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Aaldijk AS, Verzijl CRC, Jonker JW, Struik D. Biological and pharmacological functions of the FGF19- and FGF21-coreceptor beta klotho. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1150222. [PMID: 37260446 PMCID: PMC10229096 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta klotho (KLB) is a fundamental component in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling as it serves as an obligatory coreceptor for the endocrine hormones fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Through the development of FGF19- and FGF21 mimetics, KLB has emerged as a promising drug target for treating various metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease. While rodent studies have significantly increased our understanding of KLB function, current clinical trials that test the safety and efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs raise many new scientific questions about human KLB biology. Although most KLB-targeting drugs can modulate disease activity in humans, individual patient responses differ substantially. In addition, species-specific differences in KLB tissue distribution may explain why the glucose-lowering effects that were observed in preclinical studies are not fully replicated in clinical trials. Besides, the long-term efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs might be limited by various pathophysiological conditions known to reduce the expression of KLB. Moreover, FGF19/FGF21 administration in humans is also associated with gastrointestinal side effects, which are currently unexplained. A better understanding of human KLB biology could help to improve the efficacy and safety of existing or novel KLB/FGFR-targeting drugs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of KLB biology, including genetic variants and their phenotypic associations, transcriptional regulation, protein structure, tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and function. In addition, we will highlight recent developments regarding the safety and efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs in clinical trials. These insights may direct the development and testing of existing and future KLB-targeting drugs.
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Verzijl CRC, van de Peppel IP, Eilers RE, Bloks VW, Wolters JC, Koehorst M, Kloosterhuis NJ, Havinga R, Jalving M, Struik D, Jonker JW. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK1/2 signaling disrupts bile acid metabolism through loss of Shp and enhanced Cyp7a1 expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114270. [PMID: 36680812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS-MAPK signaling pathway is one of the most frequently dysregulated pathways in human cancer. Small molecule inhibitors directed against this pathway have clinical activity in patients with various cancer types and can improve patient outcomes. However, the use of these drugs is associated with adverse effects, which can result in dose reduction or treatment interruption. A better molecular understanding of on-target, off-tumor effects may improve toxicity management. In the present study, we aimed to identify early initiating biological changes in the liver upon pharmacological inhibition of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. To this end, we tested the effect of MEK inhibitor PD0325901 using mice and human hepatocyte cell lines. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with either vehicle or PD0325901 for six days, followed by transcriptome analysis of the liver and phenotypic characterization. Pharmacological MEK inhibition altered the expression of 423 genes, of which 78 were upregulated and 345 were downregulated. We identified Shp, a transcriptional repressor, and Cyp7a1, the rate-limiting enzyme in converting cholesterol to bile acids, as the top differentially expressed genes. PD0325901 treatment also affected other genes involved in bile acid regulation, which was associated with changes in the composition of plasma bile acids and composition and total levels of fecal bile acids and elevated predictive biomarkers of early liver toxicity. In conclusion, short-term pharmacological MEK inhibition results in profound changes in bile acid metabolism, which may explain some of the clinical adverse effects of pharmacological inhibition of the RAS-MAPK pathway, including gastrointestinal complications and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy R C Verzijl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo P van de Peppel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roos E Eilers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Nies VJM, Struik D, Liu S, Liu W, Kruit JK, Downes M, van Zutphen T, Verkade HJ, Evans RM, Jonker JW. Autocrine FGF1 signaling promotes glucose uptake in adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122382119. [PMID: 36161959 PMCID: PMC9546606 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122382119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is an autocrine growth factor released from adipose tissue during over-nutrition or fasting to feeding transition. While local actions underlie the majority of FGF1's anti-diabetic functions, the molecular mechanisms downstream of adipose FGF receptor signaling are unclear. We investigated the effects of FGF1 on glucose uptake and its underlying mechanism in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in ex vivo adipose explants from mice. FGF1 increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and epididymal WAT (eWAT) and inguinal WAT (iWAT). Conversely, glucose uptake was reduced in eWAT and iWAT of FGF1 knockout mice. We show that FGF1 acutely increased adipocyte glucose uptake via activation of the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4, involving dynamic crosstalk between the MEK1/2 and Akt signaling proteins. Prolonged exposure to FGF1 stimulated adipocyte glucose uptake by MEK1/2-dependent transcription of the basal glucose transporter GLUT1. We have thus identified an alternative pathway to stimulate glucose uptake in adipocytes, independent from insulin, which could open new avenues for treating patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera J. M. Nies
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky Struik
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sihao Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Weilin Liu
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine K. Kruit
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tim van Zutphen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Johan W. Jonker
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Verzijl C, Oldoni F, Loaiza N, Wolters J, Rimbert A, Struik D, Smit M, Kloosterhuis N, Fernandez A, Samara N, E T, Ten Hagen K, Tabak L, Jonker J, Kuivenhoven J. A novel role for GALNAC-T2 dependent glycosylation in energy homeostasis. Atherosclerosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.06.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Verzijl CRC, Oldoni F, Loaiza N, Wolters JC, Rimbert A, Tian E, Yang W, Struik D, Smit M, Kloosterhuis NJ, Fernandez AJ, Samara NL, Ten Hagen KG, Dalal K, Chernish A, McCluggage P, Tabak LA, Jonker JW, Kuivenhoven JA. A novel role for GalNAc-T2 dependent glycosylation in energy homeostasis. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101472. [PMID: 35304331 PMCID: PMC9019398 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GALNT2, encoding polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GalNAc-T2), was initially discovered as a regulator of high-density lipoprotein metabolism. GalNAc-T2 is known to exert these effects through post-translational modification, i.e., O-linked glycosylation of secreted proteins with established roles in plasma lipid metabolism. It has recently become clear that loss of GALNT2 in rodents, cattle, nonhuman primates, and humans should be regarded as a novel congenital disorder of glycosylation that affects development and body weight. The role of GALNT2 in metabolic abnormalities other than plasma lipids, including insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis, is poorly understood. METHODS GWAS data from the UK Biobank was used to study variation in the GALNT2 locus beyond changes in high-density lipoprotein metabolism. Experimental data were obtained through studies in Galnt2-/- mice and wild-type littermates on both control and high-fat diet. RESULTS First, we uncovered associations between GALNT2 gene variation, adiposity, and body mass index in humans. In mice, we identify the insulin receptor as a novel substrate of GalNAc-T2 and demonstrate that Galnt2-/- mice exhibit decreased adiposity, alterations in insulin signaling and a shift in energy substrate utilization in the inactive phase. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a novel role for GALNT2 in energy homeostasis, and our findings suggest that the local effects of GalNAc-T2 are mediated through posttranslational modification of the insulin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy R C Verzijl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Oldoni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Loaiza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weiming Yang
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amy J Fernandez
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kruti Dalal
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aliona Chernish
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peggy McCluggage
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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van der Schoor LWE, Verkade HJ, Bertolini A, de Wit S, Mennillo E, Rettenmeier E, Weber AA, Havinga R, Valášková P, Jašprová J, Struik D, Bloks VW, Chen S, Schreuder AB, Vítek L, Tukey RH, Jonker JW. Potential of therapeutic bile acids in the treatment of neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11107. [PMID: 34045606 PMCID: PMC8160219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice is associated with kernicterus, resulting in permanent neurological damage or even death. Conventional phototherapy does not prevent hyperbilirubinemia or eliminate the need for exchange transfusion. Here we investigated the potential of therapeutic bile acids ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA, 6-α-ethyl-CDCA), a farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) agonist, as preventive treatment options for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia using the hUGT1*1 humanized mice and Ugt1a-deficient Gunn rats. Treatment of hUGT1*1 mice with UDCA or OCA at postnatal days 10-14 effectively decreased bilirubin in plasma (by 82% and 62%) and brain (by 72% and 69%), respectively. Mechanistically, our findings indicate that these effects are mediated through induction of protein levels of hUGT1A1 in the intestine, but not in liver. We further demonstrate that in Ugt1a-deficient Gunn rats, UDCA but not OCA significantly decreases plasma bilirubin, indicating that at least some of the hypobilirubinemic effects of UDCA are independent of UGT1A1. Finally, using the synthetic, non-bile acid, FXR-agonist GW4064, we show that some of these effects are mediated through direct or indirect activation of FXR. Together, our study shows that therapeutic bile acids UDCA and OCA effectively reduce both plasma and brain bilirubin, highlighting their potential in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori W E van der Schoor
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bertolini
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eva Rettenmeier
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - André A Weber
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rick Havinga
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Valášková
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jašprová
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dicky Struik
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andrea B Schreuder
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Libor Vítek
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Verzijl CRC, Van De Peppel IP, Struik D, Jonker JW. Pegbelfermin (BMS-986036): an investigational PEGylated fibroblast growth factor 21 analogue for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:125-133. [PMID: 31899984 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1708898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide and is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. NAFLD refers to a spectrum of disorders ranging from asymptomatic hepatic steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver, NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which increases the risk of developing more severe forms of liver disease such as progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Currently, there are no food and drug administration (FDA) approved drugs to treat NASH. Pegbelfermin (BMS-986036) is a PEGylated fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogue that is under investigation for the treatment of NASH.Areas covered: We reviewed the (pre)clinical pegbelfermin studies and compared these with other studies that assessed FGF21 and FGF21 analogues in the treatment of NASH.Expert opinion: With no FDA approved treatments available for NASH, there is an urgent need for novel therapies. Pegbelfermin is a systemic treatment with pleiotropic effects on various tissues. Short-term adverse effects are limited, but more research is required to study potential long-term safety issues. In a phase 2a trial, pegbelfermin has shown promising improvements in several NASH related outcomes. However, clinical trials demonstrating long-term benefits on hard outcomes such as liver histology, cirrhosis development, or survival are required for further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy R C Verzijl
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo P Van De Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky Struik
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mulder M, Bogie J, Hoeks C, Schepers M, Tuabe A, Leijten F, Chintapakorn Y, Struik D, Liu H, Hellings N, Martinez-Martinez P, Jonker J, Dewachter I, Walter J, Hendriks J, Groen A, Staels B, Lutjohann D, Vanmierlo T. Dietary Sargassum Fusiforme Improves Memory And Reduces Amyloid Plaque Load In An Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model. Atherosclerosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have been identified as key regulators of energy metabolism in rodents and nonhuman primates. Translational studies show that their metabolic actions are largely conserved in humans, which led to the development of various FGF-based drugs, including FGF21-mimetics LY2405319, PF-05231023, and pegbelfermin, and the FGF19-mimetic NGM282. Recently, a number of clinical trials have been published that examined the safety and efficacy of these novel therapeutic proteins in the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cholestatic liver disease. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of FGFs in metabolic regulation and their clinical potential. RECENT FINDINGS FGF21-based drugs induce weight loss and improve dyslipidemia in patients with obesity and T2D, and reduce steatosis in patients with NASH. FGF19-based drugs reduce steatosis in patients with NASH, and ameliorate bile acid-induced liver damage in patients with cholestasis. In contrast to their potent antidiabetic effects in rodents and nonhuman primates, FGF-based drugs do not appear to improve glycemia in humans. In addition, various safety concerns, including elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, modulation of bone homeostasis, and increased blood pressure, have been reported as well. SUMMARY Clinical trials with FGF-based drugs report beneficial effects in lipid and bile acid metabolism, with clinical improvements in dyslipidemia, steatosis, weight loss, and liver damage. In contrast, glucose-lowering effects, as observed in preclinical models, are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Struik D, Sanna F, Fattore L. The Modulating Role of Sex and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Hormones in Cannabinoid Sensitivity. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:249. [PMID: 30416437 PMCID: PMC6212868 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide. Although its use is associated with multiple adverse health effects, including the risk of developing addiction, recreational and medical cannabis use is being increasing legalized. In addition, use of synthetic cannabinoid drugs is gaining considerable popularity and is associated with mass poisonings and occasional deaths. Delineating factors involved in cannabis use and addiction therefore becomes increasingly important. Similarly to other drugs of abuse, the prevalence of cannabis use and addiction differs remarkably between males and females, suggesting that sex plays a role in regulating cannabinoid sensitivity. Although it remains unclear how sex may affect the initiation and maintenance of cannabis use in humans, animal studies strongly suggest that endogenous sex hormones modulate cannabinoid sensitivity. In addition, synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroids alter substance use and further support the importance of sex steroids in controlling drug sensitivity. The recent discovery that pregnenolone, the precursor of all steroid hormones, controls cannabinoid receptor activation corroborates the link between steroid hormones and the endocannabinoid system. This article reviews the literature regarding the influence of endogenous and synthetic steroid hormones on the endocannabinoid system and cannabinoid action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Struik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari - Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari - Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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van der Meer TP, Artacho-Cordón F, Swaab DF, Struik D, Makris KC, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Frederiksen H, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV. Distribution of Non-Persistent Endocrine Disruptors in Two Different Regions of the Human Brain. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14091059. [PMID: 28902174 PMCID: PMC5615596 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals (npEDCs) can affect multiple organs and systems in the body. Whether npEDCs can accumulate in the human brain is largely unknown. The major aim of this pilot study was to examine the presence of environmental phenols and parabens in two distinct brain regions: the hypothalamus and white-matter tissue. In addition, a potential association between these npEDCs concentrations and obesity was investigated. Post-mortem brain material was obtained from 24 individuals, made up of 12 obese and 12 normal-weight subjects (defined as body mass index (BMI) > 30 and BMI < 25 kg/m², respectively). Nine phenols and seven parabens were measured by isotope dilution TurboFlow-LC-MS/MS. In the hypothalamus, seven suspect npEDCs (bisphenol A, triclosan, triclocarban and methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, and benzyl paraben) were detected, while five npEDCs (bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, triclocarban, methyl-, and n-propyl paraben) were found in the white-matter brain tissue. We observed higher levels of methylparaben (MeP) in the hypothalamic tissue of obese subjects as compared to controls (p = 0.008). Our findings indicate that some suspected npEDCs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Whether the presence of npEDCs can adversely affect brain function and to which extent the detected concentrations are physiologically relevant needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P van der Meer
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dicky Struik
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus.
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Nies VJM, Struik D, Wolfs MGM, Rensen SS, Szalowska E, Unmehopa UA, Fluiter K, van der Meer TP, Hajmousa G, Buurman WA, Greve JW, Rezaee F, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Vonk RJ, Swaab DF, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Jonker JW, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV. TUB gene expression in hypothalamus and adipose tissue and its association with obesity in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:376-383. [PMID: 28852204 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Mutations in the Tubby gene (TUB) cause late-onset obesity and insulin resistance in mice and syndromic obesity in humans. Although TUB gene function has not yet been fully elucidated, studies in rodents indicate that TUB is involved in the hypothalamic pathways regulating food intake and adiposity. Aside from the function in central nervous system, TUB has also been implicated in energy metabolism in adipose tissue in rodents. We aimed to determine the expression and distribution patterns of TUB in man as well as its potential association with obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS In situ hybridization was used to localize the hypothalamic regions and cells expressing TUB mRNA. Using RT-PCR, we determined the mRNA expression level of the two TUB gene alternative splicing isoforms, the short and the long transcript variants, in the hypothalami of 12 obese and 12 normal-weight subjects, and in biopsies from visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues from 53 severely obese and 24 non-obese control subjects, and correlated TUB expression with parameters of obesity and metabolic health. RESULTS Expression of both TUB transcripts was detected in the hypothalamus, whereas only the short TUB isoform was found in both VAT and SAT. TUB mRNA was detected in several hypothalamic regions involved in body weight regulation, including the nucleus basalis of Meynert and the paraventricular, supraoptic and tuberomammillary nuclei. We found no difference in the hypothalamic TUB expression between obese and control groups, whereas the level of TUB mRNA was significantly lower in adipose tissue of obese subjects as compared to controls. Also, TUB expression was negatively correlated with indices of body weight and obesity in a fat-depot-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate high expression of TUB in the hypothalamus, especially in areas involved in body weight regulation, and the correlation between TUB expression in adipose tissue and obesity. These findings suggest a role for TUB in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J M Nies
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Struik
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M G M Wolfs
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S S Rensen
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E Szalowska
- Centre for Medical Biomics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - U A Unmehopa
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Fluiter
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T P van der Meer
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Hajmousa
- Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W A Buurman
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J W Greve
- Department of Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Center Heerlen; Dutch Obesity Clinic South, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - F Rezaee
- Centre for Medical Biomics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Shiri-Sverdlov
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition & Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R J Vonk
- Centre for Medical Biomics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Struik D, Fadda P, Zara T, Zamberletti E, Rubino T, Parolaro D, Fratta W, Fattore L. The anabolic steroid nandrolone alters cannabinoid self-administration and brain CB 1 receptor density and function. Pharmacol Res 2016; 115:209-217. [PMID: 27890818 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and pre-clinical observations indicate that anabolic-androgenic steroids can induce neurobiological changes that alter the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. In this study, we investigated the effect of the anabolic steroid nandrolone on the rewarding properties of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) in rats. Lister Hooded male rats were treated intramuscularly with nandrolone (15mg/kg) or vehicle for 14 consecutive days, and then allowed to self-administer WIN (12.5μg/kg/infusion) intravenously. After reaching stable drug intake, self-administration behavior was extinguished to examine drug- and cue-induced reinstatement of cannabinoid-seeking behavior. Other behavioral parameters presumed to influence drug-taking and drug-seeking behaviors were examined to gain more insight into the behavioral specificity of nandrolone treatment. Finally, animals were sacrificed for analysis of CB1 receptor density and function in selected brain areas. We found that nandrolone-treated rats self-administered up to 2 times more cannabinoid than vehicle-treated rats, but behaved similarly to control rats when tested for drug- and cue-induced reinstatement of cannabinoid-seeking behavior. Enhanced cannabinoid intake by nandrolone-treated rats was not accompanied by changes in locomotor activity, sensorimotor gating, or memory function. However, our molecular data show that after chronic WIN self-administration nandrolone-treated rats display altered CB1 receptor density and function in selected brain areas. We hypothesize that increased cannabinoid self-administration in nandrolone-treated rats results from a nandrolone-induced decrease in reward function, which rats seem to compensate by voluntarily increasing their cannabinoid intake. Altogether, our findings corroborate the hypothesis that chronic exposure to anabolic-androgenic steroids induces dysfunction of the reward pathway in rats and might represent a potential risk factor for abuse of cannabis and other drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554Km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554 Km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Tamara Zara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554Km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Erica Zamberletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, and Neuroscience Center University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rubino
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, and Neuroscience Center University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy
| | - Daniela Parolaro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, and Neuroscience Center University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy; Zardi Gori Foundation, Via Curtatone 25, Milano, Italy
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554Km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554 Km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554 Km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Italy.
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14
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Nies VJM, Sancar G, Liu W, van Zutphen T, Struik D, Yu RT, Atkins AR, Evans RM, Jonker JW, Downes MR. Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Metabolic Regulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:193. [PMID: 26834701 PMCID: PMC4718082 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is a growing health problem. Obesity is strongly associated with several comorbidities, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain cancers, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, which all reduce life expectancy and life quality. Several drugs have been put forward in order to treat these diseases, but many of them have detrimental side effects. The unexpected role of the family of fibroblast growth factors in the regulation of energy metabolism provides new approaches to the treatment of metabolic diseases and offers a valuable tool to gain more insight into metabolic regulation. The known beneficial effects of FGF19 and FGF21 on metabolism, together with recently discovered similar effects of FGF1 suggest that FGFs and their derivatives carry great potential as novel therapeutics to treat metabolic conditions. To facilitate the development of new therapies with improved targeting and minimal side effects, a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of FGFs is needed. In this review, we will discuss what is currently known about the physiological roles of FGF signaling in tissues important for metabolic homeostasis. In addition, we will discuss current concepts regarding their pharmacological properties and effector tissues in the context of metabolic disease. Also, the recent progress in the development of FGF variants will be reviewed. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current concepts and consensuses regarding FGF signaling in metabolic health and disease and to provide starting points for the development of FGF-based therapies against metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera J. M. Nies
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weilin Liu
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tim van Zutphen
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dicky Struik
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruth T. Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Annette R. Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Johan W. Jonker
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Johan W. Jonker, ; Michael Robert Downes,
| | - Michael Robert Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Johan W. Jonker, ; Michael Robert Downes,
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