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Risikesan J, Heebøll S, Kumarathas I, Funck KL, Søndergaard E, Johansen RF, Ringgaard S, Tolbod LP, Johannsen M, Kanstrup HL, Grønbæk H, Frystyk J, Gormsen LC, Nielsen S. Exercise increases myocardial free fatty acid oxidation in subjects with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Atherosclerosis 2023; 372:10-18. [PMID: 37011565 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is associated with dyslipidemia and may promote cardiac lipotoxicity. Myocardial free fatty acids (FFA) oxidation (MOFFA) is normal in pre-diabetes, but reduced in heart failure. We hypothesized that during exercise MOFFA, very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL-TG) secretion, hepatic FFA utilization, and lactate production differ among obese subjects with and without MAFLD. METHODS Nine obese subjects with MAFLD and 8 matched subjects without MAFLD (Control) without a history of heart failure and cardiovascular disease were compared before and after 90-min exercise at 50% Peak oxygen consumption. Basal and exercise induced cardiac and hepatic FFA oxidation, uptake and re-esterification and VLDL-TG secretion were measured using [11C]palmitate positron-emission tomography and [1-14C]VLDL-TG. RESULTS In the heart, increased MOFFA was observed after exercise in MAFLD, whereas MOFFA decreased in Control (basal vs exercise, MAFLD: 4.1 (0.8) vs 4.8 (0.8) μmol·100 ml-1 min-1; Control: 4.9 (1.8) vs 4.0 (1.1); μmol·100 ml-1 min-1, mean (SD), p < 0.048). Hepatic FFA fluxes were significantly lower in MAFLD than Control and increased ≈ two-fold in both groups. VLDL-TG secretion was 50% greater in MAFLD at rest and similarly suppressed during exercise. Plasma lactate increased significantly less in MAFLD than Control during exercise. CONCLUSIONS Using robust tracer-techniques we found that obese subjects with MAFLD do not downregulate MOFFA during exercise compared to Control, possibly due to diminished lactate supply. Hepatic FFA fluxes are significantly lower in MAFLD than Control, but increase similarly with exercise. VLDL-TG export remains greater in MAFLD compared to Control. Basal and post-exercise myocardial and hepatic FFA, VLDL-TG and lactate metabolism is abnormal in subjects with MAFLD compared to Control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Heebøll
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, AUH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian L Funck
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, AUH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Søndergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rakel F Johansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lars P Tolbod
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, AUH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Section for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, AUH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, AUH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars C Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, AUH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Lagacé JC, Paquin J, Tremblay R, St-Martin P, Tessier D, Plourde M, Riesco E, Dionne IJ. The Influence of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes on Metabolism during Submaximal Aerobic Exercise and in the Recovery Period in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2022; 14:4638. [PMID: 36364900 PMCID: PMC9653898 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and family history of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are known risk factors of T2D. Younger first-degree relatives (FDR) of T2D patients have shown early metabolic alterations, which could limit exercise's ability to prevent T2D. Thus, the objective was to determine whether exercise metabolism was altered during submaximal exercise in FDR postmenopausal women. Nineteen inactive postmenopausal women (control: 10, FDR: 9) aged 60 to 75 years old underwent an incremental test on a cycle ergometer with intensity ranging from 40 to 70% of peak power output. Participants consumed 50 mg of 13C-palmitate 2 h before the test. At the end of each stage, glucose, lactate, glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids and 13C-palmitate were measured in plasma, and 13CO2 was measured in breath samples. Gas exchanges and heart rate were both monitored continuously. There were no between-group differences in substrate oxidation, plasma substrate concentrations or 13C recovered in plasma or breath. Interestingly, despite exercising at a similar relative intensity to control, FDR were consistently at a lower percentage of heart rate reserve. Overall, substrate plasma concentration and oxidation are not affected by family history of T2D in postmenopausal women and therefore not a participating mechanism in the altered response to exercise previously reported. More studies are required to better understand the mechanisms involved in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Lagacé
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jasmine Paquin
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Renaud Tremblay
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Philippe St-Martin
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Daniel Tessier
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Eléonor Riesco
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Isabelle J. Dionne
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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Barker FJ, Hart A, Sayer AA, Witham MD. Effects of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursors on measures of physical performance and physical frailty: A systematic review. JCSM CLINICAL REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/crt2.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fred J. Barker
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University and Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Ashley Hart
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University and Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Avan A. Sayer
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University and Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Miles D. Witham
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University and Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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Rothschild JA, Islam H, Bishop DJ, Kilding AE, Stewart T, Plews DJ. Factors Influencing AMPK Activation During Cycling Exercise: A Pooled Analysis and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2021; 52:1273-1294. [PMID: 34878641 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5' adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor that is activated by increases in the cellular AMP/adenosine diphosphate:adenosine triphosphate (ADP:ATP) ratios and plays a key role in metabolic adaptations to endurance training. The degree of AMPK activation during exercise can be influenced by many factors that impact on cellular energetics, including exercise intensity, exercise duration, muscle glycogen, fitness level, and nutrient availability. However, the relative importance of these factors for inducing AMPK activation remains unclear, and robust relationships between exercise-related variables and indices of AMPK activation have not been established. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this analysis was to (1) investigate correlations between factors influencing AMPK activation and the magnitude of change in AMPK activity during cycling exercise, (2) investigate correlations between commonly reported measures of AMPK activation (AMPK-α2 activity, phosphorylated (p)-AMPK, and p-acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (p-ACC), and (3) formulate linear regression models to determine the most important factors for AMPK activation during exercise. METHODS Data were pooled from 89 studies, including 982 participants (93.8% male, maximal oxygen consumption [[Formula: see text]] 51.9 ± 7.8 mL kg-1 min-1). Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to determine relationships between effect sizes for each of the primary outcome markers (AMPK-α2 activity, p-AMPK, p-ACC) and factors purported to influence AMPK signaling (muscle glycogen, carbohydrate ingestion, exercise duration and intensity, fitness level, and muscle metabolites). General linear mixed-effect models were used to examine which factors influenced AMPK activation. RESULTS Significant correlations (r = 0.19-0.55, p < .05) with AMPK activity were found between end-exercise muscle glycogen, exercise intensity, and muscle metabolites phosphocreatine, creatine, and free ADP. All markers of AMPK activation were significantly correlated, with the strongest relationship between AMPK-α2 activity and p-AMPK (r = 0.56, p < 0.001). The most important predictors of AMPK activation were the muscle metabolites and exercise intensity. CONCLUSION Muscle glycogen, fitness level, exercise intensity, and exercise duration each influence AMPK activity during exercise when all other factors are held constant. However, disrupting cellular energy charge is the most influential factor for AMPK activation during endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tom Stewart
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Henderson GC, Meyer JM. Transient elevation of triacylglycerol content in the liver: a fundamental component of the acute response to exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1293-1303. [PMID: 33475457 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00930.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is well appreciated as a therapeutic approach to improve health. Although chronic exercise training can change metabolism, even a single exercise session can have significant effects upon metabolism. Responses of adipose tissue lipolysis and skeletal muscle triacylglycerol (TAG) utilization have been well appreciated as components of the acute exercise response. However, there are other central components of the physiological response to be considered, as well. A robust and growing body of literature depicts a rapid responsiveness of hepatic TAG content to single bouts of exercise, and there is a remaining need to incorporate this information into our overall understanding of how exercise affects the liver. TAG content in the liver increases during an exercise session and can continue to rise for a few hours afterwards, followed by a fairly rapid return to baseline. Here, we summarize evidence that rapid responsiveness of hepatic TAG content to metabolic stress is a fundamental component of the exercise response. Adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma free fatty acid concentration are likely the major metabolic controllers of enhanced lipid storage in the liver after each exercise bout, and we discuss nutritional impacts as well as health implications. Although traditionally clinicians would be merely concerned with hepatic lipids in overnight-fasted, rested individuals, it is now apparent that the content of hepatic TAG fluctuates in response to metabolic challenges such as exercise, and these responses likely exert significant impacts on health and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliauna M. Meyer
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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6
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The Regulation of Fat Metabolism During Aerobic Exercise. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121699. [PMID: 33371437 PMCID: PMC7767423 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the lipid profile is altered by physical activity, the study of lipid metabolism is a remarkable element in understanding if and how physical activity affects the health of both professional athletes and sedentary subjects. Although not fully defined, it has become clear that resistance exercise uses fat as an energy source. The fatty acid oxidation rate is the result of the following processes: (a) triglycerides lipolysis, most abundant in fat adipocytes and intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) stores, (b) fatty acid transport from blood plasma to muscle sarcoplasm, (c) availability and hydrolysis rate of intramuscular triglycerides, and (d) transport of fatty acids through the mitochondrial membrane. In this review, we report some studies concerning the relationship between exercise and the aforementioned processes also in light of hormonal controls and molecular regulations within fat and skeletal muscle cells.
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7
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Hjelholt AJ, Lee KY, Arlien-Søborg MC, Pedersen SB, Kopchick JJ, Puri V, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL. Temporal patterns of lipolytic regulators in adipose tissue after acute growth hormone exposure in human subjects: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Mol Metab 2019; 29:65-75. [PMID: 31668393 PMCID: PMC6731350 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Growth hormone (GH) stimulates lipolysis, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We examined the effect of GH on the expression of lipolytic regulators in adipose tissue (AT). Methods In a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, nine men were examined after injection of 1) a GH bolus and 2) a GH-receptor antagonist (pegvisomant) followed by four AT biopsies. In a second study, eight men were examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design including GH infusion and 36-h fasting with AT biopsies obtained during a basal period and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Expression of GH-signaling intermediates and lipolytic regulators were studied by PCR and western blotting. In addition, mechanistic experiments in mouse models and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were performed. Results The GH bolus increased circulating free fatty acids (p < 0.0001) together with phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) (p < 0.0001) and mRNA expression of the STAT5-dependent genes cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) and IGF-1 in AT. This was accompanied by suppressed mRNA expression of G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) (p = 0.007) and fat specific protein 27 (FSP27) (p = 0.002) and upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA expression (p = 0.03). Suppression of G0S2 was also observed in humans after GH infusion and fasting, as well as in GH transgene mice, and in vitro studies suggested MEK-PPARγ signaling to be involved. Conclusions GH-induced lipolysis in human subjects in vivo is linked to downregulation of G0S2 and FSP27 and upregulation of PTEN in AT. Mechanistically, in vitro data suggest that GH acts via MEK to suppress PPARγ-dependent transcription of G0S2. ClinicalTrials.govNCT02782221 and NCT01209429. Acute GH exposure in human subjects in vivo stimulates lipolysis and release of FFA together with GH signaling in adipose tissue. GH-induced lipolysis is associated with suppression of G0S2 and FSP27 and upregulation of PTEN in human subjects in vivo. Inhibition of MEK and activation of PPARγ abrogate GH-induced suppression of G0S2 mRNA expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Johannesson Hjelholt
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 204 Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center 108, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Mai Christiansen Arlien-Søborg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 2., 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - John J Kopchick
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 204 Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center, 172 Water Tower Dr., Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 204 Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center 108, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 2., 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Wilh. Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto L Jørgensen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Liu W, Huo Q, Wang Y, Yu N, Shi R. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the production of hypolipidemic agents in the form of Acipimox sustained-release tablets, using a wet pelleting process. The purpose of this research is to reduce the total intake time for patients and to lower the initial dose in such that the adverse reactions could be reduced. This study adopts the single-factor method and orthogonal experiments by using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15M) as the main sustained-release prescription composition. The final prescription is Acipimox 20%, HPMC K15M 26.67%, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 30%, polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) 1%, ethyl cellulose 16.6%, lactose 4.67% and magnesium stearate 1%. The dissolution of tablets reached 85.88% in 8 h. The difference in the weight, hardness and friability of the tables met the requirements in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia; to test the stability, a temperature and illumination accelerated test method was used, the results indicate that the Acipimox sustained-release tablets should be sealed and stored in a dark, cool area. A preliminary study on the tablets’ releasing mechanism showed that their release curve fitted the Higuchi model (the formula is Mt
/M
∞ = 31.137 t1/2–3.605 (R
2 = 0.9903)). The Acipimox tablets’ release principle is dominated by the diffusion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Liu
- Department of Biomedicine , Biochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University , Fatou xili 3 region 18#, Chaoyang district , Beijing 100023 , China
| | - Qing Huo
- Department of Biomedicine , Biochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University , Fatou xili 3 region 18#, Chaoyang district , Beijing 100023 , China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Biomedicine , Biochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University , Fatou xili 3 region 18#, Chaoyang district , Beijing 100023 , China
| | - Na Yu
- Department of Biomedicine , Biochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University , Fatou xili 3 region 18#, Chaoyang district , Beijing 100023 , China
| | - Rongjian Shi
- Research and Development Center , Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan road 19hao, yiyuan, Shijingshan district , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
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9
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Søndergaard E, Nielsen S. VLDL triglyceride accumulation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:42-47. [PMID: 29135689 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Insulin resistance is closely linked to accumulation of lipid outside adipose tissue (ectopic fat storage). VLDL particles transport lipids from the liver to peripheral tissues. However, whether abnormalities in VLDL-triglyceride storage in muscle and adipose tissue exist in type 2 diabetes has previously been unknown, primarily because of methodological difficulties. Here, we review recent research on VLDL-triglyceride storage. RECENT FINDINGS In a recent study, men with type 2 diabetes had increased skeletal muscle VLDL-triglyceride storage compared to weight-matched nondiabetic men, potentially leading to intramyocellular triglyceride accumulation. In contrast, studies of adipose tissue VLDL-triglyceride storage have shown similar storage capacity in men with and without diabetes, both in the postabsorptive and the postprandial period. In the initial submission, studies have failed to show associations between lipoprotein lipase activity, considered the rate-limiting step in storage of lipids from lipoproteins, and VLDL-TG storage in both muscle and adipose tissue. SUMMARY Differences in muscle VLDL-triglyceride storage may lead to ectopic fat storage and contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, whereas the ability to store VLDL-triglyceride in adipose tissue is preserved in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Søndergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C
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10
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Lundsgaard AM, Fritzen AM, Kiens B. Molecular Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle during Aerobic Exercise. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:18-30. [PMID: 29221849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes how fatty acid (FA) oxidation is regulated in skeletal muscle during exercise. From the available evidence it seems that acetyl-CoA availability in the mitochondrial matrix adjusts FA oxidation to exercise intensity and duration. This is executed at the step of mitochondrial fatty acyl import, as the extent of acetyl group sequestration by carnitine determines the availability of carnitine for the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) reaction. The rate of glycolysis seems therefore to be central to the amount of β-oxidation-derived acetyl-CoA that is oxidized in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. FA oxidation during exercise is also determined by FA availability to mitochondria, dependent on trans-sarcolemmal FA uptake via cluster of differentiation 36/SR-B2 (CD36) and FAs mobilized from myocellular lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Mæchel Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Søndergaard E, Andersen IR, Sørensen LP, Gormsen LC, Nielsen S. Lipoprotein lipase activity does not predict very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride fatty acid oxidation during exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:474-481. [PMID: 28207959 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exercise lowers plasma triglyceride levels, but the physiological mechanisms remain not fully elucidated. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in facilitating fatty acid uptake from lipoproteins. As exercise increases the efficiency of very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) oxidation, we hypothesized that muscle LPL activity would be a rate-limiting step and predict VLDL-TG Fatty acids oxidation during exercise. Sixteen healthy, lean subjects (eight men and eight women) were examined before and during an acute exercise bout (90 minutes at 50% of VO2-max). Heparin-releasable LPL activity was measured in muscle and adipose tissue biopsies. Breath 14 CO2 was measured after a primed-constant infusion of ex vivo labeled [14 C]-triolein VLDL-TG. Fractional VLDL-TG storage was measured in adipose tissue biopsies. Exercise did not affect muscle LPL activity (P=.30). No association was observed between muscle LPL activity and VLDL-TG oxidation, neither in the basal state (P=.17) nor during exercise (P=.83). Exercise did not affect upper body or lower body adipose tissue LPL activity (both P=.92). The basal adipose tissue fractional VLDL-TG storage (abdominal.13%±9%; femoral 17%±10% (P=.18)) was not associated with upper body (P=.56) or lower body (P=.44) subcutaneous adipose tissue LPL activity. Muscle LPL activity does not predict VLDL-TG oxidation during rest or exercise. In addition, adipose tissue LPL activity was not associated with VLDL-TG storage during rest. This suggests that LPL activity is present in excess of what is required to facilitate lipid uptake for oxidation during both rest and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Søndergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - I R Andersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L P Sørensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L C Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Andersen IR, Søndergaard E, Sørensen LP, Nellemann B, Gormsen LC, Jensen MD, Nielsen S. Increased VLDL-TG Fatty Acid Storage in Skeletal Muscle in Men With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:831-839. [PMID: 27898284 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity is considered the rate-limiting step of very-low-density-lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL-TG) tissue storage, and has been suggested to relate to the development of obesity as well as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between the quantitative storage of VLDL-TG fatty acids and LPL activity and other storage factors in muscle and adipose tissue. In addition, we examine whether such relations were influenced by type 2 diabetes. DESIGN We recruited 23 men (12 with type 2 diabetes, 11 nondiabetic) matched for age and body mass index. Postabsorptive VLDL-TG muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue (abdominal and leg) quantitative storage was measured using tissue biopsies in combination with a primed-constant infusion of ex vivo triolein labeled [1-14C]VLDL-TG and a bolus infusion of ex vivo triolein labeled [9,10-3H]VLDL-TG. Biopsies were analyzed for LPL activity and cellular storage factors. RESULTS VLDL-TG storage rate was significantly greater in men with type 2 diabetes compared with nondiabetic men in muscle tissue (P = 0.02). We found no significant relationship between VLDL-TG storage rate and LPL activity or other storage factors in muscle or adipose tissue. However, LPL activity correlated with fractional VLDL-TG storage in abdominal fat (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Men with type 2 diabetes have increased VLDL-TG storage in muscle tissue, potentially contributing to increased intramyocellular triglyceride and ectopic lipid deposition. Neither muscle nor adipose tissue storage rates were related to LPL activity. This argues against LPL as a rate-limiting step in the postabsorptive quantitative storage of VLDL-TG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esben Søndergaard
- Departments of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and
- Danish Diabetes Academy, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lars C Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael D Jensen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Departments of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and
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13
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Brouwers B, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Effects of exercise training on intrahepatic lipid content in humans. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2068-79. [PMID: 27393135 PMCID: PMC5016557 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is the most common liver disorder in western society. Various factors may play a role in determining hepatic fat content, such as delivery of lipids to the liver, de novo lipogenesis, hepatic lipid oxidation, secretion of intrahepatic lipids to the circulation or a combination of these. If delivery of lipids to the liver outweighs the sum of hepatic lipid oxidation and secretion, the intrahepatic lipid (IHL) content starts to increase and NAFL may develop. NAFL is closely related to obesity and insulin resistance and a fatty liver increases the vulnerability to type 2 diabetes development. Exercise training is a cornerstone in the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. There is a large body of literature describing the beneficial metabolic consequences of exercise training on skeletal muscle metabolism. Recent studies have started to investigate the effects of exercise training on liver metabolism but data is still limited. Here, first, we briefly discuss the routes by which IHL content is modulated. Second, we review whether and how these contributing routes might be modulated by long-term exercise training. Third, we focus on the effects of acute exercise on IHL metabolism, since exercise also might affect hepatic metabolism in the physically active state. This will give insight into whether the effect of exercise training on IHL could be explained by the accumulated effect of acute bouts of exercise, or whether adaptations might occur only after long-term exercise training. The primary focus of this review will be on observations made in humans. Where human data is missing, data obtained from well-accepted animal models will be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Brouwers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center +, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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14
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Ipavec-Levasseur S, Croci I, Choquette S, Byrne NM, Cowin G, O'Moore-Sullivan TM, Prins JB, Hickman IJ. Effect of 1-h moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on intramyocellular lipids in obese men before and after a lifestyle intervention. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1262-8. [PMID: 26575100 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) are depleted in response to an acute bout of exercise in lean endurance-trained individuals; however, it is unclear whether changes in IMCL content are also seen in response to acute and chronic exercise in obese individuals. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 18 obese men and 5 normal-weight controls to assess IMCL content before and after an hour of cycling at the intensity corresponding with each participant's maximal whole-body rate of fat oxidation (Fatmax). Fatmax was determined via indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. The same outcome measures were reassessed in the obese group after a 16-week lifestyle intervention comprising dietary calorie restriction and exercise training. At baseline, IMCL content decreased in response to 1 h of cycling at Fatmax in controls (2.8 ± 0.4 to 2.0 ± 0.3 A.U., -39%, p = 0.02), but not in obese (5.4 ± 2.1 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 A.U., p = 0.42). The lifestyle intervention lead to weight loss (-10.0 ± 5.4 kg, p < 0.001), improvements in maximal aerobic power (+5.2 ± 3.4 mL/(kg·min)), maximal fat oxidation rate (+0.19 ± 0.22 g/min), and a 29% decrease in homeostasis model assessment score (all p < 0.05). However, when the 1 h of cycling at Fatmax was repeated after the lifestyle intervention, there remained no observable change in IMCL (4.6 ± 1.8 vs. 4.6 ± 1.9 A.U., p = 0.92). In summary, there was no IMCL depletion in response to 1 h of cycling at moderate intensity either before or after the lifestyle intervention in obese men. An effective lifestyle intervention including moderate-intensity exercise training did not impact rate of utilisation of IMCL during acute exercise in obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Croci
- a The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,b School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stéphane Choquette
- d Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- e Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Robina, Australia.,f Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gary Cowin
- g Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trisha M O'Moore-Sullivan
- c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,h Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Johannes B Prins
- c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ingrid J Hickman
- a The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Søndergaard E, Nellemann B, Sørensen LP, Christensen B, Gormsen LC, Nielsen S. Lean body mass, not FFA, predicts VLDL-TG secretion rate in healthy men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1379-85. [PMID: 26052691 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triglyceride is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the impact of body composition and free fatty acid (FFA) levels on very-low-density-lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL-TG) secretion remains controversial. The aim was to identify predictors of VLDL-TG secretion in a data set compiled from seven previously published studies. METHODS VLDL-TG kinetics was studied in 96 healthy men covering a wide span in body composition. A primed-constant infusion of ex vivo labeled [1-(14)C]-triolein VLDL-TG was used. Body composition was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography scanning. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Palmitate flux was measured by a [9,10-(3)H]-palmitate infusion. RESULTS VLDL-TG secretion rate correlated significantly with body mass index (BMI), lean body mass (LBM), total fat mass, resting energy expenditure (REE), and insulin. A trend toward an inverse relationship between VLDL-TG secretion rate and FFA concentration was observed. In mixed model linear regression analysis, VLDL-TG secretion rate was positively associated with LBM (P = 0.03), and VLDL-TG clearance rate was inversely related to total fat mass (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS LBM is a predictor of VLDL-TG secretion in healthy men, whereas FFA availability is not associated with VLDL-TG secretion. The work suggests reporting VLDL-TG secretion rates normalized for LBM when comparing subjects with differences in body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Søndergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nellemann
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Sørensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Britt Christensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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