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Xu HL, Wan SR, An Y, Wu Q, Xing YH, Deng CH, Zhang PP, Long Y, Xu BT, Jiang ZZ. Targeting cell death in NAFLD: mechanisms and targeted therapies. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:399. [PMID: 39244571 PMCID: PMC11380694 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a group of chronic liver disease which ranges from simple steatosis (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and is characterized by lipid accumulation, inflammation activation, fibrosis, and cell death. To date, a number of preclinical studies or clinical trials associated with therapies targeting fatty acid metabolism, inflammatory factors and liver fibrosis are performed to develop effective drugs for NAFLD/NASH. However, few therapies are cell death signaling-targeted even though the various cell death modes are present throughout the progression of NAFLD/NASH. Here we summarize the four types of cell death including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis in the NAFLD and the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the pathogenic factors such as free fatty acid and LPS induce cell death in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In addition, we also review the effects of cell death-targeted therapies on NAFLD. In summary, our review provides comprehensive insight into the roles of various cell death modes in the progression of NAFLD, which we hope will open new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Sheng-Rong Wan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Precision Pathology Diagnosis for Serious Diseases Key Laboratory of LuZhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yi-Hang Xing
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chen-Hao Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ping-Ping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Precision Pathology Diagnosis for Serious Diseases Key Laboratory of LuZhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yang Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bu-Tuo Xu
- The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Zong-Zhe Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.
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Li Y, Wang P, Yang H, He J, Yang Y, Tao Y, Zhang M, Zhang M, Yu J, Yang X. In vivo identification of bioactive components of Poria cocos for adjusting mitochondria against metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35645. [PMID: 39220933 PMCID: PMC11363830 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, no specific treatment exists to alleviate metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver (MAFLD). Previously, Poria cocos (PC) effectively relieved MAFLD, but its bioactive components are still unknown. The bioactive substances in PC that regulate mitochondria function to alleviate MAFLD were thus determined. The L02 hepatocyte model induced by fat emulsion and the MAFLD rat model induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) were developed to explore the efficacy of PC against MAFLD. The activity of PC-derived components in the liver mitochondria of HFD-fed rats was evaluated using the L02 hepatocyte model. Additionally, the PC-derived components from the liver mitochondria were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Finally, the anti-steatosis ability of PC-derived monomers and monomers groups was evaluated using the adipocyte model. PC maintained the mitochondrial ultrastructure, alleviated mitochondrial oxidative stress, and regulated the energy metabolism and the fatty acid β oxidation to relieve lipid emulsion-induced cellular steatosis and HFD-induced MAFLD. PC-derived components entering the liver mitochondria inhibited oxidative stress injury and improved the energy metabolism to fight cellular steatosis. Additionally, 15 chemicals were identified in the PC-treated rat liver mitochondria. These identified chemical molecules and molecule groups in the mitochondria prevented cellular steatosis by regulating mitochondrial oxidative stress and energy metabolism. PC restores mitochondrial structure and function, alleviating MAFLD, which is related to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and fatty acid β oxidation. The identified 15 components may be the main effective PC components regulating mitochondria function to alleviate MAFLD. Thus, PC may be a promising mitochondrial regulator to prevent MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Pengquan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Huan Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jinbiao He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yu Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuxuan Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xingxin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming, 650500, China
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Sui Y, Geng X, Wang Z, Zhang J, Yang Y, Meng Z. Targeting the regulation of iron homeostasis as a potential therapeutic strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2024; 157:155953. [PMID: 38885833 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
With aging and the increasing incidence of obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD mainly includes simple hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An imbalance in hepatic iron homeostasis is usually associated with the progression of NAFLD and induces iron overload, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and lipid peroxide accumulation, which leads to ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a unique type of programmed cell death (PCD) that is characterized by iron dependence, ROS production and lipid peroxidation. The ferroptosis inhibition systems involved in NAFLD include the solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11)/glutathione (GSH)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1)/coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) regulatory axes. The main promotion system involved is the acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family (ACSL4)/arachidonic lipoxygenase 15 (ALOX15) axis. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the multiple roles of iron homeostasis imbalance and ferroptosis in the progression of NAFLD. This review highlights the latest studies about iron homeostasis imbalance- and ferroptosis-associated NAFLD, mainly including the physiology and pathophysiology of hepatic iron metabolism, hepatic iron homeostasis imbalance during the development of NAFLD, and key regulatory molecules and roles of hepatic ferroptosis in NAFLD. This review aims to provide innovative therapeutic strategies for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Sui
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518100, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Geng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518100, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518100, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqun Yang
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518100, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ziyu Meng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300134, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300134, China.
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Du K, Wang L, Jun JH, Dutta RK, Maeso-Díaz R, Oh SH, Ko DC, Diehl AM. Aging promotes metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by inducing ferroptotic stress. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:949-968. [PMID: 38918603 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Susceptibility to the biological consequences of aging varies among organs and individuals. We analyzed hepatocyte transcriptomes of healthy young and aged male mice to generate an aging hepatocyte gene signature, used it to deconvolute transcriptomic data from humans and mice with metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease, validated findings with functional studies in mice and applied the signature to transcriptomic data from other organs to determine whether aging-sensitive degenerative mechanisms are conserved. We discovered that the signature enriches in diseased livers in parallel with degeneration. It is also enriched in failing human hearts, diseased kidneys and pancreatic islets from individuals with diabetes. The signature includes genes that control ferroptosis. Aged mice develop more hepatocyte ferroptosis and liver degeneration than young mice when fed diets that induce metabolic stress. Inhibiting ferroptosis shifts the liver transcriptome of old mice toward that of young mice and reverses aging-exacerbated liver damage, identifying ferroptosis as a tractable, conserved mechanism for aging-related tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ji Hye Jun
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rajesh K Dutta
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Seh Hoon Oh
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dennis C Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Yu X, Wang S, Ji Z, Meng J, Mou Y, Wu X, Yang X, Xiong P, Li M, Guo Y. Ferroptosis: An important mechanism of disease mediated by the gut-liver-brain axis. Life Sci 2024; 347:122650. [PMID: 38631669 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
AIMS As a unique iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death, Ferroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis and development of many human diseases and has become a research hotspot in recent years. However, the regulatory role of ferroptosis in the gut-liver-brain axis has not been elucidated. This paper summarizes the regulatory role of ferroptosis and provides theoretical basis for related research. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed, CNKI and Wed of Science databases on ferroptosis mediated gut-liver-brain axis diseases, summarized the regulatory role of ferroptosis on organ axis, and explained the adverse effects of related regulatory effects on various diseases. KEY FINDINGS According to our summary, the main way in which ferroptosis mediates the gut-liver-brain axis is oxidative stress, and the key cross-talk of ferroptosis affecting signaling pathway network is Nrf2/HO-1. However, there were no specific marker between different organ axes mediate by ferroptosis. SIGNIFICANCE Our study illustrates the main ways and key cross-talk of ferroptosis mediating the gut-liver-brain axis, providing a basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Shihao Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongjie Ji
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaqi Meng
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Yunying Mou
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Panyang Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxia Li
- Nursing School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Yinghui Guo
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, China.
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Shen X, Yu Z, Wei C, Hu C, Chen J. Iron metabolism and ferroptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: what is our next step? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E767-E775. [PMID: 38506752 PMCID: PMC11376490 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00260.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. NAFLD could develop from simple hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), NASH-related fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanism of NAFLD development has not yet been fully defined. Recently, emerging evidence shows that the dysregulated iron metabolism marked by elevated serum ferritin, and ferroptosis are involved in the NAFLD. Understanding iron metabolism and ferroptosis can shed light on the mechanisms of NAFLD development. Here, we summarized studies on iron metabolism and the ferroptosis process involved in NAFLD development to highlight potential medications and therapies for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shen
- Munich Medical Research School, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ziqi Yu
- Munich Medical Research School, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Changli Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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Rao C, Liu B, Qin H, Du Z. Enoyl coenzyme a hydratase 1 attenuates aortic valve calcification by suppressing Runx2 via Wnt5a/Ca 2+ pathway. J Cell Commun Signal 2024; 18:e12038. [PMID: 38946717 PMCID: PMC11208118 DOI: 10.1002/ccs3.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and death rates of calcified aortic valves|calcific aortic valve (CAV) disease (CAVD) remain high for its limited therapeutic choices. Here, we investigated the function, therapeutic potential, and putative mechanisms of Enoyl coenzyme A hydratase 1 (ECH1) in CAVD by various in vitro and in vivo experiments. Single-cell sequencing revealed that ECH1 was predominantly expressed in valve interstitial cells and was significantly reduced in CAVs. Overexpression of ECH1 reduced aortic valve calcification in ApoE-/- mice treated with high cholesterol diet, while ECH1 silencing had the reverse effect. We also identified Wnt5a, a noncanonical Wnt ligand, was also altered when ECH1 expression was modulated. Mechanistically, we found that ECH1 exerted anti-calcific actions through suppressing Wnt signaling, since CHIR99021, a Wnt agonist, may significantly lessen the protective impact of ECH1 overexpression on the development of valve calcification. ChIP and luciferase assays all showed that ECH1 overexpression prevented Runx2 binding to its downstream gene promoters (osteopontin and osteocalcin), while CHIR99021 neutralized this protective effect. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism of ECH1-Wnt5a/Ca2+ regulation in CAVD, implying that targeting ECH1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent CAVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijun Rao
- Department of GeriatricsTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Baoqing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Haojie Qin
- Clinic Center of Human Gene ResearchUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhipeng Du
- Department of GastroenterologyInstitute of Liver and Gastrointestinal DiseasesTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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He J, Yi J, Ji L, Dai L, Chen Y, Xue W. ECHDC2 inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by binding with NEDD4 to degrade MCCC2 and reduce aerobic glycolysis. Mol Med 2024; 30:69. [PMID: 38783226 PMCID: PMC11118108 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family plays a crucial role in the metabolism of tumors, being crucial for maintaining the energy balance and biosynthetic needs of cancer cells. However, the enzymes within this family that are pivotal in gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. METHODS We employed bioinformatics techniques to identify key Enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase in GC. The expression of ECHDC2 and its clinical significance were validated through tissue microarray analysis. The role of ECHDC2 in GC was further assessed using colony formation assays, CCK8 assay, EDU assay, Glucose and lactic acid assay, and subcutaneous tumor experiments in nude mice. The mechanism of action of ECHDC2 was validated through Western blotting, Co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence experiments. RESULTS Our analysis of multiple datasets indicates that low expression of ECHDC2 in GC is significantly associated with poor prognosis. Overexpression of ECHDC2 notably inhibits aerobic glycolysis and proliferation of GC cells both in vivo and in vitro. Further experiments revealed that overexpression of ECHDC2 suppresses the P38 MAPK pathway by inhibiting the protein level of MCCC2, thereby restraining glycolysis and proliferation in GC cells. Ultimately, it was discovered that ECHDC2 promotes the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MCCC2 protein by binding with NEDD4. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the pivotal role of the ECHDC2 in regulating aerobic glycolysis and proliferation in GC cells, suggesting ECHDC2 as a potential therapeutic target in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jianfeng Yi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Lingchen Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Wanjiang Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Peleman C, Francque S, Berghe TV. Emerging role of ferroptosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: revisiting hepatic lipid peroxidation. EBioMedicine 2024; 102:105088. [PMID: 38537604 PMCID: PMC11026979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is characterised by cell death of parenchymal liver cells which interact with their microenvironment to drive disease activity and liver fibrosis. The identification of the major death type could pave the way towards pharmacotherapy for MASH. To date, increasing evidence suggest a type of regulated cell death, named ferroptosis, which occurs through iron-catalysed peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in membrane phospholipids. Lipid peroxidation enjoys renewed interest in the light of ferroptosis, as druggable target in MASH. This review recapitulates the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in liver physiology, evidence for ferroptosis in human MASH and critically appraises the results of ferroptosis targeting in preclinical MASH models. Rewiring of redox, iron and PUFA metabolism in MASH creates a proferroptotic environment involved in MASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Ferroptosis induction might be a promising novel approach to eradicate HCC, while its inhibition might ameliorate MASH disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Peleman
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sven Francque
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Chen H, Qian Y, Jiang C, Tang L, Yu J, Zhang L, Dai Y, Jiang G. Butyrate ameliorated ferroptosis in ulcerative colitis through modulating Nrf2/GPX4 signal pathway and improving intestinal barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166984. [PMID: 38061600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation are main pathological features of ulcerative colitis (UC). Ferroptosis, characterized by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, is closely related to the pathologic process of UC. 16S rRNA sequencing for intestinal microbiota analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents clearly demonstrated lower amounts of butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate in colitis mice. However, the precise mechanisms of sodium butyrate (NaB) in treating UC remain largely unclear. We found that ferroptosis occurred in colitis models, as evidenced by the inflammatory response, intracellular iron level, mitochondria ultrastructural observations and associated protein expression. NaB inhibited ferroptosis in colitis, significantly rescued weight loss and colon shortening in mice and reduced inflammatory lesions and mitochondrial damage. Furthermore, NaB improved intestinal barrier integrity and markedly suppressed the expression of pro-ferroptosis proteins. Conversely, the protein expression of anti-ferroptosis markers including nuclear factor erythroid-related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), was significantly upregulated with NaB treatment. Moreover, the knockdown of Nrf2 reversed the anti-colitis effect of NaB. Taken together, NaB exhibited a protective effect by ameliorating ferroptosis in experimental colitis through Nrf2/GPX4 signaling and improving intestinal barrier integrity, which provides a novel mechanism for NaB prevention of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangping Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifan Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chensheng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322099, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leilei Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyang Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322099, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guojun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Zhang T, Yu B, Cai Z, Jiang Q, Fu X, Zhao W, Wang H, Gu Y, Zhang J. Regulatory role of N 6-methyladenosine in intramuscular fat deposition in chicken. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102972. [PMID: 37573849 PMCID: PMC10448335 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) has a pivotal influence on meat quality, with its deposition being a multifaceted physiological interaction of several regulatory factors. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the preeminent epigenetic alteration among eukaryotic RNA modifications, holds a crucial role in moderating post-transcriptional gene expression. However, there is a dearth of comprehensive understanding regarding the functional machinery of m6A modification in the context of IMF deposition in poultry. Our current study entails an analysis of the disparities in IMF within the breast and leg of 180-day-old Jingyuan chickens. We implemented methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to delve into the distribution of m6A and its putative regulatory frameworks on IMF deposition in chickens. The findings demonstrated a markedly higher IMF content in leg relative to breast (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the expression of METTL14, WTAP, FTO, and ALKBH5 was significantly diminished in comparison to that of breast (P < 0.01). The m6A peaks in the breast and leg primarily populated 3'untranslated regions (3'UTR) and coding sequence (CDS) regions. The leg, when juxtaposed with the breast, manifested 176 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), including 151 hyper-methylated DMGs and 25 hypo-methylated DMGs. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed a pronounced enrichment of DMGs in the biosynthesis of amino acids, peroxisome, Fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) pathways. Key DMGs, namely ECH1, BCAT1, and CYP1B1 were implicated in the regulation of muscle lipid anabolism. Our study offers substantial insight and forms a robust foundation for further exploration of the functional mechanisms of m6A modification in modulating IMF deposition. This holds profound theoretical importance for improving and leveraging meat quality in indigenous chicken breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhengyun Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qiufei Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xi Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Haorui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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12
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Yuan X, Li L, Zhang Y, Ai R, Li D, Dou Y, Hou M, Zhao D, Zhao S, Nan Y. Heme oxygenase 1 alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing hepatic ferroptosis. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:99. [PMID: 37422643 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) has an influential but insufficiently investigated effect on ferroptosis, which is a novel form of programmed cell death and may play an effect on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the understanding of the mechanism is limited. Herein, our study aimed to explore the mechanism and role of HO-1 in NASH ferroptosis. METHODS Hepatocyte conditional HO-1 knockout (HO-1HEPKO) C57BL/6J mice were established and fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Additionally, wild-type mice were fed either a normal diet or a HFD. Hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, lipid peroxidation, and iron overload were assessed. AML12 and HepG2 cells were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Finally, liver sections from NASH patients were used to clinically validate the histopathology of ferroptosis. RESULTS In mice, HFD caused lipid accumulation, inflammation, fibrosis, and lipid peroxidation, which were aggravated by HO-1HEPKO. In line with the in vivo results, HO-1 knockdown upregulated reactive oxygen species accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and iron overload in AML12 and HepG2 cells. Additionally, HO-1 knockdown reduced the GSH and SOD levels, which was in contrast to HO-1 overexpression in vitro. Furthermore, the present study revealed that the NF-κB signaling pathway was associated with ferroptosis in NASH models. Likewise, these findings were consistent with the liver histopathology results of NASH patients. CONCLUSION The current study showed that HO-1 could alleviate NASH progression by mediating ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Yuan
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Rong Ai
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Yao Dou
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Mengmeng Hou
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Suxian Zhao
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Yuemin Nan
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.
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13
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Wang X, Zhou Y, Min J, Wang F. Zooming in and out of ferroptosis in human disease. Front Med 2023; 17:173-206. [PMID: 37121959 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-0992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is defined as an iron-dependent regulated form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. In the past decade, it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases that together involve almost every organ of the body, including various cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, endocrine metabolic diseases, iron-overload-related diseases, orthopedic diseases and autoimmune diseases. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its regulatory pathways could provide additional strategies for the management of these disease conditions. Indeed, there are an expanding number of studies suggesting that ferroptosis serves as a bona-fide target for the prevention and treatment of these diseases in relevant pre-clinical models. In this review, we summarize the progress in the research into ferroptosis and its regulatory mechanisms in human disease, while providing evidence in support of ferroptosis as a target for the treatment of these diseases. We also discuss our perspectives on the future directions in the targeting of ferroptosis in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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14
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Carbó M, Chaturvedi P, Álvarez A, Pineda-Cevallos D, Ghatak A, González PR, Cañal MJ, Weckwerth W, Valledor L. Ferroptosis is the key cellular process mediating Bisphenol A responses in Chlamydomonas and a promising target for enhancing microalgae-based bioremediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130997. [PMID: 36860062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are one of the major pollutants in aquatic environments. Among their components, Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most abundant and dangerous, leading to endocrine disorders deriving even in different types of cancer in mammals. However, despite this evidence, the xenobiotic effects of BPA over plantae and microalgae still need to be better understood at the molecular level. To fill this gap, we characterized the physiological and proteomic response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during long-term BPA exposure by analyzing physiological and biochemical parameters combined with proteomics. BPA imbalanced iron and redox homeostasis, disrupting cell function and triggering ferroptosis. Intriguingly, this microalgae defense against this pollutant is recovering at both molecular and physiological levels while starch accumulation at 72 h of BPA exposure. In this work, we addressed the molecular mechanisms involved in BPA exposure, demonstrating for the first time the induction of ferroptosis in a eukaryotic alga and how ROS detoxification mechanisms and other specific proteomic rearrangements reverted this situation. These results are of great significance not only for understanding the BPA toxicology or exploring the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in microalgae but also for defining novel target genes for microplastic bioremediation efficient strain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carbó
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Álvarez
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Arindam Ghatak
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - María Jesús Cañal
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis Valledor
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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15
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Guo G, Yang W, Sun C, Wang X. Dissecting the potential role of ferroptosis in liver diseases: an updated review. Free Radic Res 2023; 57:282-293. [PMID: 37401821 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2232941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death, manifested by iron-dependent, non-apoptotic manner resulting from the intracellular accumulation of large clusters of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides due to abnormal iron metabolism. Since the liver is the main organ of human body for storing iron, it is essential to perform in-depth investigation on the role and mechanistic basis of ferroptosis in the context of divergent liver diseases. We previously summarized the emerging role of ferroptosis among various liver diseases, however, the past few years have been a surge in research establishing ferroptosis as the molecular basis or treatment option. This review article concentrated on the accumulating research progress of ferroptosis in a range of liver diseases such as acute liver injury/failure (ALI/ALF), immune-mediated hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis. Ferroptosis may be a promising target for the prevention and treatment of various liver diseases, providing a strategy for exploring new therapeutic avenues for these entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyue Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanting Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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16
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Xiang X, Gao J, Su D, Shi D. The advancements in targets for ferroptosis in liver diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1084479. [PMID: 36999078 PMCID: PMC10043409 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1084479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death caused by iron overload and lipid peroxidation, and its core is an imbalance of redox reactions. Recent studies showed that ferroptosis played a dual role in liver diseases, that was, as a therapeutic target and a pathogenic factor. Therefore, herein, we summarized the role of ferroptosis in liver diseases, reviewed the part of available targets, such as drugs, small molecules, and nanomaterials, that acted on ferroptosis in liver diseases, and discussed the current challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohong Xiang
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Danyang Su
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Doudou Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, The Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Cheng Z, Chu H, Zhu Q, Yang L. Ferroptosis in non-alcoholic liver disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1090338. [PMID: 36992907 PMCID: PMC10040549 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1090338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis refers to a novel modality of regulated cell death characterized by excessive iron accumulation and overwhelming lipid peroxidation, which takes an important part in multiple pathological processes associated with cell death. Considering the crucial roles of the liver in iron and lipid metabolism and its predisposition to oxidative insults, more and more studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between ferroptosis and various liver disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). With increased morbidity and high mortality rates, NAFLD has currently emerged as a global public health issue. However, the etiology of NAFLD is not fully understood. In recent years, an accumulating body of evidence have suggested that ferroptosis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, but the precise mechanisms underlying how ferroptosis affects NAFLD still remain obscure. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its complicated regulation systems, delineate the different effects that ferroptosis exerts in different stages of NAFLD, and discuss some potential effective therapies targeting ferroptosis for NAFLD treatment, which putatively points out a novel direction for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingjing Zhu
- Jinyintan Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qingjing Zhu,
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Ling Yang, ,
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18
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Kouroumalis E, Tsomidis I, Voumvouraki A. Iron as a therapeutic target in chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:616-655. [PMID: 36742167 PMCID: PMC9896614 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i4.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It was clearly realized more than 50 years ago that iron deposition in the liver may be a critical factor in the development and progression of liver disease. The recent clarification of ferroptosis as a specific form of regulated hepatocyte death different from apoptosis and the description of ferritinophagy as a specific variation of autophagy prompted detailed investigations on the association of iron and the liver. In this review, we will present a brief discussion of iron absorption and handling by the liver with emphasis on the role of liver macrophages and the significance of the iron regulators hepcidin, transferrin, and ferritin in iron homeostasis. The regulation of ferroptosis by endogenous and exogenous mod-ulators will be examined. Furthermore, the involvement of iron and ferroptosis in various liver diseases including alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease, chronic hepatitis B and C, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) will be analyzed. Finally, experimental and clinical results following interventions to reduce iron deposition and the promising manipulation of ferroptosis will be presented. Most liver diseases will be benefited by ferroptosis inhibition using exogenous inhibitors with the notable exception of HCC, where induction of ferroptosis is the desired effect. Current evidence mostly stems from in vitro and in vivo experimental studies and the need for well-designed future clinical trials is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsomidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54621, Greece
| | - Argyro Voumvouraki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54621, Greece
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19
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Pan X, Zhang X, Ban J, Yue L, Ren L, Chen S. Effects of High-Fat Diet on Cardiovascular Protein Expression in Mice Based on Proteomics. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:873-882. [PMID: 37012931 PMCID: PMC10066704 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s405327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of high-fat diet on protein expression in mouse heart and aorta using proteomic techniques. METHODS A high-fat diet was used to construct an obese mouse model, and body weight was checked regularly. After the experiment, serum lipid and oxidative stress levels were measured. Proteomic detection of cardiac and aortic protein expression. Cardiac and aortic common differentially expressed proteins (Co-DEPs) were screened based on proteomic results. Subsequently, functional enrichment analysis and screening of key proteins were performed. RESULTS A high-fat diet significantly increased body weight in mice. Obese mice had considerably higher levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ROS, and MDA. In the heart and aorta, 17 Co-DEPs were discovered. The results of functional analysis of these proteins indicated that they were mainly related to lipid metabolism. Ech1, Decr1, Hsd17b4, Hsdl2 and Acadvl were screened as key proteins. In mice, a high-fat diet causes lipid metabolism to become disrupted, resulting in higher levels of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation products. CONCLUSION Ech1, Decr1, Hsd17b4, Hsdl2 and Acadvl as cardiac and aortic Co-DEPs are closely related to lipid metabolism and may serve as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for obesity-induced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangli Ban
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shuchun Chen, Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 31185988406, Email
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20
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Li S, Zhuge A, Wang K, Xia J, Wang Q, Han S, Shen J, Li L. Obeticholic acid and ferrostatin-1 differentially ameliorate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in AMLN diet-fed ob/ob mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1081553. [PMID: 36588706 PMCID: PMC9800415 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1081553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are common chronic liver diseases with limited treatment options. Methods: Ob/ob mice (6 weeks old) were fed with the Control diet or amylin liver NASH (AMLN) diet for 24 weeks to establish the NASH, the AMLN diet-fed mice were treated with obeticholic acid (OCA), ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) or their combination for 7 weeks. Finally, various clinical profiles were assessed. Results: Our results indicate that Fer-1 exerts better effects on improving body weight, blood glucose levels, transaminase levels and insulin resistance than OCA. OCA has a profound effect on ameliorating lipid accumulation. OCA and Fer-1 differentially inhibit the activation of hepatic Kupffer cells and HSCs. The combination of OCA and Fer-1 significantly reduces inflammation and protects mice against liver oxidative stress. OCA and Fer-1 differentially reshape the intestinal microbiota and affect the hepatic lipidome. Discussion: Our study compares the effects of OCA, Fer-1 and their combination on various clinical profiles in NASH. These data demonstrate that different drug combinations results in different improvements, and these discoveries provide a reference for the use of the OCA, Fer-1 and their combination in the clinical treatment of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aoxiang Zhuge
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaicen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengyi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Lanjuan Li,
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21
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Ferroptosis: Shedding Light on Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Liver Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203301. [PMID: 36291167 PMCID: PMC9600232 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a vital physiological or pathological phenomenon in the development process of the organism. Ferroptosis is a kind of newly-discovered regulated cell death (RCD), which is different from other RCD patterns, such as apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy at the morphological, biochemical and genetic levels. It is a kind of iron-dependent mode of death mediated by lipid peroxides and lipid reactive oxygen species aggregation. Noteworthily, the number of studies focused on ferroptosis has been increasing exponentially since ferroptosis was first found in 2012. The liver is the organ that stores the most iron in the human body. Recently, it was frequently found that there are different degrees of iron metabolism disorder and lipid peroxidation and other ferroptosis characteristics in various liver diseases. Numerous investigators have discovered that the progression of various liver diseases can be affected via the regulation of ferroptosis, which may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for clinical hepatic diseases. This review aims to summarize the mechanism and update research progress of ferroptosis, so as to provide novel promising directions for the treatment of liver diseases.
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22
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Xu X, Poulsen KL, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, Wei Q, Zhao C, Lin C, Yang J. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:287. [PMID: 35963848 PMCID: PMC9376100 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH) has become the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. NASH, an advanced form of NAFL, can be progressive and more susceptible to developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, lifestyle interventions are the most essential and effective strategies for preventing and controlling NAFL without the development of fibrosis. While there are still limited appropriate drugs specifically to treat NAFL/NASH, growing progress is being seen in elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discussed recent developments in etiology and prospective therapeutic targets, as well as pharmacological candidates in pre/clinical trials and patents, with a focus on diabetes, hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Importantly, growing evidence elucidates that the disruption of the gut-liver axis and microbe-derived metabolites drive the pathogenesis of NAFL/NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a signaling mediator, resulting in lipid accumulation, macrophage and hepatic stellate cell activation, further promoting inflammation and liver fibrosis progression during the development of NAFL/NASH. Targeting gut microbiota or EVs may serve as new strategies for the treatment of NAFL/NASH. Finally, other mechanisms, such as cell therapy and genetic approaches, also have enormous therapeutic potential. Incorporating drugs with different mechanisms and personalized medicine may improve the efficacy to better benefit patients with NAFL/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingda Wei
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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23
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Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhang K, Shen L, Deng M. Ferroptosis in COVID-19-related liver injury: A potential mechanism and therapeutic target. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:922511. [PMID: 35967872 PMCID: PMC9363633 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.922511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak and worldwide spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a threat to global public health. SARS-CoV-2 infection not only impacts the respiratory system but also causes hepatic injury. Ferroptosis, a distinct iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death, has been investigated in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and liver diseases. However, whether ferroptosis takes part in the pathophysiological process of COVID-19-related liver injury has not been evaluated yet. This review highlights the pathological changes in COVID-19-related liver injury and presents ferroptosis as a potential mechanism in the pathological process. Ferroptosis, as a therapeutic target for COVID-19-related liver injury, is also discussed. Discoveries in these areas will improve our understanding of strategies to prevent and treat hepatic injuries caused by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunqing Chen,
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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24
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Wang S, Liu Z, Geng J, Li L, Feng X. An overview of ferroptosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113374. [PMID: 35834990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a public health problem associated with high mortality and high morbidity rates worldwide. Presently, its complex pathophysiology is still unclear, and there is no specific drug to reverse NAFLD. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent and non-apoptotic form of cell death characterized by the iron-induced accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids; generate intracellular oxidative stress; and ultimately cause cell death. Emerging evidence indicates that ferroptosis is involved in the progression of NAFLD, although the mechanism of action of ferroptosis in NAFLD is still poorly understood. Herein, we summarize the mechanism of action of ferroptosis in certain diseases, especially in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and discuss the potential therapeutic approaches currently used to treat NAFLD. This review also highlights further directions for the treatment and prevention of NAFLD and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shendong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Jiafeng Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Liangge Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Xiujing Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China.
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25
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Zhou X, Fu Y, Liu W, Mu Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Liu P. Ferroptosis in Chronic Liver Diseases: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:928321. [PMID: 35720113 PMCID: PMC9205467 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.928321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation, is a cell death pathway discovered in recent years. Ferroptosis plays an important role in tumors, ischemia-reperfusion injury, neurological diseases, blood diseases, etc. Recent studies have shown the importance of ferroptosis in chronic liver disease. This article summarizes the pathological mechanisms of ferroptosis involved in System Xc−, iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and some GPX4-independent pathways, and the latest research on ferroptosis in chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, the current bottleneck issues that restrict the research on ferroptosis are proposed to provide ideas and strategies for exploring new therapeutic targets for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yadong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongping Mu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jiamei Chen, ; Ping Liu,
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jiamei Chen, ; Ping Liu,
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26
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Du H, Ren X, Bai J, Yang W, Gao Y, Yan S. Research Progress of Ferroptosis in Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease (ABCD). OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1052699. [PMID: 35502211 PMCID: PMC9056228 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1052699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a multistep regulated cell death process induced by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Classical GPX4-dependent pathway and GPX4-independent pathways can independently and synergistically inhibit ferroptosis and jointly maintain the oxidative balance of the body. WHO defines obesity as "a condition of abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue, to the extent that health may be impaired," and obesity is also defined as an adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD). Obesity is a systemic disease that leads to metabolic abnormalities in various systems, resulting in a series of complications including obesity cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes mellitus. Emerging evidence shows that ferroptosis is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of various diseases. In recent years, ferroptosis has been found to play critical roles in obesity and its complications. This review discusses the mechanisms of how ferroptosis is initiated and controlled and discusses the research progress of ferroptosis in obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Juncai Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
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27
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Guo L, Gao W, Tang TL, Yan M. Interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:355. [PMID: 35429990 PMCID: PMC9013379 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Ferroptosis, a newly discovered iron-dependent cell death pathway, is characterized by lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion mediated by iron metabolism and is morphologically, biologically and genetically different from other programmed cell deaths. Besides, ferroptosis is usually found accompanied by inflammatory reactions. So far, it has been found participating in the development of many kinds of diseases. Macrophages are a group of immune cells that widely exist in our body for host defense and play an important role in tissue homeostasis by mediating inflammation and regulating iron, lipid and amino acid metabolisms through their unique functions like phagocytosis and efferocytosis, cytokines secretion and ROS production under different polarization. According to these common points in ferroptosis characteristics and macrophages functions, it’s obvious that there must be relationship between macrophages and ferroptosis. Therefore, our review aims at revealing the interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis concerning three metabolisms and integrating the application of certain relationship in curing diseases, mostly cancer. Finally, we also provide inspirations for further studies in therapy for some diseases by targeting certain resident macrophages in distinct tissues to regulate ferroptosis. Facts Ferroptosis is considered as a newly discovered form characterized by its nonapoptotic and iron-dependent lipid hydroperoxide, concerning iron, lipid and amino acid metabolisms. Ferroptosis has been widely found playing a crucial part in various diseases, including hepatic diseases, neurological diseases, cancer, etc. Macrophages are phagocytic immune cells, widely existing and owning various functions such as phagocytosis and efferocytosis, cytokines secretion and ROS production. Macrophages are proved to participate in mediating metabolisms and initiating immune reactions to maintain balance in our body. Recent studies try to treat cancer by altering macrophages’ polarization which damages tumor microenvironment and induces ferroptosis of cancer cells.
Open questions How do macrophages regulate ferroptosis of other tissue cells specifically? Can we use the interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis in treating diseases other than cancer? What can we do to treat diseases related to ferroptosis by targeting macrophages? Is the use of the relationship between macrophages and ferroptosis more effective than other therapies when treating diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting-Li Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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28
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Chen G, Li C, Zhang L, Yang J, Meng H, Wan H, He Y. Hydroxysafflor yellow A and anhydrosafflor yellow B alleviate ferroptosis and parthanatos in PC12 cells injured by OGD/R. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:1-10. [PMID: 34923102 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis and parthanatos are two types of programmed cell death associated with cerebral ischemia. There is a sizeable interest in seeking chemical components for the regulation of ferroptosis and parthanatos. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) mitigated cell death caused by oxidative stress due to antioxidant capacity, yet the mechanism is still uncertain. Thus, we investigated whether HSYA and AHSYB prevent death through these two pathways with the aim to elucidate their potential protective mechanisms of cerebral ischemia. In this study, oxidative stress model was established by treating PC12 cells with oxygen glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R). Cellular functions and signaling pathways were analyzed in PC12 cells using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, ELISA, iron assay kit, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis. And the research proved HSYA and AHSYB protected cells from oxidative stress. The phenomenon is associated with ferroptosis and parthanatos. HSYA and AHSYB upregulated cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc- (system xc-) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), returned the levels of GSH/GSSG ratio, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron ion, as well as alleviated lipid peroxidation. By reason of reducing ROS, HSYA and AHSYB restrained poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) overactivation, reduced the production of excess poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) nuclear translocation. The results suggested that HSYA and AHSYB limited ferroptosis and parthanatos to alleviate oxidative stress in PC12 cells. These findings may have implications for improving understanding of how drugs reduce oxidative stress and develop new strategies for treating degenerative diseases such as cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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Deng S, Wu D, Li L, Li J, Xu Y. TBHQ attenuates ferroptosis against 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury and intestinal mucositis via activation of Nrf2. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:48. [PMID: 34794379 PMCID: PMC8600870 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal mucositis is a common side effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Very few drugs can efficiently ameliorate it. Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is a widely used food preservative with known immunomodulatory activity. Whether it has an effect on intestinal mucositis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanism of action of TBHQ on 5-fluorouracil-induced (5-FU-induced) human intestinal epithelial cell (HIEC) injury and intestinal mucositis in mice. METHODS We established a cell model of HIEC injury and a mouse model of intestinal mucositis via treatment with 5-FU. Cell death, Cell Counting Kit-8, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were assessed for the HIECs. Diarrhea, body weight, intestinal length, mucosal damage, and the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, glutathione, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde were determined for the mice. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemical analysis, immunofluorescence, western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, and ELISA to examine the effects of TBHQ. Finally, HIECs were transfected with an Nrf2 gene silencer to verify its role in ferroptosis. All data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance or paired t-tests. RESULTS TBHQ markedly decreased LDH release and cell death and improved the proliferative ability of 5-FU-treated HIECs. The TBHQ-treated mice showed reduced weight loss, a lower diarrhea score, and longer colons than the 5-FU-treated mice. The in vivo expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were suppressed by TBHQ treatment. Ferroptosis was shown to be involved in 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis, and TBHQ markedly hampered its activation. Mechanistically, TBHQ activated Nrf2 effectively and selective Nrf2 knockdown significantly reduced the anti-ferroptotic functions of TBHQ in 5-FU-treated HIECs. CONCLUSIONS TBHQ attenuates ferroptosis in 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis, making it a potential novel protective agent against intestinal mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China. .,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Zhang H, Zhang E, Hu H. Role of Ferroptosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Implications for Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111660. [PMID: 34829889 PMCID: PMC8615581 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the chronic liver disease with the highest incidence throughout the world, but its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death caused by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Abnormal iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid phospholipids (PUFA-PLs) can all trigger ferroptosis. Emerging evidence indicates that ferroptosis plays a critical role in the pathological progression of NAFLD. Because the liver is the main organ for iron storage and lipid metabolism, ferroptosis is an ideal target for liver diseases. Inhibiting ferroptosis may become a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NAFLD. In this article, we describe the role of ferroptosis in the progression of NAFLD and its related mechanisms. This review will highlight further directions for the treatment of NAFLD and the selection of corresponding drugs that target ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100080, China;
| | - Enxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Transformation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Correspondence: (E.Z.); (H.H.)
| | - Hongbo Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100080, China;
- Correspondence: (E.Z.); (H.H.)
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Duan JY, Lin X, Xu F, Shan SK, Guo B, Li FXZ, Wang Y, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Lei LM, Ou-Yang WL, Wu YY, Tang KX, Yuan LQ. Ferroptosis and Its Potential Role in Metabolic Diseases: A Curse or Revitalization? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:701788. [PMID: 34307381 PMCID: PMC8299754 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.701788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is classified as an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death (RCD) attributed to the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides and redox imbalance. In recent years, accumulating researches have suggested that ferroptosis may play a vital role in the development of diverse metabolic diseases, for example, diabetes and its complications (e.g., diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and atherosclerosis [AS]), metabolic bone disease and adrenal injury. However, the specific physiopathological mechanism and precise therapeutic effect is still not clear. In this review, we summarized recent advances about the development of ferroptosis, focused on its potential character as the therapeutic target in metabolic diseases, and put forward our insights on this topic, largely to offer some help to forecast further directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yue Duan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Lu Ou-Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-Yun Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Xin Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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