1
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Bertolini A, Bloks VW, Wilmink M, Bos E, van de Peppel IP, Eilers R, Prins S, Thomas R, de Bruin A, Verkade H, Jonker JW. Treatment of intestinal and liver features in cystic fibrosis mice by the osmotic laxative polyethylene glycol. J Cyst Fibros 2024; 23:461-473. [PMID: 37775443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease affecting multiple organs, primarily the lungs and digestive system. Improved pulmonary management significantly improved life expectancy of CF patients. As a result, extrapulmonary manifestations, including gastrointestinal and liver-related symptoms, have become more relevant. We previously reported that the osmotic laxative polyethylene glycol (PEG), which hydrates the CF gut, decreased fecal bile acid loss in a CF knockout mouse model. In the current study we investigated the effect of PEG on intestinal fat and cholesterol absorption and on CF-related liver features in a CF mouse model with the most common CF-causing mutation. METHODS CftrΔF508/ΔF508 (n=13) and wild-type (WT) (n=12) mice were treated with PEG for 2 weeks. The intestinal and hepatic effects of PEG were assessed by analysis of intestinal bile acid, cholesterol, and fat fluxes, transcriptome analysis as well as histology. RESULTS PEG improved intestinal malabsorption of bile acids, fat, and cholesterol in CftrΔF508/ΔF508 mice. Transcriptome analysis showed that PEG partially restored the intestinal signaling of nuclear receptors RXR, FXR, and CAR/PXR, which are involved in bile acid and xenobiotic metabolism. PEG also reduced liver inflammation in CF mice as assessed by transcriptome and histological analyses. CONCLUSIONS PEG, a non-absorbable osmotic laxative, improved intestinal nutrient absorption, intestinal bile acid and xenobiotic signaling, as well as CF-related liver features. These findings highlight the potential for osmotic laxation to improve gastrointestinal complications of CF in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bertolini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marijn Wilmink
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline Bos
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo P van de Peppel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roos Eilers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sake Prins
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel Thomas
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henkjan Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Xue Y, Wei Y, Cao L, Shi M, Sheng J, Xiao Q, Cheng Z, Luo T, Jiao Q, Wu A, Chen C, Zhong L, Zhang C. Protective effects of scutellaria-coptis herb couple against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via activating NRF2 and FXR pathways in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116933. [PMID: 37482263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellaria-coptis herb couple (SC) is a classic herbal pair used in many Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulations in the treatment of endocrine and metabolic deseases. Diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are both endocrine and metabolic diseases. Previous studies have shown that SC has anti-diabetic effects. However, the effect and mechanism of SC against NASH remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to demonstrate the effect and mechanism of SC against NASH through the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) dual signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The high fat diet-fed rat model, and HepG2 and RAW264.7 cell models were used. Serum biochemical indexes and liver histopathological changes were examined. Metabolomics, transcriptomics, and flow cytometry were performed. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were performed to provide expression of NRF2 and FXR pathway signal molecules during SC's anti-NASH treatment in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS SC had anti-NASH effects in vivo with significantly improvement of serum NASH biochemical index and hepatopathological structure; meanwhile, SC significantly elevated the expression levels of FXR protein in liver and intestinal tissues, and cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) protein in liver. The mRNA expression levels of Takeda G protein receptor 5 (TGR5), CYP7A1, fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 (FGFR4), FXR, small heterodimer partner (SHP), fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were significantly elevated by SC. SC reduced the levels of NorCA, isoLCA and α-MCA in the feces of NAFLD rats. In vitro, SC-containing serum (SC-CS) was found to significantly reduce intracellular lipid deposition, inhibit ROS production, reduce intracellular Malondialdehyde (MDA) and IL-1β levels, and enhance the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Six differential genes closely related to oxidative stress and Nrf2 were identified by transcriptomic analysis. SC-CS up-regulated the expression of NRF2, and reduced the expression of TXNIP and Caspase-1 genes in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, SC-CS reduced the expression of Keap1 and NF-κB, and up-regulated the expression of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and SOD; SC-CS elevated the protein level of NRF2, and reduced the protein level of TXNIP in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS the mechanisms of SC action against NASH was closely related to the simultaneous activations of both NRF2 and FXR signaling pathways. These findings provide a new insight into the anti-NASH application of SC in clinical settings and demonstrate the potential of SC in the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Yue Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Lan Cao
- Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Junqing Sheng
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Qin Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Ziwen Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Tao Luo
- First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, PR China
| | - Quanhui Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Ailan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Lingyun Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China.
| | - Changhua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China; Nanchang Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangxi, 330096, PR China.
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Xue Y, Wei Y, Cao L, Shi M, Sheng J, Xiao Q, Cheng Z, Luo T, Jiao Q, Wu A, Chen C, Zhong L, Zhang C. Protective effects of scutellaria-coptis herb couple against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via activating NRF2 and FXR pathways in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116933. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2024]
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4
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Xu W, Kong Y, Zhang T, Gong Z, Xiao W. L-Theanine regulates lipid metabolism by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1283-1293. [PMID: 36087337 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND l-Theanine (LTA) is a biologically active ingredient in tea that shows great potential for regulating lipid metabolism. Bile acids (BA), an important end-product of cholesterol catabolism, participate in the regulation of lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. Here, we investigated the effect of LTA on lipid metabolism and the mechanism by which it regulates BA metabolism and gut microbiota. Male BALB/c mice were treated with LTA for 28 days. RESULTS Daily LTA doses of 100 and 300 mg kg-1 d-1 altered the gut microbiota in mice, predominantly by decreasing Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Clostridium and Enterorhabdus microbes associated with bile-salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, thereby decreasing the activity of BSH and increasing the levels of ileum conjugated BA (such as glycocholic acid (GCA) and lithocholic acid), thereby inhibiting the intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) signaling pathway. Inhibition of FXR-FGF15 signaling was accompanied by upregulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) mRNA and protein expression and increased hepatic production of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, GCA, glycine cholic acid and glycine ursodeoxycholic acid. Meanwhile, increasing hepatic unconjugated BA upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, liver low-density lipoprotein receptor and type B scavenger receptor. Therefore, the serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides decreased. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that LTA regulates lipid metabolism by modulating the gut microbiota and BA metabolism via the FXR-FGF15-CYP7A1 pathway. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
| | - Yingying Kong
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihua Gong
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
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Fu K, Chen X, Shou N, Wang Z, Yuan X, Wu D, Wang Q, Cheng Y, Ling N, Shi Z. Swainsonine Induces Liver Inflammation in Mice via Disturbance of Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1758-1767. [PMID: 36638362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Swainsonine induced liver inflammation in livestock; however, the underlying mechanisms, especially the role of bile acids (BAs), in the pathogenesis remained elusive. Here, our results showed that swainsonine induced hepatic inflammation via changing BA metabolism and gut microbiota in mice. Swainsonine significantly upregulated the levels of deoxycholic acid (DCA) and taurine-β-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA) in the serum and liver of mice due to the markedly increased genus Clostridium and the decreased genus Lactobacillus in the gut. As antagonists of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), elevated DCA and T-β-MCA inhibited hepatic Fxr gene expression and thus suppressed FXR-SHP signaling and activated hepatic Cyp7a1 gene expression, which induced a significant upregulation of the total BA level in serum, contributing to liver inflammation. These findings offer new insights into the underlying mechanisms in which swainsonine induced liver inflammation in mice via the gut-liver axis and suggest that gut microbiota and its metabolite BAs may be underlying triggering factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Na Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ning Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zunji Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Tabori H, Schneider J, Lüth S, Zagoya C, Barucha A, Lehmann T, Kauf E, Barth A, Mainz JG. Elevated Levels of Toxic Bile Acids in Serum of Cystic Fibrosis Patients with CFTR Mutations Causing Pancreatic Insufficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012436. [PMID: 36293293 PMCID: PMC9603931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatobiliary involvement is a hallmark in cystic fibrosis (CF), as the causative CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) defect is expressed in the biliary tree. However, bile acid (BA) compositions in regard to pancreatic insufficiency, which is present at an early stage in about 85% of CF patients, have not been satisfactorily understood. We assess the pattern of serum BAs in people with CF (pwCF) without CFTR modulator therapy in regard to pancreatic insufficiency and the CFTR genotype. In 47 pwCF, 10 free and 12 taurine- and glycine-conjugated BAs in serum were prospectively assessed. Findings were related to genotype, pancreatic insufficiency prevalence (PIP)-score, and hepatic involvement indicated by serum liver enzymes, as well as clinical and ultrasound criteria for CF-related liver disease. Serum concentrations of total primary BAs and free cholic acid (CA) were significantly higher in pwCF with higher PIP-scores (p = 0.025, p = 0.009, respectively). Higher total BAs were seen in pwCF with PIP-scores ≥0.88 (p = 0.033) and with pancreatic insufficiency (p = 0.034). Free CA was higher in patients with CF-related liver involvement without cirrhosis, compared to pwCF without liver disease (2.3-fold, p = 0.036). pwCF with severe CFTR genotypes, as assessed by the PIP-score, reveals more toxic BA compositions in serum. Subsequent studies assessing changes in BA homeostasis during new highly effective CFTR-modulating therapies are of high interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Tabori
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) University, Klinikum Westbrandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Internal Medicine, Alexianer Hedwigshöhe Hospital, 12526 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Schneider
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lüth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carlos Zagoya
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) University, Klinikum Westbrandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Anton Barucha
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) University, Klinikum Westbrandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Thomas Lehmann
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eberhard Kauf
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Astrid Barth
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen G. Mainz
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) University, Klinikum Westbrandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3381-411800; Fax: +49-3381-411809
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Sugimoto K, Hosomi R, Yoshida M, Fukunaga K. Dietary Phospholipids Prepared From Scallop Internal Organs Attenuate the Serum and Liver Cholesterol Contents by Enhancing the Expression of Cholesterol Hydroxylase in the Liver of Mice. Front Nutr 2021; 8:761928. [PMID: 34778346 PMCID: PMC8578998 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.761928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we successfully prepared scallop oil (SCO), which contains high levels of phospholipids (PL) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), from the internal organs of the Japanese giant scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), one of the most important underutilized fishery resources in Japan. The intake of SCO lowers the serum and liver cholesterol contents in mice; however, whether the fatty acids (FA) composition or PL of SCO exhibits any cholesterol-lowering effect remains unknown. To elucidate whether the cholesterol-lowering function is due to FA composition or PL of SCO, and investigate the cholesterol-lowering mechanism by SCO, in the present study, mice were fed SCO's PL fraction (SCO-PL), triglyceride (TG)-type oil with almost the same FA composition as SCO-PL, called SCO's TG fraction (SCO-TG), soybean oil (SOY-TG), and soybean's PL fraction (SOY-PL). Male C57BL/6J mice (5-week-old) were fed high-fat and cholesterol diets containing 3% (w/w) experimental oils (SOY-TG, SOY-PL, SCO-TG, and SCO-PL) for 28 days. The SCO-PL diet significantly decreased the serum and liver cholesterol contents compared with the SOY-TG diet, but the intake of SOY-PL and SCO-TG did not show this effect. This result indicated that the serum and liver cholesterol-lowering effect observed in the SCO intake group was due to the effect of SCO-PL. The cholesterol-lowering effect of SCO-PL was in part related to the promotion of liver cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression, which is the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. In contrast, the expression levels of the ileum farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) and fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15), which inhibit the expression of liver CYP7A1, were significantly reduced in the SCO-PL group than the SOY-TG group. From these results, the increase in the liver CYP7A1 expression by dietary SCO-PL was in part through the reduction of the ileum Fxr/Fgf15 regulatory pathway. Therefore, this study showed that SCO-PL may be a health-promoting component as it lowers the serum and liver cholesterol contents by increasing the liver CYP7A1 expression, which is not seen in SOY-PL and SCO-TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryota Hosomi
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Japan
| | - Munehiro Yoshida
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukunaga
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Japan
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8
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Intestinal microbiota-farnesoid X receptor axis in metabolic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:167-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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McHenry S, Davidson NO. Bile Acids, Microbiota, and Cystic Fibrosis: Channeling Intestinal FXR Signals. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:185-186. [PMID: 31604089 PMCID: PMC6926323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott McHenry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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10
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Struik D, Dommerholt MB, Jonker JW. Fibroblast growth factors in control of lipid metabolism: from biological function to clinical application. Curr Opin Lipidol 2019; 30:235-243. [PMID: 30893110 PMCID: PMC6530965 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have been identified as key regulators of energy metabolism in rodents and nonhuman primates. Translational studies show that their metabolic actions are largely conserved in humans, which led to the development of various FGF-based drugs, including FGF21-mimetics LY2405319, PF-05231023, and pegbelfermin, and the FGF19-mimetic NGM282. Recently, a number of clinical trials have been published that examined the safety and efficacy of these novel therapeutic proteins in the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cholestatic liver disease. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of FGFs in metabolic regulation and their clinical potential. RECENT FINDINGS FGF21-based drugs induce weight loss and improve dyslipidemia in patients with obesity and T2D, and reduce steatosis in patients with NASH. FGF19-based drugs reduce steatosis in patients with NASH, and ameliorate bile acid-induced liver damage in patients with cholestasis. In contrast to their potent antidiabetic effects in rodents and nonhuman primates, FGF-based drugs do not appear to improve glycemia in humans. In addition, various safety concerns, including elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, modulation of bone homeostasis, and increased blood pressure, have been reported as well. SUMMARY Clinical trials with FGF-based drugs report beneficial effects in lipid and bile acid metabolism, with clinical improvements in dyslipidemia, steatosis, weight loss, and liver damage. In contrast, glucose-lowering effects, as observed in preclinical models, are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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van Zutphen T, Bertolini A, de Vries HD, Bloks VW, de Boer JF, Jonker JW, Kuipers F. Potential of Intestine-Selective FXR Modulation for Treatment of Metabolic Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:207-234. [PMID: 31236687 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor controls bile acid metabolism, both in the liver and intestine. This potent nuclear receptor not only maintains homeostasis of its own ligands, i.e., bile acids, but also regulates glucose and lipid metabolism as well as the immune system. These findings have led to substantial interest for FXR as a therapeutic target and to the recent approval of an FXR agonist for treating primary biliary cholangitis as well as ongoing clinical trials for other liver diseases. Given that FXR biology is complex, including moderate expression in tissues outside of the enterohepatic circulation, temporal expression of isoforms, posttranscriptional modifications, and the existence of several other bile acid-responsive receptors such as TGR5, clinical application of FXR modulators warrants thorough understanding of its actions. Recent findings have demonstrated remarkable physiological effects of targeting FXR specifically in the intestine (iFXR), thereby avoiding systemic release of modulators. These include local effects such as improvement of intestinal barrier function and intestinal cholesterol turnover, as well as systemic effects such as improvements in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Intriguingly, metabolic improvements have been observed with both an iFXR agonist that leads to production of enteric Fgf15 and increased energy expenditure in adipose tissues and antagonists by reducing systemic ceramide levels and hepatic glucose production. Here we review the recent findings on the role of intestinal FXR and its targeting in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim van Zutphen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bertolini
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde D de Vries
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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