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McKillop AM, Miskelly MG, Moran BM, Flatt PR. Incretins play an important role in FFA4/GPR120 regulation of glucose metabolism by GW-9508. Life Sci 2023; 318:121475. [PMID: 36754346 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the role of GPR120 in glucose metabolism and incretin regulation from enteroendocrine L- and K-cells with determination of the cellular localisation of GPR120 in intestinal tissue and clonal Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)/Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) cell lines. MAIN METHODS Anti-hyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and incretin secreting properties of the GPR120 agonist, GW-9508 were explored in combination with oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (GTT) in lean, diabetic and incretin receptor knockout mice. Cellular localisation of GPR120 was assessed by double immunofluorescence. KEY FINDINGS Compared to intraperitoneal injection, oral administration of GW-9508 (0.1 μmol/kg body weight) together with glucose reduced the glycaemic excursion by 22-31 % (p < 0.05-p < 0.01) and enhanced glucose-induced insulin release by 30 % (p < 0.01) in normal mice. In high fat fed diabetic mice, orally administered GW-9508 lowered plasma glucose by 17-27 % (p < 0.05-p < 0.01) and augmented insulin release by 22-39 % (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). GW-9508 had no effect on the responses of GLP-1 receptor knockout mice and GIP receptor knockout mice. Consistent with this, oral GW-9508 increased circulating total GLP-1 release by 39-44 % (p < 0.01) and total GIP by 37-47 % (p < 0.01-p < 0.001) after 15 and 30 min in lean NIH Swiss mice. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated GPR120 expression on mouse enteroendocrine L- and K-cells, GLUTag cells and pGIP/Neo STC-1 cells. SIGNIFICANCE GPR120 is expressed on intestinal L- and K-cells and stimulates GLP-1/GIP secretory pathways involved in mediating enhanced insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance, following oral GW-9508. These novel data strongly support the development of potent and selective GPR120 agonists as an effective therapeutic approach for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aine M McKillop
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Michael G Miskelly
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Brian M Moran
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
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2
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Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs) in Adipose: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Outlook. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040750. [PMID: 35203397 PMCID: PMC8870169 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FFAs) are important biological molecules that serve as a major energy source and are key components of biological membranes. In addition, FFAs play important roles in metabolic regulation and contribute to the development and progression of metabolic disorders like diabetes. Recent studies have shown that FFAs can act as important ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of cells and impact key physiological processes. Free fatty acid-activated receptors include FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), and FFAR4 (GPR120). FFAR2 and FFAR3 are activated by short-chain fatty acids like acetate, propionate, and butyrate, whereas FFAR1 and FFAR4 are activated by medium- and long-chain fatty acids like palmitate, oleate, linoleate, and others. FFARs have attracted considerable attention over the last few years and have become attractive pharmacological targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Several lines of evidence point to their importance in the regulation of whole-body metabolic homeostasis including adipose metabolism. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the physiological functions of FFAR isoforms in adipose biology and explore the prospect of FFAR-based therapies to treat patients with obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
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Gajjar KA, Gajjar AK. CoMFA, CoMSIA and HQSAR Analysis of 3-aryl-3-ethoxypropanoic Acid Derivatives as GPR40 Modulators. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 17:100-118. [PMID: 30160214 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180829144431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human GPR40 receptor, also known as free fatty-acid receptor 1, is a Gprotein- coupled receptor that binds long chain free fatty acids to enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion. In order to improve the resistance and efficacy, computational tools were applied to a series of 3-aryl-3-ethoxypropanoic acid derivatives. A relationship between the structure and biological activity of these compounds, was derived using a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) study using CoMFA, CoMSIA and two-dimensional QSAR study using HQSAR methods. METHODS Building the 3D-QSAR models, CoMFA, CoMSIA and HQSAR were performed using Sybyl-X software. The ratio of training to test set was kept 70:30. For the generation of 3D-QSAR model three different alignments were used namely, distill, pharmacophore and docking based alignments. Molecular docking studies were carried out on designed molecules using the same software. RESULTS Among all the three methods used, Distill alignment was found to be reliable and predictive with good statistical results. The results obtained from CoMFA analysis q2, r2cv and r2 pred were 0.693, 0.69 and 0.992 respectively and in CoMSIA analysis q2, r2cv and r2pred were 0.668, 0.648 and 0.990. Contour maps of CoMFA (lipophilic and electrostatic), CoMSIA (lipophilic, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and donor) and HQSAR (positive & negative contribution) provided significant insights i.e. favoured and disfavoured regions or positive & negative contributing fragments with R1 and R2 substitutions, which gave hints for the modifications required to design new molecules with improved biological activity. CONCLUSION 3D-QSAR techniques were applied for the first time on the series 3-aryl-3- ethoxypropanoic acids. All the models (CoMFA, CoMSIA and HQSAR) were found to be satisfactory according to the statistical parameters. Therefore such a methodology, whereby maximum structural information (from ligand and biological target) is explored, gives maximum insights into the plausible protein-ligand interactions and is more likely to provide potential lead candidates has been exemplified from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna A Gajjar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382 481, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, RPCP, Changa, Anand, India
| | - Anuradha K Gajjar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382 481, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, RPCP, Changa, Anand, India
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4
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Souza PR, Walker ME, Goulding NJ, Dalli J, Perretti M, Norling LV. The GPR40 Agonist GW9508 Enhances Neutrophil Function to Aid Bacterial Clearance During E. coli Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:573019. [PMID: 33133087 PMCID: PMC7550532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is known to play a role in the regulation of fatty acids, insulin secretion, and inflammation. However, the function of this receptor in human neutrophils, one of the first leukocytes to arrive at the site of infection, remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrate that GPR40 is upregulated on activated human neutrophils and investigated the functional effects upon treatment with a selective agonist; GW9508. Interestingly, GPR40 expression was up-regulated after neutrophil stimulation with platelet-activating factor (10 nM) or leukotriene B4 (LTB4, 10 nM) suggesting potential regulatory roles for this receptor during inflammation. Indeed, GW9508 (1 and 10 μM) increased neutrophil chemotaxis in response to the chemokine IL-8 (30 ng/ml) and enhanced phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by approximately 50% when tested at 0.1 and 1 μM. These results were translated in vivo whereby administration of GW9508 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) during E. coli infections resulted in elevated peritoneal leukocyte infiltration with a higher phagocytic capacity. Importantly, GW9508 administration also modulated the lipid mediator profile, with increased levels of the pro-resolving mediators resolvin D3 and lipoxins. In conclusion, GPR40 is expressed by activated neutrophils and plays an important host protective role to aid clearance of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Souza
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E Walker
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas J Goulding
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy V Norling
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Belete TM. A Recent Achievement In the Discovery and Development of Novel Targets for the Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:1-15. [PMID: 32021494 PMCID: PMC6959499 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s226113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder. Impaired insulin secretion, enhanced hepatic glucose production, and suppressed peripheral glucose use are the main defects responsible for developing the disease. Besides, the pathophysiology of T2DM also includes enhanced glucagon secretion, decreased incretin secretion, increased renal glucose reabsorption, and adipocyte, and brain insulin resistance. The increasing prevalence of T2DM in the world beseeches an urgent need for better treatment options. The antidiabetic drugs focus on control of blood glucose concentration, but the future treatment goal is to delay disease progression and treatment failure, which causes poorer glycemic regulation. Recent treatment approaches target on several novel pathophysiological defects present in T2DM. Some of the promising novel targets being under clinical development include those that increase insulin sensitization (antagonists of glucocorticoids receptor), decreasing hepatic glucose production (glucagon receptor antagonist, inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase). This review summarizes studies that are available on novel targets being studied to treat T2DM with an emphasis on the small molecule drug design. The experience gathered from earlier studies and knowledge of T2DM pathways can guide the anti-diabetic drug development toward the discovery of drugs essential to treat T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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6
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Prediabetes Induced by Fructose-Enriched Diet Influences Cardiac Lipidome and Proteome and Leads to Deterioration of Cardiac Function prior to the Development of Excessive Oxidative Stress and Cell Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3218275. [PMID: 31885782 PMCID: PMC6925817 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3218275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prediabetes is a condition affecting more than 35% of the population. In some forms, excessive carbohydrate intake (primarily refined sugar) plays a prominent role. Prediabetes is a symptomless, mostly unrecognized disease which increases cardiovascular risk. In our work, we examined the effect of a fructose-enriched diet on cardiac function and lipidome as well as proteome of cardiac muscle. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. The control group received a normal diet while the fructose-fed group received 60% fructose-supplemented chow for 24 weeks. Fasting blood glucose measurement and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed slightly but significantly elevated values due to fructose feeding indicating development of a prediabetic condition. Both echocardiography and isolated working heart perfusion performed at the end of the feeding protocol demonstrated diastolic cardiac dysfunction in the fructose-fed group. Mass spectrometry-based, high-performance lipidomic and proteomic analyses were executed from cardiac tissue. The lipidomic analysis revealed complex rearrangement of the whole lipidome with special emphasis on defects in cardiolipin remodeling. The proteomic analysis showed significant changes in 75 cardiac proteins due to fructose feeding including mitochondria-, apoptosis-, and oxidative stress-related proteins. Nevertheless, just very weak or no signs of apoptosis induction and oxidative stress were detected in the hearts of fructose-fed rats. Our results suggest that fructose feeding induces marked alterations in the cardiac lipidome, especially in cardiolipin remodeling, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired cardiac function. However, at the same time, several adaptive responses are induced at the proteome level in order to maintain a homeostatic balance. These findings demonstrate that even very early stages of prediabetes can impair cardiac function and can result in significant changes in the lipidome and proteome of the heart prior to the development of excessive oxidative stress and cell damage.
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7
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Kim CS, Joo SY, Kim IJ, Choi HI, Bae EH, Kim SW, Ma SK. Anti-Apoptotic Effect of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 40 Activation on Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Injury of Rat Proximal Tubular Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143386. [PMID: 31295865 PMCID: PMC6678114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) has an anti-apoptotic effect in pancreatic β-cells. However, its role in renal tubular cell apoptosis remains unclear. To explore the role of GPR40 in renal tubular apoptosis, a two-week unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model was used. The protein expression of GPR40 was decreased, while the Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio, the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) protein were increased in mice with UUO. In vitro, pretreatment of rat proximal tubular (NRK52E) cells with GW9508, a GPR40 agonist, attenuated the decreased cell viability, increased the Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio, increased protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 and activated the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit induced by TNF-α treatment. TNF-α treatment significantly increased the expression of AT1R protein and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas GW9508 treatment markedly reversed these effects. Pretreatment with GW1100, a GPR40 antagonist, or silencing of GPR40 in NRK52E cells promoted the increased expression of the cleaved caspase-3 protein by TNF-α treatment. Our results demonstrate that decreased expression of GPR40 is associated with apoptosis via TNF-α and AT1R in the ureteral obstructed kidney. The activation of GPR40 attenuates TNF-α-induced apoptosis by inhibiting AT1R expression and ROS generation through regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - In Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Hoon-In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
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8
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Li Y, Yang X, Zhang H, Wu Q. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of GW9508 in rat by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 170:176-186. [PMID: 30927663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, fast and sensitive LC/MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of GW9508 in rat plasma. The sample was precipitated with acetonitrile and subsequently separated on ZORBAX Eclipse XDB C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm). Mobile phase was composed of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile with gradient elution, at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The analyte and internal standard were quantitatively monitored with precursor-to-product transitions of m/z 348.2→183.1 and m/z 397.2→260.2, respectively. The linearity of the assay was evident in the range of 1-1000 ng/mL with correlation coefficient more than 0.998. The validation parameters were all within the acceptable limits. The validated method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics study of GW9508 in rat plasma, and our results demonstrated that GW9508 showed low clearance, moderate half-life and ideal bioavailability (54.88%). Furthermore, metabolites stemmed from rat plasma, rat hepatocytes and human hepatocytes were analyzed by an LC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS assay, resulting in the identification of seven metabolites based on the accurate mass and fragment ions. Acylglucuronide conjugate (M6) was found as the most abundant metabolite in all tested matrices. The metabolic pathways were proposed as hydroxylation and glucuronidation. This study provided an overview of disposition of GW9508, which is highly instructive for better understanding the effectiveness and toxicity of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Zaozhuang, No. 25 East Cultural Road, Zaozhuang 277100, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 West Dongchang Road, Liaocheng 25200, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Zaozhuang, No. 25 East Cultural Road, Zaozhuang 277100, China
| | - Qiuhong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Zaozhuang, No. 25 East Cultural Road, Zaozhuang 277100, China.
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9
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Anti-atherosclerotic action of GW9508 - Free fatty acid receptors activator - In apoE-knockout mice. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:551-555. [PMID: 31129318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past two decades, enhanced understanding of the biology of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) has led to the identification of several such receptors as novel targets for free fatty acids (FFAs). Two GPRs, FFAR1 and FFAR4, have received special attention in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases, thanks to their anti-inflammatory activities. METHODS The present study investigates the influence of prolonged treatment with GW9508 - agonist of FFAR1 and FFAR4 - on the development of atherosclerosis plaque in apoE-knockout mice, using morphometric and molecular methods. RESULTS GW9508 administration has led to the reduction of atheroscletoric plaque size in an apoE-knockout mice model. Moreover, a FFAR1/FFAR4 agonist reduced the content of macrophages by almost 20%, attributed by immunohistochemical phenotyping to the pro-inflammatory M1-like activation state macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged administration of GW9508 resulted in significant amelioration of atherogenesis, providing evidence that the strategy based on macrophage phenotype switching toward an M2-like activation state via stimulation of FFAR1/FFAR4 receptors holds promise for a new approach to the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis.
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10
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Li MH, Chen W, Wang LL, Sun JL, Zhou L, Shi YC, Wang CH, Zhong BH, Shi WG, Guo ZW. RLA8—A New and Highly Effective Quadruple PPAR-α/γ/δ and GPR40 Agonist to Reverse Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:67-77. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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11
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Schilperoort M, van Dam AD, Hoeke G, Shabalina IG, Okolo A, Hanyaloglu AC, Dib LH, Mol IM, Caengprasath N, Chan YW, Damak S, Miller AR, Coskun T, Shimpukade B, Ulven T, Kooijman S, Rensen PC, Christian M. The GPR120 agonist TUG-891 promotes metabolic health by stimulating mitochondrial respiration in brown fat. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708047. [PMID: 29343498 PMCID: PMC5840546 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation stimulates energy expenditure in human adults, which makes it an attractive target to combat obesity and related disorders. Recent studies demonstrated a role for G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) in BAT thermogenesis. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of GPR120 agonism and addressed GPR120-mediated signaling in BAT We found that activation of GPR120 by the selective agonist TUG-891 acutely increases fat oxidation and reduces body weight and fat mass in C57Bl/6J mice. These effects coincided with decreased brown adipocyte lipid content and increased nutrient uptake by BAT, confirming increased BAT activity. Consistent with these observations, GPR120 deficiency reduced expression of genes involved in nutrient handling in BAT Stimulation of brown adipocytes in vitro with TUG-891 acutely induced O2 consumption, through GPR120-dependent and GPR120-independent mechanisms. TUG-891 not only stimulated GPR120 signaling resulting in intracellular calcium release, mitochondrial depolarization, and mitochondrial fission, but also activated UCP1. Collectively, these data suggest that activation of brown adipocytes with the GPR120 agonist TUG-891 is a promising strategy to increase lipid combustion and reduce obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Schilperoort
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK .,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geerte Hoeke
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthony Okolo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lea H Dib
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natarin Caengprasath
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yi-Wah Chan
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Campus Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sami Damak
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Reifel Miller
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Diabetes/Endocrine Department, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Diabetes/Endocrine Department, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bharat Shimpukade
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Cn Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Christian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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12
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Chen X, Yan Y, Weng Z, Chen C, Lv M, Lin Q, Du Q, Shen X, Yang L. TAK-875 Mitigates β-Cell Lipotoxicity-Induced Metaflammation Damage through Inhibiting the TLR4-NF- κB Pathway. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:5487962. [PMID: 31934590 PMCID: PMC6942802 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5487962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic inflammatory damage, characterized by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling activation, is a major mechanism underlying lipotoxicity-induced β-cell damage. The present study is aimed at determining whether G protein-coupled receptor 4 (GPR40) agonist can improve β-cell lipotoxicity-induced damage by inhibiting the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. Lipotoxicity, inflammation-damaged β-cells, obese SD, and TLR4KO rat models were used in the study. In vitro, TAK-875 inhibited the lipotoxicity- and LPS-induced β-cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, improved the insulin secretion, and inhibited the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB subunit P65. Besides, silencing of TLR4 expression enhanced the protective effects of TAK-875, while TLR4 overexpression attenuated this protective effect. Activation of TLR4 or NF-κB attenuated the antagonism of TAK-875 on PA-induced damage. Moreover, the above process of TAK-875 was partially independent of GPR40 expression. TAK-875 reduced the body weight and inflammatory factors, rebalanced the number and distribution of α or β-cells, inhibited the apoptosis of islet cells, and inhibited the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB subunit P65 in obese rats. Further knockout of the rat TLR4 gene delayed the damage induced by the high-fat diet and synergy with the action of TAK-875. These data suggest that GPR40 agonists antagonized the lipotoxicity β-cell damage by inhibiting the TLR4-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xide Chen
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Yuanli Yan
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Zhiyan Weng
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Miaoru Lv
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Qingwen Lin
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Qiuxia Du
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Ximei Shen
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Liyong Yang
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
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13
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Kim M, Gu GJ, Koh YS, Lee SH, Na YR, Seok SH, Lim KM. Fasiglifam (TAK-875), a G Protein-Coupled Receptor 40 (GPR40) Agonist, May Induce Hepatotoxicity through Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in a GPR40-Dependent Manner. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:599-607. [PMID: 29429148 PMCID: PMC6254646 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasiglifam (TAK-875) a G-protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) agonist, significantly improves hyperglycemia without hypoglycemia and weight gain, the major side effects of conventional anti-diabetics. Unfortunately, during multi-center Phase 3 clinical trials, unexpected liver toxicity resulted in premature termination of its development. Here, we investigated whether TAK-875 directly inflicts toxicity on hepatocytes and explored its underlying mechanism of toxicity. TAK-875 decreased viability of 2D and 3D cultures of HepG2, a human hepatocarcinoma cell line, in concentration- (>50 μM) and time-dependent manners, both of which corresponded with ROS generation. An antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, attenuated TAK-875-mediated hepatotoxicity, which confirmed the role of ROS generation. Of note, knockdown of GPR40 using siRNA abolished the hepatotoxicity of TAK-875 and attenuated ROS generation. In contrast, TAK-875 induced no cytotoxicity in fibroblasts up to 500 μM. Supporting the hepatotoxic potential of TAK-875, exposure to TAK-875 resulted in increased mortality of zebrafish larvae at 25 μM. Histopathological examination of zebrafish exposed to TAK-875 revealed severe hepatotoxicity as manifested by degenerated hypertrophic hepatocytes with cytoplasmic vacuolation and acentric nuclei, confirming that TAK-875 may induce direct hepatotoxicity and that ROS generation may be involved in a GPR40-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJeong Kim
- College of Pharmacology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo Jeong Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sook Koh
- College of Pharmacology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Lee
- Biosolutions Co., Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Rang Na
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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14
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Liu C, Li Z, Shi W, Li H, Wang N, Dai Y, Liao C, Huang W, Qian H. Improving metabolic stability with deuterium: The discovery of HWL-066, a potent and long-acting free fatty acid receptor 1 agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1547-1554. [PMID: 29777569 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) is a potential target due to its function in enhancing of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The FFA1 agonist GW9508 has great potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but it has been suffering from high plasma clearance probably because the phenylpropanoic acid is vulnerable to β-oxidation. To identify orally available analog without influence on the unique pharmacological mechanism of GW9508, we tried to interdict the metabolically labile group by incorporating two deuterium atoms at the α-position of phenylpropionic acid affording compound 4 (HWL-066). As expected, HWL-066 revealed a lower clearance (CL = 0.23 L-1 hr-1 kg-1 ), higher maximum concentration (Cmax = 5907.47 μg/L), and longer half-life (T1/2 = 3.50 hr), resulting in a 2.8-fold higher exposure than GW9508. Moreover, the glucose-lowering effect of HWL-066 was far better than that of GW9508 and comparable with TAK-875. Different from glibenclamide, no side-effect of hypoglycemia was observed in mice after oral administrating HWL-066 (80 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Liu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huilan Li
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nasi Wang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxuan Dai
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Liao
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Frank JA, Yushchenko DA, Fine NHF, Duca M, Citir M, Broichhagen J, Hodson DJ, Schultz C, Trauner D. Optical control of GPR40 signalling in pancreatic β-cells. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7604-7610. [PMID: 29568424 PMCID: PMC5848828 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids activate GPR40 and K+ channels to modulate β-cell function. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of FAAzo-10, a light-controllable GPR40 agonist based on Gw-9508. FAAzo-10 is a potent GPR40 agonist in the trans-configuration and can be inactivated on isomerization to cis with UV-A light. Irradiation with blue light reverses this effect, allowing FAAzo-10 activity to be cycled ON and OFF with a high degree of spatiotemporal precision. In dissociated primary mouse β-cells, FAAzo-10 also inactivates voltage-activated and ATP-sensitive K+ channels, and allows us to control glucose-stimulated Ca2+ oscillations in whole islets with light. As such, FAAzo-10 is a useful tool to study the complex effects, with high specificity, which FA-derivatives such as Gw-9508 exert at multiple targets in mouse β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Allen Frank
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Integrated Protein Science , Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Dmytro A Yushchenko
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit , Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany .
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 16610 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas H F Fine
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK .
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism , Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham , B15 2TH , UK
- COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands , UK
| | - Margherita Duca
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Integrated Protein Science , Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , University of Milan , Via Golgi 19 , 20133 , Milan , Italy
| | - Mevlut Citir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit , Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Integrated Protein Science , Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Medical Research , Jahnstr. 29 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK .
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism , Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham , B15 2TH , UK
- COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands , UK
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit , Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany .
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology , Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR 97237 , USA
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Integrated Protein Science , Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , 100 Washington Square East , New York , NY 10003-6699 , USA .
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16
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Li Z, Xu X, Huang W, Qian H. Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (FFAR1) as an Emerging Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Recent Progress and Prevailing Challenges. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:381-425. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Xue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
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Abstract
Of the 415 million people suffering from diabetes worldwide, 90% have type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia and occurs in obese individuals as a result of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin levels. Accordingly, diabetes drugs are tailored to enhance glucose disposal or target the pancreatic islet β cell to increase insulin secretion. The majority of the present-day insulin secretagogues, however, increase the risk of iatrogenic hypoglycemia, and hence alternatives are actively sought. The long-chain fatty acid, G protein-coupled receptor FFA1/Gpr40, is expressed in β cells, and its activation potentiates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Preclinical data indicate that FFA1 agonism is an effective treatment to restore glucose homeostasis in rodent models of diabetes. This initial success prompted clinical trials in type 2 diabetes patients, the results of which were promising; however, the field suffered a significant setback when the lead compound TAK-875/fasiglifam was withdrawn from clinical development due to liver safety concerns. Nevertheless, recent developments have brought to light a surprising complexity of FFA1 agonist action, signaling diversity, and biological outcomes, raising hopes that with a greater understanding of the mechanisms at play the second round will be more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ghislain
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- CRCHUM, University of Montreal, 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- CRCHUM, University of Montreal, 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2X 0A9.
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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18
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Quesada-López T, Cereijo R, Turatsinze JV, Planavila A, Cairó M, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Peyrou M, Moure R, Iglesias R, Giralt M, Eizirik DL, Villarroya F. The lipid sensor GPR120 promotes brown fat activation and FGF21 release from adipocytes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13479. [PMID: 27853148 PMCID: PMC5118546 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of white adipose tissue are important components of energy expenditure. Here we show that GPR120, a receptor for polyunsaturated fatty acids, promotes brown fat activation. Using RNA-seq to analyse mouse BAT transcriptome, we find that the gene encoding GPR120 is induced by thermogenic activation. We further show that GPR120 activation induces BAT activity and promotes the browning of white fat in mice, whereas GRP120-null mice show impaired cold-induced browning. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce brown and beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic activation, and these effects require GPR120. GPR120 activation induces the release of fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) by brown and beige adipocytes, and increases blood FGF21 levels. The effects of GPR120 activation on BAT activation and browning are impaired in FGF21-null mice and cells. Thus, the lipid sensor GPR120 activates brown fat via a mechanism that involves induction of FGF21. GPR120 is a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here, the authors show that GPR120 is upregulated in brown fat in cold-exposed mice, and mediates thermogenic activation of brown fat via a mechanism that, at least in part, depends on the release of the adipokine FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Quesada-López
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Valery Turatsinze
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna Planavila
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Cairó
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Moure
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Iglesias
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Wu HT, Ou HY, Hung HC, Su YC, Lu FH, Wu JS, Yang YC, Wu CL, Chang CJ. A novel hepatokine, HFREP1, plays a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1732-42. [PMID: 27221093 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is highly correlated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hepatocyte-derived fibrinogen-related protein 1 (HFREP1) is a hepatokine that mediates NAFLD development; however, the role of HFREP1 in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes remains obscure. METHODS A total of 193 age- and sex-matched participants with normal glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and newly diagnosed diabetes (NDD) were recruited for a cross-sectional study. Plasma HFREP1 levels were measured and multivariate linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between HFREP1, IFG, IGT and NDD. The causal relationship between HFREP1 and insulin resistance was then investigated in animal and cell models. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp, were used to evaluate insulin sensitivity in animals with Hfrep1 overexpression or knockdown in liver by lentiviral vectors. HepG2 cells were used to clarify the possible mechanism of HFREP1-induced insulin resistance. RESULTS Plasma HFREP1 concentrations were significantly increased in participants with IFG, IGT and NDD. HFREP1 concentrations were independently associated with fasting plasma glucose levels, insulin resistance, IFG, IGT and NDD. Injection of recombinant HFREP1 or Hfrep1 overexpression induced insulin resistance in mice, and HFREP1 disrupted insulin signalling to induce insulin resistance through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2-dependent pathway. Moreover, hepatic knockdown of HFREP1 improved insulin resistance in both mice fed a high-fat diet and ob/ob mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings highlight the crucial role of HFREP1 in insulin resistance and diabetes, and provide a potential strategy and biomarker for developing therapeutic approaches to combat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Tsung Wu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yih Ou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chang Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chu Su
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Hwa Lu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shang Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Jen Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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20
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Li M, Meng X, Xu J, Huang X, Li H, Li G, Wang S, Man Y, Tang W, Li J. GPR40 agonist ameliorates liver X receptor-induced lipid accumulation in liver by activating AMPK pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25237. [PMID: 27121981 PMCID: PMC4848522 DOI: 10.1038/srep25237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is strongly linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. GPR40 is a G protein-coupled receptor mediating free fatty acid-induced insulin secretion and thus plays a beneficial role in the improvement of diabetes. However, the impact of GPR40 agonist on hepatic steatosis still remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that activation of GPR40 by its agonist GW9508 attenuated Liver X receptor (LXR)-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Activation of LXR in the livers of C57BL/6 mice fed a high-cholesterol diet and in HepG2 cells stimulated by chemical agonist caused increased expression of its target lipogenic genes and subsequent lipid accumulation. All these effects of LXR were dramatically downregulated after GW9508 supplementation. Moreover, GPR40 activation was accompanied by upregulation of AMPK pathway, whereas the inhibitive effect of GPR40 on the lipogenic gene expression was largely abrogated by AMPK knockdown. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GW9508 exerts a beneficial effect to ameliorate LXR-induced hepatic steatosis through regulation of AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics &Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics &Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics &Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics &Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics &Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Guoping Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics &Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics &Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Man
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics &Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqing Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics &Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics &Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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21
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Makino J, Ogasawara R, Kamiya T, Hara H, Mitsugi Y, Yamaguchi E, Itoh A, Adachi T. Royal Jelly Constituents Increase the Expression of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase through Histone Acetylation in Monocytic THP-1 Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1137-1143. [PMID: 27049436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is one of the main SOD isozymes and plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases by accelerating the dismutation reaction of superoxide. Royal jelly includes 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA, 2), which regulates the expression of various types of genes in epigenetics through the effects of histone deacetylase (HDAC) antagonism. The expression of EC-SOD was previously reported to be regulated epigenetically through histone acetylation in THP-1 cells. Therefore, we herein evaluated the effects of the royal jelly constituents 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (10HDA, 1), sebacic acid (SA, 3), and 4-hydroperoxy-2-decenoic acid ethyl ester (4-HPO-DAEE, 4), which is a derivative of 2, on the expression of EC-SOD in THP-1 cells. The treatment with 1 mM 1, 2, or 3 or 100 μM 4 increased EC-SOD expression and histone H3 and H4 acetylation levels. Moreover, the enrichment of acetylated histone H4 was observed in the proximal promoter region of EC-SOD and was caused by the partial promotion of ERK phosphorylation (only 4) and inhibition of HDAC activities, but not by the expression of HDACs. Overall, 4 exerted stronger effects than 1, 2, or 3 and has potential as a candidate or lead compound against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Makino
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, and ‡Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Synthetic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Rie Ogasawara
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, and ‡Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Synthetic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kamiya
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, and ‡Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Synthetic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hara
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, and ‡Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Synthetic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yukari Mitsugi
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, and ‡Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Synthetic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Eiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, and ‡Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Synthetic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akichika Itoh
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, and ‡Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Synthetic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Adachi
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, and ‡Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Synthetic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Mizuta K, Zhang Y, Mizuta F, Hoshijima H, Shiga T, Masaki E, Emala CW. Novel identification of the free fatty acid receptor FFAR1 that promotes contraction in airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L970-82. [PMID: 26342087 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00041.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major risk factors for asthma. Previous studies have demonstrated that free fatty acid levels are elevated in the plasma of obese individuals. Medium- and long-chain free fatty acids act as endogenous ligands for the free fatty acid receptors FFAR1/GPR40 and FFAR4/GPR120, which couple to Gq proteins. We investigated whether FFAR1 and FFAR4 are expressed on airway smooth muscle and whether they activate Gq-coupled signaling and modulate airway smooth muscle tone. We detected the protein expression of FFAR1 and FFAR4 in freshly dissected native human and guinea pig airway smooth muscle and cultured human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The long-chain free fatty acids (oleic acid and linoleic acid) and GW9508 (FFAR1/FFAR4 dual agonist) dose-dependently stimulated transient intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) increases and inositol phosphate synthesis in HASM cells. Downregulation of FFAR1 or FFAR4 in HASM cells by small interfering RNA led to a significant inhibition of the long-chain free fatty acids-induced transient [Ca(2+)]i increases. Oleic acid, linoleic acid, or GW9508 stimulated stress fiber formation in HASM cells, potentiated acetylcholine-contracted guinea pig tracheal rings, and attenuated the relaxant effect of isoproterenol after an acetylcholine-induced contraction. In contrast, TUG-891 (FFAR4 agonist) did not induce the stress fiber formation or potentiate acetylcholine-induced contraction. These results suggest that FFAR1 is the functionally dominant free fatty acid receptor in both human and guinea pig airway smooth muscle. The free fatty acid sensors expressed on airway smooth muscle could be an important modulator of airway smooth muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Mizuta
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Dento-oral Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Fumiko Mizuta
- Department of Dento-oral Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Hiroshi Hoshijima
- Department of Dento-oral Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Toshiya Shiga
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chemotherapy Research Institute, Kaken Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Masaki
- Department of Dento-oral Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Charles W Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
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Mace OJ, Tehan B, Marshall F. Pharmacology and physiology of gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015. [PMID: 26213627 PMCID: PMC4506687 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) polypeptides are secreted from enteroendocrine cells (EECs). Recent technical advances and the identification of endogenous and synthetic ligands have enabled exploration of the pharmacology and physiology of EECs. Enteroendocrine signaling pathways stimulating hormone secretion involve multiple nutrient transporters and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are activated simultaneously under prevailing nutrient conditions in the intestine following a meal. The majority of studies investigate hormone secretion from EECs in response to single ligands and although the mechanisms behind how individual signaling pathways generate a hormonal output have been well characterized, our understanding of how these signaling pathways converge to generate a single hormone secretory response is still in its infancy. However, a picture is beginning to emerge of how nutrients and full, partial, or allosteric GPCR ligands differentially regulate the enteroendocrine system and its interaction with the enteric and central nervous system. So far, activation of multiple pathways underlies drug discovery efforts to harness the therapeutic potential of the enteroendocrine system to mimic the phenotypic changes observed in patients who have undergone Roux-en-Y gastric surgery. Typically obese patients exhibit ∼30% weight loss and greater than 80% of obese diabetics show remission of diabetes. Targeting combinations of enteroendocrine signaling pathways that work synergistically may manifest with significant, differentiated EEC secretory efficacy. Furthermore, allosteric modulators with their increased selectivity, self-limiting activity, and structural novelty may translate into more promising enteroendocrine drugs. Together with the potential to bias enteroendocrine GPCR signaling and/or to activate multiple divergent signaling pathways highlights the considerable range of therapeutic possibilities available. Here, we review the pharmacology and physiology of the EEC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Mace
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - B Tehan
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - F Marshall
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
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Manosalva C, Mena J, Velasquez Z, Colenso CK, Brauchi S, Burgos RA, Hidalgo MA. Cloning, identification and functional characterization of bovine free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR1/GPR40) in neutrophils. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119715. [PMID: 25790461 PMCID: PMC4366208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), which are ligands for the G-protein coupled receptor FFAR1 (GPR40), are increased in cow plasma after parturition, a period in which they are highly susceptible to infectious diseases. This study identified and analyzed the functional role of the FFAR1 receptor in bovine neutrophils, the first line of host defense against infectious agents. We cloned the putative FFAR1 receptor from bovine neutrophils and analyzed the sequence to construct a homology model. Our results revealed that the sequence of bovine FFAR1 shares 84% identity with human FFAR1 and 31% with human FFAR3/GPR41. Therefore, we constructed a homology model of bovine FFAR1 using human as the template. Expression of the bovine FFAR1 receptor in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells increased the levels of intracellular calcium induced by the LCFAs, oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA); no increase in calcium mobilization was observed in the presence of the short chain fatty acid propionic acid. Additionally, the synthetic agonist GW9508 increased intracellular calcium in CHO-K1/bFFAR1 cells. OA and LA increased intracellular calcium in bovine neutrophils. Furthermore, GW1100 (antagonist of FFAR1) and U73122 (phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor) reduced FFAR1 ligand-induced intracellular calcium in CHO-K1/bFFAR1 cells and neutrophils. Additionally, inhibition of FFAR1, PLC and PKC reduced the FFAR1 ligand-induced release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 granules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Thus, we identified the bovine FFAR1 receptor and demonstrate a functional role for this receptor in neutrophils activated with oleic or linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Manosalva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaqueline Mena
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Department of Biology, Universidad de Nariño, Pasto, Colombia
| | - Zahady Velasquez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Charlotte K. Colenso
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastian Brauchi
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A. Burgos
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria A. Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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25
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Overexpression of G-protein-coupled receptor 40 enhances the mitogenic response to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0113130. [PMID: 25679385 PMCID: PMC4332471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 epoxygenase-dependent arachidonic acid metabolites, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), are potent survival factors and mitogens for renal epithelial cells, but the molecular identity in the cells that initiates the mitogenic signaling of EETs has remained elusive. We screened kidney cell lines for the expression of G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and found that the porcine renal tubular epithelial cell line LLCPKcl4, which has been previously demonstrated to be sensitive to the mitogenic effect of EETs, expresses higher levels of GPR40 mRNA and protein than the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293. EETs induced only a weak mitogenic EGFR signaling and mild cell proliferation in HEK293 cells. To determine whether GPR40 expression level is what mediates the mitogenic sensitivity of cells to EETs, we created a human GPR40 (hGPR40) cDNA construct and transfected it into HEK293 cells and picked up a number of stable transfectants. We found that GPR40 overexpression in HEK293 cells indeed significantly enhanced EET-induced cell proliferation and markedly augmented EGFR phosphorylation ERK activation, which were inhibited by the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG1478, or the HB-EGF inhibitor, CRM197. EETs significantly enhanced release of soluble HB-EGF, a natural ligand of EGFR, into the culture medium of hGPR40-transfected HEK293 cells, compared to empty vector-transfected cells. In mouse kidneys, markedly higher level of GPR40 protein was found in the cortex and outer stripe of outer medulla compared to the inner stripe of outer medulla and inner medulla. In situ hybridization confirmed that GPR40 mRNA was localized to a subset of renal tubules in the kidney, including the cortical collecting duct. Thus, this study provides the first demonstration that upregulation of GPR40 expression enhances the mitogenic response to EETs and a relatively high expression level of GPR40 is detected in a subset of tubules including cortical collecting ducts in the mammalian kidney.
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Abstract
The goal for the treatment of patients with diabetes has today shifted from merely reducing glucose concentrations to preventing the natural decline in β-cell function and delay the progression of disease. Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and decreased β-cell mass are crucial in the development of diabetes. The β-cell defects are the main pathogenesis in patients with type 1 diabetes and are associated with type 2 diabetes as the disease progresses. Recent studies suggest that human pancreatic β-cells have a capacity for increased proliferation according to increased demands for insulin. In humans, β-cell mass has been shown to increase in patients showing insulin-resistance states such as obesity or in pregnancy. This capacity might be useful for identifying new therapeutic strategies to reestablish a functional β-cell mass. In this context, therapeutic approaches designed to increase β-cell mass might prove a significant way to manage diabetes and prevent its progression. This review describes the various β-cell defects that appear in patients with diabetes and outline the mechanisms of β-cell failure. We also review common methods for assessing β-cell function and mass and methodological limitations in vivo. Finally, we discuss the current therapeutic approaches to improve β-cell function and increase β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Yeun Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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27
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Moran BM, Abdel-Wahab YHA, Flatt PR, McKillop AM. Evaluation of the insulin-releasing and glucose-lowering effects of GPR120 activation in pancreatic β-cells. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:1128-39. [PMID: 24919766 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the potency and selectivity of various GPR120 agonists and to determine the cellular localization of GPR120 in clonal β-cells and pancreatic islets. METHODS Insulin secretion and alterations in intracellular Ca(2+) and cAMP response to glucose and GPR120 agonists, including endogenous agonists α-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and a synthetic analogue (GW-9508), were examined using clonal pancreatic BRIN-BD11 cells, mouse pancreatic islets and in vivo studies using NIH Swiss mice. Cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase release. Cellular localization of GPR120 was explored by double-staining immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The most potent and selective GPR120 agonist tested was ALA (half maximum effective concentration 1.2 × 10(-8) mol/l) with a maximum stimulation of insulin secretion of 53% at 10(-4) mol/l (p < 0.001) in BRIN-BD11 cells. Stimulation of insulin secretion was also observed with GW-9508 (6.4 × 10(-8) mol/l; 47%), EPA (7.9 × 10(-8) mol/l; 36%) and DHA (1.0 × 10(-7) mol/l; 50%). Results were corroborated by islet studies, with no evidence of cytotoxic effects. Dose-dependent insulin secretion by GPR120 agonists was glucose-sensitive and accompanied by significant elevations of intracellular Ca(2+) and cAMP. Immunocytochemistry showed GPR120 expression on BRIN-BD11 cells and was confined to islet β-cells with no distribution on α-cells. Administration of GPR120 agonists (0.1 µmol/kg body weight) in glucose tolerance studies significantly reduced plasma glucose and augmented insulin release in mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that GPR120 is expressed on pancreatic β-cells and that agonists at this receptor are potent insulin secretagogues with therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Moran
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
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Ou HY, Wu HT, Lu FH, Su YC, Hung HC, Wu JS, Yang YC, Wu CL, Chang CJ. Activation of free fatty acid receptor 1 improves hepatic steatosis through a p38-dependent pathway. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:165-74. [PMID: 25008074 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is highly correlated with insulin resistance and diabetes. Although, it has been demonstrated that activation of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) by agonists showed benefits for the improvement of diabetes, the effects of FFAR1 agonists on hepatic steatosis were unknown. In this study, a high fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis animal model was utilized to evaluate the effects of an FFAR1 agonist, GW9508, on hepatic lipid accumulation, and HepG2 hepatoma cells were also used to clarify the possible mechanisms. Administration of GW9508 significantly decreased the hepatic lipid accumulation with decreased expressions of lipogenesis-related proteins in HFD mice. Knockdown of hepatic Ffar1 by lentiviral vectors containing short hairpin RNA targeted to Ffar1 diminished the effect of GW9508 in HFD mice. In addition, GW9508 decreased oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells by decreases in the expression of lipogenesis-related proteins. Moreover, GW9508 downregulated the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) through a p38-dependent pathway, whereas knockdown of Ffar1 in HepG2 cells diminished the effect of GW9508 on the decrease in SREBP1. Considering all these results together, GW9508 exerts a therapeutic effect to improve hepatic steatosis through a p38-dependent pathway. Thus, investigation of chemicals that act on FFAR1 might be a new strategy for the treatment of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horng-Yih Ou
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tsung Wu
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Hwa Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chu Su
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chang Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shang Wu
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanResearch Center of Herbal MedicineNew Drugs, and Nutritional Supplements, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Family MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, TaiwanCollege of MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Obuchi A, Adachi H, Enomoto M, Fukami A, Kumagai E, Nakamura S, Yoshimura A, Nohara Y, Nakao E, Umeki Y, Fukumoto Y, Imaizumi T. High plasma fetuin-A levels are associated with metabolic syndrome among males but not females in a Japanese general population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106:128-35. [PMID: 25110104 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Fetuin-A, a protein exclusively secreted from the liver, is associated with insulin resistance and/or metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, few studies have examined this association in Japan. We investigated this issue in a Japanese general population. METHODS We performed an epidemiological survey in a small community in Japan. The participants consisted of 659 subjects (253 males and 406 females). Fetuin-A levels were measured by a sandwich ELISA method and the modified NCEP-ATP III criteria were adopted to diagnose MetS. The homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA-IR) was calculated as a marker of insulin resistance. RESULTS Statistically significant characteristics of the 659 subjects stratified by fetuin-A quartiles were male gender (inversely), age (inversely), insulin, HOMA-IR, uric acid (inversely), alcohol intake (inversely) and the prevalence of MetS. Mean fetuin-A levels were 249.7±45.1μg/ml in males and 262.7±55.8μg/ml in females. In males, the prevalence of MetS was 43.1%, and their mean HOMA-IR level was 1.1. In females, the prevalence of MetS was 17.7%, and their mean HOMA-IR level was 0.9. Multiple stepwise regression analyses showed that fetuin-A levels in males but not females were independently associated with MetS and LDL-c. Multiple logistic regression analysis of fetuin-A (quartile 1 vs. quartile 4) in males showed significant odds ratios of 1.009 (95% C.I.: 1.003-1.015) for MetS and 1.376 (95% C.I.: 1.027-1.844) for 1-SD increment increase in LDL-c. CONCLUSIONS High plasma fetuin-A levels were associated with MetS in community-dwelling Japanese males but not females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Obuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hisashi Adachi
- Department of Community Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
| | - Mika Enomoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ako Fukami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Eita Kumagai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yume Nohara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Erika Nakao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoko Umeki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Imaizumi
- Fukuoka Sanno Hospital and International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) exert both positive and negative effects on beta cell survival and insulin secretory function, depending on concentration, duration, and glucose abundance. Lipid signals are mediated not only through metabolic pathways, but also through cell surface and nuclear receptors. Toxicity is modulated by positive signals arising from circulating factors such as hormones, growth factors and incretins, as well as negative signals such as inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Intracellular mechanisms of lipotoxicity include metabolic interference and cellular stress responses such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and possibly autophagy. New findings strengthen an old hypothesis that lipids may also impair compensatory beta cell proliferation. Clinical observations continue to support a role for lipid biology in the risk and progression of both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review summarizes recent work in this important, rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit B Sharma
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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31
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Abstract
Metformin has been the mainstay of therapy for diabetes mellitus for many years; however, the mechanistic aspects of metformin action remained ill-defined. Recent advances revealed that this drug, in addition to its glucose-lowering action, might be promising for specifically targeting metabolic differences between normal and abnormal metabolic signalling. The knowledge gained from dissecting the principal mechanisms by which metformin works can help us to develop novel treatments. The centre of metformin's mechanism of action is the alteration of the energy metabolism of the cell. Metformin exerts its prevailing, glucose-lowering effect by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and opposing the action of glucagon. The inhibition of mitochondrial complex I results in defective cAMP and protein kinase A signalling in response to glucagon. Stimulation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase, although dispensable for the glucose-lowering effect of metformin, confers insulin sensitivity, mainly by modulating lipid metabolism. Metformin might influence tumourigenesis, both indirectly, through the systemic reduction of insulin levels, and directly, via the induction of energetic stress; however, these effects require further investigation. Here, we discuss the updated understanding of the antigluconeogenic action of metformin in the liver and the implications of the discoveries of metformin targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Pernicova
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1A 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1A 6BQ, UK
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