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Nedergaard J, von Essen G, Cannon B. Brown adipose tissue: can it keep us slim? A discussion of the evidence for and against the existence of diet-induced thermogenesis in mice and men. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220220. [PMID: 37661736 PMCID: PMC10475870 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The issue under discussion here is whether a decrease in the degree of UCP1 activity (and brown adipose tissue activity in general) could be a cause of obesity in humans. This possibility principally requires the existence of the phenomenon of diet-induced thermogenesis. Obesity could be a consequence of a reduced functionality of diet-induced thermogenesis. Experiments in mice indicate that diet-induced thermogenesis exists and is dependent on the presence of UCP1 and thus of brown adipose tissue activity. Accordingly, many (but not all) experiments indicate that in the absence of UCP1, mice become obese. Whether similar mechanisms exist in humans is still unknown. A series of studies have indicated a correlation between obesity and low brown adipose tissue activity, but it may be so that the obesity itself may influence the estimates of brown adipose tissue activity (generally glucose uptake), partly explaining the relationship. Estimates of brown adipose tissue catabolizing activity would seem to indicate that it may possess a capacity sufficient to help maintain body weight, and obesity would thus be aggravated in its absence. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella von Essen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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The Role and Regulatory Mechanism of Brown Adipose Tissue Activation in Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169448. [PMID: 36012714 PMCID: PMC9408971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been considered a vital organ in response to non-shivering adaptive thermogenesis, which could be activated during cold exposure through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or under postprandial conditions contributing to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). Humans prefer to live within their thermal comfort or neutral zone with minimal energy expenditure created by wearing clothing, making shelters, or using an air conditioner to regulate their ambient temperature; thereby, DIT would become an important mechanism to counter-regulate energy intake and lipid accumulation. In addition, there has been a long interest in the intriguing possibility that a defect in DIT predisposes one to obesity and other metabolic diseases. Due to the recent advances in methodology to evaluate the functional activity of BAT and DIT, this updated review will focus on the role and regulatory mechanism of BAT biology in DIT in health and diseases and whether these mechanisms are applicable to humans.
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Zheng S, Guo S, Sun G, Shi Y, Wei Z, Tang Y, He F, Shi C, Dai P, Chong H, Samuelson I, Zen K, Zhang CY, Zhang Y, Li J, Jiang X. Gain of Metabolic Benefit with Ablation of miR-149-3p from Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:194-203. [PMID: 31561124 PMCID: PMC6796689 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The global rise in obesity has become a public health crisis. During the onset of obesity, disrupted catecholamine signals have been described to contribute to excess fat accumulation, however, the molecular and metabolic change of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) upon chronic high-fat feeding has rarely been investigated. Here, we show that chronic high-fat feeding caused a significant decrease in the expression of thermogenic genes and acquisition of partial deleterious features of visceral fat in SAT. Upregulated miR-149-3p was involved in this obesity-induced "visceralization" of SAT via inhibiting PRDM16, a master regulator that promoted SAT thermogenesis. Reduction of miR-149-3p significantly increased PRDM16 expression in SAT, with improved whole-body insulin sensitivity, decreased SAT inflammation, and liver steatosis in high-fat fed mice. These findings provided direct evidence of the anti-obese and anti-diabetic effect of PRDM16 in the obese background for the first time and identified that miR-149-3p could serve as a therapeutic target to protect against diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Shanjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Gongrui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yanteng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yuhang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Fangfang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chenke Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Peng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Hoshun Chong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Isabella Samuelson
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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Fischer AW, Schlein C, Cannon B, Heeren J, Nedergaard J. Intact innervation is essential for diet-induced recruitment of brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E487-E503. [PMID: 30576247 PMCID: PMC6459298 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00443.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that recruitment and activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis could be beneficial for curtailing obesity development in humans prompts a need for a better understanding of the control of these processes [that are often referred to collectively as diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)]. Dietary conditions are associated with large changes in blood-borne factors that could be responsible for BAT recruitment, but BAT is also innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. To examine the significance of the innervation for DIT recruitment, we surgically denervated the largest BAT depot, i.e., the interscapular BAT depot in mice and exposed the mice at thermoneutrality to a high-fat diet versus a chow diet. Denervation led to an alteration in feeding pattern but did not lead to enhanced obesity, but obesity was achieved with a lower food intake, as denervation increased metabolic efficiency. Conclusively, denervation totally abolished the diet-induced increase in total UCP1 protein levels observed in the intact mice, whereas basal UCP1 expression was not dependent on innervation. The denervation of interscapular BAT did not discernably hyper-recruit other BAT depots, and no UCP1 protein could be detected in the principally browning-competent inguinal white adipose tissue depot under any of the examined conditions. We conclude that intact innervation is essential for diet-induced thermogenesis and that circulating factors cannot by themselves initiate recruitment of brown adipose tissue under obesogenic conditions. Therefore, the processes that link food intake and energy storage to activation of the nervous system are those of significance for the further understanding of diet-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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von Essen G, Lindsund E, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Adaptive facultative diet-induced thermogenesis in wild-type but not in UCP1-ablated mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E515-E527. [PMID: 28679625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00097.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The significance of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) for metabolic control is still debated. Although obesogenic diets recruit UCP1 and adrenergically inducible thermogenesis, and although the absence of UCP1 may promote the development of obesity, no actual UCP1-related thermogenesis identifiable as diet-induced thermogenesis has to date been unambiguously demonstrated. Examining mice living at thermoneutrality, we have identified a process of facultative (directly elicited by acute eating), adaptive (magnitude develops over weeks on an obesogenic diet), and fully UCP1-dependent thermogenesis. We found no evidence for UCP1-independent diet-induced thermogenesis. The thermogenesis was proportional to the total amount of UCP1 protein in brown adipose tissue and was not dependent on any contribution of UCP1 in brite/beige adipose tissue, since no UCP1 protein was found there under these conditions. Total UCP1 protein amount developed proportionally to total body fat content. The physiological messenger linking obesity level and acute eating to increased thermogenesis is not known. Thus UCP1-dependent diet-induced thermogenesis limits obesity development during exposure to obesogenic diets but does not prevent obesity as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella von Essen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Lindsund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Krüger J, Trappiel M, Dagnell M, Stawowy P, Meyborg H, Böhm C, Bhanot S, Ostman A, Kintscher U, Kappert K. Targeting density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) with antisense oligonucleotides improves the metabolic phenotype in high-fat diet-fed mice. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:49. [PMID: 23889985 PMCID: PMC3734182 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin signaling is tightly controlled by tyrosine dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor through protein-tyrosine-phosphatases (PTPs). DEP-1 is a PTP dephosphorylating tyrosine residues in a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases. Here, we analyzed whether DEP-1 activity is differentially regulated in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue under high-fat diet (HFD), examined the role of DEP-1 in insulin resistance in vivo, and its function in insulin signaling. Results Mice were fed an HFD for 10 weeks to induce obesity-associated insulin resistance. Thereafter, HFD mice were subjected to systemic administration of specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), highly accumulating in hepatic tissue, against DEP-1 or control ASOs. Targeting DEP-1 led to improvement of insulin sensitivity, reduced basal glucose level, and significant reduction of body weight. This was accompanied by lower insulin and leptin serum levels. Suppression of DEP-1 in vivo also induced hyperphosphorylation in the insulin signaling cascade of the liver. Moreover, DEP-1 physically associated with the insulin receptor in situ, and recombinant DEP-1 dephosphorylated the insulin receptor in vitro. Conclusions These results indicate that DEP-1 acts as an endogenous antagonist of the insulin receptor, and downregulation of DEP-1 results in an improvement of insulin sensitivity. DEP-1 may therefore represent a novel target for attenuation of metabolic diseases.
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Foryst-Ludwig A, Clemenz M, Hohmann S, Hartge M, Sprang C, Frost N, Krikov M, Bhanot S, Barros R, Morani A, Gustafsson JÅ, Unger T, Kintscher U. Metabolic actions of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) are mediated by a negative cross-talk with PPARgamma. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000108. [PMID: 18584035 PMCID: PMC2432036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ER) are important regulators of metabolic diseases such as obesity and insulin resistance (IR). While ERα seems to have a protective role in such diseases, the function of ERβ is not clear. To characterize the metabolic function of ERβ, we investigated its molecular interaction with a master regulator of insulin signaling/glucose metabolism, the PPARγ, in vitro and in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed ERβ -/- mice (βERKO) mice. Our in vitro experiments showed that ERβ inhibits ligand-mediated PPARγ-transcriptional activity. That resulted in a blockade of PPARγ-induced adipocytic gene expression and in decreased adipogenesis. Overexpression of nuclear coactivators such as SRC1 and TIF2 prevented the ERβ-mediated inhibition of PPARγ activity. Consistent with the in vitro data, we observed increased PPARγ activity in gonadal fat from HFD-fed βERKO mice. In consonance with enhanced PPARγ activation, HFD-fed βERKO mice showed increased body weight gain and fat mass in the presence of improved insulin sensitivity. To directly demonstrate the role of PPARγ in HFD-fed βERKO mice, PPARγ signaling was disrupted by PPARγ antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). Blockade of adipose PPARγ by ASO reversed the phenotype of βERKO mice with an impairment of insulin sensitization and glucose tolerance. Finally, binding of SRC1 and TIF2 to the PPARγ-regulated adiponectin promoter was enhanced in gonadal fat from βERKO mice indicating that the absence of ERβ in adipose tissue results in exaggerated coactivator binding to a PPARγ target promoter. Collectively, our data provide the first evidence that ERβ-deficiency protects against diet-induced IR and glucose intolerance which involves an augmented PPARγ signaling in adipose tissue. Moreover, our data suggest that the coactivators SRC1 and TIF2 are involved in this interaction. Impairment of insulin and glucose metabolism by ERβ may have significant implications for our understanding of hormone receptor-dependent pathophysiology of metabolic diseases, and may be essential for the development of new ERβ-selective agonists. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time a pro-diabetogenic function of the ERβ. Our experiments indicate that ERβ impairs insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in mice challenged with a high fat diet (HFD). Loss of ERβ, studied in ERβ -/- mice (βERKO mice), results in increased body weight gain and fat deposition under HFD-treatment. Conversely, absence of ERβ averted accumulation of triglycerides and preserved regular insulin signaling in liver and skeletal muscle. This observation was associated with improved whole-body insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Increased adipose tissue mass in the presence of improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance is usually observed under chronic stimulation of the nuclear hormone receptor PPARγ. In consonance, we show that activation of PPARγ was markedly induced in gonadal fat from βERKO mice and blockade of adipose PPARγ signaling by antisense oligonucleotide injection reversed the metabolic phenotype. Moreover, our cell culture experiments indicate that ERβ is a negative regulator of ligand-induced PPARγ activity in vitro. Finally, we identify SRC1 and TIF2 as key players in the ERβ-PPARγ interaction. In summary, the present study demonstrates that ERβ impairs insulin and glucose metabolism, which may, at least in part, result from a negative cross-talk with adipose PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Foryst-Ludwig
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Clemenz
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohmann
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Hartge
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Sprang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaj Frost
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxim Krikov
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sanjay Bhanot
- ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Andrea Morani
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Thomas Unger
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kamei Y, Ohizumi H, Fujitani Y, Nemoto T, Tanaka T, Takahashi N, Kawada T, Miyoshi M, Ezaki O, Kakizuka A. PPARgamma coactivator 1beta/ERR ligand 1 is an ERR protein ligand, whose expression induces a high-energy expenditure and antagonizes obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:12378-83. [PMID: 14530391 PMCID: PMC218766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2135217100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A well balanced body energy budget controlled by limitation of calorie uptake and/or increment of energy expenditure, which is typically achieved by proper physical exercise, is most effective against obesity and diabetes mellitus. Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma, a member of the nuclear receptor, and its cofactors have been shown to be involved in lipid metabolism and in the control of energy expenditure. Here we show that PPARgamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1) beta functions as ERRL1 (for ERR ligand 1), which can bind and activate orphan ERRs (estrogen receptor-related receptors) in vitro. Consistently, PGC-1beta/ERRL1 transgenic mice exhibit increased expression of the medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase, a known ERR target and a pivotal enzyme of mitochondrial beta-oxidation in skeletal muscle. As a result, the PGC-1beta/ERRL1 mice show a state similar to an athlete; namely, the mice are hyperphagic and of elevated energy expenditure and are resistant to obesity induced by a high-fat diet or by a genetic abnormality. These results demonstrate that PGC-1beta/ERRL1 can function as a protein ligand of ERR, and that its level contributes to the control of energy balance in vivo, and provide a strategy for developing novel antiobesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomi Kamei
- Department of Molecular Medical Science, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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