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Dimke H. New insights into renal calcium-sensing receptor activation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:433-440. [PMID: 38690798 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) in the parathyroid gland suppresses the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Furthermore, activation of the renal CASR directly increases the urinary excretion of calcium, by inhibiting transepithelial calcium transport in the nephron. Gain-of-function mutations in the CASR gene lead to autosomal dominant hypocalcemia 1 (ADH1), with inappropriately low PTH levels and hypocalcemia, indicative of excessive activation of the parathyroid CASR. However, hypercalciuria is not always observed. The reason why the manifestation of hypercalciuria is not uniform among ADH1 patients is not well understood. RECENT FINDINGS Direct activation of the CASR in the kidney has been cumbersome to study, and an indirect measure to effectively estimate the degree of CASR activation following chronic hypercalcemia or genetic gain-of-function CASR activation has been lacking. Studies have shown that expression of the pore-blocking claudin-14 is strongly stimulated by the CASR in a dose-dependent manner. This stimulatory effect is abolished after renal Casr ablation in hypercalcemic mice, suggesting that claudin-14 abundance may gauge renal CASR activation. Using this marker has led to unexpected discoveries regarding renal CASR activation. SUMMARY These new studies have informed on renal CASR activation thresholds and the downstream CASR-regulated calcium transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Maniaki E, Pineda C, Hibbert A, Finch N. Exploring the relationship between calcitonin, ionized calcium, and bone turnover in cats with and without naturally occurring hypercalcemia. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1399942. [PMID: 38887540 PMCID: PMC11182001 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1399942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This case-control study aimed to evaluate calcitonin response in naturally occurring hypercalcemia in cats and assess the relationships between calcitonin and ionized calcium (iCa) and examine relationships between calcitonin, iCa and bone turnover. Methods Hypercalcemic cats (persistently increased iCa concentration [>1.40 mmol/l]) were identified retrospectively via a medical database search; additional hypercalcemic and normocalcemic cats were recruited prospectively. Data regarding routine biochemical and urine testing, diagnostic imaging and additional blood testing were obtained. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was used as a marker of bone turnover. Serum calcitonin concentration was analyzed using a previously validated immunoradiometric assay. Hypercalcemic cats with an increased calcitonin concentration (>0.9 ng/L) were termed responders. Group comparisons were performed using a Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables and a χ2 test for categorical variables. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationships between calcitonin, iCa and ALP. Results Twenty-six hypercalcemic and 25 normocalcemic cats were recruited. Only 5/26 (19.2%) of the hypercalcemic cats were identified as responders, and all were diagnosed with idiopathic hypercalcemia. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of calcitonin and iCa (p = 0.929), calcitonin and ALP (p = 0.917) or iCa and ALP (p = 0.678) in hypercalcemic cats, however, a significant negative correlation was observed between calcitonin and ALP (p = 0.037) when normocalcemic and hypercalcemic cats with an elevated calcitonin concentration were analyzed together. Discussion The expected increase in calcitonin concentration was present in only a small subset of hypercalcemic cats; no correlation was found between iCa and calcitonin concentration. The inverse relationship between calcitonin and ALP in cats with increased calcitonin concentrations suggests that the ability of calcitonin to correct hypercalcemia may be related to the degree of bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Maniaki
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Pineda
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angie Hibbert
- The Feline Centre, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Finch
- The Feline Centre, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Florance JA, Schollum JBW, Pomeranc A, Endre ZH, Walker RJ. Autosomal dominant hypercalciuric hypocalcaemia: the calcium-sensing receptor in renal calcium homeostasis and the impact of renal transplantation. Intern Med J 2024; 54:852-860. [PMID: 38665051 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) are G protein-coupled receptors that help maintain Ca2+ concentrations, modulating calciotropic hormone release (parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) by direct actions in the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and bone. Variability in population calcium levels has been attributed to single nucleotide polymorphisms in CaSR genes, and several conditions affecting calcium and phosphate homeostasis have been attributed to gain- or loss-of-function mutations. An example is autosomal dominant hypercalciuric hypocalcaemia, because of a missense mutation at codon 128 of chromosome 3, as reported in our specific case and her family. As a consequence of treating symptomatic hypocalcaemia as a child, this female subject slowly developed progressive end-stage kidney failure because of nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis. After kidney transplantation, she remains asymptomatic, with decreased vitamin D and elemental calcium requirements, stable fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during intercurrent illnesses and has normalised urinary calcium and phosphate excretion, reducing the likelihood of hypercalciuria-induced graft impairment. We review the actions of the CaSR, its role in regulating renal Ca2+ homeostasis along with the impact of a proven gain-of-function mutation in the CaSR gene resulting in autosomal dominant hypercalciuric hypocalcaemia before and after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Florance
- Department of Nephrology, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - John B W Schollum
- Department of Nephrology, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Abigail Pomeranc
- Department of Nephrology, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Zoltan H Endre
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert J Walker
- Department of Nephrology, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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Agbasi JC, Ezugwu AL, Omeka ME, Ucheana IA, Aralu CC, Abugu HO, Egbueri JC. More about making profits or providing safe drinking water? A state-of-the-art review on sachet water contamination in Nigeria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2024:1-43. [PMID: 38439577 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2024.2319009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Public health concerns on surface and groundwater contamination worldwide have increased. Sachet water contamination has also raised serious concerns across many developing countries. While previous studies attempted to address this issue, this review takes a different approach by utilizing a comprehensive analysis of physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and microbial loads tested in sachet water across Nigeria's six geopolitical zones, within the period of 2020-2023. In this review study, over 50 articles were carefully analyzed. Collected data unveiled regional variations in the quality of sachet water across Nigeria. Noteworthy concerns revolve around levels of pH, total hardness, magnesium, calcium, nickel, iron, lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. Fecal contamination was also identified as a significant issue, with the prevalence of several pathogens like Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The manufacturing, delivery, storage, and final sale of sachet water, as well as poor environmental hygiene, were identified as potential contamination sources. The intake of contaminated sachet water exposes the citizens to waterborne and carcinogenic diseases. While the sachet water industry keeps growing and making profits, it is apparent that improvement calls made by previous studies, regarding the quality of water produced, have not been paid serious attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson C Agbasi
- Department of Geology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Arinze Longinus Ezugwu
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Michael Ekuru Omeka
- Department of Geology, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyi Adolphus Ucheana
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | | | - Hillary Onyeka Abugu
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Johnbosco C Egbueri
- Department of Geology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
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Mohan S, Sheehan M, Tebben P, Wermers R. Efficacy of Oral Cinacalcet in Non-PTH Nonmalignant Hypercalcemia from Excess 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D. JCEM CASE REPORTS 2024; 2:luae022. [PMID: 38476635 PMCID: PMC10928506 DOI: 10.1210/jcemcr/luae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) is a rare cause of non-parathyroid hormone (PTH)-mediated hypercalcemia seen in granulomatous disease, malignancy (most often lymphoma), or genetic mutations. Therapeutic options are limited. We report the case of a 67-year-old White man with nonmalignant, nongranulomatous, 1,25(OH)2D-mediated hypercalcemia treated successfully with cinacalcet. At presentation, he had hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria with recurrent nephrolithiasis, low PTH, elevated 1,25(OH)2D, and normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The 1,25(OH)2D levels were inappropriate in the setting of hypercalcemia with low PTH. Evaluations for sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and malignancy were negative. Genetic testing showed biallelic variants in the CYP24A1 gene. Cinacalcet was trialed and showed normalization of calcium levels. On cinacalcet, biochemical indices showed a slight increase in 1,25(OH)2D and 24-hour urine calcium and mild decrease in PTH. He briefly experienced symptomatic hypocalcemia that resolved after reducing cinacalcet dose. Due to limited symptomatic benefit, he opted to stop cinacalcet. Additional follow-up showed intermittently elevated serum calcium levels after stopping cinacalcet, most recently 10.3 mg/dL. Cinacalcet may be a therapeutic option in nonmalignant, 1,25(OH)2D-mediated hypercalcemia. Further study is necessary to confirm efficacy, understand risks and benefits, and elucidate mechanism(s) of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Mohan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition and Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael Sheehan
- Division of Endocrinology, Marshfield Clinic Health System, Weston Center, Weston, WI 54476, USA
| | - Peter Tebben
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition and Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert Wermers
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition and Department of Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Sinclair-Black M, Garcia-Mejia RA, Blair LR, Angel R, Arbe X, Cavero D, Ellestad LE. Circadian regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis during the oviposition cycle in laying hens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103209. [PMID: 38052129 PMCID: PMC10746567 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in laying hens is crucial for preservation of skeletal integrity and eggshell quality, though physiological regulation of these systems is incompletely defined. To investigate changes in mineral and vitamin D3 homeostasis during the 24-h egg formation cycle, 32-wk-old commercial laying hens were sampled at 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23, and 24 h post-oviposition (HPOP; n ≥ 4). Ovum location and egg calcification stage were recorded, and blood chemistry, plasma vitamin D3 metabolites, circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH), and expression of genes mediating uptake and utilization of calcium and phosphorus were evaluated. Elevated levels of renal 25-hydroxylase from 12 to 23 HPOP suggest this tissue might play a role in vitamin D3 25-hydroxylation during eggshell calcification. In shell gland, retinoid-x-receptor gamma upregulation between 6 and 8 HPOP followed by subsequently increased vitamin D receptor indicate that vitamin D3 signaling is important for eggshell calcification. Increased expression of PTH, calcitonin, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) receptors in the shell gland between 18 and 24 HPOP suggest elevated sensitivity to these hormones toward the end of eggshell calcification. Shell gland sodium-calcium exchanger 1 was upregulated between 4 and 7 HPOP and plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1 increased throughout eggshell calcification, suggesting the primary calcium transporter may differ according to eggshell calcification stage. Expression in shell gland further indicated that bicarbonate synthesis precedes transport, where genes peaked at 6 to 7 and 12 to 18 HPOP, respectively. Inorganic phosphorus transporter 1 (PiT-1) expression peaked in kidney between 12 and 15 HPOP, likely to excrete excess circulating phosphorus, and in shell gland between 18 and 21 HPOP. Upregulation of FGF23 receptors and PiT-1 during late eggshell calcification suggest shell gland phosphorus uptake is important at this time. Together, these findings identified potentially novel hormonal pathways involved in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis along with associated circadian patterns in gene expression that can be used to devise strategies aimed at improving eggshell and skeletal strength in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lyssa R Blair
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Roselina Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | | | - Laura E Ellestad
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Frye CC, Sanka SA, Sullivan J, Brunt LM, Gillanders WE, Pandian T, Brown TC. Analysis of Preoperative Predictors of Single and Multigland Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Surg Res 2023; 288:148-156. [PMID: 36966595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preoperative differentiation of single-gland (SG) versus multigland (MG) primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) can assist with surgical planning, treatment prognostication, and patient counseling. The aim of this study was to identify preoperative predictors of SG-PHPT. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 408 patients with PHPT who underwent parathyroidectomy at a tertiary referral center. Comprehensive preoperative parameters, including demographic, laboratory, clinical, and imaging results were analyzed. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression identified preoperative predictors of SG-PHPT. Receiver operator curves were used to analyze the predictive values of existing and novel preoperative predictive models. RESULTS Elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) (99.1 pg/mL in SG versus 93.0 pg/mL in MG), elevated calcium (10.8 mg/dL in SG versus 10.6 mg/dL in MG), lower phosphate levels (2.80 mg/dL in SG versus 2.95 mg/dL in MG), and positive imaging (ultrasound 75.6% in SG versus 56.5% in MG; sestamibi 70.8% in SG versus 45.5% in MG) were significantly associated with SG-PHPT. The Washington University Score (a predictive scoring system made from calcium, PTH, phosphate, ultrasound, and sestamibi) and the Washington University Index ([calcium × PTH]/phosphate) were comparable to previous scoring systems used to predict SG versus MG-PHPT. CONCLUSIONS The association of lower phosphate with SG-PHPT is a novel finding. Previously identified predictors of SG-PHPT, including elevated PTH and positive imaging were confirmed. The Washington University Score and Index are comparable to previously described models and can be used to help surgeons predict if a patient may have SG versus MG-PHPT.
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Lütke-Dörhoff M, Schulz J, Westendarp H, Visscher C, Wilkens MR. Dietary supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as an alternative to cholecalciferol in swine diets: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1288-1305. [PMID: 36045590 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3 ) formed via hepatic hydroxylation from vitamin D, cholecalciferol, represents the precursor of the biologically active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Due to a higher absorption rate and the omission of one hydroxylation, dietary supplementation of 25-OHD3 instead of vitamin D3 is considered to be more efficient as plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 are increased more pronounced. The present review summarises studies investigating potential beneficial effects on mineral homeostasis, bone metabolism, health status and performance in sows, piglets and fattening pigs. Results are inconsistent. While most studies could not demonstrate any or only a slight impact of partial or total replacement of vitamin D3 by 25-OHD3 , some experiments indicated that 25-OHD3 might alter physiological processes when animals are challenged, for example, by a restricted mineral supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lütke-Dörhoff
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heiner Westendarp
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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van Megen WH, Tan RSG, Alexander RT, Dimke H. Differential parathyroid and kidney Ca 2+-sensing receptor activation in autosomal dominant hypocalcemia 1. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103947. [PMID: 35313217 PMCID: PMC8935519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parathyroid Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) activation inhibits parathyroid hormone (PTH) release, while activation of renal CaSRs attenuates Ca2+ transport and increases expression of the pore-blocking claudin-14. Patients with autosomal dominant hypocalcemia 1 (ADH1), due to activating CASR mutations, exhibit hypocalcemia but not always hypercalciuria (elevated Ca2+ in urine). The latter promotes nephrocalcinosis and renal insufficiency. Although CaSRs throughout the body including the kidney harbor activating CASR mutations, it is not understood why only some ADH1 patients display hypercalciuria. Methods Activation of the CaSR was studied in mouse models and a ADH1 patient. In vitro CaSR activation was studied in HEK293 cells. Findings Cldn14 showed blood Ca2+ concentration-dependent regulation, which was absent in mice with kidney-specific Casr deletion, indicating Cldn14 is a suitable marker for chronic CaSR activation in the kidney. Mice with a gain-of-function mutation in the Casr (Nuf) were hypocalcemic with low plasma PTH levels. However, renal CaSRs were not activated at baseline but only after normalizing blood Ca2+ levels. Similarly, significant hypercalciuria was not observed in a ADH1 patient until blood Ca2+ was normalized. In vitro experiments indicate that increased CaSR expression in the parathyroid relative to the kidney could contribute to tissue-specific CaSR activation thresholds. Interpretation Our findings suggest that parathyroid CaSR overactivity can reduce plasma Ca2+ to levels insufficient to activate renal CaSRs, even when an activating mutation is present. These findings identify a conceptually new mechanism of CaSR-dependent Ca2+ balance regulation that aid in explaining the spectrum of hypercalciuria in ADH1 patients. Funding Erasmus+ 2018/E+/4458087, the Canadian Institutes for Health research, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Beckett Foundation, the Carlsberg Foundation and Independent Research Fund Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter H van Megen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 21, 3rd floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Siu Ga Tan
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; The Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; The Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, 4-585 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, 11405 87th Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada.
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 21, 3rd floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
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Sirikul W, Siri-Angkul N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Osteoporosis: Evidence from Bench to Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052500. [PMID: 35269640 PMCID: PMC8909928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a chronic debilitating disease caused by imbalanced bone remodeling processes that impair the structural integrity of bone. Over the last ten years, the association between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and osteoporosis has been studied in both pre-clinical and clinical investigations. FGF23 is a bone-derived endocrine factor that regulates mineral homeostasis via the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs)/αKlotho complex. These receptors are expressed in kidney and the parathyroid gland. Preclinical studies have supported the link between the local actions of FGF23 on the bone remodeling processes. In addition, clinical evidence regarding the effects of FGF23 on bone mass and fragility fractures suggest potential diagnostic and prognostic applications of FGF23 in clinical contexts, particularly in elderly and patients with chronic kidney disease. However, inconsistent findings exist and there are areas of uncertainty requiring exploration. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses preclinical and clinical reports on the roles of FGF23 on osteoporosis, with an emphasis on the local action, as opposed to the systemic action, of FGF23 on the bone. Current gaps in knowledge and future research directions are also suggested to encourage further rigorous research in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wachiranun Sirikul
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Natthaphat Siri-Angkul
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.-A.); (N.C.)
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.-A.); (N.C.)
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.-A.); (N.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-944-451; Fax: +66-53-222-844
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Kim JY, Park S, Oh SY, Nam YH, Choi YM, Choi Y, Kim HY, Jung SY, Kim HS, Jo I, Jung SC. Density-Dependent Differentiation of Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Parathyroid-Hormone-Releasing Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020715. [PMID: 35054901 PMCID: PMC8775366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into endoderm lineages, especially parathyroid-hormone (PTH)-releasing cells. We have previously reported that tonsil-derived MSC (T-MSC) can differentiate into PTH-releasing cells (T-MSC-PTHCs), which restored the parathyroid functions in parathyroidectomy (PTX) rats. In this study, we demonstrate quality optimization by standardizing the differentiation rate for a better clinical application of T-MSC-PTHCs to overcome donor-dependent variation of T-MSCs. Quantitation results of PTH mRNA copy number in the differentiated cells and the PTH concentration in the conditioned medium confirmed that the differentiation efficiency largely varied depending on the cells from each donor. In addition, the differentiation rate of the cells from all the donors greatly improved when differentiation was started at a high cell density (100% confluence). The large-scale expression profiling of T-MSC-PTHCs by RNA sequencing indicated that those genes involved in exiting the differentiation and the cell cycle were the major pathways for the differentiation of T-MSC-PTHCs. Furthermore, the implantation of the T-MSC-PTHCs, which were differentiated at a high cell density embedded in hyaluronic acid, resulted in a higher serum PTH in the PTX model. This standardized efficiency of differentiation into PTHC was achieved by initiating differentiation at a high cell density. Our findings provide a potential solution to overcome the limitations due to donor-dependent variation by establishing a standardized differentiation protocol for the clinical application of T-MSC therapy in treating hypoparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (Y.H.N.); (Y.C.)
| | - Saeyoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (Y.H.N.); (Y.C.)
| | - Se-Young Oh
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (S.-Y.O.); (Y.M.C.); (I.J.)
| | - Yu Hwa Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (Y.H.N.); (Y.C.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Young Min Choi
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (S.-Y.O.); (Y.M.C.); (I.J.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Yeonzi Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (Y.H.N.); (Y.C.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Ha Yeong Kim
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (S.Y.J.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Soo Yeon Jung
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (S.Y.J.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Han Su Kim
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (S.Y.J.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Inho Jo
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (S.-Y.O.); (Y.M.C.); (I.J.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (Y.H.N.); (Y.C.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-6986-6199
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12
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Agarwal S, Sudhini YR, Polat OK, Reiser J, Altintas MM. Renal cell markers: lighthouses for managing renal diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F715-F739. [PMID: 34632812 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00182.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys, one of the vital organs in our body, are responsible for maintaining whole body homeostasis. The complexity of renal function (e.g., filtration, reabsorption, fluid and electrolyte regulation, and urine production) demands diversity not only at the level of cell types but also in their overall distribution and structural framework within the kidney. To gain an in depth molecular-level understanding of the renal system, it is imperative to discern the components of kidney and the types of cells residing in each of the subregions. Recent developments in labeling, tracing, and imaging techniques have enabled us to mark, monitor, and identify these cells in vivo with high efficiency in a minimally invasive manner. In this review, we summarize different cell types, specific markers that are uniquely associated with those cell types, and their distribution in the kidney, which altogether make kidneys so special and different. Cellular sorting based on the presence of certain proteins on the cell surface allowed for the assignment of multiple markers for each cell type. However, different studies using different techniques have found contradictions in cell type-specific markers. Thus, the term "cell marker" might be imprecise and suboptimal, leading to uncertainty when interpreting the data. Therefore, we strongly believe that there is an unmet need to define the best cell markers for a cell type. Although the compendium of renal-selective marker proteins presented in this review is a resource that may be useful to researchers, we acknowledge that the list may not be necessarily exhaustive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Onur K Polat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Tang PK, Geddes RF, Jepson RE, Elliott J. A feline-focused review of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders - Part 1: Physiology of calcium handling. Vet J 2021; 275:105719. [PMID: 34311095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mineral derangements are a common consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite the well-established role of phosphorus in the pathophysiology of CKD, the implications of calcium disturbances associated with CKD remain equivocal. Calcium plays an essential role in numerous physiological functions in the body and is a fundamental structural component of bone. An understanding of calcium metabolism is required to understand the potential adverse clinical implications and outcomes secondary to the (mal)adaptation of calcium-regulating hormones in CKD. The first part of this two-part review covers the physiology of calcium homeostasis (kidneys, intestines and bones) and details the intimate relationships between calcium-regulating hormones (parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, fibroblast growth factor 23, α-Klotho and calcitonin) and the role of the calcium-sensing receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-Kan Tang
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca F Geddes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rosanne E Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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14
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Sundararaman SS, Peters LJF, Jansen Y, Gencer S, Yan Y, Nazir S, Bonnin Marquez A, Kahles F, Lehrke M, Biessen EAL, Jankowski J, Weber C, Döring Y, van der Vorst EPC. Adipocyte calcium sensing receptor is not involved in visceral adipose tissue inflammation or atherosclerosis development in hyperlipidemic Apoe -/- mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10409. [PMID: 34001955 PMCID: PMC8128899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G-protein coupled receptor that especially plays an important role in the sensing of extracellular calcium to maintain its homeostasis. Several in-vitro studies demonstrated that CaSR plays a role in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation, resulting in systemic inflammation and contributing to atherosclerosis development. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adipocyte CaSR plays a role in adipose tissue inflammation in-vivo and atherosclerosis development. By using a newly established conditional mature adipocyte specific CaSR deficient mouse on a hyperlipidemic and atherosclerosis prone Apoe−/− background it could be shown that CaSR deficiency in adipocytes does neither contribute to initiation nor to progression of atherosclerotic plaques as judged by the unchanged lesion size or composition. Additionally, CaSR deficiency did not influence gonadal visceral adipose tissue (vAT) inflammation in-vivo, although a small decrease in gonadal visceral adipose cholesterol content could be observed. In conclusion, adipocyte CaSR seems not to be involved in vAT inflammation in-vivo and does not influence atherosclerosis development in hyperlipidemic Apoe−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sahana Sundararaman
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Linsey J F Peters
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Jansen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selin Gencer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yi Yan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sumra Nazir
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Bonnin Marquez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Kahles
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emiel P C van der Vorst
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Tan RSG, Lee CHL, Dimke H, Todd Alexander R. The role of calcium-sensing receptor signaling in regulating transepithelial calcium transport. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2407-2419. [PMID: 33926258 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a critical role in sensing extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and signaling to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis. In the parathyroid, the CaSR regulates secretion of parathyroid hormone, which functions to increase extracellular Ca2+ levels. The CaSR is also located in other organs imperative to Ca2+ homeostasis including the kidney and intestine, where it modulates Ca2+ reabsorption and absorption, respectively. In this review, we describe CaSR expression and its function in transepithelial Ca2+ transport in the kidney and intestine. Activation of the CaSR leads to G protein dependent and independent signaling cascades. The known CaSR signal transduction pathways involved in modulating paracellular and transcellular epithelial Ca2+ transport are discussed. Mutations in the CaSR cause a range of diseases that manifest in altered serum Ca2+ levels. Gain-of-function mutations in the CaSR result in autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1, while loss-of-function mutations cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Additionally, the putative serine protease, FAM111A, is discussed as a potential regulator of the CaSR because mutations in FAM111A cause Kenny Caffey syndrome type 2, gracile bone dysplasia, and osteocraniostenosis, diseases that are characterized by hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, and bony abnormalities, i.e. share phenotypic features of autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. Recent work has helped to elucidate the effect of CaSR signaling cascades on downstream proteins involved in Ca2+ transport across renal and intestinal epithelia; however, much remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Siu Ga Tan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada
| | | | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada
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16
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Diao J, DeBono A, Josephs TM, Bourke JE, Capuano B, Gregory KJ, Leach K. Therapeutic Opportunities of Targeting Allosteric Binding Sites on the Calcium-Sensing Receptor. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:666-679. [PMID: 33860192 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The CaSR is a class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that acts as a multimodal chemosensor to maintain diverse homeostatic functions. The CaSR is a clinical therapeutic target in hyperparathyroidism and has emerged as a putative target in several other diseases. These include hyper- and hypocalcaemia caused either by mutations in the CASR gene or in genes that regulate CaSR signaling and expression, and more recently in asthma. The development of CaSR-targeting drugs is complicated by the fact that the CaSR possesses many different binding sites for endogenous and exogenous agonists and allosteric modulators. Binding sites for endogenous and exogenous ligands are located throughout the large CaSR protein and are interconnected in ways that we do not yet fully understand. This review summarizes our current understanding of CaSR physiology, signaling, and structure and how the many different binding sites of the CaSR may be targeted to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Diao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Aaron DeBono
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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17
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Chanpaisaeng K, Teerapornpuntakit J, Wongdee K, Charoenphandhu N. Emerging roles of calcium-sensing receptor in the local regulation of intestinal transport of ions and calcium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C270-C278. [PMID: 33356945 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00485.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Whether the intestinal mucosal cells are capable of sensing calcium concentration in the lumen and pericellular interstitium remains enigmatic for decades. Most calcium-regulating organs, such as parathyroid gland, kidney, and bone, are capable of using calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) to detect plasma calcium and trigger appropriate feedback responses to maintain calcium homeostasis. Although both CaSR transcripts and proteins are abundantly expressed in the crypt and villous enterocytes of the small intestine as well as the surface epithelial cells of the large intestine, the studies of CaSR functions have been limited to amino acid sensing and regulation of epithelial fluid secretion. Interestingly, several lines of recent evidence have indicated that the enterocytes use CaSR to monitor luminal and extracellular calcium levels, thereby reducing the activity of transient receptor potential channel, subfamily V, member 6, and inducing paracrine and endocrine feedback responses to restrict calcium absorption. Recent investigations in zebra fish and rodents have also suggested the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 as an endocrine and/or paracrine factor participating in the negative control of intestinal calcium transport. In this review article, besides the CaSR-modulated ion transport, we elaborate the possible roles of CaSR and FGF-23 as well as their crosstalk as parts of a negative feedback loop for counterbalancing the seemingly unopposed calciotropic effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the intestinal calcium absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittikan Chanpaisaeng
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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18
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Xiang T, Wang Y, Lan T, Zhou L. Calcium-mediated parathyroid hormone suppression test in uraemic secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrology (Carlton) 2020; 26:164-169. [PMID: 33058364 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to investigate the value of calcium-mediated parathyroid hormone (PTH) suppression test in evaluating the autonomic secretory function of parathyroid, and the management of uraemic secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). METHODS Calcium-mediated PTH suppression test was performed in dialysis with SHPT, who were candidates for parathyroidectomy from June 2017 to December 2019 in our hospital. The PTH inhibition rate (PTH-IR) was calculated, and the correlation between PTH-IR and clinical indicators was explored. RESULTS Fifty-one subjects were included. PTH-IR was negatively correlated with baseline PTH (r = -0.35, P = .012), it was also correlated with dialysis years, coronary artery calcification score (CACS) and parathyroid mass (r = -0.397, P = .004; r = -0.327, P = .028; r = -0.363, P = .015), which were not found for baseline PTH. Forty-four patients underwent surgical treatment. According to the histological results, 26 patients presented with parathyroid non-nodular hyperplasia, and 18 patients presented with parathyroid nodular hyperplasia. The mass of parathyroid of patients with nodular hyperplasia was higher than that of patients with non-nodular hyperplasia (ρ = 0.01). The difference of the PTH-IR was not found between the two groups (ρ = 0.296). During the test, the highest serum calcium was 2.9 ± 0.4 mmol/L, which dropped to normal at the end of the test. CONCLUSION Parathyroid hormone inhibition rate might be a useful indicator in evaluating the autonomic secretory function of parathyroid and the progression of SHPT on top of intact PTH. Calcium-mediated PTH suppression test was safe in uraemic SHPT patients, but need to monitor for transient hypercalcaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Singh P, Bhadada SK, Dahiya D, Arya AK, Saikia UN, Sachdeva N, Kaur J, Brandi ML, Rao SD. Reduced Calcium Sensing Receptor (CaSR) Expression Is Epigenetically Deregulated in Parathyroid Adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5866028. [PMID: 32609827 PMCID: PMC7500582 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Reduced calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) expression has been implicated in parathyroid tumorigenesis, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Accordingly, we aimed to explore the epigenetic changes (DNA methylation and histone modifications) involved in CaSR regulation in sporadic parathyroid adenomas and correlate epigenetic state with disease indices. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Forty sporadic parathyroid adenomas and 10 control parathyroid tissues were studied. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for mRNA and immunohistochemistry for protein expression of CaSR were performed. The methylation status of the CaSR promoter 2 was determined by bisulphite sequencing analysis of sodium bisulphite-converted DNA. To determine the role of histone modifications in the CaSR regulation, chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR assay was performed. RESULTS Real-time qPCR revealed reduced CaSR mRNA expression with a fold reduction of 0.12 (P < 0.0001) in parathyroid adenomas. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced protein expression of CaSR in 90% (36/40) of adenomas. The promoter 2 region of CaSR displayed significant hypermethylation in 45% (18/40) of the adenomas compared with the controls (6.7%; 1 of 10) (P < 0.002). Bisulphite sequencing analysis revealed maximum methylated CpG at glial cell missing 2 binding site on the CaSR promoter 2 compared to other CpG sites. The methylation status of CaSR correlated directly with plasma intact parathyroid hormone levels in patients with parathyroid adenoma. With chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR analysis, H3K9me3 levels showed increased enrichment by 10-fold in adenomas and correlated with CaSR-mRNA expression (r = 0.61; P < 0.003). Treatment with 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine restored the expression of CaSR in a parathyroid cell line. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that hypermethylation and increased H3K9me3 of the CaSR promoter 2 are involved in silencing CaSR expression in sporadic parathyroid adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Sanjay Kumar Bhadada, Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India. E-mail:
| | - Divya Dahiya
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Uma Nahar Saikia
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Jyotdeep Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
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20
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Leach K, Hannan FM, Josephs TM, Keller AN, Møller TC, Ward DT, Kallay E, Mason RS, Thakker RV, Riccardi D, Conigrave AD, Bräuner-Osborne H. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVIII. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Nomenclature, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:558-604. [PMID: 32467152 PMCID: PMC7116503 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor that responds to multiple endogenous agonists and allosteric modulators, including divalent and trivalent cations, L-amino acids, γ-glutamyl peptides, polyamines, polycationic peptides, and protons. The CaSR plays a critical role in extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o) homeostasis, as demonstrated by the many naturally occurring mutations in the CaSR or its signaling partners that cause Ca2+ o homeostasis disorders. However, CaSR tissue expression in mammals is broad and includes tissues unrelated to Ca2+ o homeostasis, in which it, for example, regulates the secretion of digestive hormones, airway constriction, cardiovascular effects, cellular differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, although the CaSR is targeted clinically by the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) cinacalcet, evocalcet, and etelcalcetide in hyperparathyroidism, it is also a putative therapeutic target in diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The CaSR is somewhat unique in possessing multiple ligand binding sites, including at least five putative sites for the "orthosteric" agonist Ca2+ o, an allosteric site for endogenous L-amino acids, two further allosteric sites for small molecules and the peptide PAM, etelcalcetide, and additional sites for other cations and anions. The CaSR is promiscuous in its G protein-coupling preferences, and signals via Gq/11, Gi/o, potentially G12/13, and even Gs in some cell types. Not surprisingly, the CaSR is subject to biased agonism, in which distinct ligands preferentially stimulate a subset of the CaSR's possible signaling responses, to the exclusion of others. The CaSR thus serves as a model receptor to study natural bias and allostery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a complex G protein-coupled receptor that possesses multiple orthosteric and allosteric binding sites, is subject to biased signaling via several different G proteins, and has numerous (patho)physiological roles. Understanding the complexities of CaSR structure, function, and biology will aid future drug discovery efforts seeking to target this receptor for a diversity of diseases. This review summarizes what is known to date regarding key structural, pharmacological, and physiological features of the CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Donald T Ward
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
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21
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Marx SJ, Sinaii N. Neonatal Severe Hyperparathyroidism: Novel Insights From Calcium, PTH, and the CASR Gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5645387. [PMID: 31778168 PMCID: PMC7111126 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) is rare and potentially lethal. It is usually from homozygous or heterozygous germline-inactivating CASR variant(s). NSHPT shows a puzzling range of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Optimal therapy is unclear. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We categorized genotype/phenotype pairings related to CASRs. For the 2 pairings in NSHPT, each of 57 cases of neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism required calcium, PTH, upper normal PTH, and dosage of a germline pathogenic CASR variant. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Homozygous and heterozygous NSHPT are 2 among a spectrum of 9 genotype/phenotype pairings relating to CASRs and NSHPT. For the 2 NSHPT pairings, expressions differ in CASR allelic dosage, CASR variant severity, and sufficiency of maternofetal calcium fluxes. Homozygous dosage of CASR variants was generally more aggressive than heterozygous. Among heterozygotes, high-grade CASR variants in vitro were more pathogenic in vivo than low-grade variants. Fetal calcium insufficiency as from maternal hypoparathyroidism caused fetal secondary hyperparathyroidism, which persisted and was reversible in neonates. Among NSHPT pairings, calcium and PTH were higher in CASR homozygotes than in heterozygotes. Extreme hypercalcemia (above 4.5 mM; normal 2.2-2.6 mM) is a robust biomarker, occurring only in homozygotes (83% of that pairing). It could occur during the first week. CONCLUSIONS In NSHPT pairings, the homozygotes for pathogenic CASR variants show higher calcium and PTH levels than heterozygotes. Calcium levels above 4.5 mM among NSHPT are frequent and unique only to most homozygotes. This cutoff supports early and robust diagnosis of CASR dosage. Thereby, it promotes definitive total parathyroidectomy in most homozygotes.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Calcium/blood
- Female
- Genotype
- Heterozygote
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/blood
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/diagnosis
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/genetics
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/blood
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/genetics
- Male
- Mutation
- Parathyroid Hormone/blood
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Calcium-Sensing/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Marx
- Office of the Scientific Director, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD
- Correspondence: Stephen Marx MD, N.I.H., Bld 6A, Room 2A-04A, MSC 0614, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. E-mail:
| | - Ninet Sinaii
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD
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22
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Sheehan M, Tanimu S, Tanimu Y, Engel J, Onitilo A. Cinacalcet for the Treatment of Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: An Introductory Case Report with a Pathophysiologic and Therapeutic Review. Case Rep Oncol 2020; 13:321-329. [PMID: 32308599 PMCID: PMC7154241 DOI: 10.1159/000506100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercalcemia is an ominous development in the course of malignancy associated with a mean survival of only several months. A majority of cases of hypercalcemia are related to humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM), where hypercalcemia is caused by increased levels of circulating parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). Mainstay treatments in the management of HHM are intravenous fluids, intravenous bisphosphonates, and subcutaneous denosumab, although hypercalcemia oftentimes recurs despite these efforts. We present a case of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with PTHrP-mediated hypercalcemia that proved resistant to standard therapy. A trial of oral cinacalcet was initiated and improved calcium levels for 2 months despite a progressive rise in PTHrP and prior to subsequent disease progression. Based on the current body of literature, we propose that this calcium-lowering effect of cinacalcet occurs due to a potential effect on renal calcium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sheehan
- Department of Endocrinology, Marshfield Medical Center - Weston, Weston, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sabo Tanimu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Marshfield Medical Center - Weston, Weston, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yusuf Tanimu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Marshfield Medical Center - Marshfield, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jessica Engel
- Department of Oncology, Marshfield Medical Center - Weston, Weston, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adedayo Onitilo
- Department of Oncology, Marshfield Medical Center - Weston, Weston, Wisconsin, USA
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23
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Sensing Extracellular Calcium - An Insight into the Structure and Function of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:1031-1063. [PMID: 31646544 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays a key role in calcium homeostasis, by sensing free calcium levels in blood and regulating parathyroid hormone secretion in response. The CaSR is highly expressed in parathyroid gland and kidney where its role is well characterised, but also in other tissues where its function remains to be determined. The CaSR can be activated by a variety of endogenous ligands, as well as by synthetic modulators such as Cinacalcet, used in the clinic to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease. The CaSR couples to multiple G proteins, in a tissue-specific manner, activating several signalling pathways and thus regulating diverse intracellular events. The multifaceted nature of this receptor makes it a valuable therapeutic target for calciotropic and non-calciotropic diseases. It is therefore essential to understand the complexity behind the pharmacology, trafficking, and signalling characteristics of this receptor. This review provides an overview of the latest knowledge about the CaSR and discusses future hot topics in this field.
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24
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van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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A Narrative Role of Vitamin D and Its Receptor: With Current Evidence on the Gastric Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153832. [PMID: 31387330 PMCID: PMC6695859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a major steroid hormone that is gaining attention as a therapeutic molecule. Due to the general awareness of its importance for the overall well-being, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is now recognized as a major health issue. The main reason for VDD is minimal exposure to sunlight. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the steroid hormone receptors that induces a cascade of cell signaling to maintain healthy Ca2+ levels that serve to regulate several biological functions. However, the roles of vitamin D and its metabolism in maintaining gastric homeostasis have not yet been completely elucidated. Currently, there is a need to increase the vitamin D status in individuals worldwide as it has been shown to improve musculoskeletal health and reduce the risk of chronic illnesses, including some cancers, autoimmune and infectious diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, neurocognitive disorders, and general mortality. The role of vitamin D in gastric homeostasis is crucial and unexplored. This review attempts to elucidate the central role of vitamin D in preserving and maintaining the overall health and homeostasis of the stomach tissue.
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26
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Mun HC, Leach KM, Conigrave AD. L-Amino Acids Promote Calcitonin Release via a Calcium-Sensing Receptor: Gq/11-Mediated Pathway in Human C-Cells. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1590-1599. [PMID: 31127815 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human calcitonin release is promoted by elevated extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) concentration acting, at least in part, via the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). The CaSR is positively modulated by L-amino acids, including the aromatic amino acids L-phenylalanine (Phe) and L-tryptophan (Trp). To investigate the effect of L-amino acids on human calcitonin secretion, we selected thyroid TT cells and exposed them to various Ca2+o concentrations in the absence or presence of L-Phe, plasma-like mixtures of L-amino acids, or the clinically effective positive modulator (calcimimetic) cinacalcet. In the presence of L-Phe or plasma-like mixtures of amino acids, TT cells exhibited enhanced Ca2+o sensitivity in assays of calcitonin release and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Furthermore, the effect of elevated Ca2+o and L-Phe on calcitonin release was markedly suppressed by the calcilytic NPS-2143. These effects were dependent on CaSR-mediated activation of Gq/11 as revealed by the specific inhibitor YM-254890. The findings support the hypothesis that calcitonin release is stimulated by increases in plasma L-amino acid levels as well as elevated Ca2+o concentration. They also demonstrate that stimulated calcitonin release as well as basal levels of calcitonin secretion are mediated by a CaSR:Gq/11 signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Chang Mun
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katie M Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Odutola SO, Bridges LE, Awumey EM. Protein Kinase C Downregulation Enhanced Extracellular Ca 2+-Induced Relaxation of Isolated Mesenteric Arteries from Aged Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:427-435. [PMID: 31197021 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.258475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) detects small changes in extracellular calcium (Ca2+ e) concentration ([Ca2+]e) and transduces the signal into modulation of various signaling pathways. Ca2+-induced relaxation of isolated phenylephrine-contracted mesenteric arteries is mediated by the CaSR of the perivascular nerve. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms involved in vascular CaSR signaling may provide insights into the physiologic functions of the receptor and identify targets for the development of new treatments for cardiovascular pathologies such as hypertension. Protein kinase Cα (PKCα) is a critical regulator of multiple signaling pathways and can phosphorylate the CaSR leading to receptor desensitization. In this study, we used automated wire myography to investigate the effects of CaSR mutation and small-interfering RNA downregulation of PKCα on CaSR-mediated relaxation of phenylephrine-contracted mesenteric arteries from aged Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats on a low-salt diet. The data showed minimal relaxation responses of arteries to Ca2+ e in wild-type (SS) and CaSR mutant (SS-Casrem1Mcwi) rats. Mutation of the CaSR gene had no significant effect on relaxation. PKCα expression was similar in wild-type and mutant rats, and small-interfering RNA downregulation of PKCα and/or inhibition of PKC with the Ca2+-sensitive Gӧ 6976 resulted in a >80% increase in relaxation. Significant differences in EC50 values were observed between treated and untreated controls (P < 0.05 analysis of variance). The results indicate that PKCα plays an important role in the regulation of CaSR-mediated relaxation of mesenteric arteries, and its downregulation or pharmacological inhibition may lead to an increased Ca2+ sensitivity of the receptor and reversal of age-related changes in vascular tone. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled CaSR signaling leads to the regulation of vascular tone and may, therefore, play a vital role in blood pressure regulation. The receptor has several PKC phosphorylation sites in the C-terminal intracellular tail that mediate desensitization. We have previously shown that activation of the CaSR in neuronal cells leads to PKC phosphorylation, indicating that protein kinase C is an important regulator of CaSR function. Therefore, PKC in the CaSR signaling pathway in mesenteric arteries is a potential target for the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat hypertension and age-related vascular dysfunction. The present studies show that small-interfering RNA downregulation of PKCα and pharmacological inhibition of PKC enhanced CaSR-mediated relaxation of phenylephrine-contracted mesenteric arteries from aged Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O Odutola
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute (S.O.O., L.E.B., E.M.A.) and Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.M.A), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (E.M.A.)
| | - Lakeesha E Bridges
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute (S.O.O., L.E.B., E.M.A.) and Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.M.A), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (E.M.A.)
| | - Emmanuel M Awumey
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute (S.O.O., L.E.B., E.M.A.) and Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.M.A), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (E.M.A.)
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28
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Marx SJ, Goltzman D. Evolution of Our Understanding of the Hyperparathyroid Syndromes: A Historical Perspective. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:22-37. [PMID: 30536424 PMCID: PMC6396287 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We review advancing and overlapping stages for our understanding of the expressions of six hyperparathyroid (HPT) syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or type 4, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A), hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, and familial isolated hyperparathyroidism. During stage 1 (1903 to 1967), the introduction of robust measurement of serum calcium was a milestone that uncovered hypercalcemia as the first sign of dysfunction in many HPT subjects, and inheritability was reported in each syndrome. The earliest reports of HPT syndromes were biased toward severe or striking manifestations. During stage 2 (1959 to 1985), the early formulations of a syndrome were improved. Radioimmunoassays (parathyroid hormone [PTH], gastrin, insulin, prolactin, calcitonin) were breakthroughs. They could identify a syndrome carrier, indicate an emerging tumor, characterize a tumor, or monitor a tumor. During stage 3 (1981 to 2006), the assembly of many cases enabled recognition of further details. For example, hormone non-secreting skin lesions were discovered in MEN1 and MEN2A. During stage 4 (1985 to the present), new genomic tools were a revolution for gene identification. Four principal genes ("principal" implies mutated or deleted in 50% or more probands for its syndrome) (MEN1, RET, CASR, CDC73) were identified for five syndromes. During stage 5 (1993 to the present), seven syndromal genes other than a principal gene were identified (CDKN1B, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CDKN1A, GNA11, AP2S1, GCM2). Identification of AP2S1 and GCM2 became possible because of whole-exome sequencing. During stages 4 and 5, the newly identified genes enabled many studies, including robust assignment of the carriers and non-carriers of a mutation. Furthermore, molecular pathways of RET and the calcium-sensing receptor were elaborated, thereby facilitating developments in pharmacotherapy. Current findings hold the promise that more genes for HPT syndromes will be identified and studied in the near future. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Marx
- Office of the Scientific Director, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Hannan FM, Kallay E, Chang W, Brandi ML, Thakker RV. The calcium-sensing receptor in physiology and in calcitropic and noncalcitropic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 15:33-51. [PMID: 30443043 PMCID: PMC6535143 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a dimeric family C G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed in calcitropic tissues such as the parathyroid glands and the kidneys and signals via G proteins and β-arrestin. The CaSR has a pivotal role in bone and mineral metabolism, as it regulates parathyroid hormone secretion, urinary Ca2+ excretion, skeletal development and lactation. The importance of the CaSR for these calcitropic processes is highlighted by loss-of-function and gain-of-function CaSR mutations that cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia, respectively, and also by the fact that alterations in parathyroid CaSR expression contribute to the pathogenesis of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Moreover, the CaSR is an established therapeutic target for hyperparathyroid disorders. The CaSR is also expressed in organs not involved in Ca2+ homeostasis: it has noncalcitropic roles in lung and neuronal development, vascular tone, gastrointestinal nutrient sensing, wound healing and secretion of insulin and enteroendocrine hormones. Furthermore, the abnormal expression or function of the CaSR is implicated in cardiovascular and neurological diseases, as well as in asthma, and the CaSR is reported to protect against colorectal cancer and neuroblastoma but increase the malignant potential of prostate and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Dedic C, Hung TS, Shipley AM, Maeda A, Gardella T, Miller AL, Divieti Pajevic P, Kunkel JG, Rubinacci A. Calcium fluxes at the bone/plasma interface: Acute effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and targeted deletion of PTH/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor in the osteocytes. Bone 2018; 116:135-143. [PMID: 30053608 PMCID: PMC6158063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]) in the systemic extracellular fluid, ECF-[Ca2+], is maintained around a genetically predetermined set-point, which combines the operational level of the kidney and bone/ECF interfaces. The ECF-[Ca2+] is maintained within a narrow oscillation range by the regulatory action of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Calcitonin, FGF-23, and 1,25(OH)2D3. This model implies two correction mechanisms, i.e. tubular Ca2+ reabsorption and osteoclast Ca2+ resorption. Although their alterations have an effect on the ECF-[Ca2+] maintenance, they cannot fully account for rapid correction of the continuing perturbations of plasma [Ca2+], which occur daily in life. The existence of Ca2+ fluxes at quiescent bone surfaces fulfills the role of a short-term error correction mechanism in Ca2+ homeostasis. To explore the hypothesis that PTH regulates the cell system responsible for the fast Ca2+ fluxes at the bone/ECF interface, we have performed direct real-time measurements of Ca2+ fluxes at the surface of ex-vivo metatarsal bones maintained in physiological conditions mimicking ECF, and exposed to PTH. To further characterize whether the PTH receptor on osteocytes is a critical component of the minute-to-minute ECF-[Ca2+] regulation, metatarsal bones from mice lacking the PTH receptor in these cells were tested ex vivo for rapid Ca2+ exchange. We performed direct real-time measurements of Ca2+ fluxes and concentration gradients by a scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET). To validate ex vivo measurements, we also evaluated acute calcemic response to PTH in vivo in mice lacking PTH receptors in osteocytes vs littermate controls. Our data demonstrated that Ca2+ fluxes at the bone-ECF interface in excised bones as well as acute calcemic response in the short-term were unaffected by PTH exposure and its signaling through its receptor in osteocytes. Rapid minute-to-minute regulation of the ECF-[Ca2+] was found to be independent of PTH actions on osteocytes. Similarly, mice lacking PTH receptor in osteocytes, responded to PTH challenge with similar calcemic increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dedic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tin Shing Hung
- Division of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Akira Maeda
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA; Chugai Pharmaceutical, Japan
| | | | - Andrew L Miller
- Division of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph G Kunkel
- Pickus Center for Biomedical Research, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Alessandro Rubinacci
- Bone Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
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Zeng J, Pan Y, Cui B, Zhai T, Gao S, Zhao Q, Sun Y. Calcium‑sensing receptors in human peripheral T lymphocytes and AMI: Cause and effect. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3437-3446. [PMID: 30320381 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a disease associated with inflammation. T lymphocytes are involved by secreting cytokines and inflammatory factors. In our previous study, it was found that the T lymphocytes exhibited certain functional changes, the onset of which was induced by modulating calcium‑sensing receptor (CaSR) in AMI. In the present study, western blotting was used to verified the expression of T lymphocyte CaSR and pathway proteins, including phosphorylated extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (P‑ERK)1/2 and phosphorylated c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (P‑JNK), and used cytometric bead array to detect the secretion of interleukin (IL)‑4, IL‑6, IL‑10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in AMI onset, the results demonstrated that they were all increased. In addition, the expression of T lymphocyte pathway proteins, including P‑ERK1/2 and P‑JNK, and the secretion of IL‑4, IL‑6, IL‑10 and TNF‑α decreased after T lymphocytes being transfected by CaSR small interfering RNA. By contrast, the neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes under hypoxia and hypoxia/re‑oxygenation exhibited ultrastructural damage, increased apoptosis, increased production of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde, and reduced superoxide dismutase; these indicators changed extensively when cardiomyocytes were co‑cultured with T lymphocytes. However, the effects were reversed when the cardiomyocytes were co‑cultured with CaSR‑silenced T lymphocytes. These results indicated that CaSR may modulate T lymphocytes to release cytokines through mitogen‑activated protein kinase pathways and affect cardiomyocyte injury. The relationship between AMI and T lymphocyte CaSR is reciprocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Baohong Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Taiyu Zhai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Qianyu Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yihua Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Diepenhorst NA, Leach K, Keller AN, Rueda P, Cook AE, Pierce TL, Nowell C, Pastoureau P, Sabatini M, Summers RJ, Charman WN, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Langmead CJ. Divergent effects of strontium and calcium-sensing receptor positive allosteric modulators (calcimimetics) on human osteoclast activity. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4095-4108. [PMID: 29714810 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Strontium ranelate, a drug approved and until recently used for the treatment of osteoporosis, mediates its effects on bone at least in part via the calcium-sensing (CaS) receptor. However, it is not known whether bone-targeted CaS receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs; calcimimetics) represent an alternative (or adjunctive) therapy to strontium (Sr2+ o ). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We assessed three structurally distinct calcimimetics [cinacalcet, AC-265347 and a benzothiazole tri-substituted urea (BTU-compound 13)], alone and in combination with extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o ) or Sr2+ o , in G protein-dependent signalling assays and trafficking experiments in HEK293 cells and their effects on cell differentiation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and hydroxyapatite resorption assays in human blood-derived osteoclasts. KEY RESULTS Sr2+ o activated CaS receptor-dependent signalling in HEK293 cells in a similar manner to Ca2+ o , and inhibited the maturation, TRAP expression and hydroxyapatite resorption capacity of human osteoclasts. Calcimimetics potentiated Ca2+ o - and Sr2+ o -mediated CaS receptor signalling in HEK293 cells with distinct biased profiles, and only cinacalcet chaperoned an endoplasmic reticulum-retained CaS mutant receptor to the cell surface in HEK293 cells, indicative of a conformational state different from that engendered by AC-265347 and BTU-compound 13. Intriguingly, only cinacalcet modulated human osteoclast function, reducing TRAP activity and profoundly inhibiting resorption. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Although AC-265347 and BTU-compound 13 potentiated Ca2+ o - and Sr2+ o -induced CaS receptor activation, they neither replicated nor potentiated the ability of Sr2+ o to inhibit human osteoclast function. In contrast, the FDA-approved calcimimetic, cinacalcet, inhibited osteoclast TRAP activity and hydroxyapatite resorption, which may contribute to its clinical effects on bone mineral density LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Diepenhorst
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia Rueda
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna E Cook
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracie L Pierce
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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33
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Diepenhorst N, Rueda P, Cook AE, Pastoureau P, Sabatini M, Langmead CJ. G protein-coupled receptors as anabolic drug targets in osteoporosis. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 184:1-12. [PMID: 29080701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disorder characterised by imbalance between bone building (anabolism) and resorption (catabolism). Most therapeutics target inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, but more recent attention in early drug discovery has focussed on anabolic targets in osteoblasts or their precursors. Two marketed agents that display anabolic properties, strontium ranelate and teriparatide, mediate their actions via the G protein-coupled calcium-sensing and parathyroid hormone-1 receptors, respectively. This review explores their activity, the potential for improved therapeutics targeting these receptors and other putative anabolic GPCR targets, including Smoothened, Wnt/Frizzled, relaxin family peptide, adenosine, cannabinoid, prostaglandin and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Diepenhorst
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Patricia Rueda
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna E Cook
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Philippe Pastoureau
- Therapeutic Innovation Pole of Immuno-Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Massimo Sabatini
- Therapeutic Innovation Pole of Immuno-Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Gorvin CM, Rogers A, Stewart M, Paudyal A, Hough TA, Teboul L, Wells S, Brown SD, Cox RD, Thakker RV. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-Induced Adaptor Protein 2 Sigma Subunit 1 ( Ap2s1) Mutations Establish Ap2s1 Loss-of-Function Mice. JBMR Plus 2017; 1:3-15. [PMID: 29479578 PMCID: PMC5824975 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein‐2 sigma subunit (AP2σ), encoded by AP2S1, forms a heterotetrameric complex, with AP2α, AP2β, and AP2μ subunits, that is pivotal for clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, and AP2σ loss‐of‐function mutations impair internalization of the calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR), a G‐protein–coupled receptor, and cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type‐3 (FHH3). Mice with AP2σ mutations that would facilitate investigations of the in vivo role of AP2σ, are not available, and we therefore embarked on establishing such mice. We screened >10,000 mice treated with the mutagen N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) for Ap2s1 mutations and identified 5 Ap2s1 variants, comprising 2 missense (Tyr20Asn and Ile123Asn) and 3 intronic base substitutions, one of which altered the invariant donor splice site dinucleotide gt to gc. Three‐dimensional modeling and cellular expression of the missense Ap2s1 variants did not reveal them to alter AP2σ structure or CaSR‐mediated signaling, but investigation of the donor splice site variant revealed it to result in an in‐frame deletion of 17 evolutionarily conserved amino acids (del17) that formed part of the AP2σ α1‐helix, α1‐β3 loop, and β3 strand. Heterozygous mutant mice (Ap2s1+/del17) were therefore established, and these had AP2σ haplosufficiency but were viable with normal appearance and growth. Ap2s1+/del17 mice, when compared with Ap2s1+/+ mice, also had normal plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, and alkaline phosphatase activity; normal urinary fractional excretion of calcium, phosphate, sodium, and potassium; and normal plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2) concentrations. However, homozygous Ap2s1del17/del17 mice were non‐viable and died between embryonic days 3.5 and 9.5 (E3.5–9.5), thereby indicating that AP2σ likely has important roles at the embryonic patterning stages and organogenesis of the heart, thyroid, liver, gut, lungs, pancreas, and neural systems. Thus, our studies have established a mutant mouse model that is haplosufficient for AP2σ. © 2017 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Rogers
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle Stewart
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Anju Paudyal
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Tertius A Hough
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Lydia Teboul
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Steve Dm Brown
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Roger D Cox
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Xiao R, Su Y, Feng T, Sun M, Liu B, Zhang J, Lu Y, Li J, Wang T, Zhu L, Hu Q. Monocrotaline Induces Endothelial Injury and Pulmonary Hypertension by Targeting the Extracellular Calcium-Sensing Receptor. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004865. [PMID: 28330842 PMCID: PMC5533002 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocrotaline has been widely used to establish an animal model of pulmonary hypertension. The molecular target underlying monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery endothelial injury and pulmonary hypertension remains unknown. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and particularly its extracellular domain hold the potential structural basis for monocrotaline to bind. This study aimed to reveal whether monocrotaline induces pulmonary hypertension by targeting the CaSR. METHODS AND RESULTS Nuclear magnetic resonance screening through WaterLOGSY (water ligand-observed gradient spectroscopy) and saturation transfer difference on protein preparation demonstrated the binding of monocrotaline to the CaSR. Immunocytochemical staining showed colocalization of monocrotaline with the CaSR in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Cellular thermal shift assay further verified the binding of monocrotaline to the CaSR in pulmonary arteries from monocrotaline-injected rats. Monocrotaline enhanced the assembly of CaSR, triggered the mobilization of calcium signaling, and damaged pulmonary artery endothelial cells in a CaSR-dependent manner. Finally, monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats was significantly attenuated or abolished by the inhibitor, the general or lung knockdown or knockout of CaSR. CONCLUSIONS Monocrotaline aggregates on and activates the CaSR of pulmonary artery endothelial cells to trigger endothelial damage and, ultimately, induces pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxiang Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Bingxun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Yankai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jiansha Li
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China .,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China .,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
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36
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Roszko KL, Bi R, Gorvin CM, Bräuner-Osborne H, Xiong XF, Inoue A, Thakker RV, Strømgaard K, Gardella T, Mannstadt M. Knockin mouse with mutant G α11 mimics human inherited hypocalcemia and is rescued by pharmacologic inhibitors. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91079. [PMID: 28194446 PMCID: PMC5291736 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins play critical roles in transducing extracellular signals generated by 7-transmembrane domain receptors. Somatic gain-of-function mutations in G protein α subunits are associated with a variety of diseases. Recently, we identified gain-of-function mutations in Gα11 in patients with autosomal-dominant hypocalcemia type 2 (ADH2), an inherited disorder of hypocalcemia, low parathyroid hormone (PTH), and hyperphosphatemia. We have generated knockin mice harboring the point mutation GNA11 c.C178T (p.Arg60Cys) identified in ADH2 patients. The mutant mice faithfully replicated human ADH2. They also exhibited low bone mineral density and increased skin pigmentation. Treatment with NPS 2143, a negative allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), increased PTH and calcium concentrations in WT and mutant mice, suggesting that the gain-of-function effect of GNA11R6OC is partly dependent on coupling to the CASR. Treatment with the Gα11/q-specific inhibitor YM-254890 increased blood calcium in heterozygous but not in homozygous GNA11R60C mice, consistent with published crystal structure data showing that Arg60 forms a critical contact with YM-254890. This animal model of ADH2 provides insights into molecular mechanism of this G protein-related disease and potential paths toward new lines of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Roszko
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruiye Bi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Feng Xiong
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Conigrave AD. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor and the Parathyroid: Past, Present, Future. Front Physiol 2016; 7:563. [PMID: 28018229 PMCID: PMC5156698 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) defends the extracellular fluid from hypocalcemia and has powerful and well-documented actions on the skeleton and renal tubular system. To achieve a satisfactory stable plasma calcium level, the secretion of PTH, and the resulting serum PTH level, is titrated carefully to the prevailing plasma ionized Ca2+ concentration via a Ca2+ sensing mechanism that mediates feedback inhibition of PTH secretion. Herein, I consider the properties of the parathyroid Ca2+ sensing mechanism, the identity of the Ca2+ sensor, the intracellular biochemical mechanisms that it controls, the manner of its integration with other components of the PTH secretion control mechanism, and its modulation by other nutrients. Together the well-established, recently elucidated, and yet-to-be discovered elements of the story constitute the past, present, and future of the parathyroid and its calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Conigrave
- Faculties of Science and Medicine, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Calcium Oxalate Induces Renal Injury through Calcium-Sensing Receptor. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5203801. [PMID: 27965733 PMCID: PMC5124692 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5203801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate whether calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a role in calcium-oxalate-induced renal injury. Materials and Methods. HK-2 cells and rats were treated with calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals with or without pretreatment with the CaSR-specific agonist gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) or the CaSR-specific antagonist NPS2390. Changes in oxidative stress (OS) in HK-2 cells and rat kidneys were assessed. In addition, CaSR, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38 expression was determined. Further, crystal adhesion assay was performed in vitro, and the serum urea and creatinine levels and crystal deposition in the kidneys were also examined. Results. CaOx increased CaSR, ERK, JNK, and p38 protein expression and OS in vitro and in vivo. These deleterious changes were further enhanced upon pretreatment with the CaSR agonist GdCl3 but were attenuated by the specific CaSR inhibitor NPS2390 compared with CaOx treatment alone. Pretreatment with GdCl3 further increased in vitro and in vivo crystal adhesion and renal hypofunction. In contrast, pretreatment with NPS2390 decreased in vitro and in vivo crystal adhesion and renal hypofunction. Conclusions. CaOx-induced renal injury is related to CaSR-mediated OS and increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which subsequently leads to CaOx crystal adhesion.
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Roszko KL, Bi RD, Mannstadt M. Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia (Hypoparathyroidism) Types 1 and 2. Front Physiol 2016; 7:458. [PMID: 27803672 PMCID: PMC5067375 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular calcium is essential for life and its concentration in the blood is maintained within a narrow range. This is achieved by a feedback loop that receives input from the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), expressed on the surface of parathyroid cells. In response to low ionized calcium, the parathyroids increase secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases serum calcium. The CASR is also highly expressed in the kidneys, where it regulates the reabsorption of calcium from the primary filtrate. Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH) type 1 is caused by heterozygous activating mutations in the CASR which increase the sensitivity of the CASR to extracellular ionized calcium. Consequently, PTH synthesis and secretion are suppressed at normal ionized calcium concentrations. Patients present with hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, low magnesium levels, and low or low-normal levels of PTH. Urinary calcium excretion is typically increased due to the decrease in circulating PTH concentrations and by the activation of the renal tubular CASR. Therapeutic attempts using CASR antagonists (calcilytics) to treat ADH are currently under investigation. Recently, heterozygous mutations in the alpha subunit of the G protein G11 (Gα11) have been identified in patients with ADH, and this has been classified as ADH type 2. ADH2 mutations lead to a gain-of-function of Gα11, a key mediator of CASR signaling. Therefore, the mechanism of hypocalcemia appears similar to that of activating mutations in the CASR, namely an increase in the sensitivity of parathyroid cells to extracellular ionized calcium. Studies of activating mutations in the CASR and gain-of-function mutations in Gα11 can help define new drug targets and improve medical management of patients with ADH types 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Roszko
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruiye D Bi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Abstract
Calcium is an important ion in cell signaling, hormone regulation, and bone health. Its regulation is complex and intimately connected to that of phosphate homeostasis. Both ions are maintained at appropriate levels to maintain the extracellular to intracellular gradients, allow for mineralization of bone, and to prevent extra skeletal and urinary calcification. The homeostasis involves the target organs intestine, parathyroid glands, kidney, and bone. Multiple hormones converge to regulate the extracellular calcium level: parathyroid hormone, vitamin D (principally 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D), fibroblast growth factor 23, and α-klotho. Fine regulation of calcium homeostasis occurs in the thick ascending limb and collecting tubule segments via actions of the calcium sensing receptor and several channels/transporters. The kidney participates in homeostatic loops with bone, intestine, and parathyroid glands. Initially in the course of progressive kidney disease, the homeostatic response maintains serum levels of calcium and phosphorus in the desired range, and maintains neutral balance. However, once the kidneys are no longer able to appropriately respond to hormones and excrete calcium and phosphate, positive balance ensues leading to adverse cardiac and skeletal abnormalities. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1781-1800, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Section of Nephrology, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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41
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Mayr B, Glaudo M, Schöfl C. Activating Calcium-Sensing Receptor Mutations: Prospects for Future Treatment with Calcilytics. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:643-652. [PMID: 27339034 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations of the G protein-coupled receptor, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), cause autosomal dominant hypocalcemia and Bartter syndrome type 5. These mutations lower the set-point for extracellular calcium sensing, thereby causing decreased parathyroid hormone secretion and disturbed renal calcium handling with hypercalciuria. Available therapies increase serum calcium levels but raise the risk of complications in affected patients. Symptom relief and the prevention of adverse outcome is currently very difficult to achieve. Calcilytics act as CaSR antagonists that attenuate its activity, thereby correcting the molecular defect of activating CaSR proteins in vitro and elevating serum calcium in mice and humans in vivo, and have emerged as the most promising therapeutics for the treatment of these rare and difficult to treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Mayr
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Glaudo
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Christof Schöfl
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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42
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Zeng JY, Du JJ, Pan Y, Wu J, Bi HL, Cui BH, Zhai TY, Sun Y, Sun YH. Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Human Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes Is Involved in the AMI Onset and Progression through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1397. [PMID: 27563892 PMCID: PMC5037677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a condition triggered by an inflammatory process that seriously affects human health. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in T lymphocytes is involved during the inflammation reaction. However, the relationship between them is not very clear. In this study, we collected human peripheral blood T lymphocytes from patients with AMI and in different stages of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (at the onset of AMI, the first day after PCI (PCI-1), PCI-3, and PCI-5) to study the CaSR and NF-κB pathway protein expression, cytokine release and T cell apoptosis. The results showed that the expressions of CaSR, P-p65, Caspase-12, and the secretions of Th-1 and Th-2 type cytokines were increased at the onset of AMI, especially on the PCI-1. Meanwhile, the apoptosis rate of CD(3+), CD(4+) and CD(8+) T lymphocytes also increased. However, from PCI-3, all the indicators began to decline. In addition, we also found that positive CaSR small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection in T lymphocytes and NF-κB pathway blocker Bay-11-7082 reversed the increased expressions of CaSR, P-p65, Caspase-12, reduced the secretions of Th-1 and Th-2 type cytokines, and decreased T lymphocytes apoptosis rate not only in the AMI patients but also in the normal controls. All of these results indicated that CaSR in the human peripheral blood T lymphocytes were involved in the AMI onset and progression, which probably was related to the NF-κB pathway. Our study demonstrated the relationship between AMI and CaSR, and will provide new effective prevention theory and new targets for drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ya Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Du
- Blood Transfusion Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Hai-Liang Bi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Bao-Hong Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Tai-Yu Zhai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
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43
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Leach K, Gregory KJ, Kufareva I, Khajehali E, Cook AE, Abagyan R, Conigrave AD, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Towards a structural understanding of allosteric drugs at the human calcium-sensing receptor. Cell Res 2016; 26:574-92. [PMID: 27002221 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that allosterically target the human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have substantial therapeutic potential, but are currently limited. Given the absence of high-resolution structures of the CaSR, we combined mutagenesis with a novel analytical approach and molecular modeling to develop an "enriched" picture of structure-function requirements for interaction between Ca(2+)o and allosteric modulators within the CaSR's 7 transmembrane (7TM) domain. An extended cavity that accommodates multiple binding sites for structurally diverse ligands was identified. Phenylalkylamines bind to a site that overlaps with a putative Ca(2+)o-binding site and extends towards an extracellular vestibule. In contrast, the structurally and pharmacologically distinct AC-265347 binds deeper within the 7TM domains. Furthermore, distinct amino acid networks were found to mediate cooperativity by different modulators. These findings may facilitate the rational design of allosteric modulators with distinct and potentially pathway-biased pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna E Cook
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Tang H, Yamamura A, Yamamura H, Song S, Fraidenburg DR, Chen J, Gu Y, Pohl NM, Zhou T, Jiménez-Pérez L, Ayon RJ, Desai AA, Goltzman D, Rischard F, Khalpey Z, Black SM, Garcia JGN, Makino A, Yuan JXJ. Pathogenic role of calcium-sensing receptors in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L846-59. [PMID: 26968768 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00050.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]cyt) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is a major trigger for pulmonary vasoconstriction and a critical stimulation for PASMC proliferation and migration. Previously, we demonstrated that expression and function of calcium sensing receptors (CaSR) in PASMC from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and animals with experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) were greater than in PASMC from normal subjects and control animals. However, the mechanisms by which CaSR triggers Ca(2+) influx in PASMC and the implication of CaSR in the development of PH remain elusive. Here, we report that CaSR functionally interacts with TRPC6 to regulate [Ca(2+)]cyt in PASMC. Downregulation of CaSR or TRPC6 with siRNA inhibited Ca(2+)-induced [Ca(2+)]cyt increase in IPAH-PASMC (in which CaSR is upregulated), whereas overexpression of CaSR or TRPC6 enhanced Ca(2+)-induced [Ca(2+)]cyt increase in normal PASMC (in which CaSR expression level is low). The upregulated CaSR in IPAH-PASMC was also associated with enhanced Akt phosphorylation, whereas blockade of CaSR in IPAH-PASMC attenuated cell proliferation. In in vivo experiments, deletion of the CaSR gene in mice (casr(-/-)) significantly inhibited the development and progression of experimental PH and markedly attenuated acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. These data indicate that functional interaction of upregulated CaSR and upregulated TRPC6 in PASMC from IPAH patients and animals with experimental PH may play an important role in the development and progression of sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Blockade or downregulation of CaSR and/or TRPC6 with siRNA or miRNA may be a novel therapeutic strategy to develop new drugs for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Aya Yamamura
- Kinjo Gakuin University School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamamura
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Dustin R Fraidenburg
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yali Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Nicole M Pohl
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Ramon J Ayon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franz Rischard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Zain Khalpey
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephan M Black
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, and
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Ayako Makino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, and
| | - Jason X J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, and
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Abstract
Five syndromes share predominantly hyperplastic glands with a primary excess of hormones: neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, from homozygous mutated CASR, begins severely in utero; congenital non-autoimmune thyrotoxicosis, from mutated TSHR, varies from severe with fetal onset to mild with adult onset; familial male-limited precocious puberty, from mutated LHR, expresses testosterone oversecretion in young boys; hereditary ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, from mutated FSHR, expresses symptomatic systemic vascular permeabilities during pregnancy; and familial hyperaldosteronism type IIIA, from mutated KCNJ5, presents in young children with hypertension and hypokalemia. The grouping of these five syndromes highlights predominant hyperplasia as a stable tissue endpoint and as their tissue stage for all of the hormone excess. Comparisons were made among this and two other groups of syndromes, forming a continuum of gland staging: predominant oversecretions express little or no hyperplasia; predominant hyperplasias express little or no neoplasia; and predominant neoplasias express nodules, adenomas, or cancers. Hyperplasias may progress (5 of 5) to neoplastic stages while predominant oversecretions rarely do (1 of 6; frequencies differ P<0.02). Hyperplasias do not show tumor multiplicity (0 of 5) unlike neoplasias that do (13 of 19; P<0.02). Hyperplasias express mutation of a plasma membrane-bound sensor (5 of 5), while neoplasias rarely do (3 of 14; P<0.002). In conclusion, the multiple distinguishing themes within the hyperplasias establish a robust pathophysiology. It has the shared and novel feature of mutant sensors in the plasma membrane, suggesting that these are major contributors to hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Marx
- Genetics and Endocrinology SectionNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 9C-103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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46
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Park YS, Kim HS, Jin YM, Yu Y, Kim HY, Park HS, Jung SC, Han KH, Park YJ, Ryu KH, Jo I. Differentiated tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells embedded in Matrigel restore parathyroid cell functions in rats with parathyroidectomy. Biomaterials 2015; 65:140-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
In addition to its prominent role in the parathyroid gland, the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed in various tissues, including the kidney. This article reviews current data on the calcium-sensing properties of the kidney, the localization of the CaSR protein along the nephron, and its function in calcium homeostasis and in hypercalciuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan R. Toka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachussetts; and
| | - Martin R. Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachussetts; and
| | - Pascal Houillier
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Service de Physiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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48
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Abstract
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor, CaSR, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and has a critical role in modulating Ca(2+) homeostasis via its role in the parathyroid glands and kidneys. New evidence suggests that CaSR expression in cartilage and bone also directly regulates skeletal homeostasis. This Review discusses the role of CaSR in chondrocytes, through which CaSR contributes to the development of the cartilaginous growth plate, as well as in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, through which CaSR has effects on skeletal development and bone turnover in young and mature animals. The interaction of skeletal CaSR activation with parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is secreted by the parathyroid gland, can lead to net bone formation in trabecular bone or net bone resorption in cortical bone. Allosteric modulators of CaSR are beneficial in some clinical conditions, with effects that are mediated by the ability of these agents to alter levels of PTH and improve Ca(2+) homeostasis. However, further insights into the action of CaSR in bone cells might lead to CaSR-based drugs that maximize not only the effects of the receptor on the parathyroid glands and kidneys but also on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey N Hendy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
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49
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Felsenfeld AJ, Levine BS. Calcitonin, the forgotten hormone: does it deserve to be forgotten? Clin Kidney J 2015; 8:180-7. [PMID: 25815174 PMCID: PMC4370311 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid hormone secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin has been preserved during the transition from ocean-based life to land dwellers and is phylogenetically older than parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin secretion is stimulated by increases in the serum calcium concentration and calcitonin protects against the development of hypercalcemia. Calcitonin is also stimulated by gastrointestinal hormones such as gastrin. This has led to the unproven hypothesis that postprandial calcitonin stimulation could play a role in the deposition of calcium and phosphate in bone after feeding. However, no bone or other abnormalities have been described in states of calcitonin deficiency or excess except for diarrhea in a few patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Calcitonin is known to stimulate renal 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D (1,25D) production at a site in the proximal tubule different from parathyroid hormone and hypophosphatemia. During pregnancy and lactation, both calcitonin and 1,25D are increased. The increases in calcitonin and 1,25D may be important in the transfer of maternal calcium to the fetus/infant and in the prevention and recovery of maternal bone loss. Calcitonin has an immediate effect on decreasing osteoclast activity and has been used for treatment of hypercalcemia. Recent studies in the calcitonin gene knockout mouse have shown increases in bone mass and bone formation. This last result together with the presence of calcitonin receptors on the osteocyte suggests that calcitonin could possibly affect osteocyte products which affect bone formation. In summary, a precise role for calcitonin remains elusive more than 50 years after its discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold J Felsenfeld
- Department of Medicine , VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Barton S Levine
- Department of Medicine , VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Variations in extracellular calcium level have a large impact on kidney function. Most of the effects seen are attributed to the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a widely expressed G-protein-coupled cell surface protein with an important function in bone mineral homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to recapitulate the novel functional aspects of CaSR. RECENT FINDINGS Results from mouse models demonstrate important functions for CaSR in various tissues. In the kidney, the main role of CaSR is the regulation of calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, independently of its role on parathyroid hormone secretion. CaSR modulates claudin 14, the gatekeeper of paracellular ion transport in the thick ascending limb that is associated with urinary calcium excretion. One intracellular signaling pathway by which CaSR alters tight junction permeability is the calcineurin-NFAT1c-microRNA-claudin14 axis. SUMMARY The main function of CaSR in the kidney is the regulation of calcium excretion in the thick ascending limb, independently of parathyroid hormone. CaSR modulates paracellular cation transport by altering expression of the tight junction protein claudin 14. Still more work is needed to fully understand all functions of CaSR in the kidney. Alternative pathways of calcium 'sensing' in the kidney need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan R Toka
- aDivision of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center bDivision of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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