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Marousez L, Hanssens S, Butruille L, Petit C, Pourpe C, Besengez C, Rakza T, Storme L, Deruelle P, Lesage J, Eberlé D. Breast milk apelin level increases with maternal obesity and high-fat feeding during lactation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1052-1060. [PMID: 33594258 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence indicates that levels of breast milk (BM) hormones such as leptin can fluctuate with maternal adiposity, suggesting that BM hormones may signal maternal metabolic and nutritional environments to offspring during postnatal development. The hormone apelin is highly abundant in BM but its regulation during lactation is completely unknown. Here, we evaluated whether maternal obesity and overnutrition impacted BM apelin and leptin levels in clinical cohorts and lactating rats. METHODS BM and plasma samples were collected from normal-weight and obese breastfeeding women, and from lactating rats fed a control or a high fat (HF) diet during lactation. Apelin and leptin levels were assayed by ELISA. Mammary gland (MG) apelin expression and its cellular localization in lactating rats was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS BM apelin levels increased with maternal BMI, whereas plasma apelin levels decreased. BM apelin was also positively correlated with maternal insulin and C-peptide levels. In rats, maternal HF feeding exclusively during lactation was sufficient to increase BM apelin levels and decrease its plasma concentration without changing body weight. In contrast, BM leptin levels increased with maternal BMI in humans, but did not change with maternal HF feeding during lactation in rats. Apelin is highly expressed in the rat MG during lactation and was mainly localized to mammary myoepithelial cells. We found that MG apelin gene expression was up-regulated by maternal HF diet and positively correlated with BM apelin content and maternal insulinemia. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that BM apelin levels increase with long- and short-term overnutrition, possibly via maternal hyperinsulinemia and transcriptional upregulation of MG apelin expression in myoepithelial cells. Apelin regulates many physiological processes, including energy metabolism, digestive function, and development. Further studies are needed to unravel the consequences of such changes in offspring development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Marousez
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Sandy Hanssens
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, Lille, France
| | - Laura Butruille
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Céline Petit
- CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, Lille, France
| | - Charlène Pourpe
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | | | - Thameur Rakza
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Neonatology and Pediatrics, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Storme
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Neonatology and Pediatrics, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Deruelle
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, Lille, France
| | - Jean Lesage
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Eberlé
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France. .,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France.
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Jiang Q, Adebowale TO, Tian J, Yin Y, Yao K. Effects of maternal alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation during lactation on the performance of lactating sows and suckling piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:457-471. [PMID: 31454268 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1640023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate if dietary alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation may improve the performance of lactating sows and their suckling piglets. After farrowing, 24 lactating sows (Large White × Landrace) with similar body weight (BW) were assigned to the control and AKG groups based on parity, and their lactation diets were supplemented with 0.00 or 0.25% AKG, respectively. It was found that supplementing the diet of lactating sows with 0.25% AKG enhanced growth performance of the suckling piglets from d 7 to d 21 of the lactation period, improved villus height of ileum and tended (p = 0.085) to increase mean volumetric bone mineral density of femur in the weanling piglets. In the lactating sows, dietary supplementation of AKG decreased plasma urea level on d 14 of lactation, decreased plasma calcium (Ca) concentrations from d 7 to d 21 of lactation and increased lactose and Ca levels in ordinary milk. Thus, it was proposed that AKG supplementation stimulates the capacity for lactose synthesis and Ca uptake in the mammary gland, thereby altering the composition of the ordinary milk which might be associated with the enhanced performance of piglets during the suckling period. These findings could lead to a better application of AKG in lactating nutrition, and therefore, promoting pork production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Tolulope Oluwadamilare Adebowale
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Junquan Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Kang Yao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , P. R. China
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3
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Effects of dietary supplementation of N-carbamylglutamate on lactation performance of lactating goats and growth performance of their suckling kidlets. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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Osorio JS, Lohakare J, Bionaz M. Biosynthesis of milk fat, protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:231-56. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for high-quality milk is increasing worldwide. The efficiency of milk synthesis can be improved by taking advantage of the accumulated knowledge of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of genes coding for proteins involved in the synthesis of fat, protein, and lactose in the mammary gland. Research in this area is relatively new, but data accumulated in the last 10 years provide a relatively clear picture. Milk fat synthesis appears to be regulated, at least in bovines, by an interactive network between SREBP1, PPARγ, and LXRα, with a potential role for other transcription factors, such as Spot14, ChREBP, and Sp1. Milk protein synthesis is highly regulated by insulin, amino acids, and amino acid transporters via transcriptional and posttranscriptional routes, with the insulin-mTOR pathway playing a central role. The transcriptional regulation of lactose synthesis is still poorly understood, but it is clear that glucose transporters play an important role. They can also cooperatively interact with amino acid transporters and the mTOR pathway. Recent data indicate the possibility of nutrigenomic interventions to increase milk fat synthesis by feeding long-chain fatty acids and milk protein synthesis by feeding amino acids. We propose a transcriptional network model to account for all available findings. This model encompasses a complex network of proteins that control milk synthesis with a cross talk between milk fat, protein, and lactose regulation, with mTOR functioning as a central hub.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; and
- Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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5
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Nommsen-Rivers LA. Does Insulin Explain the Relation between Maternal Obesity and Poor Lactation Outcomes? An Overview of the Literature. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:407-14. [PMID: 26980825 PMCID: PMC4785481 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that obese women are at increased risk of delayed lactogenesis and short breastfeeding duration, but the underlying causal contributors remain unclear. This review summarizes the literature examining the role of insulin in lactation outcomes. Maternal obesity is a strong risk factor for insulin resistance and prediabetes, but until recently a direct role for insulin in milk production had not been elucidated. Over the past 6 y, studies in both animal models and humans have shown insulin-sensitive gene expression to be dramatically upregulated specifically during the lactation cycle. Insulin is now considered to play a direct role in lactation, including essential roles in secretory differentiation, secretory activation, and mature milk production. At the same time, emerging clinical research suggests an important association between suboptimal glucose tolerance and lactation difficulty. To develop effective interventions to support lactation success in obese women further research is needed to identify how, when, and for whom maternal insulin secretion and sensitivity affect lactation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Nommsen-Rivers
- Division of Neonatology/Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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6
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Much D, Beyerlein A, Roßbauer M, Hummel S, Ziegler AG. Beneficial effects of breastfeeding in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Mol Metab 2014; 3:284-92. [PMID: 24749058 PMCID: PMC3986583 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the future risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is now a growing evidence that breastfeeding has short- and long-term health benefits for mothers with GDM. Mothers with GDM who breastfeed have improved lipid and glucose metabolic profiles for the first 3 months after birth. However, women with GDM are less likely to breastfeed and, if they do, breastfeeding is usually continued for a shorter duration compared with women without GDM. One long-term prospective study followed women with GDM from delivery for up to 19 years postpartum, and found that breastfeeding for ≥3 months reduced the risk of T2DM and delayed the development of T2DM by a further 10 years compared with breastfeeding for <3 months. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the protective effects of breastfeeding are still unknown, even though it is important to gain a full understanding of the pathways involved in these effects. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the recent developments in the field of GDM and breastfeeding. We reviewed data from animal experiments and human studies. We also provide insight into the molecular pathways and describe promising topics for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Much
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyerlein
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Roßbauer
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Hummel
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Neville MC, Webb P, Ramanathan P, Mannino MP, Pecorini C, Monks J, Anderson SM, MacLean P. The insulin receptor plays an important role in secretory differentiation in the mammary gland. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1103-14. [PMID: 23982156 PMCID: PMC3840206 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00337.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is known to be an important regulator of milk secretion in the lactating mammary gland. Here we examine the role of insulin signaling in mammary development in pregnancy using a mouse with a floxed insulin receptor (IR) crossed with a mouse expressing Cre specifically in the mammary gland. In the mammary glands of these IR(fl/fl) Cre(+) mice, expression of IR is significantly diminished throughout development. Glands from these mice had 50% fewer alveoli at midpregnancy; casein and lipid droplets were diminished by 60 and 75%, respectively, indicating a role for IR both in alveolar development and differentiation. In an acinar preparation from mammary epithelial cells (MEC) isolated from pregnant mice, insulin stimulated lumen formation, mammary cell size, acinar size, acinar casein content, and the formation of lipid droplets with a Km of ∼1.7 nM. IGF-I and IGF-II had no effect at concentrations below 50 nM, and a function blocking antibody to the IGF type 1 receptor did not alter the response to insulin. We conclude that insulin interacting with IR is essential for mammary differentiation during murine pregnancy. Using array analysis, we then examined the expression of genes up- or downregulated >1.5-fold in the IR(fl/fl) Cre(+) MECs, finding significant downregulation of differentiation specific genes and upregulation of cell cycle and extracellular matrix genes. We conclude that insulin fosters differentiation and may inhibit cell proliferation in the mammary gland of the midpregnant mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Neville
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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8
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Brand-Miller JC, Griffin HJ, Colagiuri S. The carnivore connection hypothesis: revisited. J Obes 2012; 2012:258624. [PMID: 22235369 PMCID: PMC3253466 DOI: 10.1155/2012/258624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The "Carnivore Connection" hypothesizes that, during human evolution, a scarcity of dietary carbohydrate in diets with low plant : animal subsistence ratios led to insulin resistance providing a survival and reproductive advantage with selection of genes for insulin resistance. The selection pressure was relaxed at the beginning of the Agricultural Revolution when large quantities of cereals first entered human diets. The "Carnivore Connection" explains the high prevalence of intrinsic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in populations that transition rapidly from traditional diets with a low-glycemic load, to high-carbohydrate, high-glycemic index diets that characterize modern diets. Selection pressure has been relaxed longest in European populations, explaining a lower prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, despite recent exposure to famine and food scarcity. Increasing obesity and habitual consumption of high-glycemic-load diets worsens insulin resistance and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie C. Brand-Miller
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, G89 Medical Foundation Building K25, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
- The School of Molecular Bioscience G08, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- *Jennie C. Brand-Miller:
| | | | - Stephen Colagiuri
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, G89 Medical Foundation Building K25, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
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9
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Patel OV, Casey T, Dover H, Plaut K. Homeorhetic adaptation to lactation: comparative transcriptome analysis of mammary, liver, and adipose tissue during the transition from pregnancy to lactation in rats. Funct Integr Genomics 2010; 11:193-202. [PMID: 20852911 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-010-0193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific shifts in a dam's metabolism to support fetal and neonatal growth during pregnancy and lactation are controlled by differential expression of regulatory genes. The goal of this study was to identify a more detailed cohort of genes in mammary, liver, and adipose tissue that are transcriptionally controlled during the pregnancy to lactation evolution and explore the relationship of these genes to core clock genes. Total RNA was isolated from mammary, liver and adipose tissues collected from rat dams on day 20 of pregnancy (P20) and day 1 of lactation (L1) and gene expression was measured using Rat 230 2.0 Affymetrix GeneChips. Gene functional analysis revealed that pathway associated metabolism (carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, cholesterol, protein) were enriched (P < 0.001) in the mammary gland during P20 to L1 transition. Approximately 50% of the genes associated with solute transport, as well as lipogenesis were up-regulated in the mammary gland during P20 to L1 transition compared to 10% in liver and 15% in adipose tissue. Genes engaged in conveying glucose (INSR, GLUT1, GLUT4, SGLT1, and SGLT2), bicarbonate (SLC4), sodium (SLC9), zinc (SLC30), copper (SLC31), iron (SLC40) in tandem with rate-limiting lipogenic genes (ACACA, FASN, PRLR, SREBP2, THRSP) were specifically enriched in the mammary gland during the P20 to L1 evolution. Our results provide insight into a cross-tissue transcriptional repertoire that is associated with homeorhetic adaptation needed to support lactation, and at the onset of lactation the mammary gland becomes a factory for macromolecular biosynthesis through inducing genes participating in nutrient transfer and lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman V Patel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
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Neville MC, Mather IH. Introduction: secretory activation: from the past to the future. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2007; 12:205-10. [PMID: 18004649 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-007-9060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue of the Journal of Mammary Gland Biology brings a synthesis of the historical data leading to our understanding of the physiology of lactation up to about 1980 with the new technologies and understanding resulting from the molecular revolution in the late 20th century. We focus specifically on the activation of secretion at parturition, and show that the field is ripe for new investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Neville
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
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Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Louizeau M, Girard J. Functional alterations of type I insulin-like growth factor receptor in placenta of diabetic rats. Biochem J 1992; 288 ( Pt 1):273-9. [PMID: 1445271 PMCID: PMC1132109 DOI: 10.1042/bj2880273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) receptors on placental membranes led to the hypothesis that these receptors might play a critical role in the rapid growth of this organ. Diabetes induces feto-placental overgrowth, but it is not known whether it modifies IGF-I receptor activity in fetal and/or placental tissues. To answer this question, we have partially purified and characterized placental receptors from normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In normal rats, binding of 125I-IGF-I to a 140 kDa protein corresponding to the alpha subunit of the receptor was observed in cross-linking experiments performed under reducing conditions. Stimulation by IGF-I induces the autophosphorylation of a 105 kDa phosphoprotein representing the beta subunit of the receptor. In rats made hyperglycaemic and insulinopenic by streptozotocin injection on day 1 of pregnancy, placental IGF-I receptor-binding parameters were not different from controls on day 20 of pregnancy. In contrast, the autophosphorylation and kinase activity of IGF-I receptors of diabetic rats were increased 2-3-fold in the basal state and after IGF-I stimulation. The present study indicates that the rat placental IGF-I receptor possesses structural characteristics similar to that reported for fetal-rat muscle, and suggests that the high-molecular-mass beta subunit could represent a type of receptor specifically expressed during prenatal development. In addition, it clearly demonstrates that diabetes induces functional alterations in IGF-I receptor kinase activity that may play a major role in the placental overgrowth in diabetic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hauguel-de Mouzon
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Endocrinologie Moléculaire et le Développement, CNRS, Meudon-Bellevue, France
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