every time point afterwards. p21 was significantly over-expressed in all renal cells after the reperfusion. It has been shown by the results of the current study that renal ischemia/reperfusion is associated with over-expression of CDKIGs indicating on substantial DNA damage and/or accelerated tissue senescence. For the first time it has been shown that tissue expression of CDKIGs is positively related with the reperfusion time.
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