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Schneider RF, Gunter HM, Salewski I, Woltering JM, Meyer A. Growth dynamics and molecular bases of evolutionary novel jaw extensions in halfbeaks and needlefishes (Beloniformes). Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5798-5811. [PMID: 37750351 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary novelties-derived traits without clear homology found in the ancestors of a lineage-may promote ecological specialization and facilitate adaptive radiations. Examples for such novelties include the wings of bats, pharyngeal jaws of cichlids and flowers of angiosperms. Belonoid fishes (flying fishes, halfbeaks and needlefishes) feature an astonishing diversity of extremely elongated jaw phenotypes with undetermined evolutionary origins. We investigate the development of elongated jaws in a halfbeak (Dermogenys pusilla) and a needlefish (Xenentodon cancila) using morphometrics, transcriptomics and in situ hybridization. We confirm that these fishes' elongated jaws are composed of distinct base and novel 'extension' portions. These extensions are morphologically unique to belonoids, and we describe the growth dynamics of both bases and extensions throughout early development in both studied species. From transcriptomic profiling, we deduce that jaw extension outgrowth is guided by populations of multipotent cells originating from the anterior tip of the dentary. These cells are shielded from differentiation, but proliferate and migrate anteriorly during the extension's allometric growth phase. Cells left behind at the tip leave the shielded zone and undergo differentiation into osteoblast-like cells, which deposit extracellular matrix with both bone and cartilage characteristics that mineralizes and thereby provides rigidity. Such bone has characteristics akin to histological observations on the elongated 'kype' process on lower jaws of male salmon, which may hint at common conserved regulatory underpinnings. Future studies will evaluate the molecular pathways that govern the anterior migration and proliferation of these multipotent cells underlying the belonoids' evolutionary novel jaw extensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf F Schneider
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany
| | - Helen M Gunter
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Inken Salewski
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joost M Woltering
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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2
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Godoi MA, Camilli AC, Gonzales KGA, Costa VB, Papathanasiou E, Leite FRM, Guimarães-Stabili MR. JAK/STAT as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Osteolytic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10290. [PMID: 37373437 PMCID: PMC10299676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cytokines with major biological functions in inflammatory diseases exert their functions through the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathway. JAKs phosphorylate the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor, inducing the activation of its substrates, mainly the proteins known as STATs. STATs bind to these phosphorylated tyrosine residues and translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, further regulating the transcription of several genes that regulate the inflammatory response. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. There is also increasing evidence indicating that the persistent activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is related to several inflammatory bone (osteolytic) diseases. However, the specific mechanism remains to be clarified. JAK/STAT signaling pathway inhibitors have gained major scientific interest to explore their potential in the prevention of the destruction of mineralized tissues in osteolytic diseases. Here, our review highlights the importance of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in inflammation-induced bone resorption and presents the results of clinical studies and experimental models of JAK inhibitors in osteolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariely A. Godoi
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP, Araraquara 14801-385, Brazil; (M.A.G.)
| | - Angelo C. Camilli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP, Araraquara 14801-385, Brazil; (M.A.G.)
| | - Karen G. A. Gonzales
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP, Araraquara 14801-385, Brazil; (M.A.G.)
| | - Vitória B. Costa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP, Araraquara 14801-385, Brazil; (M.A.G.)
| | - Evangelos Papathanasiou
- Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Fábio R. M. Leite
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre, Singapore 168938, Singapore;
- Oral Health Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Morgana R. Guimarães-Stabili
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP, Araraquara 14801-385, Brazil; (M.A.G.)
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Enlarged fins of Tibetan catfish provide new evidence of adaptation to high plateau. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023:10.1007/s11427-022-2253-7. [PMID: 36802318 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau significantly altered the geomorphology and climate of the Euroasia by creating large mountains and rivers. Fishes are more likely to be affected relative to other organisms, as they are largely restricted to river systems. Faced with the rapidly flowing water in the Tibetan Plateau, a group of catfish has evolved greatly enlarged pectoral fins with more numbers of fin-rays to form an adhesive apparatus. However, the genetic basis of these adaptations in Tibetan catfishes remains elusive. In this study, we performed comparative genomic analyses based on the chromosome-level genome of Glyptosternum maculatum in family Sisoridae and detected some proteins with conspicuously high evolutionary rates in particular in genes involved in skeleton development, energy metabolism, and hypoxia response. We found that the hoxd12a gene evolved faster and a loss-of-function assay of hoxd12a supports a potential role for this gene in shaping the enlarged fins of these Tibetan catfishes. Other genes with amino acid replacements and signatures of positive selection included proteins involved in low temperature (TRMU) and hypoxia (VHL) responses. Functional assays reveal that the G. maculatumTRMU allele generates more mitochondrial ATP than the ancestral allele found in low-altitude fishes. Functional assays of VHL alleles suggest that the G. maculatum allele has lower transactivation activity than the low-altitude forms. These findings provide a window into the genomic underpinnings of physiological adaptations that permit G. maculatum to survive in the harsh environment of the Tibetan Himalayas that mirror those that are convergently found in other vertebrates such as humans.
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Wang YM, Khederzadeh S, Li SR, Otecko NO, Irwin DM, Thakur M, Ren XD, Wang MS, Wu DD, Zhang YP. Integrating Genomic and Transcriptomic Data to Reveal Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Piao Chicken Rumpless Trait. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:787-799. [PMID: 33631431 PMCID: PMC9170765 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Piao chicken, a rare Chinese native poultry breed, lacks primary tail structures, such as pygostyle, caudal vertebra, uropygial gland, and tail feathers. So far, the molecular mechanisms underlying tail absence in this breed remain unclear. In this study, we comprehensively employed comparative transcriptomic and genomic analyses to unravel potential genetic underpinnings of rumplessness in Piao chicken. Our results reveal many biological factors involved in tail development and several genomic regions under strong positive selection in this breed. These regions contain candidate genes associated with rumplessness, including Irx4, Il18, Hspb2, and Cryab. Retrieval of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and gene functions implies that rumplessness might be consciously or unconsciously selected along with the high-yield traits in Piao chicken. We hypothesize that strong selection pressures on regulatory elements might lead to changes in gene activity in mesenchymal stem cells of the tail bud. The ectopic activity could eventually result in tail truncation by impeding differentiation and proliferation of the stem cells. Our study provides fundamental insights into early initiation and genetic basis of the rumpless phenotype in Piao chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | - Saber Khederzadeh
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Shi-Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Newton Otieno Otecko
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mukesh Thakur
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Xiao-Die Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ming-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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5
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Sanpaolo ER, Rotondo C, Cici D, Corrado A, Cantatore FP. JAK/STAT pathway and molecular mechanism in bone remodeling. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9087-9096. [PMID: 33099760 PMCID: PMC7674338 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
JAK/STAT signaling pathway is involved in many diseases, including autoimmune diseases, which are characterized by a close interconnection between immune and bone system. JAK/STAT pathway is involved in bone homeostasis and plays an important role in proliferation and differentiation of some cell types, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Different molecules, such as cytokines, hormones, and growth factors are responsible for the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, which leads, at the nuclear level, to start DNA transcription of target genes. Bone cells and remodeling process are often influenced by many cytokines, which act as strong stimulators of bone formation and resorption. Our aim, through careful research in literature, has been to provide an overview of the role of the JAK/STAT pathway in bone remodeling and on bone cells, with a focus on cytokines involved in bone turnover through this signal cascade. The JAK/STAT pathway, through the signal cascade activation mediated by the interaction with many cytokines, acts on bone cells and appears to be involved in bone remodeling process. However, many other studies are needed to completely understand the molecular mechanism underlying these bone process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Rita Sanpaolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Rotondo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
| | - Daniela Cici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ada Corrado
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cantatore
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
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Kesavan C, Bajwa NM, Watt H, Mohan S. Growth Hormone Effects on Bone Loss-Induced by Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and/or Hind Limb Unloading. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18995. [PMID: 31831786 PMCID: PMC6908685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency and loss of physical activity are common features in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients that may contribute to bone loss. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that GH treatment will rescue the hind limb unloading (UL)-induced skeletal deficit in TBI mice. Mild TBI was induced once per day for four consecutive days. UL (right hind limb) and treatment (3 mg/day GH or vehicle) began two weeks after the first TBI episode and lasted for four weeks. GH treatment increased femur BMD and lean body mass but decreased the % fat measured by DXA in the Control group. Micro-CT analysis revealed that the TBI, UL and TBI-UL groups showed reduced tibia trabecular (Tb) bone mass by 15%, 70%, and 75%, respectively compared to Control mice and that GH treatment significantly increased Tb. bone mass in all four groups. Vertebra also showed reduced Tb. bone mass in TBI, UL and TBI-UL groups. GH treatment increased vertebral Tb. bone mass in Control and UL groups but not in the TBI or TBI-UL group. GH treatment increased serum IGF-I levels similarly in TBI, UL and TBI-UL groups at day 14, suggesting the GH effect on liver IGF-I production was unaffected by skeletal UL. In contrast, GH effect on expression of ALP, IGFBP5 and axin2 in bone were compromised by UL. In conclusion, skeletal UL caused a greater Tb. bone deficit than mild TBI alone and that GH anabolic effects in the TBI and UL groups vary depending on the skeletal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar Kesavan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Nikita M Bajwa
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
| | - Heather Watt
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA. .,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA. .,Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA. .,Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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7
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Sardar S, Kerr A, Vaartjes D, Moltved ER, Karosiene E, Gupta R, Andersson Å. The oncoprotein TBX3 is controlling severity in experimental arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:16. [PMID: 30630509 PMCID: PMC6329118 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of autoimmune diseases is the result of a complex interplay between hereditary and environmental factors, with multiple genes contributing to the pathogenesis in human disease and in experimental models for disease. The T-box protein 3 is a transcriptional repressor essential during early embryonic development, in the formation of bone and additional organ systems, and in tumorigenesis. METHODS With the aim to find novel genes important for autoimmune inflammation, we have performed genetic studies of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse experimental model for rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS We showed that a small genetic fragment on mouse chromosome 5, including Tbx3 and three additional protein-coding genes, is linked to severe arthritis and high titers of anti-collagen antibodies. Gene expression studies have revealed differential expression of Tbx3 in B cells, where low expression was accompanied by a higher B cell response upon B cell receptor stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, we showed that serum TBX3 levels rise concomitantly with increasing severity of CIA. CONCLUSIONS From these results, we suggest that TBX3 is a novel factor important for the regulation of gene transcription in the immune system and that genetic polymorphisms, resulting in lower expression of Tbx3, are contributing to a more severe form of CIA and high titers of autoantibodies. We also propose TBX3 as a putative diagnostic biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Sardar
- Section for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Present address: Nordic Bioscience A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alish Kerr
- Section for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Present address: Nuritas, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniëlle Vaartjes
- Section for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Present address: Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilie Riis Moltved
- Section for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Present address: IQVIA, Copenhagen, Denmark Denmark
| | - Edita Karosiene
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Kemitorvet 208, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Present address: Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Kemitorvet 208, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Åsa Andersson
- Section for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, ETN, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
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Zhu T, Qiao L, Wang Q, Mi R, Chen J, Lu Y, Gu J, Zheng Q. T-box family of transcription factor-TBX5, insights in development and disease. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:442-453. [PMID: 28337273 PMCID: PMC5340680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The T-box gene family refers to a group of transcription factors that share a highly conserved, sequence-specific DNA-binding domain (T-box) containing around 180-amino acids. According to HUGO gene nomenclature committee (HGNC), there are 18 T-box family members. These T-box genes have been implicated essential roles during embryogenesis and cardiac development, given their specific expression pattern in developing mammalian heart for several T-box genes, including TBX5. TBX5 is consisted of three transcriptional variants which cover 9 exons and encode two distinct isoforms that differ in N-terminus. TBX5 is probably the most frequently studied T-box gene over the past decade due to the typical cardiac defects observed in Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS), which is caused by TBX5 mutation. Most of the mutations are within exons 3-7 where locate sequence coding for the T-box domain. Notably, a variety of cardiac defects, as well as abnormalities in limb and other organs have been seen in HOS syndrome with different kinds of TBX5 mutations, suggesting a heterogeneous disease mechanism. We have performed a meta-analysis of TBX5 and found a significant correlation between its single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3825214 (A to G), and risk of atrial fibrillation and its subtypes, supporting TBX5 as a master transcription factor for cardiac development. In addition, bioinformatics analysis of this SNP identified several TFs that may be affected for their binding affinity with TBX5. Identification and characterization of more TBX5 mutations and SNPs hold promise for therapeutic strategy targeting TBX5 associated developmental abnormalities and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longwei Qiao
- The Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhou, Jiangsu 215008, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Mi
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinnan Chen
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaojuan Lu
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junxia Gu
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiping Zheng
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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Shen J, Lu J, Sui L, Wang D, Yin M, Hoffmann I, Legler A, Pflugfelder GO. The orthologous Tbx transcription factors Omb and TBX2 induce epithelial cell migration and extrusion in vivo without involvement of matrix metalloproteinases. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11998-2015. [PMID: 25344916 PMCID: PMC4322970 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors TBX2 and TBX3 are overexpressed in various human cancers. Here, we investigated the effect of overexpressing the orthologous Tbx genes Drosophila optomotor-blind (omb) and human TBX2 in the epithelium of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc and observed two types of cell motility. Omb/TBX2 overexpressing cells could move within the plane of the epithelium. Invasive cells migrated long-distance as single cells retaining or regaining normal cell shape and apico-basal polarity in spite of attenuated apical DE-cadherin concentration. Inappropriate levels of DE-cadherin were sufficient to drive cell migration in the wing disc epithelium. Omb/TBX2 overexpression and reduced DE-cadherin-dependent adhesion caused the formation of actin-rich lateral cell protrusions. Omb/TBX2 overexpressing cells could also delaminate basally, penetratingthe basal lamina, however, without degradation of extracellular matrix. Expression of Timp, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases, blocked neither intraepithelial motility nor basal extrusion. Our results reveal an MMP-independent mechanism of cell invasion and suggest a conserved role of Tbx2-related proteins in cell invasion and metastasis-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Sui
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Inka Hoffmann
- Institute of Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Legler
- Institute of Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Dobie R, MacRae VE, Huesa C, van't Hof R, Ahmed SF, Farquharson C. Direct stimulation of bone mass by increased GH signalling in the osteoblasts of Socs2-/- mice. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:93-106. [PMID: 25074853 PMCID: PMC4166176 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signalling (Socs2(-/-))-knockout mouse is characterised by an overgrowth phenotype due to enhanced GH signalling. The objective of this study was to define the Socs2(-/-) bone phenotype and determine whether GH promotes bone mass via IGF1-dependent mechanisms. Despite no elevation in systemic IGF1 levels, increased body weight in 4-week-old Socs2(-/-) mice following GH treatment was associated with increased cortical bone area (Ct.Ar) (P<0.01). Furthermore, detailed bone analysis of male and female juvenile and adult Socs2(-/-) mice revealed an altered cortical and trabecular phenotype consistent with the known anabolic effects of GH. Indeed, male Socs2(-/-) mice had increased Ct.Ar (P<0.05) and thickness associated with increased strength. Despite this, there was no elevation in hepatic Igf1 expression, suggesting that the anabolic bone phenotype was the result of increased local GH action. Mechanistic studies showed that in osteoblasts and bone of Socs2(-/-) mice, STAT5 phosphorylation was significantly increased in response to GH. Conversely, overexpression of SOCS2 decreased GH-induced STAT5 signalling. Although an increase in Igf1 expression was observed in Socs2(-/-) osteoblasts following GH, it was not evident in vivo. Igf1 expression levels were not elevated in response to GH in 4-week-old mice and no alterations in expression was observed in bone samples of 6-week-old Socs2(-/-) mice. These studies emphasise the critical role of SOCS2 in controlling the local GH anabolic bone effects. We provide compelling evidence implicating SOCS2 in the regulation of GH osteoblast signalling and ultimately bone accrual, which maybe via mechanisms that are independent of IGF1 production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dobie
- Division of Developmental BiologyThe Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UKInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSchool of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Scotland, UK
| | - V E MacRae
- Division of Developmental BiologyThe Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UKInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSchool of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Scotland, UK
| | - C Huesa
- Division of Developmental BiologyThe Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UKInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSchool of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Scotland, UK
| | - R van't Hof
- Division of Developmental BiologyThe Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UKInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSchool of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Scotland, UK
| | - S F Ahmed
- Division of Developmental BiologyThe Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UKInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSchool of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Scotland, UK
| | - C Farquharson
- Division of Developmental BiologyThe Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UKInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSchool of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Scotland, UK
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Reed SA, Raja JS, Hoffman ML, Zinn SA, Govoni KE. Poor maternal nutrition inhibits muscle development in ovine offspring. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:43. [PMID: 25247074 PMCID: PMC4170199 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal over and restricted nutrition has negative consequences on the muscle of offspring by reducing muscle fiber number and altering regulators of muscle growth. To determine if over and restricted maternal nutrition affected muscle growth and gene and protein expression in offspring, 36 pregnant ewes were fed 60%, 100% or 140% of National Research Council requirements from d 31 ± 1.3 of gestation until parturition. Lambs from control-fed (CON), restricted-fed (RES) or over-fed (OVER) ewes were necropsied within 1 d of birth (n = 18) or maintained on a control diet for 3 mo (n = 15). Semitendinosus muscle was collected for immunohistochemistry, and protein and gene expression analysis. RESULTS Compared with CON, muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) increased in RES (58%) and OVER (47%) lambs at 1 d of age (P < 0.01); however at 3 mo, CSA decreased 15% and 17% compared with CON, respectively (P < 0.01). Compared with CON, muscle lipid content was increased in OVER (212.4%) and RES (92.5%) at d 1 (P < 0.0001). Muscle lipid content was increased 36.1% in OVER and decreased 23.6% in RES compared with CON at 3 mo (P < 0.0001). At d 1, myostatin mRNA abundance in whole muscle tended to be greater in OVER (P = 0.07) than CON. Follistatin mRNA abundance increased in OVER (P = 0.04) and tended to increase in RES (P = 0.06) compared with CON at d 1. However, there was no difference in myostatin or follistatin protein expression (P > 0.3). Phosphorylated Akt (ser473) was increased in RES at 3 mo compared with CON (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, maternal over and restricted nutrient intake alters muscle lipid content and growth of offspring, possibly through altered gene and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Joseline S Raja
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Maria L Hoffman
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Steven A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kristen E Govoni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Hoffman ML, McFadden KK, Hoagland TA, Kazmer GW, Govoni KE. Short communication: Expression of T-box 2 and 3 in the bovine mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4322-8. [PMID: 24767885 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I influence bovine mammary gland development, the potential roles of T-box2 (TBX2) and T-box3 (TBX3) were investigated. Although no information regarding expression of either transcription factor in the bovine mammary gland exists, it is known that TBX3 and its closely related family member, TBX2, are required for mammary gland development in humans and mice. Additionally, TBX3 mutations in humans and mice lead to ulnar mammary syndrome. Evidence is present in bone that TBX3 is required for proliferation and its expression is regulated by GH, an important regulator of mammary gland development and milk production. We hypothesized that TBX2 and TBX3 are expressed in the bovine mammary gland and that GH, IGF-I, or both increase TBX2 and TBX3 expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC). Bovine mammary gland tissue, MAC-T cells, primary MEC, and fibroblasts were obtained and TBX2 and TBX3 expression was determined by real-time reverse transcription PCR. In addition, TBX2 and TBX3 expression was examined in cells treated with 100 or 500 ng/mL of GH or 100 or 200 ng/mL of IGF-I for 24 or 48 h. Both TBX2 and TBX3 were expressed in bovine mammary tissue. Surprisingly, expression of TBX2 was only detected in mammary fibroblast cells, whereas TBX3 was expressed in all 3 cell types. Growth hormone did not alter TBX3 expression in MAC-T cells or MEC. However, IGF-I increased TBX3 expression in MAC-T, but not in primary MEC. We did not observe a change in TBX2 or TBX3 expression in fibroblasts treated with GH and IGF. Therefore, we concluded that (1) TBX2 and TBX3 are expressed in bovine mammary gland, (2) their expression is cell-type specific, and (3) IGF-I stimulates TBX3 expression in MAC-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hoffman
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269
| | - K K McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269
| | - T A Hoagland
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269
| | - G W Kazmer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269
| | - K E Govoni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269.
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13
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Yao C, Yao GQ, Sun BH, Zhang C, Tommasini SM, Insogna K. The transcription factor T-box 3 regulates colony-stimulating factor 1-dependent Jun dimerization protein 2 expression and plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6775-6790. [PMID: 24394418 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) is known to promote osteoclast progenitor survival, but its roles in osteoclast differentiation and mature osteoclast function are less well understood. In a microarray screen, Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) was identified as significantly induced by CSF1. Recent reports indicate that JDP2 is required for normal osteoclastogenesis and skeletal metabolism. Because there are no reports on the transcriptional regulation of this gene, the DNA sequence from -2612 to +682 bp (relative to the transcription start site) of the JDP2 gene was cloned, and promoter activity was analyzed. The T box-binding element (TBE) between -191 and -141 bp was identified as the cis-element responsible for CSF1-dependent JDP2 expression. Using degenerate PCR, Tbx3 was identified as the major isoform binding the TBE. Overexpression of Tbx3 induced JDP2 promoter activity, whereas suppressing Tbx3 expression substantially attenuated CSF1-induced transcription. Suppressing Tbx3 in osteoclast precursors reduced JDP2 expression and significantly impaired RANKL/CSF1-induced osteoclastogenesis. A MEK1/2-specific inhibitor was found to block CSF1-induced JDP2 expression. Consistent with these data, JDP2(-/-) mice were found to have increased bone mass. In summary, CSF1 up-regulates JDP2 expression by inducing Tbx3 binding to the JDP2 promoter. The downstream signaling cascade from activated c-Fms involves the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. Tbx3 plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis at least in part by regulating CSF1-dependent expression of JDP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai No. 6 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Gang-Qing Yao
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Ben-Hua Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai No. 6 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Steven M Tommasini
- Department of Orthopedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Karl Insogna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
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Glynn ERA, Londono AS, Zinn SA, Hoagland TA, Govoni KE. Culture conditions for equine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and expression of key transcription factors during their differentiation into osteoblasts. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013; 4:40. [PMID: 24169030 PMCID: PMC3874597 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of equine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) is a novel method to improve fracture healing in horses. However, additional research is needed to identify optimal culture conditions and to determine the mechanisms involved in regulating BMSC differentiation into osteoblasts. The objectives of the experiments were to determine: 1) if autologous or commercial serum is better for proliferation and differentiation of equine BMSC into osteoblasts, and 2) the expression of key transcription factors during the differentiation of equine BMSC into osteoblasts. Equine BMSC were isolated from the sterna of 3 horses, treated with purchased fetal bovine serum (FBS) or autologous horse serum (HS), and cell proliferation determined. To induce osteoblast differentiation, cells were incubated with L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate and glycerol-2-phosphate in the presence or absence of human bone morphogenetic protein2 (BMP2), dexamethasone (DEX), or combination of the two. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a marker of osteoblast differentiation, was determined by ELISA. Total RNA was isolated from differentiating BMSC between d 0 to 18 to determine expression of runt-related transcription factor2 (Runx2), osterix (Osx), and T-box3 (Tbx3). Data were analyzed by ANOVA. RESULTS Relative to control, FBS and HS increased cell number (133 ± 5 and 116 ± 5%, respectively; P < 0.001) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation (167 ± 6 and 120 ± 6%, respectively; P < 0.001). Treatment with DEX increased ALP activity compared with control (1,638 ± 38%; P < 0.001). In the absence and presence of Dex, BMP-2 did not alter ALP activity (P > 0.8). Runt-related transcription factor2 expression increased 3-fold (P < 0.001) by d 6 of culture. Osterix expression increased 9-fold (P < 0.05) by d 18 of culture. Expression of Tbx3 increased 1.8-fold at d 3 (P < 0.01); however expression was reduced 4-fold at d 18 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Dexamethasone, but not BMP-2, is required for differentiation of equine BMSC into osteoblasts. In addition, expression of Runx2 and osterix increased and expression of Tbx3 is reduced during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristen E Govoni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Road Ext,, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269-4040, USA.
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Darvin P, Joung YH, Yang YM. JAK2-STAT5B pathway and osteoblast differentiation. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e24931. [PMID: 24470975 PMCID: PMC3894232 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.24931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblast differentiation is a critical step in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Osteoblast differentiation is generally maintained by growth hormone (GH) and various other endocrine and autocrine/paracrine factors. JAK2-STAT5B pathway is a central axis in the mechanism of GH signaling. Similarly, the autocrine/paracrine signaling factor IGF-1 also mediates its effects through this pathway. Analysis on JAK2-STAT5B pathway showed its importance in the IGF-1/IGF-1R mediated regulation of gene expression and osteoblast differentiation. Persistent activation of STAT5B and inhibition of STAT5B degradation showed increased osteoblastic differentiation and STAT5B/Runx-2 activities. Conditional gene silencing studies showed the importance of the JAK2-STAT5B pathway in stimulation of other transcription factors and expression of various differentiation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Darvin
- Department of Pathology; School of Medicine; and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology; Konkuk University; Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Hee Joung
- Department of Pathology; School of Medicine; and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology; Konkuk University; Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mok Yang
- Department of Pathology; School of Medicine; and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology; Konkuk University; Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Rands CM, Darling A, Fujita M, Kong L, Webster MT, Clabaut C, Emes RD, Heger A, Meader S, Hawkins MB, Eisen MB, Teiling C, Affourtit J, Boese B, Grant PR, Grant BR, Eisen JA, Abzhanov A, Ponting CP. Insights into the evolution of Darwin's finches from comparative analysis of the Geospiza magnirostris genome sequence. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:95. [PMID: 23402223 PMCID: PMC3575239 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A classical example of repeated speciation coupled with ecological diversification is the evolution of 14 closely related species of Darwin’s (Galápagos) finches (Thraupidae, Passeriformes). Their adaptive radiation in the Galápagos archipelago took place in the last 2–3 million years and some of the molecular mechanisms that led to their diversification are now being elucidated. Here we report evolutionary analyses of genome of the large ground finch, Geospiza magnirostris. Results 13,291 protein-coding genes were predicted from a 991.0 Mb G. magnirostris genome assembly. We then defined gene orthology relationships and constructed whole genome alignments between the G. magnirostris and other vertebrate genomes. We estimate that 15% of genomic sequence is functionally constrained between G. magnirostris and zebra finch. Genic evolutionary rate comparisons indicate that similar selective pressures acted along the G. magnirostris and zebra finch lineages suggesting that historical effective population size values have been similar in both lineages. 21 otherwise highly conserved genes were identified that each show evidence for positive selection on amino acid changes in the Darwin's finch lineage. Two of these genes (Igf2r and Pou1f1) have been implicated in beak morphology changes in Darwin’s finches. Five of 47 genes showing evidence of positive selection in early passerine evolution have cilia related functions, and may be examples of adaptively evolving reproductive proteins. Conclusions These results provide insights into past evolutionary processes that have shaped G. magnirostris genes and its genome, and provide the necessary foundation upon which to build population genomics resources that will shed light on more contemporaneous adaptive and non-adaptive processes that have contributed to the evolution of the Darwin’s finches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Rands
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
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17
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Linares GR, Brommage R, Powell DR, Xing W, Chen ST, Alshbool FZ, Lau KHW, Wergedal JE, Mohan S. Claudin 18 is a novel negative regulator of bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1553-65. [PMID: 22437732 PMCID: PMC3377820 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Claudin 18 (Cldn-18) belongs to a large family of transmembrane proteins that are important components of tight junction strands. Although several claudin members are expressed in bone, the functional role for any claudin member in bone is unknown. Here we demonstrate that disruption of Cldn-18 in mice markedly decreased total body bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, and cortical thickness in Cldn-18(-/-) mice. Histomorphometric studies revealed that bone resorption parameters were increased significantly in Cldn-18(-/-) mice without changes in bone formation. Serum levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b) and mRNA expression levels of osteoclast specific markers and signaling molecules were also increased. Loss of Cldn-18 further exacerbated calcium deficiency induced bone loss by influencing bone resorption, thereby resulting in mechanically weaker bone. In vitro studies with bone marrow macrophages revealed Cldn-18 disruption markedly enhanced receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation but not macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF)-induced bone marrow macrophage (BMM) proliferation. Consistent with a direct role for Cldn-18 in regulating osteoclast differentiation, overexpression of wild type but not PDZ binding motif deleted Cldn-18 inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, our findings indicate that Cldn-18 interacts with Zonula occludens 2 (ZO-2) to modulate RANKL signaling in osteoclasts. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Cldn-18 is a novel negative regulator of bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R. Linares
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | | | | | - Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Shin-Tai Chen
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Fatima Z. Alshbool
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - KH William Lau
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jon E. Wergedal
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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18
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Skov V, Knudsen S, Olesen M, Hansen ML, Rasmussen LM. Global gene expression profiling displays a network of dysregulated genes in non-atherosclerotic arterial tissue from patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:15. [PMID: 22340758 PMCID: PMC3348024 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generalized arterial alterations, such as endothelial dysfunction, medial matrix accumulations, and calcifications are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). These changes may render the vessel wall more susceptible to injury; however, the molecular characteristics of such diffuse pre-atherosclerotic changes in diabetes are only superficially known. Methods To identify the molecular alterations of the generalized arterial disease in T2D, DNA microarrays were applied to examine gene expression changes in normal-appearing, non-atherosclerotic arterial tissue from 10 diabetic and 11 age-matched non-diabetic men scheduled for a coronary by-pass operation. Gene expression changes were integrated with GO-Elite, GSEA, and Cytoscape to identify significant biological pathways and networks. Results Global pathway analysis revealed differential expression of gene-sets representing matrix metabolism, triglyceride synthesis, inflammation, insulin signaling, and apoptosis. The network analysis showed a significant cluster of dysregulated genes coding for both intra- and extra-cellular proteins associated with vascular cell functions together with genes related to insulin signaling and matrix remodeling. Conclusions Our results identify pathways and networks involved in the diffuse vasculopathy present in non-atherosclerotic arterial tissue in patients with T2D and confirmed previously observed mRNA-alterations. These abnormalities may play a role for the arterial response to injury and putatively for the accelerated atherogenesis among patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibe Skov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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19
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Deepak V, Zhang Z, Meng L, Zeng X, Liu W. Reduced activity and cytoplasmic localization of Runx2 is observed in C3h10t1/2 cells overexpressing Tbx3. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:348-50. [PMID: 21455926 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tbox3, a T-box containing transcription factor, has been reported to negatively regulate osteoblastogenesis. Here, we studied the effects mediated by Tbx3 on the master osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 in C3h10t1/2 cells. Dual-luciferase assay results showed that Tbx3 interferes in the Runx2-mediated activation of osteopontin promoter by abrogating Runx2 activity. Immunofluorescence study demonstrated that Runx2 was simultaneously localized in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of Tbx3-overexpressing cells. The results obtained in this study indicate that Tbx3 abrogates Runx2 activity and elevated expression levels of Tbx3 in the cells can result in mislocalization of Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa Deepak
- Institute of Genetics and Cell Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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20
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Alternative splicing of T-box transcription factor genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:513-7. [PMID: 21856288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
T-box (TBX) transcription factors are an ancient gene family with critical roles in embryogenesis. Currently, TBX3, TBX5, and TBX20 are TBX genes defined to have multiple protein isoforms created by alternative splicing and characterized by expression and functional studies. These proteins are important for development as mutations lead to severe developmental disorders in humans and mice. Cumulative studies suggest that alternative splicing of these genes can regulate TBX activities during multiple biological processes including cardiogenesis, limb development, and cancer mechanisms. This mini-review focuses on how alternative splicing adds complexity to transcriptional regulation of target genes controlled by TBX transcription factors.
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Linares GR, Xing W, Burghardt H, Baumgartner B, Chen ST, Ricart W, Fernández-Real JM, Zorzano A, Mohan S. Role of diabetes- and obesity-related protein in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E40-8. [PMID: 21467300 PMCID: PMC3129842 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00065.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although thyroid hormone (TH) is known to exert important effects on the skeleton, the nuclear factors constituting the TH receptor coactivator complex and the molecular pathways by which TH mediates its effects on target gene expression in osteoblasts remain poorly understood. A recent study demonstrated that the actions of TH on myoblast differentiation are dependent on diabetes- and obesity-related protein (DOR). However, the role of DOR in osteoblast differentiation is unknown. We found DOR expression increased during in vitro differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts and also in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with TH. However, DOR expression decreased during cellular proliferation. To determine whether DOR acts as a modulator of TH action during osteoblast differentiation, we examined whether overexpression or knockdown of DOR in MC3T3-E1 cells affects the ability of TH to induce osteoblast differentiation by evaluating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. ALP activity was markedly increased in DOR-overexpressing cells treated with TH. In contrast, loss of DOR dramatically reduced TH stimulation of ALP activity in MC3T3-E1 cells and primary calvaria osteoblasts transduced with lentiviral DOR shRNA. Consistent with reduced ALP activity, mRNA levels of osteocalcin, ALP, and Runx2 were decreased significantly in DOR shRNA cells. In addition, a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), DOR1 found on the promoter of human DOR gene, was associated with circulating osteocalcin levels in nondiabetic subjects. Based on these data, we conclude that DOR plays an important role in TH-mediated osteoblast differentiation, and a DOR SNP associates with plasma osteocalcin in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Linares
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357, USA
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22
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Cui TX, Lin G, LaPensee CR, Calinescu AA, Rathore M, Streeter C, Piwien-Pilipuk G, Lanning N, Jin H, Carter-Su C, Qin ZS, Schwartz J. C/EBPβ mediates growth hormone-regulated expression of multiple target genes. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:681-93. [PMID: 21292824 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of c-Fos transcription by GH is mediated by CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ). This study examines the role of C/EBPβ in mediating GH activation of other early response genes, including Cyr61, Btg2, Socs3, Zfp36, and Socs1. C/EBPβ depletion using short hairpin RNA impaired responsiveness of these genes to GH, as seen for c-Fos. Rescue with wild-type C/EBPβ led to GH-dependent recruitment of the coactivator p300 to the c-Fos promoter. In contrast, rescue with C/EBPβ mutated at the ERK phosphorylation site at T188 failed to induce GH-dependent recruitment of p300, indicating that ERK-mediated phosphorylation of C/EBPβ at T188 is required for GH-induced recruitment of p300 to c-Fos. GH also induced the occupancy of phosphorylated C/EBPβ and p300 on Cyr61, Btg2, and Socs3 at predicted C/EBP-cAMP response element-binding protein motifs in their promoters. Consistent with a role for ERKs in GH-induced expression of these genes, treatment with U0126 to block ERK phosphorylation inhibited their GH-induced expression. In contrast, GH-dependent expression of Zfp36 and Socs1 was not inhibited by U0126. Thus, induction of multiple early response genes by GH in 3T3-F442A cells is mediated by C/EBPβ. A subset of these genes is regulated similarly to c-Fos, through a mechanism involving GH-stimulated ERK 1/2 activation, phosphorylation of C/EBPβ, and recruitment of p300. Overall, these studies suggest that C/EBPβ, like the signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, regulates multiple genes in response to GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy X Cui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622, USA
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Granchi D, Ochoa G, Leonardi E, Devescovi V, Baglìo SR, Osaba L, Baldini N, Ciapetti G. Gene expression patterns related to osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells during ex vivo expansion. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:511-24. [PMID: 19686055 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow is commonly used as a source of adult multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), defined for their ability to differentiate in vitro into multiple lineages. The ex vivo-expanded MSCs are currently being evaluated as a strategy for the restoration of function in damaged skeletal tissue, both in cell therapy and tissue engineering applications. The aim of this study was to define gene expression patterns underlying the differentiation of MSCs into mature osteoblasts during the expansion in vitro, and to explore a variety of cell functions that cannot be easily evaluated using morphological, cytochemical, and biochemical assays. Cell cultures were obtained from bone marrow samples of six individuals undergoing total hip replacement, and a large-scale transcriptome analysis, using Affymetrix HG-U133A Plus 2.0 array (Affymetrix((R)), Santa Clara, CA), was performed at the occurrence of specific events, including the appearance of MSC surface markers, formation of colonies, and deposition of mineral nodules. We focused our attention on 213 differentially upregulated genes, some belonging to well-known pathways and some having one or more Gene Ontology annotations related to bone cell biology, including angiogenesis, bone-related genes, cell communication, development and morphogenesis, transforming growth factor-beta signaling, and Wnt signaling. Twenty-nine genes, whose role in bone cell pathophysiology has not been described yet, were found. In conclusion, gene expression patterns that characterize the early, intermediate, and late phases of the osteogenic differentiation process of ex vivo-expanded MSCs were defined. These signatures represent a useful tool to monitor the osteogenic process, and to analyze a broad spectrum of functions of MSCs cultured on scaffolds, especially when the constructs are conceived for releasing growth factors or other signals to promote bone regeneration.
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Li SC, Lin CY, Kuo TF, Lin YH, Chen CC, Lin WN, Chan WP. Chicken model of steroid-induced bone marrow adipogenesis using proteome analysis: a preliminary study. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:47. [PMID: 20840762 PMCID: PMC2949814 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid-induced adipogenesis increases fat-cell volume and pressure in bone marrow. This may be a contributing factor in some forms of osteonecrosis. In this observational study, we aimed to determine the protein expression relating to steroid-induced adipogenesis of femoral bone marrow with use of a chicken model. We compared the histologic features of the femoral marrow of eight methylprednisolone (MP)-treated chickens with those of three control chickens and assessed differential proteins with 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and differential proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Results One MP-induced chicken died of overdose anesthesia. Methylprednisolone-induced proliferation of adipose tissue and new bone formation were found on histologic examination. In our study, 13 proteins in the control and MP-induced groups were differently expressed and nine protein spots showed marked threefold downregulation after 19 weeks of MP treatment. These were serum amyloid P-component precursor, zinc finger protein 28, endothelial zinc finger protein 71, T-box transcription factor 3, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, myosin 1D, dimethylaniline monooxygenase, and two uncharacterized proteins. Conclusions Proteomic profiling can be a useful dynamic approach for detecting protein expression in MP-induced adipogenesis of the femur in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Chung Li
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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25
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Paic F, Igwe JC, Ravi N, Kronenberg MS, Franceschetti T, Harrington P, Kuo L, Shin DG, Rowe DW, Harris SE, Kalajzic I. Identification of differentially expressed genes between osteoblasts and osteocytes. Bone 2009; 45:682-92. [PMID: 19539797 PMCID: PMC2731004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes represent the most abundant cellular component of mammalian bones with important functions in bone mass maintenance and remodeling. To elucidate the differential gene expression between osteoblasts and osteocytes we completed a comprehensive analysis of their gene profiles. Selective identification of these two mature populations was achieved by utilization of visual markers of bone lineage cells. We have utilized dual GFP reporter mice in which osteocytes are expressing GFP (topaz) directed by the DMP1 promoter, while osteoblasts are identified by expression of GFP (cyan) driven by 2.3 kb of the Col1a1 promoter. Histological analysis of 7-day-old neonatal calvaria confirmed the expression pattern of DMP1GFP in osteocytes and Col2.3 in osteoblasts and osteocytes. To isolate distinct populations of cells we utilized fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). Cell suspensions were subjected to RNA extraction, in vitro transcription and labeling of cDNA and gene expression was analyzed using the Illumina WG-6v1 BeadChip. Following normalization of raw data from four biological replicates, 3444 genes were called present in all three sorted cell populations: GFP negative, Col2.3cyan(+) (osteoblasts), and DMP1topaz(+) (preosteocytes and osteocytes). We present the genes that showed in excess of a 2-fold change for gene expression between DMP1topaz(+) and Col2.3cyan(+) cells. The selected genes were classified and grouped according to their associated gene ontology terms. Genes clustered to osteogenesis and skeletal development such as Bmp4, Bmp8a, Dmp1, Enpp1, Phex and Ank were highly expressed in DMP1topaz(+)cells. Most of the genes encoding extracellular matrix components and secreted proteins had lower expression in DMP1topaz(+) cells, while most of the genes encoding plasma membrane proteins were increased. Interestingly a large number of genes associated with muscle development and function and with neuronal phenotype were increased in DMP1topaz(+) cells, indicating some new aspects of osteocyte biology. Although a large number of genes differentially expressed in DMP1topaz(+) and Col2.3cyan(+) cells in our study have already been assigned to bone development and physiology, for most of them we still lack any substantial data. Therefore, isolation of osteocyte and osteoblast cell populations and their subsequent microarray analysis allowed us to identify a number or genes and pathways with potential roles in regulation of bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Paic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John C. Igwe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nori Ravi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark S. Kronenberg
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tiziana Franceschetti
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Patrick Harrington
- Dept. of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lynn Kuo
- Dept. of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Don-Guk Shin
- Department of Computer Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - David W. Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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26
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Adams-Oliver syndrome: Additions to the clinical features and possible role of BMP pathway. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1678-84. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Linares GR, Xing W, Govoni KE, Chen ST, Mohan S. Glutaredoxin 5 regulates osteoblast apoptosis by protecting against oxidative stress. Bone 2009; 44:795-804. [PMID: 19442627 PMCID: PMC4683083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is now increasing evidence which suggests an important role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. However, little is known on the molecular components of the oxidative stress pathway or their functions in bone. In this study, we evaluated the role and mechanism of action of glutaredoxin (Grx) 5, a protein that is highly expressed in bone. Osteoblasts were transfected with Grx5 siRNA and treated with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Grx5 siRNA treatment increased apoptosis while Grx5 overexpression protected MC3T3-E1 cells against H(2)O(2) induced apoptosis and ROS formation. Grx5 deficiency results in impaired biogenesis of Fe-S cluster in yeast. Accordingly, activity of mitochondrial aconitase, whose activity is dependent on Fe-S cluster, decreased in Grx5 siRNA treated cells. Since reduced formation of Fe-S cluster would lead to increased level of free iron, a competitive inhibitor of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), we measured MnSOD activity in Grx5 deficient osteoblasts and found MnSOD activity was significantly reduced. The consequence of long term inhibition of Grx5 on osteoblast apoptosis was evaluated using lentiviral shRNA technology. Grx5 shRNA cells exhibited higher caspase activity and cardiolipin oxidation in the presence of H(2)O(2). MnSOD activity was rescued by the addition of MnCl(2) to Grx5 shRNA osteoblasts in the presence of H(2)O(2). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that Grx5 is an important determinant of osteoblast apoptosis and acts via a molecular pathway that involves regulation of ROS production, cardiolipin oxidation, caspase activity, Fe-S cluster formation, and MnSOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Linares
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
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28
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Govoni KE, Linares GR, Chen ST, Pourteymoor S, Mohan S. T-box 3 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation by inhibiting expression of osterix and runx2. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:482-90. [PMID: 19115250 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
T-box (Tbx)3, a known transcriptional repressor, is a member of a family of transcription factors, which contain a highly homologous DNA binding domain known as the Tbx domain. Based on the knowledge that mutation of the Tbx3 gene results in limb malformation, Tbx3 regulates osteoblast proliferation and its expression increases during osteoblast differentiation, we predicted that Tbx3 is an important regulator of osteoblast cell functions. In this study, we evaluated the consequence of transgenic overexpression of Tbx3 on osteoblast differentiation. Retroviral overexpression increased Tbx3 expression >100-fold at the mRNA and protein level. Overexpression of Tbx3 blocked mineralized nodule formation (28 +/- 8 vs. 7 +/- 1%) in MC3T3-E1 cells. In support of these data, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was reduced 33-70% (P < 0.05) in both MC3T3-E1 cells and primary calvaria osteoblasts overexpressing Tbx3. In contrast, Tbx3 overexpression did not alter ALP activity in bone marrow stromal cells. Tbx3 overexpression blocked the increase in expression of key osteoblast marker genes, ALP, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin that occurs during normal osteoblast differentiation, but had little or no effect on expression of proliferation genes p53 and Myc. In addition, Tbx3 overexpression abolished increased osterix and runx2 expression observed during normal osteoblast differentiation, but the change in Msx1 and Msx2 expression over time was similar between control and Tbx3 overexpressing cells. Interestingly, osterix and runx2, but not Msx1 and Msx2, contain Tbx binding site in the regulatory region. Based on these data and our previous findings, we conclude that Tbx3 promotes proliferation and suppresses differentiation of osteoblasts and may be involved in regulating expression of key transcription factors involved in osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Govoni
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
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29
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Guo Y, Yang TL, Pan F, Xu XH, Dong SS, Deng HW. Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:223-267. [PMID: 30764094 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarizes the most important and representative molecular genetics studies of gene identification for osteoporosis published up to the end of September 2007. It is intended to constitute a sequential update of our previously published reviews covering the available data up to the end of 2004. Evidence from candidate gene-association studies, genome-wide linkage and association studies, as well as functional genomic studies (including gene-expression microarray and proteomics) on osteogenesis and osteoporosis, are reviewed separately. Studies of transgenic and knockout mice models relevant to osteoporosis are summarized. The major results of all studies are tabulated for comparison and ease of reference. Comments are made on the most notable findings and representative studies for their potential influence and implications on our present understanding of genetics of osteoporosis. The format adopted by this review should be ideal for accommodating future new advances and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Feng Pan
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiang-Hong Xu
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- b The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China and Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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30
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Camilot M, Teofoli F, Longobardi S, Gandini A, Lievore C, Lauriola S, Tatò L. A technique of mRNA extraction and labeling from circulating lymphocytes of children treated with growth hormone replacement therapy for microarray analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:1-7. [PMID: 18296898 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GH replacement therapy exhibits a wide spectrum of response in terms of growth. Nevertheless, standardized doses are still given in clinical practice. In order to optimize the therapy, it is necessary to identify its markers of responsiveness. Given the presence of GH receptors in the circulating lymphocytes, accessible by means of a simple blood withdrawal, blood becomes the tissue of choice as a source of RNA for in vivo gene expression analysis. Hence, the purpose of the present paper is to develop a method of preparation of RNA from lymphocytes suitable for microarray analysis, focusing on the reduction of the blood volume withdrawal in order to perform the analysis on pediatric subjects. After lymphocyte isolation and total RNA extraction from 6 ml of blood, we carried out an amplification procedure preserving the relative abundance of each transcript. Thereafter, we hybridized the labeled amplified RNA on an oligo chip (Human 30K A, MWGBiotech), but the unsuccessful detection of a good signal to noise ratio indicates that labeled RNA is still insufficient. Therefore, we suggest performing pools of total RNA from different subjects with similar responsiveness to the therapy. It can be speculated that, upon comparison of the obtained data with those derived from pools of controls properly responding to the therapy, specific hallmarks of the condition of low responsiveness, devoid of inter-individual variability, will be evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Camilot
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology-Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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31
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Mohan S, Chest V, Chadwick RB, Wergedal JE, Srivastava AK. Chemical mutagenesis induced two high bone density mouse mutants map to a concordant distal chromosome 4 locus. Bone 2007; 41:860-8. [PMID: 17884746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotype-driven mutagenesis approach in the mouse holds much promise as a method for revealing gene function. Earlier, we have described an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen to create genome-wide dominant mutations in the mouse model. Using this approach, we describe identification of two high bone density mutants in C57BL/6J (B6) background. The mutants, named as 12184 and 12137, have been bred more than five generations with wild-type B6 mice, each producing >200 backcross progeny. The average total body areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was 13-17% higher in backcrossed progeny from both mutant lines between 6 and 10 weeks of age, as compared to wild-type (WT) B6 mice (n=60-107). At 3 weeks of age the aBMD of mutant progeny was not significantly affected as compared to WT B6 mice. Data from 10- and 16-week old progeny show that increased aBMD was mainly related to a 14-20% higher bone mineral content, whereas bone size was marginally increased. In addition, the average volumetric BMD (vBMD) was 5-15% higher at the midshaft tibia or femur, as compared to WT mice. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that bone resorption was 23-34% reduced in both mutant mice. Consistent with histomorphometry data, the mRNA expression of genes that regulate osteoclast differentiation and survival were altered in the 12137 mutant mice. To determine the chromosomal location of the ENU mutation, we intercrossed both mutant lines with C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice to generate B6C3H F2 mice (n=164 for line 12137 and n=137 F2 for line 12184). Interval mapping using 60 microsatellite markers and aBMD phenotype revealed only one significant or suggestive linkage on chromosome 4. Since body weight was significantly higher in mutant lines, we also used body weight as additive and interactive covariate for interval mapping; both analyses showed higher LOD scores for both 12137 and 12184 mutants without affecting the chromosomal location. The large phenotype in the mutant mice compared to generally observed QTL effects (<5%) would increase the probability of identifying the mutant gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Loma Linda VA Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
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32
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Platonova N, Scotti M, Babich P, Bertoli G, Mento E, Meneghini V, Egeo A, Zucchi I, Merlo GR. TBX3, the gene mutated in ulnar-mammary syndrome, promotes growth of mammary epithelial cells via repression of p19ARF, independently of p53. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 328:301-16. [PMID: 17265068 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
TBX3, the gene mutated in ulnar-mammary syndrome (UMS), is involved in the production of a transcription factor of the T-box family, known to inhibit transcription from the p14ARF (p19ARF in mouse) promoter in fibroblasts and to contribute to cell immortalization. One of the main features of the UMS phenotype is the severe hypoplasia of the breast, associated with haploinsufficiency of the TBX3 gene product. In mice homozygous for the targeted disruption of Tbx3, the mammary glands (MGs) are nearly absent from early stages of embryogenesis, whereas in heterozygous adults, the MGs show reduced ductal branching. All these data strongly suggest a specific role of TBX3 in promoting the growth of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), although direct evidence of this is lacking. Here, we provide data showing the growth-promoting function of Tbx3 in several models of MECs, in association with its ability to repress the ARF promoter. However, no effect of Tbx3 on cell differentiation or apoptosis has been observed. The growth promoting function also entails the down-regulation of p21 ( CIP1/WAF ) and an increase in cyclin D1 but is independent of p53 and Mdm2 cell-cycle regulatory proteins, as p53-null MECs show similar growth responses associated with the up- or down-regulation of Tbx3. This is the first direct evidence that the level of Tbx3 expression positively controls the proliferation of MECs via pathways alternative to Mdm2-p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Platonova
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute/CNR-ITB, Via F lli Cervi 93 Segrate, Milano, Italy
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33
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Lee JM, Kim JY, Cho KW, Lee MJ, Cho SW, Zhang Y, Byun SK, Yi CK, Jung HS. Modulation of cell proliferation during palatogenesis by the interplay between Tbx3 and Bmp4. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 327:285-92. [PMID: 17028893 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During secondary palate development, two shelves are elevated to a horizontal position above the tongue through a process involving many cellular mechanisms, including proliferation. In particular, the expression patterns of Tbx3 and Bmp4, which are colocalized at embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) and have unique expression patterns in specific regions at E14.5, have been investigated in early mouse palatogenesis. Tbx3 expression is reported to be associated with Bmp4 signaling during the process of organogenesis in other areas, such as limb development. However, the function of Tbx3 and the relationship between Tbx3 and Bmp4 in palate development have not been determined. We have examined the gene expression pattern and cell proliferation in order to understand the mutual interactions and function of Tbx3 and Bmp4. An electroporation method was used to investigate the altered pattern of these genes after their over-expression in organ cultures. NOGGIN protein-soaked beads were also implanted into the cultured palate to determine the function of Bmp4 in palatogenesis. After electroporation and NOGGIN bead implantation, the number of PCNA-positive cells was counted. The results showed that Tbx3 and Bmp4 strongly up- and down-regulated each other in order to control the proliferation of the palatal shelf. Thus, Tbx3 expression is induced by Bmp4 in the mesenchyme of the anterior palatal shelves, whereas mesenchymal expression of Tbx3 down-regulates Bmp4 expression in the mesenchyme of the palate. The harmonization between Tbx3 and Bmp4 therefore controls cell proliferation to regulate secondary palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
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34
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Lee HS, Cho HH, Kim HK, Bae YC, Baik HS, Jung JS. Tbx3, a transcriptional factor, involves in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stromal cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 296:129-36. [PMID: 16955224 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tbx3 is a transcription factor, the mutation of which causes ulnar mammary syndrome (UMS) characterized by abnormality and hypoplasia of the mammary gland, teeth, limbs, hair and genitalia. Tbx3 has been reported to be related to apoptosis and proliferation of rat bladder carcinoma cell and to regulate proliferation and differentiation of mouse osteoblast cells. Human adipose tissue stromal cells (hADSC) have been defined as multipotential adult stem cells, capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, muscle cells, and neural cells. To determine the functional roles of Tbx3 expression in hADSC, we used lentivirus siRNA vector. Expression of Tbx3 was downregulated during culture expansion. Downregulation of Tbx3 in hADSC by transduction of siTbx3 lentivirus decreased proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hADSC. Expression of Tbx3 and the ratio of Tbx3 + 2a to Tbx3 increased during osteogenic differentiation. This report shows that Tbx3 plays an important role on osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cell derived from adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sook Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Suh-Gu, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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35
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Govoni KE, Baylink DJ, Chen J, Mohan S. Disruption of four-and-a-half LIM 2 decreases bone mineral content and bone mineral density in femur and tibia bones of female mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2006; 79:112-7. [PMID: 16927043 PMCID: PMC2903958 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-006-0074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Four-and-a-half LIM 2 (FHL2) is a member of a family of LIM domain proteins which mediate protein-protein interactions. FHL2 acts as a coactivator and binds to important regulators of bone formation such as insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-5, androgen receptor, and beta-catenin. We hypothesized that FHL2 is an important regulator of bone formation. We evaluated growth and skeletal parameters in FHL2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age. At 4 weeks of age, lack of FHL2 reduced femur, tibia, and total bone mineral content (BMC) and body weight in all mice. A gender-by-treatment interaction (P <or= 0.05) was observed for several parameters due to a greater reduction in females. Specifically, femur BMC was reduced 11-27% at 8 and 12 weeks of age and BMD was reduced 7-13% at all ages in female KO mice (P < 0.05). A similar reduction was observed in the tibias at 8 weeks of age. A 6% reduction (P = 0.07) in femur cortical thickness was observed at 12 weeks of age in female KO mice. Interestingly, a gender-specific reduction in IGFBP-5 expression was observed in the femurs of female KO mice. During differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts, expression of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and bone sialoprotein was reduced 47-96% in FHL2 KO cells (P < 0.001). In conclusion, FHL2 is an important regulator of peak bone mass, lack of FHL2 produces gender- and site-specific effects on bone accretion and IGFBP-5 expression, and FHL2 is important for optimal osteoblast differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Govoni
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
| | - D. J. Baylink
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
| | - J. Chen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S. Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
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