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Giacosa A, Barrile GC, Mansueto F, Rondanelli M. The nutritional support to prevent sarcopenia in the elderly. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1379814. [PMID: 38798767 PMCID: PMC11119320 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1379814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia has been described as a muscle disease, with multiple adverse consequences on human health. Recommendations aimed at supporting awareness, prevention, early detection and treatment of this disease are needed. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and early detection of elderly sarcopenia. As far as treatment is concerned, physical activity and nutritional support are specifically evaluated. An individually tailored resistance exercise training program appears to be crucial for a positive outcome of the sarcopenia prevention and treatment. The nutritional intervention is mostly based on the supplementation with high-quality proteins (i.e., whey protein) in order to increase the intake of essential amino acids and in particular of leucine. In addition, of relevant importance appears to be the supplementation with vitamin D, with omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics. This review evaluates the results of the most qualified studies on the nutritional supplementation of sarcopenic elderly subjects and shows that promising results have been achieved in community elderly subjects, or subjects followed in rehabilitation centers and in nursing homes, with additional resistance exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaetan Claude Barrile
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Mansueto
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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2
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Li C, Cao H, Ren Y, Jia J, Yang G, Jin J, Shi X. Eicosapentaenoic acid-mediated activation of PGAM2 regulates skeletal muscle growth and development via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131547. [PMID: 38641281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid regulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and significantly affects whole-body energy metabolism. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that eicosapentaenoic acid activates phosphoglycerate mutase 2, which mediates the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in glycerol degradation, thereby facilitating the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells in skeletal muscle. Interestingly, phosphoglycerate mutase 2 inhibits mitochondrial metabolism, promoting the formation of fast-type muscle fibers. Treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid and phosphoglycerate mutase 2 knockdown induced opposite transcriptomic changes, most of which were enriched in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 activated the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which inhibited the phosphorylation of FOXO1, and, in turn, inhibited mitochondrial function and promoted the formation of fast-type muscle fibers. Our results suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid promotes skeletal muscle growth and regulates glucose metabolism by targeting phosphoglycerate mutase 2 and activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Li
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Haigang Cao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yingchun Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jinrui Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jianjun Jin
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xin'e Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Phillips N, Gray SR, Combet E, Witard OC. Long-chain n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for the management of age- and disease-related declines in skeletal muscle mass, strength and physical function. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2024; 27:98-105. [PMID: 37874045 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review uses the hierarchy of evidence as a framework to critically evaluate the effect of long chain n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC n -3 PUFA) ingestion alone, or as an adjunctive intervention to resistance training, on muscle health-related outcomes in healthy and clinical older adult populations. RECENT FINDINGS Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials consistently report small, but clinically-relevant, effects of LC n -3 PUFA ingestion on strength outcomes, whereas mixed findings have been reported regarding changes in muscle mass and physical function. Cohort studies indicate an association between higher dietary LC n -3 PUFA intake and reduced likelihood of a sarcopenia diagnosis. Acute metabolic studies provide limited evidence for an effect of LC n -3 PUFA ingestion alone, or in combination with resistance training, on free-living integrated rates of MPS, static markers of muscle protein breakdown, or satellite cell activation in healthy older adults. SUMMARY Recent data supports the efficacy of LCn-3 PUFA ingestion to facilitate small, but clinically relevant, improvements in muscle strength in healthy and clinical older adult populations. The mechanism(s) that underpin the action of LC n -3 PUFA in promoting strength outcomes remain unknown, but likely relate to neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Phillips
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences
| | - Stuart R Gray
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences
| | - Emilie Combet
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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4
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Malan L, Zandberg L, Pienaar C, Nienaber A, Havemann-Nel L. Regular moderate physical activity potentially accelerates and strengthens both the pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediator response after acute exercise stress. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2024; 202:102642. [PMID: 39216411 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The PUFA-derived lipid mediator response shifts from pro-inflammatory to inflammation resolution over time and may be modified by regular moderate exercise. This pre-post-test study aimed to compare the expression of PTGES2 (COX2) and ALOX15 in leucocytes and the plasma 5- and 15-HETE, 18-HEPE and 17-HDHA responses after unaccustomed resistance exercise between 18-35-year-old male recreational runners (n = 18) and less-active controls (n = 15). One repetition maximum (1RM) was determined for squats, 45° leg presses and leg extensions. Subsequently three sets of 8-10 repetitions were performed at 80 % 1RM and blood collected over 72 hours. PTGES2 and ALOX15 expression changed over time in runners (P = 0.016, P = 0.007) but not controls (P = 0.631, P = 0.539). 5- and 15-HETE changed over time in runners (P < 0.001, P = 0.022), but not controls (P = 0.457, P = 0.985). 18-HEPE changed in runners and controls (P < 0.001, P = 0.024), 17-HDHA changed borderline in runners (P = 0.076). In conclusion, pro-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving lipid mediators may respond sooner and more robust in recreational runners than less-active controls after strenuous resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Malan
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Lizelle Zandberg
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Cindy Pienaar
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Research Focus Area (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, South Africa
| | - Arista Nienaber
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lize Havemann-Nel
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Jin T, Wang M, Zeng Z, He W, Zhang L, Mai Y, Cen H. Causal associations of plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with sarcopenia-related traits: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:19-26. [PMID: 37653236 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the causal effect of plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on sarcopenia-related traits (lean mass, grip strength and walking pace) utilizing two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS Based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics, we performed two-sample MR applying the inverse variance weighted (IVW) as the primary method, supplemented with four additional sensitivity analyses. Furthermore, multivariable MR (MVMR) was applied to assess these associations independent of alcohol drinking, type 2 diabetes (T2D), triglycerides (TG), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS In univariable MR, the IVW analysis suggested no significant causal effect of genetically determined plasma omega-3 PUFAs on fat-free mass (right leg: β = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.05, P = 0.375; left leg: β = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.04, P = 0.446; right arm: β = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.05, P = 0.376; left arm: β = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.04, P = 0.384; trunk:β = 0.02, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.06, P = 0.283; whole: β = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.03 to 0.04, P = 0.631), grip strength (right hand: β = -0.01, 95% CI = -0.03 to 0.01, P = 0.387; left hand: β = -0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.01, P = 0.553) and walking pace (β = 0.00, 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.02, P = 0.575), and sensitive analysis generated similar non-significant results. Furthermore, the MVMR revealed no independent causal association. CONCLUSIONS Genetically determined plasma omega-3 PUFAs have no causal effect on sarcopenia-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jin
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengqiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenming He
- Institute of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yifeng Mai
- Institute of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Han Cen
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Witard OC, Banic M, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, van Dijk M, Galloway SDR. Long-chain n-3 PUFA ingestion for the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in healthy older adults. Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37987178 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123004834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to critically evaluate the efficacy of long-chain ո-3 PUFA ingestion in modulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS), with application to maintaining skeletal muscle mass, strength and function into later life. Ageing is associated with a gradual decline in muscle mass, specifically atrophy of type II fibres, that is exacerbated by periods of (in)voluntary muscle disuse. At the metabolic level, in otherwise healthy older adults, muscle atrophy is underpinned by anabolic resistance which describes the impaired MPS response to non-pharmacological anabolic stimuli, namely, physical activity/exercise and amino acid provision. Accumulating evidence implicates a mechanistic role for n-3 PUFA in upregulating MPS under stimulated conditions (post-prandial state or following exercise) via incorporation of EPA and DHA into the skeletal muscle phospholipid membrane. In some instances, these changes in MPS with chronic ո-3 PUFA ingestion have translated into clinically relevant improvements in muscle mass, strength and function; an observation evidently more prevalent in healthy older women than men. This apparent sexual dimorphism in the adaptive response of skeletal muscle metabolism to EPA and DHA ingestion may be related to a greater propensity for females to incorporate ո-3 PUFA into human tissue and/or the larger dose of ingested ո-3 PUFA when expressed relative to body mass or lean body mass. Future experimental studies are warranted to characterise the optimal dosing and duration of ո-3 PUFA ingestion to prescribe tailored recommendations regarding n-3 PUFA nutrition for healthy musculoskeletal ageing into later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Milena Banic
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Stuart D R Galloway
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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7
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Al-Yahyaey F, Al-Marzooqi W, Shaat I, Smith MA, Al-Sabahi J, Melak S, Bush RD. Effect of Spirulina platensis Supplementation on Carcass Characteristics, Fatty Acid Profile, and Meat Quality of Omani Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2976. [PMID: 37760376 PMCID: PMC10525089 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In a 70-day study, 36 Jabbali and Sahrawi bucks, aged 11 months, were utilized to evaluate the effects of different levels of spirulina dietary supplement (SP) on carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile, and meat quality traits in Omani goat breeds. The goats were put into six groups of six bucks, each at random. The diet consisted of a conventional concentrate feed ration (CFR) without spirulina (CON), and the CFR diet supplemented with spirulina at the levels of 2 g/head daily (T1) and 4 g/head daily (T2). In general, Sahrawi bucks showed a highly significant response to SP feeding compared with Jabbali bucks. The treatment groups, especially T1, showed a significant increase in average daily gain and carcass traits (body length, leg length, and the rack weight) compared with the CON group of Sahrawi bucks. The weights of omental and kidney fat were also significantly higher in T1 compared with CON and T2 groups of Sahrawi goats, while they were significantly higher in T2 compared with CON and T1 groups of Jabbali goats. Carcass profile and meat quality, including ultimate ph and meat color lightness (L*) were increased significantly with dietary spirulina in both LD and SM muscles of Sahrawi goats. Most of the Sfa, Mufa, Pufa, Pufa n-6, Pufa n-3, and n-6/n-3 ratios of the LD showed significant differences in diets supplemented with SP compared with CON for Sahrawi bucks, while some of them were significant in Jabbali bucks. The LD muscle of Sahrawi goats fed diets supplemented with SP of the T1 group significantly decreased in the amounts of pentadecanoic and margaric acids compared with the T2 and CON groups. The study concluded that incorporating SP (2 g and 4 g/head daily) into the diet of Omani goats, especially Sahrawi goats, can increase growth performance, as well as improve fatty acid composition and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Al-Yahyaey
- Animal Nutrition Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture Wealth, Fisheries and Water Resources, Rumais, P.O. Box 467, Muscat 100, Oman
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (M.A.S.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Waleed Al-Marzooqi
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, College of Agricultural & Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, P.O. Box 34, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Ihab Shaat
- Oman Animal and Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, Al Koudh, P.O. Box 92, Muscat 123, Oman;
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Melanie A. Smith
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (M.A.S.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Jamal Al-Sabahi
- Central Instrument Laboratory, College of Agricultural & Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, P.O. Box 34, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Sherif Melak
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Russell D. Bush
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (M.A.S.); (R.D.B.)
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Egalini F, Guardamagna O, Gaggero G, Varaldo E, Giannone B, Beccuti G, Benso A, Broglio F. The Effects of Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids on Glucose Metabolism: An Updated Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2672. [PMID: 37375575 PMCID: PMC10301273 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Massive changes have occurred in our diet. A growing consumption of vegetal oils rich in omega-6 (ω-6) and a depletion of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) in our food has led to an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6. In particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio seems to be an indicator of this derangement, whose reduction is associated to the development of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Our aim was therefore to investigate the literature on the effects of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs on glucose metabolism. We discussed emerging evidence from pre-clinical studies and from clinical trials. Notably, conflicting results emerged. Source of ω-3, sample size, ethnicity, study duration and food cooking method may be responsible for the lack of univocal results. High EPA/AA ratio seems to be a promising indicator of better glycemic control and reduced inflammation. On the other hand, linoleic acid (LA) appears to be also associated to a minor incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is still not clear if the outcome is related to a reduced production of AA or to its intrinsic effect. More data derived from multicenter, prospective randomized clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Egalini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Ornella Guardamagna
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Gaggero
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Emanuele Varaldo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Beatrice Giannone
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Guglielmo Beccuti
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Andrea Benso
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Fabio Broglio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
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9
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Jannas-Vela S, Espinosa A, Candia AA, Flores-Opazo M, Peñailillo L, Valenzuela R. The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Lipid Mediators on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040871. [PMID: 36839229 PMCID: PMC9965797 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the human body, comprising approximately 40% of body mass. After damage or injury, a healthy skeletal muscle is often fully regenerated; however, with aging and chronic diseases, the regeneration process is usually incomplete, resulting in the formation of fibrotic tissue, infiltration of intermuscular adipose tissue, and loss of muscle mass and strength, leading to a reduction in functional performance and quality of life. Accumulating evidence has shown that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their lipid mediators (i.e., oxylipins and endocannabinoids) have the potential to enhance muscle regeneration by positively modulating the local and systemic inflammatory response to muscle injury. This review explores the process of muscle regeneration and how it is affected by acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, focusing on the potential role of n-3 PUFAs and their derivatives as positive modulators of skeletal muscle healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jannas-Vela
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Escuela de Medicina, Campus San Felipe, Universidad de Valparaíso, San Felipe 2170000, Chile
| | - Alejandro A. Candia
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Marcelo Flores-Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Las Condes, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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10
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Santo André HC, Esteves GP, Barreto GHC, Longhini F, Dolan E, Benatti FB. The Influence of n-3PUFA Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Mass, and Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:115-127. [PMID: 36811583 PMCID: PMC10103001 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) supplementation on skeletal muscle are currently unclear. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize all available evidence regarding the influence of n-3PUFA supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and function in healthy young and older adults. Four databases were searched (Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and SportDiscus). Predefined eligibility criteria were determined according to Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, and Study Design. Only peer-reviewed studies were included. The Cochrane RoB2 Tool and the NutriGrade approach were used to access risk of bias and certainty in evidence. Effect sizes were calculated using pre-post scores and analyzed using a three-level, random-effects meta-analysis. When sufficient studies were available, subanalyses were performed in the muscle mass, strength, and function outcomes according to participant's age (<60 or ≥60 years), supplementation dosage (<2 or ≥2 g/day), and training intervention ("resistance training" vs. "none or other"). Overall, 14 individual studies were included, total 1443 participants (913 females; 520 males) and 52 outcomes measures. Studies had high overall risk of bias and consideration of all NutriGrade elements resulted in a certainty assessment of moderate meta-evidence for all outcomes. n-3PUFA supplementation had no significant effect on muscle mass (standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.07 [95% CI: -0.02, 0.17], P = 0.11) and muscle function (SMD = 0.03 [95% CI: -0.09, 0.15], P = 0.58), but it showed a very small albeit significant positive effect on muscle strength (SMD = 0.12 [95% CI: 0.006, 0.24], P = 0.04) in participants when compared with placebo. Subgroup analyses showed that age, supplementation dose, or cosupplementation alongside resistance training did not influence these responses. In conclusion, our analyses indicated that n-3PUFA supplementation may lead to very small increases in muscle strength but did not impact muscle mass and function in healthy young and older adults. To our knowledge, this is the first review and meta-analysis investigating whether n-3PUFA supplementation can lead to increases in muscle strength, mass, and function in healthy adults. Registered protocol: doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/2FWQT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel P Esteves
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel H C Barreto
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Longhini
- School of Applied Science (FCA), State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana B Benatti
- School of Applied Science (FCA), State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil; Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Functional Nutrients to Ameliorate Neurogenic Muscle Atrophy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111149. [DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenic muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that occurs from nerve trauma in association with diseases or during aging, leading to reduced interaction between motoneurons and skeletal fibers. Current therapeutic approaches aiming at preserving muscle mass in a scenario of decreased nervous input include physical activity and employment of drugs that slow down the progression of the condition yet provide no concrete resolution. Nutritional support appears as a precious tool, adding to the success of personalized medicine, and could thus play a relevant part in mitigating neurogenic muscle atrophy. We herein summarize the molecular pathways triggered by denervation of the skeletal muscle that could be affected by functional nutrients. In this narrative review, we examine and discuss studies pertaining to the use of functional ingredients to counteract neurogenic muscle atrophy, focusing on their preventive or curative means of action within the skeletal muscle. We reviewed experimental models of denervation in rodents and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as that caused by aging, considering the knowledge generated with use of animal experimental models and, also, from human studies.
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Rondanelli M, Gasparri C, Barrile GC, Battaglia S, Cavioni A, Giusti R, Mansueto F, Moroni A, Nannipieri F, Patelli Z, Razza C, Tartara A, Perna S. Effectiveness of a Novel Food Composed of Leucine, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 for the Treatment of Sarcopenia in Elderly Subjects: A 2-Month Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214566. [PMID: 36364828 PMCID: PMC9656258 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a complex process characterized by a progressive decrease in muscle mass and strength. Various nutrients have been shown to be effective in supporting muscular performance. This randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 2-month administration of food for special medical purposes composed of omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg), leucine (2.5 g), and probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 (LPPS23), on appendicular lean mass (ALM), muscle performance, inflammatory status, and amino acid profile in sarcopenic patients. A total of 60 participants (aged 79.7 ± 4.8 years and a body mass index of 22.2 ± 2.1 kg/m2) were enrolled and randomly assigned to either intervention (n = 22) or placebo group (n = 28). Comparing the differences in effects between groups (intervention minus placebo effects), ALM increased significantly in the intervention group (p < 0.05), with no discernible change in the placebo group. Similarly, significant differences were also observed for the Tinetti scale (+2.39 points, p < 0.05), the SPPB total score (+2.22 points, p < 0.05), and the handgrip strength (4.09 kg, p < 0.05). Visceral adipose tissue significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the placebo group at 60 days −0.69 g (95% CI: −1.09, 0.29) vs. 0.27 g (95% CI: −0.11, 0.65), groups difference −0.96 (95% CI: −1.52, 0.39, p = 0.001). A statistically significant increase in levels of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and total amino acid profiles was observed in the intervention group compared with the placebo group at 60 days (p = 0.001). When taken together, these beneficial effects may be attributed to the innovative composition of this special medical-purpose food which could be considered for the treatment of sarcopenia in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Human and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Clara Gasparri
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-038-238-1739
| | - Gaetan Claude Barrile
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Cavioni
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Mansueto
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Moroni
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Zaira Patelli
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Razza
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alice Tartara
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Zallaq P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
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Wang Z, Karrar E, Wang Y, Liu R, Chang M, Wang X. The bioactive of four dietary sources phospholipids on heavy metal-induced skeletal muscle injury in zebrafish: A comparison of phospholipid profiles. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Isesele PO, Mazurak VC. Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Differentiation by Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Critical Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682091. [PMID: 34149458 PMCID: PMC8209368 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is composed of multinuclear cells called myofibres, which are formed by the fusion of myoblasts during development. The size of the muscle fiber and mass of skeletal muscle are altered in response to several pathological and physiological conditions. Skeletal muscle regeneration is primarily mediated by muscle stem cells called satellite cells (SCs). In response to injury, these SCs replenish myogenic progenitor cells to form new myofibers to repair damaged muscle. During myogenesis, activated SCs proliferate and differentiate to myoblast and then fuse with one another to form muscle fibers. A reduced number of SCs and an inability to undergo myogenesis may contribute to skeletal muscle disorders such as atrophy, cachexia, and sarcopenia. Myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) are transcription factors that regulate myogenesis and determines whether SCs will be in the quiescent, activated, committed, or differentiated state. Mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress play a role in the determination of the fate of SCs. The potential activation and function of SCs are also affected by inflammation during skeletal muscle regeneration. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) show promise to reduce inflammation, maintain muscle mass during aging, and increase the functional capacity of the muscle. The aim of this critical review is to highlight the role of omega-3 PUFAs on the myogenic differentiation of SCs and pathways affected during the differentiation process, including mitochondrial function and inflammation from the current body of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Isesele
- Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Katsnelson G, Ceddia RB. Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids differentially regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C1120-C1129. [PMID: 32966124 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00304.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can directly regulate glucose and fat metabolism in skeletal muscle besides exerting anti-inflammatory effects. To accomplish this, L6 skeletal muscle cells were treated with 50 µM of either DHA or EPA for 1, 3, and 5 days. Here, we report that basal and insulin-stimulated rates of glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, protein kinase B (AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) phosphorylation were not affected by DHA or EPA. However, glucose and palmitate oxidation were consistently elevated by DHA treatment, whereas EPA only increased this variable transiently. Similarly, only DHA caused significant and sustained increases in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and protein levels of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1b (CPT1b) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in skeletal muscle cells. DHA also caused a larger anti-inflammatory effect than EPA in these cells. In conclusion, besides exerting anti-inflammatory effects, DHA and EPA directly regulated glucose and fat metabolism in skeletal muscle cells, although DHA was more effective in doing so than EPA. Thus, by directly enhancing glucose and fat oxidation, DHA may increase glucose disposal and reduce intramyocellular lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Katsnelson
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rolando B Ceddia
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wardle SL, Macnaughton LS, McGlory C, Witard OC, Dick JR, Whitfield PD, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR, Kim I, Hamilton DL, Moran CN, Tipton KD, Galloway SDR. Human skeletal muscle metabolic responses to 6 days of high-fat overfeeding are associated with dietary n-3PUFA content and muscle oxidative capacity. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14529. [PMID: 32845565 PMCID: PMC7448800 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding human physiological responses to high-fat energy excess (HFEE) may help combat the development of metabolic disease. We aimed to investigate the impact of manipulating the n-3PUFA content of HFEE diets on whole-body and skeletal muscle markers of insulin sensitivity. Twenty healthy males were overfed (150% energy, 60% fat, 25% carbohydrate, 15% protein) for 6 d. One group (n = 10) received 10% of fat intake as n-3PUFA rich fish oil (HF-FO), and the other group consumed a mix of fats (HF-C). Oral glucose tolerance tests with stable isotope tracer infusions were conducted before, and following, HFEE, with muscle biopsies obtained in basal and insulin-stimulated states for measurement of membrane phospholipids, ceramides, mitochondrial enzyme activities, and PKB and AMPKα2 activity. Insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal did not change following HFEE, irrespective of group. Skeletal muscle ceramide content increased following HFEE (8.5 ± 1.2 to 12.1 ± 1.7 nmol/mg, p = .03), irrespective of group. No change in mitochondrial enzyme activity was observed following HFEE, but citrate synthase activity was inversely associated with the increase in the ceramide content (r=-0.52, p = .048). A time by group interaction was observed for PKB activity (p = .003), with increased activity following HFEE in HF-C (4.5 ± 13.0mU/mg) and decreased activity in HF-FO (-10.1 ± 20.7 mU/mg) following HFEE. Basal AMPKα2 activity increased in HF-FO (4.1 ± 0.6 to 5.3 ± 0.7mU/mg, p = .049), but did not change in HF-C (4.6 ± 0.7 to 3.8 ± 0.9mU/mg) following HFEE. We conclude that early skeletal muscle signaling responses to HFEE appear to be modified by dietary n-3PUFA content, but the potential impact on future development of metabolic disease needs exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Wardle
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army HeadquartersAndoverUK
| | - Lindsay S. Macnaughton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Sportscotland Institute of SportStirlingUK
| | - Chris McGlory
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Queens UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Oliver C. Witard
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - James R. Dick
- Nutrition Group, Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - Philip D. Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Division of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of the Highlands and IslandsInvernessUK
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and LongevityDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingLittle RockARUSA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and LongevityDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingLittle RockARUSA
| | - Il‐Young Kim
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and LongevityDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingLittle RockARUSA
| | - D. Lee Hamilton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Colin N. Moran
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - Kevin D. Tipton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and HealthDurham UniversityDurhamUK
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Lynch GM, Murphy CH, Castro EDM, Roche HM. Inflammation and metabolism: the role of adiposity in sarcopenic obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-13. [PMID: 32669148 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity is characterised by the double burden of diminished skeletal muscle mass and the presence of excess adiposity. From a mechanistic perspective, both obesity and sarcopenia are associated with sub-acute, chronic pro-inflammatory states that impede metabolic processes, disrupting adipose and skeletal functionality, which may potentiate disease. Recent evidence suggests that there is an important cross-talk between metabolism and inflammation, which has shifted focus upon metabolic-inflammation as a key emerging biological interaction. Dietary intake, physical activity and nutritional status are important environmental factors that may modulate metabolic-inflammation. This paradigm will be discussed within the context of sarcopenic obesity risk. There is a paucity of data in relation to the nature and the extent to which nutritional status affects metabolic-inflammation in sarcopenic obesity. Research suggests that there may be scope for the modulation of sarcopenic obesity with alterations in diet. The potential impact of increasing protein consumption and reconfiguration of dietary fat composition in human dietary interventions are evaluated. This review will explore emerging data with respect to if and how different dietary components may modulate metabolic-inflammation, particularly with respect to adiposity, within the context of sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Lynch
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C H Murphy
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E de Marco Castro
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H M Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Tachtsis B, Whitfield J, Hawley JA, Hoffman NJ. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Mitigate Palmitate-Induced Impairments in Skeletal Muscle Cell Viability and Differentiation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:563. [PMID: 32581844 PMCID: PMC7283920 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of excess saturated free fatty acids such as palmitate (PAL) in skeletal muscle leads to reductions in mitochondrial integrity, cell viability and differentiation. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) counteract PAL-induced lipid accumulation. EPA and DHA, as well as the n-3 PUFA docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), may therefore mitigate PAL-induced lipotoxicity to promote skeletal muscle cell survival and differentiation. C2C12 myoblasts were treated with 50 μM EPA, DPA, or DHA in the absence or presence of 500 μM PAL for 16 h either prior to myoblast analysis or induction of differentiation. Myoblast viability and markers of apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and myotube differentiation capacity were investigated using fluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. High-resolution respirometry was used to assess mitochondrial function and membrane integrity. PAL induced cell death via apoptosis and increased protein content of ER stress markers BiP and CHOP. EPA, DPA, and DHA co-treatment maintained cell viability, prevented PAL-induced apoptosis and attenuated PAL-induced increases in BiP, whereas only DPA prevented increases in CHOP. PAL subsequently reduced protein content of the differentiation marker myogenin and inhibited myotube formation, and all n-3 PUFAs promoted myotube formation in the presence of PAL. Furthermore, DPA prevented PAL-induced release of cytochrome c and maintained mitochondrial integrity. These findings demonstrate the n-3 PUFAs EPA, DPA and DHA elicit similar protective effects against PAL-induced impairments in muscle cell viability and differentiation. Mechanistically, the protective effects of DPA against PAL lipotoxicity are attributable in part to its ability to maintain mitochondrial respiratory capacity via mitigating PAL-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Tachtsis
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Whitfield
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nolan J Hoffman
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Heileson JL, Funderburk LK. The effect of fish oil supplementation on the promotion and preservation of lean body mass, strength, and recovery from physiological stress in young, healthy adults: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:1001-1014. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
Military personnel are subjected to physiologically stressful environments during combat and its associated training. Evidence suggests that fish oil–derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (FO n-3 PUFAs) may affect military personnel’s performance by promoting or preserving lean body mass, strength, and power, while enhancing recovery from training-associated muscle damage.
Objective
Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review assessed the evidence for FO n-3 PUFA supplementation across various military-relevant outcomes related to physical performance in healthy adult populations.
Data Sources
The PubMed, Embase, and the CINAHL databases were searched along with references lists of selected articles and reviews.
Data Extraction
Eighteen trials were assessed for bias, and descriptive data were extracted.
Data Analysis
Of the 18 studies included, 12 trials favored FO n-3 PUFA supplementation in ≥ 1 of the performance outcomes.
Conclusion
Overall, FO n-3 PUFA supplementation likely preserves strength and very likely enhances recovery from physiological stress in young, healthy adults. However, FO n-3 PUFAs’ role in promoting or preserving lean body mass or promoting strength is unclear and warrants additional investigation.
Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020152786.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Heileson
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - LesLee K Funderburk
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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Lucchinetti E, Lou PH, Wawrzyniak P, Wawrzyniak M, Scharl M, Holtzhauer GA, Krämer SD, Hersberger M, Rogler G, Zaugg M. Novel Strategies to Prevent Total Parenteral Nutrition-Induced Gut and Liver Inflammation, and Adverse Metabolic Outcomes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e1901270. [PMID: 32359213 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a life-saving therapy administered to millions of patients. However, it is associated with significant adverse effects, namely liver injury, risk of infections, and metabolic derangements. In this review, the underlying causes of TPN-associated adverse effects, specifically gut atrophy, dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome, leakage of the epithelial barrier with bacterial invasion, and inflammation are first described. The role of the bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor, of pleiotropic hormones, and growth factors is highlighted, and the mechanisms of insulin resistance, namely the lack of insulinotropic and insulinomimetic signaling of gut-originating incretins as well as the potentially toxicity of phytosterols and pro-inflammatory fatty acids mainly released from soybean oil-based lipid emulsions, are discussed. Finally, novel approaches in the design of next generation lipid delivery systems are proposed. Propositions include modifying the physicochemical properties of lipid emulsions, the use of lipid emulsions generated from sustainable oils with favorable ratios of anti-inflammatory n-3 to pro-inflammatory n-6 fatty acids, beneficial adjuncts to TPN, and concomitant pharmacotherapies to mitigate TPN-associated adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Lucchinetti
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Phing-How Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Gregory A Holtzhauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zaugg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
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McGlory C, Calder PC, Nunes EA. The Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover in Health, Disuse, and Disease. Front Nutr 2019; 6:144. [PMID: 31555658 PMCID: PMC6742725 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids is known to exert favorable health effects on a number of biological processes such as improved immune profile, enhanced cognition, and optimized neuromuscular function. Recently, data have emerged demonstrating a positive influence of omega-3 fatty acid intake on skeletal muscle. For instance, there are reports of clinically-relevant gains in muscle size and strength in healthy older persons with omega-3 fatty acid intake as well as evidence that omega-3 fatty acid ingestion alleviates the loss of muscle mass and prevents decrements in mitochondrial respiration during periods of muscle-disuse. Cancer cachexia that is characterized by a rapid involuntary loss of lean mass may also be attenuated by omega-3 fatty acid provision. The primary means by which omega-3 fatty acids positively impact skeletal muscle mass is via incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n−3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n−3) into membrane phospholipids of the sarcolemma and intracellular organelles. Enrichment of EPA and DHA in these membrane phospholipids is linked to enhanced rates of muscle protein synthesis, decreased expression of factors that regulate muscle protein breakdown, and improved mitochondrial respiration kinetics. However, exactly how incorporation of EPA and DHA into phospholipid membranes alters these processes remains unknown. In this review, we discuss the interaction between omega-3 fatty acid ingestion and skeletal muscle protein turnover in response to nutrient provision in younger and older adults. Additionally, we examine the role of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in protecting muscle loss during muscle-disuse and in cancer cachexia, and critically evaluate the molecular mechanisms that underpin the phenotypic changes observed in skeletal muscle with omega-3 fatty acid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Everson A Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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22
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Kunz HE, Dasari S, Lanza IR. EPA and DHA elicit distinct transcriptional responses to high-fat feeding in skeletal muscle and liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E460-E472. [PMID: 31265326 PMCID: PMC6766610 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00083.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) exert numerous beneficial biological effects and attenuate diet-induced insulin resistance in rodent models. In the present study, the independent, tissue-specific effects of two nutritionally relevant n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were characterized in the context of a high-fat diet (HFD). EPA and DHA supplementation (3.2% of total fat) in 6-mo-old male C57BL/6 mice fed an HFD (60% fat) partially mitigated reductions in insulin sensitivity. At 5 wk, the area above the curve below baseline glucose following an intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test was 54.5% lower in HFD than control, whereas HFD + EPA and HFD + DHA showed 27.6% and 17.1% reductions, respectively. At 10 wk, HFD increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity supported by lipid and carbohydrate-based substrates in both liver and skeletal muscle (P < 0.05), with little effect of EPA or DHA supplementation. Whole genome transcriptomic analyses revealed HFD-induced transcriptional changes indicative of inflammation and fibrosis in both liver and muscle. Gene set enrichment analyses indicated a downregulation of transcripts associated with extracellular matrix in muscle (family-wise error rate P < 0.01) and liver (P = 0.04) and in transcripts associated with inflammation in muscle (P = 0.03) in HFD + DHA compared with HFD alone. In contrast, EPA appeared to potentiate some proinflammatory effects of the HFD. In the skeletal muscle, DHA increased the expression of stress-responsive genes, whereas EPA upregulated the expression of transcripts related to cell cycle. Therefore, although both EPA and DHA supplementation during HFD partially preserve insulin signaling, they modulate distinct processes, highlighting their unique biological effects in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawley E Kunz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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23
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Philpott JD, Bootsma NJ, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, Hamilton DL, MacKinlay E, Dick J, Mettler S, Galloway SDR, Tipton KD, Witard OC. Influence of Fish Oil-Derived n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Changes in Body Composition and Muscle Strength During Short-Term Weight Loss in Resistance-Trained Men. Front Nutr 2019; 6:102. [PMID: 31380384 PMCID: PMC6652803 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A detrimental consequence of diet-induced weight loss, common in athletes who participate in weight cutting sports, is muscle loss. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) exhibit a protective effect on the loss of muscle tissue during catabolic situations such as injury-simulated leg immobilization. This study aimed to investigate the influence of dietary n-3PUFA supplementation on changes in body composition and muscle strength following short-term diet-induced weight loss in resistance-trained men. Methods: Twenty resistance-trained young (23 ± 1 years) men were randomly assigned to a fish oil group that supplemented their diet with 4 g n-3PUFA, 18 g carbohydrate, and 5 g protein (FO) or placebo group containing an equivalent carbohydrate and protein content (CON) over a 6 week period. During weeks 1-3, participants continued their habitual diet. During week 4, participants received all food items to control energy balance and a macronutrient composition of 50% carbohydrate, 35% fat, and 15% protein. During weeks 5 and 6, participants were fed an energy-restricted diet equivalent to 60% habitual energy intake. Body composition and strength were measured during weeks 1, 4, and 6. Results: The decline in total body mass (FO = -3.0 ± 0.3 kg, CON = -2.6 ± 0.3 kg), fat free mass (FO = -1.4 ± 0.3 kg, CON = -1.2 ± 0.3 kg) and fat mass (FO = -1.4 ± 0.2 kg, CON = -1.3 ± 0.3 kg) following energy restriction was similar between groups (all p > 0.05; d: 0.16-0.39). Non-dominant leg extension 1 RM increased (6.1 ± 3.4%) following energy restriction in FO (p < 0.05, d = 0.29), with no changes observed in CON (p > 0.05, d = 0.05). Dominant leg extension 1 RM tended to increase following energy restriction in FO (p = 0.09, d = 0.29), with no changes in CON (p > 0.05, d = 0.06). Changes in leg press 1 RM, maximum voluntary contraction and muscular endurance following energy restriction were similar between groups (p > 0.05, d = 0.05). Conclusion: Any possible improvements in muscle strength during short-term weight loss with n-3PUFA supplementation are not related to the modulation of FFM in resistance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Philpott
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Niels J Bootsma
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - David Lee Hamilton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | | | - James Dick
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Mettler
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stuart D R Galloway
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Carboni S, Kaur G, Pryce A, McKee K, Desbois AP, Dick JR, Galloway SDR, Hamilton DL. Mussel Consumption as a "Food First" Approach to Improve Omega-3 Status. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1381. [PMID: 31248159 PMCID: PMC6628055 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous United Kingdom and European Union expert panels recommend that the general adult population consumes ~250 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day through the consumption of one portion of oily fish per week. The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA are only found in appreciable amounts in marine organisms. Increasing oily fish consumption conflicts with sustaining fisheries, so alternative dietary sources of EPA and DHA must be explored. Mussels are high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a good source of essential amino acids. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of introducing mussels as a protein source in the lunchtime meal three times per week for two weeks on the omega-3 status of free-living participants. Following an initial two-week monitoring period, 12 participants (eight male and four female) attended the nutrition laboratory three times per week for two weeks. Each participant received a personalised lunch constituting one-third of their typical daily calorie consumption with ~20% of the calories supplied as cooked mussels. A portion of cooked mussels from each feeding occasion was tested for total omega-3 content. The mean ± SD mussel EPA + DHA content was 518.9 ± 155.7 mg/100 g cooked weight, meaning that each participant received on average 709.2 ± 252.6 mg of EPA + DHA per meal or 304.0 ± 108.2 mg of EPA + DHA per day. Blood spot analysis revealed a significant increase in the omega-3 index (week 1 = 4.27 ± 0.81; week 4 = 5.07 ± 1.00) and whole blood EPA content during the study (%EPA week 1 = 0.70 ± 0.0.35; %EPA week 4 = 0.98 ± 0.35). Consuming mussels three times per week for two weeks as the protein source in a personalised lunchtime meal is sufficient to moderately improve the omega-3 index and whole blood DHA + EPA content in young healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carboni
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Pathfoot Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Gunveen Kaur
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia.
| | - Abigail Pryce
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Kyle McKee
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Andrew P Desbois
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Pathfoot Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - James R Dick
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Pathfoot Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Stuart D R Galloway
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - David Lee Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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25
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Gerling CJ, Mukai K, Chabowski A, Heigenhauser GJF, Holloway GP, Spriet LL, Jannas-Vela S. Incorporation of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Into Human Skeletal Muscle Sarcolemmal and Mitochondrial Membranes Following 12 Weeks of Fish Oil Supplementation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:348. [PMID: 30984028 PMCID: PMC6449797 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish oil (FO) supplementation in humans results in the incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C20:6) into skeletal muscle membranes. However, despite the importance of membrane composition in structure–function relationships, a paucity of information exists regarding how different muscle membranes/organelles respond to FO supplementation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effects 12 weeks of FO supplementation (3g EPA/2g DHA daily) on the phospholipid composition of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial fractions, as well as whole muscle responses, in healthy young males. FO supplementation increased the total phospholipid content in whole muscle (57%; p < 0.05) and the sarcolemma (38%; p = 0.05), but did not alter the content in mitochondria. The content of omega-3 FAs, EPA and DHA, were increased (+3-fold) in whole muscle, and mitochondrial membranes, and as a result the omega-6/omega-3 ratios were dramatically decreased (-3-fold), while conversely the unsaturation indexes were increased. Intriguingly, before supplementation the unsaturation index (UI) of sarcolemmal membranes was ∼3 times lower (p < 0.001) than either whole muscle or mitochondrial membranes. While supplementation also increased DHA within sarcolemmal membranes, EPA was not altered, and as a result the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and UI of these membranes were not altered. All together, these data revealed that mitochondrial and sarcolemmal membranes display unique phospholipid compositions and responses to FO supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gerling
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastian Jannas-Vela
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Individual differences in EPA and DHA content of Atlantic salmon are associated with gene expression of key metabolic processes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3889. [PMID: 30846825 PMCID: PMC6405848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore how individual differences in content of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in skeletal muscle of slaughter-sized Atlantic salmon, are associated with expression of genes involved in key metabolic processes. All experimental fish were fed the same diet throughout life and fasted for 14 days prior to slaughter. Still, there were relatively large individual variations in EPA and DHA content of skeletal muscle. Higher DHA content was concurrent with increased expression of genes of the glycolytic pathway and the production of pyruvate and lactate, whereas EPA was associated with increased expression of pentose phosphate pathway and glycogen breakdown genes. Furthermore, EPA, but not DHA, was associated with expression of genes involved in insulin signaling. Expression of genes specific for skeletal muscle function were positively associated with both EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA were also associated with expression of genes related to eicosanoid and resolvin production. EPA was negatively associated with expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism. Thus, a possible reason why some individuals have a higher level of EPA in the skeletal muscle is that they deposit - rather than oxidize - EPA for energy.
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27
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Kalbe C, Priepke A, Nürnberg G, Dannenberger D. Effects of long-term microalgae supplementation on muscle microstructure, meat quality and fatty acid composition in growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:574-582. [PMID: 30511431 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of long-term microalgae supplementation (7% in a piglet diet and 5% in a fattening diet) on muscle microstructure and meat quality, including fatty acid composition in female Landrace pigs (n = 31). The major effects were muscle-specific increases in n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentrations, resulting in increased accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Carcass traits and meat quality of longissimus thoracis muscle were not affected by the microalgae diet with the exception of reduced drip loss (p = 0.01) and increased protein proportion (p = 0.04). In addition, the microalgae diet resulted in a shift to a more oxidative myofibre type composition in semitendinosus but not longissimus thoracis muscle. In conclusion, microalgae supplementation offers a unique opportunity to enhance essential n-3 PUFA contents in pig meat. The results support small but coordinated changes in skeletal muscle phenotypic appearance and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kalbe
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Antje Priepke
- Institute of Livestock Farming, State Research Center of Agriculture and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Gerd Nürnberg
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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28
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Løvsletten NG, Bakke SS, Kase ET, Ouwens DM, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC. Increased triacylglycerol - Fatty acid substrate cycling in human skeletal muscle cells exposed to eicosapentaenoic acid. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208048. [PMID: 30496314 PMCID: PMC6264501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been shown that pretreatment of differentiated human skeletal muscle cells (myotubes) with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) promoted increased uptake of fatty acids and increased triacylglycerol accumulation, compared to pretreatment with oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA). The aim of the present study was to examine whether EPA could affect substrate cycling in human skeletal muscle cells by altering lipolysis rate of intracellular TAG and re-esterification of fatty acids. Fatty acid metabolism was studied in human myotubes using a mixture of fatty acids, consisting of radiolabelled oleic acid as tracer (14C-OA) together with EPA or PA. Co-incubation of myotubes with EPA increased cell-accumulation and incomplete fatty acid oxidation of 14C-OA compared to co-incubation with PA. Lipid distribution showed higher incorporation of 14C-OA into all cellular lipids after co-incubation with EPA relative to PA, with most markedly increases (3 to 4-fold) for diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. Further, the increases in cellular lipids after co-incubation with EPA were accompanied by higher lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification rate. Correspondingly, basal respiration, proton leak and maximal respiration were significantly increased in cells exposed to EPA compared to PA. Microarray and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that EPA, related to PA, significantly changed i.e. the GO terms "Neutral lipid metabolic process" and "Regulation of lipid storage". Finally, an inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 decreased the effect of EPA to promote fatty acid accumulation. In conclusion, incubation of human myotubes with EPA, compared to PA, increased processes of fatty acid turnover and oxidation suggesting that EPA may activate futile substrate cycling of fatty acids in human myotubes. Increased TAG-FA cycling may be involved in the potentially favourable effects of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids on skeletal muscle and whole-body energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils G. Løvsletten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Siril S. Bakke
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eili T. Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - D. Margriet Ouwens
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G. Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C. Rustan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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29
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McGlory C, van Vliet S, Stokes T, Mittendorfer B, Phillips SM. The impact of exercise and nutrition on the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. J Physiol 2018; 597:1251-1258. [PMID: 30010196 DOI: 10.1113/jp275443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength throughout life is a key determinant of human health and well-being. There is a gradual loss of both skeletal muscle mass and strength with ageing (a process termed sarcopenia) that increases the risk of functional dependence, morbidity and mortality. Understanding the factors that regulate the size of human muscle mass, particularly during the later years of life, has therefore become an area of intense scientific inquiry. The amount of muscle mass is determined by coordinated changes in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB). In this review, we assess both classical and contemporary work that has examined how resistance exercise and nutrition impact on MPS and MPB. Special consideration is given to the role of different sources of dietary protein (food vs. supplements) and non-protein nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids in regulating MPS. We also critically evaluate recent studies that have employed novel 'omic' technologies such as dynamic protein profiling to probe for changes in rates of MPS and MPB at the individual protein level following exercise. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research that we hope will yield important information for the development of exercise and nutritional strategies to counteract muscle loss in a variety of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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30
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Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030309. [PMID: 29510597 PMCID: PMC5872727 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), which are commonly found in fish oil supplements, are known to possess anti-inflammatory properties and more recently alter skeletal muscle function. In this review, we discuss novel findings related to how n-3 PUFAs modulate molecular signaling responsible for growth and hypertrophy as well as the activity of muscle stem cells. Muscle stem cells commonly known as satellite cells, are primarily responsible for driving the skeletal muscle repair process to potentially damaging stimuli, such as mechanical stress elicited by exercise contraction. To date, there is a paucity of human investigations related to the effects of n-3 PUFAs on satellite cell content and activity. Based on current in vitro investigations, this review focuses on novel mechanisms linking n-3 PUFA’s to satellite cell activity and how they may improve muscle repair. Understanding the role of n-3 PUFAs during muscle growth and regeneration in association with exercise could lead to the development of novel supplementation strategies that increase muscle mass and strength, therefore possibly reducing the burden of muscle wasting with age.
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