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Tan NA, Davidson ZE, Grieger JA, Bonham MP. Time of day and glycaemic response in pregnant women: A gap in current guidelines? Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 61:219-223. [PMID: 38777436 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Advice to monitor and distribute carbohydrate intake is a key recommendation for treatment of gestational diabetes, but fails to consider circadian regulation of glucose homeostasis. In the non-pregnant state, glucose responses to a meal at night-time are significantly higher than during the day and are associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, the impact of night time eating on postprandial glucose in pregnancy is uncertain. Using a systematic approach we explored postprandial glucose responses to dietary intake at night compared to during the day in pregnant women. METHODS Searches were conducted in four databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, CINAHL plus and Scopus), in September 2022 (updated, June 2023). Eligible studies reported on postprandial glucose at a minimum of two times a day, after identical meals or an oral glucose tolerance test, in pregnant women with or without gestational diabetes. Publication bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. RESULTS Four eligible studies were retrieved. Two studies reported within group comparison of two timepoints, and observed reduced glucose tolerance in the afternoon compared to the morning in pregnant women, irrespective of diabetes status. The other two studies meeting inclusion criteria did not report time of day comparisons. CONCLUSION It is unclear as to whether the higher (and extended) postprandial glucose levels observed at night in non-pregnant populations are observed in pregnancy. Clinical studies are needed to explore the impact of circadian rhythmicity on glucose metabolism during pregnancy, and the implications of current dietary advice on when and what to eat for management of gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Tan
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Science at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Zoe E Davidson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Science at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jessica A Grieger
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Maxine P Bonham
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Science at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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2
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Ansarin A, Mahdavi AM, Javadivala Z, Shanehbandi D, Zarredar H, Ansarin K. The cross-talk between leptin and circadian rhythm signaling proteins in physiological processes: a systematic review. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10427-10443. [PMID: 37874505 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, modern lifestyles and disrupted sleep patterns cause circadian clock rhythm impairments that are associated with altered leptin levels, which subsequently affect a wide range of physiological processes and have significant health burdens on societies. Nevertheless, there has been no systematic review of circadian clock genes and proteins, leptin, and related signaling pathways. METHODS Accordingly, we systematically reviewed circadian clock proteins, leptin, and molecular mechanisms between them by searching Pubmed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar until September 2022. After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 animal studies were selected. The risk of bias was assessed in each study. RESULTS The results clarified the reciprocal interconnected relationship between circadian clock genes and leptin. Circadian clock genes regulate leptin expression and signaling via different mechanisms, such as CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimers, which increase the expression of PPARs. PPARs induce the expression of C/EBPα, a key factor in upregulating leptin expression. CLOCK-BMAL1 also induces the expression of Per1 and Rev-erb genes. PER1 activates mTORC1 and mTORC1 enhances the expression of C/EBPα. In addition, REV-ERBs activate the leptin signaling pathway. Also, leptin controls the expression of circadian clock genes by triggering the AMPK and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways, which regulate the activity of PPARs. Moreover, the roles of these molecular mechanisms are elucidated in different physiological processes and organs. CONCLUSIONS Crosstalk between circadian clock genes and leptin and their affecting elements should be considered in the selection of new therapeutic targets for related disorders, especially obesity and metabolic impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ansarin
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Pashmineh Research Complex, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box: 5448151429, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aida Malek Mahdavi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Pashmineh Research Complex, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box: 5448151429, Tabriz, Iran
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Javadivala
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Pashmineh Research Complex, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box: 5448151429, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Ansarin
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Pashmineh Research Complex, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box: 5448151429, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Guevara-Ramírez P, Paz-Cruz E, Cadena-Ullauri S, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Felix ML, Simancas-Racines D, Zambrano AK. Molecular pathways and nutrigenomic review of insulin resistance development in gestational diabetes mellitus. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1228703. [PMID: 37799768 PMCID: PMC10548225 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1228703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus is a condition marked by raised blood sugar levels and insulin resistance that usually occurs during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. According to the World Health Organization, hyperglycemia affects 16.9% of pregnancies worldwide. Dietary changes are the primarily alternative treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus. This paper aims to perform an exhaustive overview of the interaction between diet, gene expression, and the metabolic pathways related to insulin resistance. The intake of foods rich in carbohydrates can influence the gene expression of glycolysis, as well as foods rich in fat, can disrupt the beta-oxidation and ketogenesis pathways. Furthermore, vitamins and minerals are related to inflammatory processes regulated by the TLR4/NF-κB and one carbon metabolic pathways. We indicate that diet regulated gene expression of PPARα, NOS, CREB3L3, IRS, and CPT I, altering cellular physiological mechanisms and thus increasing or decreasing the risk of gestational diabetes. The alteration of gene expression can cause inflammation, inhibition of fatty acid transport, or on the contrary help in the modulation of ketogenesis, improve insulin sensitivity, attenuate the effects of glucotoxicity, and others. Therefore, it is critical to comprehend the metabolic changes of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus, to determine nutrients that help in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and its long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Guevara-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Elius Paz-Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Cadena-Ullauri
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Maria L. Felix
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana Karina Zambrano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
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Facanha CFS, Alencar VS, Machado PS, Macêdo RBL, de Bruin PFC, Costa E Forti A, Rocha TM, de Bruin VMS. Morningness/eveningness in gestational diabetes mellitus: clinical characteristics and maternal-neonatal outcomes. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 67:92-100. [PMID: 36155121 PMCID: PMC9983797 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to evaluate the impact of morning-evening preference in pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods This is a prospective cohort study of 2nd-3rd trimester GDM outpatient care in Fortaleza, Brazil (2018-2020). Eveningness was defined by the Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness-Questionnaire (MEQ ≤ 41). Furthermore, we obtained a 7-day actigraphic register. Subjective sleep quality, daytime somnolence, insomnia, fatigue and depressive symptoms were also evaluated. Associations with pregnancy outcomes were investigated. Results Among 305 patients with GDM, evening preference was found in 21 (6.9%). Patients with evening preference had worse sleep quality (p < 0.01), greater severity of insomnia (p < 0.005), fatigue (p < 0.005) and depressive symptoms (<0.009). Evening chronotype was associated with preeclampsia [p = 0.01; OR = 0.27; CI 0.09-0.79] and a greater need for admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) [p = 0.02; OR = 0.23; CI .0.06-0.80]. A lower MEQ score confirmed an association with preeclampsia [p = 0.002; OR = 0.94; CI 0.90-0.97] and this was maintained after controlling for age, arterial hypertension, sleep quality, fatigue and depressive symptoms [p < 005; OR = 0.91; CI 0.87-0.95]. Conclusion In GDM, patients with evening preference had worse sleep quality, more insomnia, fatigue, and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, eveningness was independently associated with preeclampsia. These results indicate the important role of eveningness in adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Figueiredo Sampaio Facanha
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil, ; .,Departamento de Medicina, Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.,Centro Integrado de Diabetes e Hipertensão do Ceará (CIDH), Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Rejane Belchior Lima Macêdo
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.,Centro Integrado de Diabetes e Hipertensão do Ceará (CIDH), Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | | | - Adriana Costa E Forti
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.,Centro Integrado de Diabetes e Hipertensão do Ceará (CIDH), Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Thaine Mirla Rocha
- Departamento de Medicina, Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Chrononutrition during Pregnancy: A Review on Maternal Night-Time Eating. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092783. [PMID: 32932985 PMCID: PMC7551833 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from women working night shifts during pregnancy indicates that circadian rhythm disruption has the potential to adversely influence pregnancy outcomes. In the general population, chronodisruption with the potential to affect pregnancy outcomes may also be seen in those with high energy intakes in the evening or at night. However, maternal night eating during pregnancy remains understudied. This narrative review provides an overview of the prevalence, contributing factors, nutritional aspects and health implications of night eating during pregnancy. We derived evidence based on cross-sectional studies and longitudinal cohorts. Overall, night eating is common during pregnancy, with the estimated prevalence in different populations ranging from 15% to 45%. The modern lifestyle and the presence of pregnancy symptoms contribute to night eating during pregnancy, which is likely to coexist and may interact with multiple undesirable lifestyle behaviors. Unfavorable nutritional characteristics associated with night eating have the potential to induce aberrant circadian rhythms in pregnant women, resulting in adverse metabolic and pregnancy outcomes. More research, particularly intervention studies, are needed to provide more definite information on the implications of night eating for mother-offspring health.
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Gloux A, Duclos MJ, Brionne A, Bourin M, Nys Y, Réhault-Godbert S. Integrative analysis of transcriptomic data related to the liver of laying hens: from physiological basics to newly identified functions. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:821. [PMID: 31699050 PMCID: PMC6839265 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At sexual maturity, the liver of laying hens undergoes many metabolic changes to support vitellogenesis. In published transcriptomic approaches, hundreds of genes were reported to be overexpressed in laying hens and functional gene annotation using gene ontology tools have essentially revealed an enrichment in lipid and protein metabolisms. We reanalyzed some data from a previously published article comparing 38-week old versus 10-week old hens to give a more integrative view of the functions stimulated in the liver at sexual maturity and to move beyond current physiological knowledge. Functions were defined based on information available in Uniprot database and published literature. RESULTS Of the 516 genes previously shown to be overexpressed in the liver of laying hens, 475 were intracellular (1.23-50.72 fold changes), while only 36 were predicted to be secreted (1.35-66.93 fold changes) and 5 had no related information on their cellular location. Besides lipogenesis and protein metabolism, we demonstrated that the liver of laying hens overexpresses several clock genes (which supports the circadian control of liver metabolic functions) and was likely to be involved in a liver/brain/liver circuit (neurotransmitter transport), in thyroid and steroid hormones metabolisms. Many genes were associated with anatomical structure development, organ homeostasis but also regulation of blood pressure. As expected, several secreted proteins are incorporated in yolky follicles but we also evidenced that some proteins are likely participating in fertilization (ZP1, MFGE8, LINC00954, OVOCH1) and in thyroid hormone maturation (CPQ). We also proposed that secreted proteins (PHOSPHO1, FGF23, BMP7 but also vitamin-binding proteins) may contribute to the development of peripheral organs including the formation of medullar bones to provide labile calcium for eggshell formation. Thirteen genes are uniquely found in chicken/bird but not in human species, which strengthens that some of these genes may be specifically related to avian reproduction. CONCLUSIONS This study gives additional hypotheses on some molecular actors and mechanisms that are involved in basic physiological function of the liver at sexual maturity of hen. It also revealed some additional functions that accompany reproductive capacities of laying hens, and that are usually underestimated when using classical gene ontology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Gloux
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | | | | | - Marie Bourin
- Institut Technique de l'Aviculture (ITAVI), Centre INRA Val de Loire, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Nys
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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Crew RC, Mark PJ, Waddell BJ. Obesity Disrupts Rhythmic Clock Gene Expression in Maternal Adipose Tissue during Rat Pregnancy. J Biol Rhythms 2019; 33:289-301. [PMID: 29761750 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418772499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity during pregnancy causes numerous maternal and fetal health complications, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity has previously been linked to disruption of the intrinsic adipose clock gene network that is crucial for normal metabolic function. This adipose clock also undergoes major change as part of the maternal metabolic adaptation to pregnancy, but whether this is affected by maternal obesity is unknown. Consequently, in this study we tested the hypothesis that obesity disturbs rhythmic gene expression in maternal adipose tissue across pregnancy. A rat model of maternal obesity was established by cafeteria (CAF) feeding, and adipose expression of clock genes and associated nuclear receptors ( Ppars and Pgc1α) was measured across days 15-16 and 21-22 of gestation (term = 23 days). CAF feeding suppressed the mesor and/or amplitude of adipose tissue clock genes (most notably Bmal1, Per2, and Rev-erbα) relative to chow-fed controls (CON) across both days of gestation. On day 15, the CAF diet also induced adipose Pparα, Pparδ, and Pgc1α rhythmicity but repressed that of Pparγ, while expression of Pparα, Pparδ, and Pgc1α was reduced at select time points. CAF mothers were hyperleptinemic at both stages of gestation, and at day 21 this effect was time-of-day dependent. Fetal plasma leptin exhibited clear rhythmicity, albeit with low amplitude, but interestingly these levels were unaffected by CAF feeding. Our data show that maternal obesity disrupts rhythmic expression of clock and metabolic genes in maternal adipose tissue and leads to maternal but not fetal hyperleptinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C Crew
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan J Waddell
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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McCarthy R, Jungheim ES, Fay JC, Bates K, Herzog ED, England SK. Riding the Rhythm of Melatonin Through Pregnancy to Deliver on Time. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:616. [PMID: 31572299 PMCID: PMC6753220 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is influenced by the circadian ("circa" or approximately; diēm or day) system, which coordinates physiology and behavior with predictable daily changes in the environment such as light/dark cycles. For example, most species deliver around a particular time of day. In mammals, circadian rhythms are controlled by the master circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. One key way that the suprachiasmatic nucleus coordinates circadian rhythms throughout the body is by regulating production of the sleep-promoting hormone melatonin. Serum melatonin concentration, which peaks at night and is suppressed during the day, is one of the best biological indicators of circadian timing. Circadian misalignment causes maternal disturbances in the temporal organization of many physiological processes including melatonin synthesis, and these disturbances of the circadian system have been linked to an increased risk for pregnancy complications. Here, we review evidence that melatonin helps regulate the maternal and fetal circadian systems and the timing of birth. Finally, we discuss the potential for melatonin-based therapeutic strategies to alleviate poor pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald McCarthy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Emily S. Jungheim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Justin C. Fay
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Keenan Bates
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Erik D. Herzog
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sarah K. England
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Sarah K. England
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Moyce BL, Dolinsky VW. Maternal β-Cell Adaptations in Pregnancy and Placental Signalling: Implications for Gestational Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113467. [PMID: 30400566 PMCID: PMC6274918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are on the rise worldwide, and the number of pregnancies impacted by GDM and resulting complications are also increasing. Pregnancy is a period of unique metabolic plasticity, during which mild insulin resistance is a physiological adaptation to prioritize fetal growth. To compensate for this, the pancreatic β-cell utilizes a variety of adaptive mechanisms, including increasing mass, number and insulin-secretory capacity to maintain glucose homeostasis. When insufficient insulin production does not overcome insulin resistance, hyperglycemia can occur. Changes in the maternal system that occur in GDM such as lipotoxicity, inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as impairments in adipokine and placental signalling, are associated with impaired β-cell adaptation. Understanding these pathways, as well as mechanisms of β-cell dysfunction in pregnancy, can identify novel therapeutic targets beyond diet and lifestyle interventions, insulin and antihyperglycemic agents currently used for treating GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Moyce
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and the Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba and the Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and the Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba and the Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
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10
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Crew RC, Waddell BJ, Mark PJ. Obesity-induced changes in hepatic and placental clock gene networks in rat pregnancy†. Biol Reprod 2017; 98:75-88. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Liu LX, Rowe GC, Yang S, Li J, Damilano F, Chan MC, Lu W, Jang C, Wada S, Morley M, Hesse M, Fleischmann BK, Rabinowitz JD, Das S, Rosenzweig A, Arany Z. PDK4 Inhibits Cardiac Pyruvate Oxidation in Late Pregnancy. Circ Res 2017; 121:1370-1378. [PMID: 28928113 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pregnancy profoundly alters maternal physiology. The heart hypertrophies during pregnancy, but its metabolic adaptations, are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanisms underlying cardiac substrate use during pregnancy. METHODS AND RESULTS We use here 13C glucose, 13C lactate, and 13C fatty acid tracing analyses to show that hearts in late pregnant mice increase fatty acid uptake and oxidation into the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while reducing glucose and lactate oxidation. Mitochondrial quantity, morphology, and function do not seem altered. Insulin signaling seems intact, and the abundance and localization of the major fatty acid and glucose transporters, CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36) and GLUT4 (glucose transporter type 4), are also unchanged. Rather, we find that the pregnancy hormone progesterone induces PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4) in cardiomyocytes and that elevated PDK4 levels in late pregnancy lead to inhibition of PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase) and pyruvate flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Blocking PDK4 reverses the metabolic changes seen in hearts in late pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data indicate that the hormonal environment of late pregnancy promotes metabolic remodeling in the heart at the level of PDH, rather than at the level of insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura X Liu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Glenn C Rowe
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Steven Yang
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Jian Li
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Federico Damilano
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Mun Chun Chan
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Wenyun Lu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Shogo Wada
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Michael Morley
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Michael Hesse
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Bernd K Fleischmann
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Saumya Das
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.)
| | - Zoltan Arany
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.X.L., F.D.); Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (L.X.L., F.D., M.C.C., S.D., A.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (G.C.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.Y., J.L., S.W., M.M., Z.A.); Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ (W.L., C.J., J.D.R.); and Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (M.H., B.K.F.).
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Mark PJ, Crew RC, Wharfe MD, Waddell BJ. Rhythmic Three-Part Harmony: The Complex Interaction of Maternal, Placental and Fetal Circadian Systems. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:534-549. [PMID: 28920512 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417728671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
From the perspective of circadian biology, mammalian pregnancy presents an unusual biological scenario in which an entire circadian system (i.e., that of the fetus) is embodied within another (i.e., that of the mother). Moreover, both systems are likely to be influenced at their interface by a third player, the placenta. Successful pregnancy requires major adaptations in maternal physiology, many of which involve circadian changes that support the high metabolic demands of the growing fetus. A functional role for maternal circadian adaptations is implied by the effects of circadian disruption, which result in pregnancy complications including higher risks for miscarriage, preterm labor, and low birth weight. Various aspects of fetal physiology lead to circadian variation, at least in late gestation, but it remains unclear what drives this rhythmicity. It likely involves contributions from the maternal environment and possibly from the placenta and the developing intrinsic molecular clocks within fetal tissues. The role of the placenta is of particular significance because it serves not only to relay signals about the external environment (via the mother) but may also exhibit its own circadian rhythmicity. This review considers how the fetus may be influenced by dynamic circadian signals from the mother and the placenta during gestation, and how, in the face of these changing influences, a new fetal circadian system emerges. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of endocrine signals, most notably melatonin and glucocorticoids, as mediators of maternal-fetal circadian interactions, and on the expression of the clock gene in the 3 compartments. Further study is required to understand how the mother, placenta, and fetus interact across pregnancy to optimize circadian adaptations that support adequate growth and development of the fetus and its transition to postnatal life in a circadian environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rachael C Crew
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michaela D Wharfe
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan J Waddell
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Papacleovoulou G, Nikolova V, Oduwole O, Chambers J, Vazquez-Lopez M, Jansen E, Nicolaides K, Parker M, Williamson C. Gestational disruptions in metabolic rhythmicity of the liver, muscle, and placenta affect fetal size. FASEB J 2017; 31:1698-1708. [PMID: 28082353 PMCID: PMC5566176 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601032r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Maternal metabolic adaptations are essential for successful pregnancy outcomes. We investigated how metabolic gestational processes are coordinated, whether there is a functional link with internal clocks, and whether disruptions are related to metabolic abnormalities in pregnancy, by studying day/night metabolic pathways in murine models and samples from pregnant women with normally grown and large-for-gestational age infants. In early mouse pregnancy, expression of hepatic lipogenic genes was up-regulated and uncoupled from the hepatic clock. In late mouse pregnancy, rhythmicity of energy metabolism-related genes in the muscle followed the patterns of internal clock genes in this tissue, and coincided with enhanced lipid transporter expression in the fetoplacental unit. Diurnal triglyceride patterns were disrupted in human placentas from pregnancies with large-for-gestational age infants and this overlapped with an increase in BMAL1 expression. Metabolic adaptations in early pregnancy are uncoupled from the circadian clock, whereas in late pregnancy, energy availability is mediated by coordinated muscle-placenta metabolic adjustments linked to internal clocks. Placental triglyceride oscillations in the third trimester of human pregnancy are lost in large-for-gestational age infants and may be regulated by BMAL1. In summary, disruptions in metabolic and circadian rhythmicity are associated with increased fetal size, with implications for the pathogenesis of macrosomia.-Papacleovoulou, G., Nikolova, V., Oduwole, O., Chambers, J., Vazquez-Lopez, M., Jansen, E., Nicolaides, K., Parker, M., Williamson, C. Gestational disruptions in metabolic rhythmicity of the liver, muscle, and placenta affect fetal size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanya Nikolova
- Division of Women's Health, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olayiwola Oduwole
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Chambers
- Women's Health Research Centre, Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Vazquez-Lopez
- Women's Health Research Centre, Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and
| | - Kypros Nicolaides
- Harris Birthright Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Parker
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Division of Women's Health, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom;
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Nagari M, Brenner Y, Bloch G. Nurse honeybee workers tend capped-brood, which does not require feeding, around-the-clock. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:4130-4140. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
“Nurse” honeybees tend brood around-the-clock with attenuated or no circadian rhythms, but the brood signals inducing this behavior remain elusive. We first tested the hypothesis that worker circadian rhythms are regulated by brood pheromones. We monitored locomotor activity of individually isolated nurse bees that were either exposed to various doses of larval extracts or synthetic brood ester pheromone (BEP). Bees orally treated with larvae extracts showed attenuated circadian rhythms in one of four tested colonies; a similar but statistically non-significant trend was seen in two additional colonies. Nurse bees treated with synthetic BEP showed rhythm attenuation in one of three tested colonies. Next, we tested the hypothesis that capped brood, which does not require feeding, nevertheless induces around-the-clock activity in nurses. By combining a new protocol that enables brood care by individually isolated nurse bees, detailed behavioral observations, and automatic high resolution monitoring of locomotor activity, we found that isolated nurses tended capped brood around-the-clock with attenuated circadian rhythms. Bees individually isolated in similar cages but without brood, showed strong circadian rhythms in locomotor activity and rest. This study shows for the first time that the need to feed hungry larvae is not the only factor accounting for around-the-clock activity in nurse bees. Our results further suggest that the transition between activity with and without circadian rhythms is not a simple switch triggered by brood pheromones. Around-the-clock tending may enhance brood development and health in multiple ways that may include improved larval feeding, thermoregulation and hygienic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Nagari
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Alexander A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, Israel
| | - Yafit Brenner
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Alexander A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, Israel
| | - Guy Bloch
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Alexander A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, Israel
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15
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Wharfe MD, Wyrwoll CS, Waddell BJ, Mark PJ. Pregnancy Suppresses the Daily Rhythmicity of Core Body Temperature and Adipose Metabolic Gene Expression in the Mouse. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3320-31. [PMID: 27409644 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal adaptations in lipid metabolism are crucial for pregnancy success due to the role of white adipose tissue as an energy store and the dynamic nature of energy needs across gestation. Because lipid metabolism is regulated by the rhythmic expression of clock genes, it was hypothesized that maternal metabolic adaptations involve changes in both adipose clock gene expression and the rhythmic expression of downstream metabolic genes. Maternal core body temperature (Tc) was investigated as a possible mechanism driving pregnancy-induced changes in clock gene expression. Gonadal adipose tissue and plasma were collected from C57BL/6J mice before and on days 6, 10, 14, and 18 of pregnancy (term 19 d) at 4-hour intervals across a 24-hour period. Adipose expression of clock genes and downstream metabolic genes were determined by quantitative RT-PCR, and Tc was measured by intraperitoneal temperature loggers. Adipose clock gene expression showed robust rhythmicity throughout pregnancy, but absolute levels varied substantially across gestation. Rhythmic expression of the metabolic genes Lipe, Pnpla2, and Lpl was clearly evident before pregnancy; however, this rhythmicity was lost with the onset of pregnancy. Tc rhythm was significantly altered by pregnancy, with a 65% decrease in amplitude by term and a 0.61°C decrease in mesor between days 6 and 18. These changes in Tc, however, did not appear to be linked to adipose clock gene expression across pregnancy. Overall, our data show marked adaptations in the adipose clock in pregnancy, with an apparent decoupling of adipose clock and lipolytic/lipogenic gene rhythms from early in gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela D Wharfe
- School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Wyrwoll
- School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Brendan J Waddell
- School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
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