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Lu K, Lee MH, Hazard S, Brooks-Wilson A, Hidaka H, Kojima H, Ose L, Stalenhoef AFH, Mietinnen T, Bjorkhem I, Bruckert E, Pandya A, Brewer, Jr. HB, Salen G, Dean M, Srivastava A, Patel SB. Two genes that map to the STSL locus cause sitosterolemia: genomic structure and spectrum of mutations involving sterolin-1 and sterolin-2, encoded by ABCG5 and ABCG8, respectively. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:278-90. [PMID: 11452359 PMCID: PMC1201544 DOI: 10.1086/321294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2001] [Accepted: 05/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by (a) intestinal hyperabsorption of all sterols, including cholesterol and plant and shellfish sterols, and (b) impaired ability to excrete sterols into bile. Patients with this disease have expanded body pools of cholesterol and very elevated plasma plant-sterol species and frequently develop tendon and tuberous xanthomas, accelerated atherosclerosis, and premature coronary artery disease. In previous studies, we have mapped the STSL locus to human chromosome 2p21. Recently, we reported that a novel member of the ABC-transporter family, named "sterolin-1" and encoded by ABCG5, is mutated in 9 unrelated families with sitosterolemia; in the remaining 25 families, no mutations in sterolin-1 could be identified. We identified another ABC transporter, located <400 bp upstream of sterolin-1, in the opposite orientation. Mutational analyses revealed that this highly homologous protein, termed "sterolin-2" and encoded by ABCG8, is mutated in the remaining pedigrees. Thus, two highly homologous genes, located in a head-to-head configuration on chromosome 2p21, are involved as causes of sitosterolemia. These studies indicate that both sterolin-1 and sterolin-2 are indispensable for the regulation of sterol absorption and excretion. Identification of sterolin-1 and sterolin-2 as critical players in the regulation of dietary-sterol absorption and excretion identifies a new pathway of sterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmo Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Mi-Hye Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Starr Hazard
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Angela Brooks-Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Hideki Hidaka
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Hideto Kojima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Leiv Ose
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Anton F. H. Stalenhoef
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Tatu Mietinnen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Ingemar Bjorkhem
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Arti Pandya
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - H. Bryan Brewer, Jr.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Gerald Salen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Michael Dean
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Anand Srivastava
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
| | - Shailendra B. Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, and BioMolecular Computing Resource, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Xenon Genetics Inc., Vancouver; Sanyo Electric Group Health Insurance Association, Osaka; Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Lipid Research Clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Gasteroenterology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark; Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD; and J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC
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