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Ko FC, Fullam S, Lee H, Ishihara S, Adamczyk NS, Obeidat AM, Soorya S, Miller RJ, Malfait AM, Miller RE. Clearing-enabled light sheet microscopy as a novel method for three-dimensional mapping of the sensory innervation of the mouse knee. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.596316. [PMID: 38853939 PMCID: PMC11160612 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.596316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A major barrier that hampers our understanding of the precise anatomic distribution of pain sensing nerves in and around the joint is the limited view obtained from traditional two dimensional (D) histological approaches. Therefore, our objective was to develop a workflow that allows examination of the innervation of the intact mouse knee joint in 3D by employing clearing-enabled light sheet microscopy. We first surveyed existing clearing protocols (SUMIC, PEGASOS, and DISCO) to determine their ability to clear the whole mouse knee joint, and discovered that a DISCO protocol provided the most optimal transparency for light sheet microscopy imaging. We then modified the DISCO protocol to enhance binding and penetration of antibodies used for labeling nerves. Using the pan-neuronal PGP9.5 antibody, our protocol allowed 3D visualization of innervation in and around the mouse knee joint. We then implemented the workflow in mice intra-articularly injected with nerve growth factor (NGF) to determine whether changes in the nerve density can be observed. Both 3D and 2D analytical approaches of the light sheet microscopy images demonstrated quantifiable changes in midjoint nerve density following 4 weeks of NGF injection in the medial but not in the lateral joint compartment. We provide, for the first time, a comprehensive workflow that allows detailed and quantifiable examination of mouse knee joint innervation in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Ko
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Spencer Fullam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hoomin Lee
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shingo Ishihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Natalie S. Adamczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alia M. Obeidat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sarah Soorya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Richard J. Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Malfait
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rachel E. Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Liu CY, Girish N, Gomez ML, Kalski M, Bernard JK, Simons BD, Polk DB. Wound-healing plasticity enables clonal expansion of founder progenitor cells in colitis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2309-2325.e7. [PMID: 37652012 PMCID: PMC10872951 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic colonic injury and inflammation pose high risks for field cancerization, wherein injury-associated mutations promote stem cell fitness and gradual clonal expansion. However, the long-term stability of some colitis-associated mutational fields could suggest alternate origins. Here, studies of acute murine colitis reveal a punctuated mechanism of massive, neutral clonal expansion during normal wound healing. Through three-dimensional (3D) imaging, quantitative fate mapping, and single-cell transcriptomics, we show that epithelial wound repair begins with the loss of structural constraints on regeneration, forming fused labyrinthine channels containing epithelial cells reprogrammed to a non-proliferative plastic state. A small but highly proliferative set of epithelial founder progenitor cells (FPCs) subsequently emerges and undergoes extensive cell division, enabling fluid-like lineage mixing and spreading across the colonic surface. Crypt budding restores the glandular organization, imprinting the pattern of clonal expansion. The emergence and functions of FPCs within a critical window of plasticity represent regenerative targets with implications for preneoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cambrian Y Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Nandini Girish
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marie L Gomez
- Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Martin Kalski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jessica K Bernard
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK; Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - D Brent Polk
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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Sharifkhodaei Z, Liu CY, Girish N, Huang Y, Punit S, Washington MK, Polk DB. Colitis-induced upregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2) terminates epithelial regenerative signaling to restore homeostasis. iScience 2023; 26:107829. [PMID: 37736049 PMCID: PMC10510063 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonic epithelial repair is a key determinant of health. Repair involves changes in epithelial differentiation, an extensive proliferative response, and upregulation of regeneration-associated "fetal-like" transcripts, including Ly6a (Sca-1), that represent Yap1 and interferon targets. However, little is known about how this regenerative program terminates and how homeostasis is restored during injury and inflammation. Here we show that, after the initial entry into the regenerative state, the subsequent upregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 (R2, TNFR2, Tnfrsf1b) clears the regenerative signaling and restores homeostatic patterns of epithelial differentiation. Targeted deletion of epithelial TNFR2 in vivo and in colonoid cultures revealed persistent expression of Ly6a, hyperproliferation, and reduced secretory differentiation. Moreover, mice lacking epithelial TNFR2 also failed to complete colon ulcer healing, suggesting that partial resolution of regenerative signaling is essential for the completion of the repair process. These results demonstrate how epithelial cells dynamically leverage a colitis-associated cytokine to choreograph repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Sharifkhodaei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cambrian Y. Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nandini Girish
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- The Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shivesh Punit
- The Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D. Brent Polk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Jung D, Shin J, Park J, Shin J, Sung YN, Kim Y, Yoo S, Lee BW, Jang SW, Park IJ, Wood LD, Pack CG, Hruban RH, Hong SM. Frequent Intraluminal Growth of Large Muscular Veins in Surgically Resected Colorectal Cancer Tissues: A 3-Dimensional Pathologic Reconstruction Study. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100082. [PMID: 36788099 PMCID: PMC10548450 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2022.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although venous invasion (VI) is common in colorectal cancers (CRCs) and is associated with distant metastasis, the 3-dimensional (3D) microscopic features and associated mechanisms of VI are not well elucidated. To characterize the patterns of VI, 103 tissue slabs were harvested from surgically resected CRCs with ≥pT2. They were cleared using the modified immunolabeling-enabled 3D imaging of solvent-cleared organs method, labeled with multicolor fluorescent antibodies, including antibodies against cytokeratin 19, desmin, CD31, and E-cadherin, and visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. VI was classified as intravasation, intraluminal growth, and/or extravasation, and 2-dimensional and 3D microscopic features were compared. VI was detected more frequently in 3D (56/103 [54.4%]) than in conventional 2-dimensional hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides (33/103 [32%]; P < .001). When VI was present, it was most commonly in the form of intraluminal growth (51/56), followed by extravasation (13/56) and intravasation (5/56). The mean length of intraluminal growth was 334.0 ± 212.4 μm. Neoplastic cell projections extended from cancer cell clusters in the connective tissue surrounding veins, penetrated the smooth muscle layer, and then grew into and filled the venous lumen. E-cadherin expression changed at each invasion phase; intact E-cadherin expression was observed in the cancer cells in the venous walls, but its expression was lost in small clusters of intraluminal neoplastic cells. In addition, reexpression of E-cadherin was observed when cancer cells formed well-oriented tubular structures and accumulated and grew along the luminal side of the venous wall. In contrast, singly scattered cancer cells and cancer cells with poorly defined tubular structures showed loss of E-cadherin expression. E-cadherin expression was intact in the large cohesive clusters of extravasated cancer cells. However, singly scattered cells and smaller projections of neoplastic cells in the stroma outward of venous wall showed a loss of E-cadherin expression. In conclusion, VI was observed in more than half of the CRCs analyzed by 3D histopathologic image reconstruction. Once inside a vein, neoplastic cells can grow intraluminally. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition is not maintained during VI of CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Jung
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Shin
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Shin
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Na Sung
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeon Yoo
- Pathology Center, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Wook Lee
- Cellular Imaging Core, Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wuk Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ja Park
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Mueller JPJ, Dobosz M, O’Brien N, Abdoush N, Giusti AM, Lechmann M, Osl F, Wolf AK, Arellano-Viera E, Shaikh H, Sauer M, Rosenwald A, Herting F, Umaña P, Colombetti S, Pöschinger T, Beilhack A. ROCKETS - a novel one-for-all toolbox for light sheet microscopy in drug discovery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1034032. [PMID: 36845124 PMCID: PMC9945347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1034032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancing novel immunotherapy strategies requires refined tools in preclinical research to thoroughly assess drug targets, biodistribution, safety, and efficacy. Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) offers unprecedented fast volumetric ex vivo imaging of large tissue samples in high resolution. Yet, to date laborious and unstandardized tissue processing procedures have limited throughput and broader applications in immunological research. Therefore, we developed a simple and harmonized protocol for processing, clearing and imaging of all mouse organs and even entire mouse bodies. Applying this Rapid Optical Clearing Kit for Enhanced Tissue Scanning (ROCKETS) in combination with LSFM allowed us to comprehensively study the in vivo biodistribution of an antibody targeting Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) in 3D. Quantitative high-resolution scans of whole organs did not only reveal known EpCAM expression patterns but, importantly, uncovered several new EpCAM-binding sites. We identified gustatory papillae of the tongue, choroid plexi in the brain and duodenal papillae as previously unanticipated locations of high EpCAM expression. Subsequently, we confirmed high EpCAM expression also in human tongue and duodenal specimens. Choroid plexi and duodenal papillae may be considered as particularly sensitive sites due to their importance for liquor production or as critical junctions draining bile and digestive pancreatic enzymes into the small bowel, respectively. These newly gained insights appear highly relevant for clinical translation of EpCAM-addressing immunotherapies. Thus, ROCKETS in combination with LSFM may help to set new standards for preclinical evaluation of immunotherapeutic strategies. In conclusion, we propose ROCKETS as an ideal platform for a broader application of LSFM in immunological research optimally suited for quantitative co-localization studies of immunotherapeutic drugs and defined cell populations in the microanatomical context of organs or even whole mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg P. J. Mueller
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF) Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Dobosz
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Nils O’Brien
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Nassri Abdoush
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Giusti
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Franz Osl
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Wolf
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF) Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Estibaliz Arellano-Viera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF) Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Haroon Shaikh
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF) Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank Herting
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sara Colombetti
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pöschinger
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF) Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
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Chojnacki AK, Navaneetha Krishnan S, Jijon H, Shutt TE, Colarusso P, McKay DM. Tissue imaging reveals disruption of epithelial mitochondrial networks and loss of mitochondria-associated cytochrome-C in inflamed human and murine colon. Mitochondrion 2023; 68:44-59. [PMID: 36356719 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction as defined by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of biopsies or ultra-structure in transmission electron microscopy occurs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, mitochondrial dynamics in IBD have received minimal attention, with most investigations relying on cell-based in vitro models. We build on these studies by adapting the epithelial cell immunofluorescence workflow to imaging mitochondrial networks in normal and inflamed colonic tissue (i.e., murine di-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis, human ulcerative colitis). Using antibodies directed to TOMM20 (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20) and cytochrome-C, we have translated the cell-based protocol for high-fidelity imaging to examine epithelial mitochondria networks in intact intestine. In epithelia of non-inflamed small or large intestinal tissue, the mitochondrial networks were dense and compact. This pattern was more pronounced in the basal region of the cell compared to that between the nucleus and apical surface facing the gut lumen. In comparison, mitochondrial networks in inflamed tissue displayed substantial loss of TOMM20+ staining. The remaining networks were less dense and fragmented, and contained isolated spherical mitochondrial fragments. The degree of mitochondrial network fragmentation mirrored the severity of inflammation, as assessed by blinded semi-quantitative scoring. As an indication of poor cell 'health' or viability, cytosolic cytochrome-C was observed in enterocytes with highly fragmented mitochondria. Thus, high-resolution and detailed visualization of mitochondrial networks in tissue is a feasible and valuable approach to assess disease, suited to characterizing mitochondrial abnormalities in tissue. We speculate that drugs that maintain a functional remodelling mitochondrial network and limit excess fragmentation could be a valuable addition to current therapies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Chojnacki
- Live Cell Imaging Laboratory, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saranya Navaneetha Krishnan
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Humberto Jijon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Medicine, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pina Colarusso
- Live Cell Imaging Laboratory, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Liu CY, Girish N, Gomez ML, Dubé PE, Washington MK, Simons BD, Polk DB. Transitional Anal Cells Mediate Colonic Re-epithelialization in Colitis. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1975-1989. [PMID: 35227778 PMCID: PMC9402284 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epithelial wound healing is compromised and represents an unleveraged therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Intestinal epithelial cells exhibit plasticity that facilitates dedifferentiation and repair during the response to injury. However, it is not known whether epithelial cells of a neighboring organ can be activated to mediate re-epithelialization in acute colitis. Histological findings of a permanent squamous tissue structure in the distal colon in human IBD could suggest diverse cellular origins of repair-associated epithelium. Here, we tested whether skin-like cells from the anus mediate colonic re-epithelialization in murine colitis. METHODS We studied dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and interleukin 10-deficient colitis in transgenic mice. We performed lineage tracing, 3-dimensional (3D) imaging, single-cell transcriptomics, and biophysical modeling to map squamous cell fates and to identify squamous cell types involved in colonic repair. RESULTS In acute and chronic colitis, we found a large squamous epithelium, called squamous neo-epithelium of the colon (SNEC), near the anorectal junction. Neighboring squamous cells of the anus rapidly migrate into the ulcerated colon and establish this permanent epithelium of crypt-like morphology. These squamous cells derive from a small unique transition zone, distal to the border of colonic and anal epithelium, that resists colitic injury. The cells of this zone have a pre-loaded program of colonic differentiation and further upregulate key aspects of colonic epithelium during repair. CONCLUSION Transitional anal cells represent unique reserve cells capable of rebuilding epithelial structures in the colon after colitis. Further study of these cells could reveal novel approaches to direct mucosal healing in inflammation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cambrian Y Liu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nandini Girish
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Marie L Gomez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Philip E Dubé
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D Brent Polk
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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8
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El-Nachef WN, Hu C, Bronner ME. Whole gut imaging allows quantification of all enteric neurons in the adult zebrafish intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14292. [PMID: 34865280 PMCID: PMC8799505 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fundamental understanding of the enteric nervous system in normal and diseased states is limited by the lack of standard measures of total enteric neuron number. The adult zebrafish is a useful model in this context as it is amenable to in toto imaging of the intestine. We leveraged this to develop a technique to image and quantify all enteric neurons within the adult zebrafish intestine and applied this method to assess the relationship between intestinal length and total enteric neuron number. METHODS Dissected adult zebrafish intestines were immunostained in wholemount, optically cleared with refractive index-matched solution, and then imaged in tiles using light-sheet microscopy. Imaging software was used to stitch the tiles, and the full image underwent automated cell counting. Total enteric neuron number was assessed in relation to intestinal length using linear regression modeling. KEY RESULTS Whole gut imaging of the adult zebrafish intestine permits the visualization of endogenous and immunohistochemistry-derived fluorescence throughout the intestine. While enteric neuron distribution is heterogeneous between intestinal segments, total enteric neuron number positively correlates with intestinal length. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Imaging of all enteric neurons within the adult vertebrate intestine is possible in models such as the zebrafish. In this study, we apply this to demonstrate a positive correlation between enteric neuron number and intestinal length. Quantifying total enteric numbers will facilitate future studies of enteric neuropathies and ENS structure in animal models and potentially in biopsied tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael N. El-Nachef
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology
| | - Claire Hu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology
| | - Marianne E. Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology
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9
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Chen CC, Peng SJ, Wu PY, Chien HJ, Lee CY, Chung MH, Tang SC. Heterogeneity and neurovascular integration of intraportally transplanted islets revealed by 3-D mouse liver histology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E1007-E1019. [PMID: 33900850 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00605.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intraportal islet transplantation has been clinically applied for treatment of unstable type 1 diabetes. However, in the liver, systematic assessment of the dispersed islet grafts and the graft-hepatic integration remains difficult, even in animal models. This is due to the lack of global and in-depth analyses of the transplanted islets and their microenvironment. Here, we apply three-dimensional (3-D) mouse liver histology to investigate the islet graft microstructure, vasculature, and innervation. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were used in syngeneic intraportal islet transplantation to achieve euglycemia. Optically cleared livers were prepared to enable 3-D morphological and quantitative analyses of the engrafted islets. 3-D image data reveal the clot- and plaque-like islet grafts in the liver: the former are derived from islet emboli and associated with ischemia, whereas the latter (minority) resemble the plaques on the walls of portal vessels (e.g., at the bifurcation) with mild, if any, perigraft tissue damage. Three weeks after transplantation, both types of grafts are revascularized, yet significantly more lymphatics are associated with the plaque- than clot-like grafts. Regarding the islet reinnervation, both types of grafts connect to the periportal nerve plexus and develop peri- and intragraft innervation. Specifically, the sympathetic axons and varicosities contact the α-cells, highlighting the graft-host neural integration. We present the heterogeneity of the intraportally transplanted islets and the graft-host neurovascular integration in mice. Our work provides the technical and morphological foundation for future high-definitional 3-D tissue and cellular analyses of human islet grafts in the liver.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Modern 3-D histology identifies the clot- and plaque-like islet grafts in the mouse liver, which otherwise cannot be distinguished with the standard microtome-based histology. The two types of grafts are similar in blood microvessel density and sympathetic reinnervation. Their differences, however, are their locations, severity of associated liver injury, and access to lymphatic vessels. Our work provides the technical and morphological foundation for future high-definitional 3-D tissue/cellular analyses of human islet grafts in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chia Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Peng
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Chien
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsin Chung
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital-Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Campbell-Thompson M, Tang SC. Pancreas Optical Clearing and 3-D Microscopy in Health and Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:644826. [PMID: 33981285 PMCID: PMC8108133 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.644826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although first described over a hundred years ago, tissue optical clearing is undergoing renewed interest due to numerous advances in optical clearing methods, microscopy systems, and three-dimensional (3-D) image analysis programs. These advances are advantageous for intact mouse tissues or pieces of human tissues because samples sized several millimeters can be studied. Optical clearing methods are particularly useful for studies of the neuroanatomy of the central and peripheral nervous systems and tissue vasculature or lymphatic system. Using examples from solvent- and aqueous-based optical clearing methods, the mouse and human pancreatic structures and networks will be reviewed in 3-D for neuro-insular complexes, parasympathetic ganglia, and adipocyte infiltration as well as lymphatics in diabetes. Optical clearing with multiplex immunofluorescence microscopy provides new opportunities to examine the role of the nervous and circulatory systems in pancreatic and islet functions by defining their neurovascular anatomy in health and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Campbell-Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Martha Campbell-Thompson, ; Shiue-Cheng Tang,
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Department of Medical Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Martha Campbell-Thompson, ; Shiue-Cheng Tang,
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