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Burclaff J, Bliton RJ, Breau KA, Ok MT, Gomez-Martinez I, Ranek JS, Bhatt AP, Purvis JE, Woosley JT, Magness ST. A Proximal-to-Distal Survey of Healthy Adult Human Small Intestine and Colon Epithelium by Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1554-1589. [PMID: 35176508 PMCID: PMC9043569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Single-cell transcriptomics offer unprecedented resolution of tissue function at the cellular level, yet studies analyzing healthy adult human small intestine and colon are sparse. Here, we present single-cell transcriptomics covering the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and ascending, transverse, and descending colon from 3 human beings. METHODS A total of 12,590 single epithelial cells from 3 independently processed organ donors were evaluated for organ-specific lineage biomarkers, differentially regulated genes, receptors, and drug targets. Analyses focused on intrinsic cell properties and their capacity for response to extrinsic signals along the gut axis across different human beings. RESULTS Cells were assigned to 25 epithelial lineage clusters. Multiple accepted intestinal stem cell markers do not specifically mark all human intestinal stem cells. Lysozyme expression is not unique to human Paneth cells, and Paneth cells lack expression of expected niche factors. Bestrophin 4 (BEST4)+ cells express Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and show maturational differences between the small intestine and colon. Tuft cells possess a broad ability to interact with the innate and adaptive immune systems through previously unreported receptors. Some classes of mucins, hormones, cell junctions, and nutrient absorption genes show unappreciated regional expression differences across lineages. The differential expression of receptors and drug targets across lineages show biological variation and the potential for variegated responses. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies novel lineage marker genes, covers regional differences, shows important differences between mouse and human gut epithelium, and reveals insight into how the epithelium responds to the environment and drugs. This comprehensive cell atlas of the healthy adult human intestinal epithelium resolves likely functional differences across anatomic regions along the gastrointestinal tract and advances our understanding of human intestinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Burclaff
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - R Jarrett Bliton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Keith A Breau
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Meryem T Ok
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ismael Gomez-Martinez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jolene S Ranek
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aadra P Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeremy E Purvis
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John T Woosley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T Magness
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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2
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Yang X, Yin H, Peng L, Zhang D, Li K, Cui F, Xia C, Huang H, Li Z. The Global Status and Trends of Enteropeptidase: A Bibliometric Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:779722. [PMID: 35223895 PMCID: PMC8866687 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.779722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEnteropeptidase (EP) is a type II transmembrane serine protease and a physiological activator of trypsinogen. Extensive studies related to EP have been conducted to date. However, no bibliometric analysis has systematically investigated this theme. Our study aimed to visualize the current landscape and frontier trends of scientific achievements on EP, provide an overview of the past 120 years and insights for researchers and clinicians to facilitate future collaborative research and clinical intervention.MethodsQuantitative analysis of publications relating to EP from 1900 to 2020 was interpreted and graphed through the Science Citation Index Expanded of Web of Science Core Collection (limited to SCIE). Microsoft office 2019, GraphPad Prism 8, VOSviewer, and R-bibliometrix were used to conduct the bibliometric analysis.ResultsFrom 1900 to 2020, a total of 1,034 publications were retrieved. The USA had the largest number of publications, making the greatest contribution to the topic (n = 260, 25.15%). Active collaborations between countries/regions were also enrolled. Grant and Hermontaylor were perhaps the most impactful researchers in the landscape of EP. Protein Expression and Purification and the Journal of Biological Chemistry were the most prevalent (79/1,034, 7.64%) and cited journals (n = 2,626), respectively. Using the top 15 citations and co-citations achievements clarified the theoretical basis of the EP research field. Important topics mainly include the structure of EP, the affective factors for activating substrates by EP, EP-related disorders, and inhibitors of EP.ConclusionBased on the bibliometric analysis, we have gained a comprehensive analysis of the global status and research frontiers of studies investigating EP, which provides some guidance and reference for researchers and clinicians engaged in EP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Keliang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanchao Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Haojie Huang
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Zhaoshen Li
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Sun W, Zhang X, Cummings MD, Albarazanji K, Wu J, Wang M, Alexander R, Zhu B, Zhang Y, Leonard J, Lanter J, Lenhard J. Targeting Enteropeptidase with Reversible Covalent Inhibitors To Achieve Metabolic Benefits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:510-521. [PMID: 33033171 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the serine protease enteropeptidase (EP) opens a new avenue to the discovery of chemotherapeutics for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Camostat has been used clinically for treating chronic pancreatitis in Japan; however, the mechanistic basis of the observed clinical efficacy has not been fully elucidated. We demonstrate that camostat is a potent reversible covalent inhibitor of EP, with an inhibition potency (k inact/KI) of 1.5 × 104 M-1s-1 High-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) showed addition of 161.6 Da to EP after the reaction with camostat, consistent with insertion of the carboxyphenylguanidine moiety of camostat. Covalent inhibition of EP by camostat is reversible, with an enzyme reactivation half-life of 14.3 hours. Formation of a covalent adduct was further supported by a crystal structure resolved to 2.19 Å, showing modification of the catalytic serine of EP by a close analog of camostat, leading to formation of the carboxyphenylguanidine acyl enzyme identical to that expected for the reaction with camostat. Of particular note, minor structural modifications of camostat led to changes in the mechanism of inhibition. We observed from other studies that sustained inhibition of EP is required to effect a reduction in cumulative food intake and body weight, with concomitant improved blood glucose levels in obese and diabetic leptin-deficient mice. Thus, the structure-activity relationship needs to be driven by not only the inhibition potency but also the mechanistic and kinetic characterization. Our findings support EP as a target for the treatment of metabolic diseases and demonstrate that reversible covalent EP inhibitors show clinically relevant efficacy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Interest in targeted covalent drugs has expanded in recent years, particularly so for kinase targets, but also more broadly. This study demonstrates that reversible covalent inhibition of the serine protease enteropeptidase is a therapeutically viable approach to the treatment of metabolic diseases and that mechanistic details of inhibition are relevant to clinical efficacy. Our mechanistic and kinetic studies outline a framework for detailed inhibitor characterization that is proving essential in guiding discovery efforts in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Sun
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuqing Zhang
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Maxwell D Cummings
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Kamal Albarazanji
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiejun Wu
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Mina Wang
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard Alexander
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Bin Zhu
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - YueMei Zhang
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - James Leonard
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - James Lanter
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - James Lenhard
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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Gene Expression Changes Accompanying the Duodenal Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 10:e00053. [PMID: 31211760 PMCID: PMC6613862 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Duodenal cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) arises from adenomas. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the duodenal adenoma-carcinoma pathway have been identified in murine FAP models, but similar data in patients with FAP are limited. Identifying such changes may have significance in understanding duodenal polyposis therapies and identifying cancer biomarkers. We performed a genome-wide transcriptional analysis to describe the duodenal adenoma-carcinoma sequence and determine changes distinguishing patients with FAP with and without duodenal cancer.
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Gu W, Niu YY, Wang WZ, Liang ZY, Jin XF, Huo H, Wang J. Analysis of reflux as the aetiology of laryngeal dysplasia progression through a matched case-control study. Clin Otolaryngol 2020; 46:175-180. [PMID: 32871030 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Laryngeal dysplasia (LD) is a precancerous lesion of the larynx. In this study, the laryngeal tissue of patients with laryngeal dysplasia was taken as the research object, and the aetiology of reflux was analysed. METHOD Patients with laryngeal dysplasia after surgery were selected as our subjects. The levels of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin in laryngeal tissue samples of the two groups were detected by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS The OR values (95% CI) of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin were 0.67 (0.19-2.36), 0.80 (0.22-2.98) and 1.33 (0.30-5.96), respectively, in the univariate analysis. Besides, in the multivariate analysis, the OR values (95% CI) of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin were 0.57 (0.14-2.30), 0.73 (0.18-2.92) and 1.40 (0.30-6.53), respectively. CONCLUSION Larger sample size should be applied to prospective studies on whether reflux is a risk factor for laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Ze Wang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Huo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zamolodchikova TS, Tolpygo SM, Svirshchevskaya EV. Cathepsin G-Not Only Inflammation: The Immune Protease Can Regulate Normal Physiological Processes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:411. [PMID: 32194574 PMCID: PMC7062962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S Zamolodchikova
- Physiology of Motivation Laboratory, P. K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana M Tolpygo
- Physiology of Motivation Laboratory, P. K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Svirshchevskaya
- Immunology Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
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Wang Z, Xu S, Du K, Huang F, Chen Z, Zhou K, Ren W, Yang G. Evolution of Digestive Enzymes and RNASE1 Provides Insights into Dietary Switch of Cetaceans. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:3144-3157. [PMID: 27651393 PMCID: PMC5100049 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and dolphins) have multi-chambered stomachs, feeding habits of modern cetaceans have dramatically changed from herbivorous to carnivorous. However, the genetic basis underlying this dietary switch remains unexplored. Here, we present the first systematic investigation of 10 digestive enzymes genes (i.e., CYP7A1, CTRC, LIPC, LIPF, PNLIP, PGC, PRSS1, SI, SLC5A1, and TMPRSS15) of representative cetaceans, and the evolutionary trajectory of RNASE1 in cetartiodactylans. Positive selections were detected with proteinases (i.e., CTRC, PRSS1, and TMPRSS15) and lipases (i.e., CYP7A1, LIPF, and PNLIP) suggesting that cetaceans have evolved an enhanced digestion capacity for proteins and lipids, the major nutritional components of their prey (fishes and invertebrates). In addition, it was found that RNASE1 gene duplicated after the cetartiodactylan speciation and two independent gene duplication events took place in Camelidae and Ruminantia. Positive selection was detected with RNASE1 of Camelidae and Bovidae, suggesting enhanced digestive efficiency in the ruminants. Remarkably, even though the ancestors of cetaceans were terrestrial artiodactyls that are herbivorous, modern cetaceans lost the pancreatic RNASE1 copy with digestive function, which is in accordance with the dietary change from herbivorous to carnivorous. In sum, this is the first study that provides new insights into the evolutionary mechanism of dietary switch in cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kexing Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Kaiya Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhua Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Antithrombin controls tumor migration, invasion and angiogenesis by inhibition of enteropeptidase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27544. [PMID: 27270881 PMCID: PMC4897635 DOI: 10.1038/srep27544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antithrombin is a key inhibitor of the coagulation cascade, but it may also function as an anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-viral and anti-apoptotic protein. Here, we report a novel function of antithrombin as a modulator of tumor cell migration and invasion. Antithrombin inhibited enteropeptidase on the membrane surface of HT-29, A549 and U-87 MG cells. The inhibitory process required the activation of antithrombin by heparin, and the reactive center loop and the heparin binding domain were essential. Surprisingly, antithrombin non-covalently inhibited enteropeptidase, revealing a novel mechanism of inhibition for this serpin. Moreover, as a consequence of this inhibition, antithrombin was cleaved, resulting in a molecule with anti-angiogenic properties that reduced vessel-like formation of endothelial cells. The addition of antithrombin and heparin to U-87 MG and A549 cells reduced motility in wound healing assays, inhibited the invasion in transwell assays and the degradation of a gelatin matrix mediated by invadopodia. These processes were controlled by enteropeptidase, as demonstrated by RNA interference experiments. Carcinoma cell xenografts in nude mice showed in vivo co-localization of enteropeptidase and antithrombin. Finally, treatment with heparin reduced experimental metastasis induced by HT29 cells in vivo. In conclusion, the inhibition of enteropeptidase by antithrombin may have a double anti-tumor effect through inhibiting a protease involved in metastasis and generating an anti-angiogenic molecule.
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Chater PI, Wilcox MD, Pearson JP, Brownlee IA. The impact of dietary fibres on the physiological processes governing small intestinal digestive processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Vasanth G, Kiron V, Kulkarni A, Dahle D, Lokesh J, Kitani Y. A Microbial Feed Additive Abates Intestinal Inflammation in Atlantic Salmon. Front Immunol 2015; 6:409. [PMID: 26347738 PMCID: PMC4541333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of a microbial feed additive (Bactocell®) in countering intestinal inflammation in Atlantic salmon was examined in this study. Fish were fed either the additive-coated feed (probiotic) or feed without it (control). After an initial 3-week feeding, an inflammatory condition was induced by anally intubating all the fish with oxazolone. The fish were offered the feeds for 3 more weeks. Distal intestine from the groups was obtained at 4 h, 24 h, and 3 weeks, after oxazolone treatment. Inflammatory responses were prominent in both groups at 24 h, documented by changes in intestinal micromorphology, expression of inflammation-related genes, and intestinal proteome. The control group was characterized by edema, widening of intestinal villi and lamina propria, infiltration of granulocytes and lymphocytes, and higher expression of genes related to inflammatory responses, mul1b, il1b, tnfa, ifng, compared to the probiotic group or other time points of the control group. Further, the protein expression in the probiotic group at 24 h after inducing inflammation revealed five differentially regulated proteins – Calr, Psma5, Trp1, Ctsb, and Naga. At 3 weeks after intubation, the inflammatory responses subsided in the probiotic group. The findings provide evidence that the microbial additive contributes to intestinal homeostasis in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghana Vasanth
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland , Bodø , Norway
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland , Bodø , Norway
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland , Bodø , Norway
| | - Dalia Dahle
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland , Bodø , Norway
| | - Jep Lokesh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland , Bodø , Norway
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland , Bodø , Norway
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Skala W, Goettig P, Brandstetter H. Do-it-yourself histidine-tagged bovine enterokinase: a handy member of the protein engineer's toolbox. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:421-5. [PMID: 24184090 PMCID: PMC3863954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterokinase, a two-chain duodenal serine protease, activates trypsinogen by removing its N-terminal propeptide. Due to a clean cut after the non-primed site recognition sequence, the enterokinase light chain is frequently employed in biotechnology to separate N-terminal affinity tags from target proteins with authentic N-termini. In order to obtain large quantities of this protease, we adapted an in vitro folding protocol for a pentahistidine-tagged triple mutant of the bovine enterokinase light chain. The purified, highly active enzyme successfully processed recombinant target proteins, while the pentahistidine-tag facilitated post-cleavage removal. Hence, we conclude that producing enterokinase in one's own laboratory is an efficient alternative to the commercial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstraße 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Zamolodchikova TS. Serine proteases of small intestine mucosa--localization, functional properties, and physiological role. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:820-9. [PMID: 22860904 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912080032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review we present data about small intestine serine proteases, which are a considerable part of the proteolytic apparatus in this major part of the gastrointestinal tract. Serine proteases of intestinal epitheliocytes, their structural-functional features, cellular localization, physiological substrates, and mechanisms of activity regulation are examined. Information about biochemical and functional properties of serine proteases is presented in a common context with morphological and physiological data, this being the basis for understanding the functional processes taking place in upper part of the intestine. Serine proteases play a key role in the physiology of the small intestine and provide the normal functioning of this organ as part of the digestive system in which hydrolysis and suction of food substances occur. They participate in renewal and remodeling of tissues, retractive activity of smooth musculature, hormonal regulation, and defense mechanisms of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Zamolodchikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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13
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Gasparian ME, Bobik TV, Kim YV, Ponomarenko NA, Dolgikh DA, Gabibov AG, Kirpichnikov MP. Heterogeneous catalysis on the phage surface: Display of active human enteropeptidase. Biochimie 2013; 95:2076-81. [PMID: 23917033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enteropeptidase (EC 3.4.21.9) plays a key role in mammalian digestion as the enzyme that physiologically activates trypsinogen by highly specific cleavage of the trypsinogen activation peptide following the recognition sequence D4K. The high specificity of enteropeptidase makes it a powerful tool in modern biotechnology. Here we describe the application of phage display technology to express active human enteropeptidase catalytic subunits (L-HEP) on M13 filamentous bacteriophage. The L-HEP/C122S gene was cloned in the g3p-based phagemid vector pHEN2m upstream of the sequence encoding the phage g3p protein and downstream of the signal peptide-encoding sequence. Heterogeneous catalysis of the synthetic peptide substrate (GDDDDK-β-naphthylamide) cleavage by phage-bound L-HEP was shown to have kinetic parameters similar to those of soluble enzyme, with the respective Km values of 19 μM and 20 μM and kcat of 115 and 92 s(-1). Fusion proteins containing a D4K cleavage site were cleaved with phage-bound L-HEP/C122S as well as by soluble L-HEP/C122S, and proteolysis was inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor. Rapid large-scale phage production, one-step purification of phage-bound L-HEP, and easy removal of enzyme activity from reaction samples by PEG precipitation make our approach suitable for the efficient removal of various tag sequences fused to the target proteins. The functional phage display technology developed in this study can be instrumental in constructing libraries of mutants to analyze the effect of structural changes on the activity and specificity of the enzyme or generate its desired variants for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine E Gasparian
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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14
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Prohaska TA, Wahlmüller FC, Furtmüller M, Geiger M. Interaction of protein C inhibitor with the type II transmembrane serine protease enteropeptidase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39262. [PMID: 22723979 PMCID: PMC3378520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor protein C inhibitor (PCI) is expressed in many human tissues and exhibits broad protease reactivity. PCI binds glycosaminoglycans and certain phospholipids, which modulate its inhibitory activity. Enteropeptidase (EP) is a type II transmembrane serine protease mainly found on the brush border membrane of epithelial cells in the duodenum, where it activates trypsinogen to initiate the digestion of food proteins. Some active EP is also present in duodenal fluid and has been made responsible for causing pancreatitis in case of duodeno-pancreatic reflux. Together with its substrate trypsinogen, EP is furthermore present in the epidermis and in some cancer cells. In this report, we show that PCI inhibited EP with an apparent 2nd order rate constant of 4.48 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). Low molecular weight (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) slightly reduced the inhibitory effect of PCI. The SI (stoichiometry of inhibition) value for the inhibition of EP by PCI was 10.8 in the absence and 17.9 in the presence of UFH (10 U/ml). By inhibiting trypsin, chymotrypsin, and additionally EP, PCI might play a role in the protection of the pancreas from autodigestion. Furthermore the interaction of PCI with EP may influence the regulation of epithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Prohaska
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix C. Wahlmüller
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margareta Furtmüller
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ostapchenko VG, Gasparian ME, Kosinsky YA, Efremov RG, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP. Dissecting structural basis of the unique substrate selectivity of human enteropeptidase catalytic subunit. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2012; 30:62-73. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.674249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Intracellular co-localization of trypsin-2 and matrix metalloprotease-9: Possible proteolytic cascade of trypsin-2, MMP-9 and enterokinase in carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:914-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Soreide K, Janssen EA, Körner H, Baak JPA. Trypsin in colorectal cancer: molecular biological mechanisms of proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. J Pathol 2006; 209:147-56. [PMID: 16691544 DOI: 10.1002/path.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin is involved in colorectal carcinogenesis and promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Although a well-known pancreatic digestive enzyme, trypsin has also been found in other tissues and various cancers, most importantly of the colorectum. Moreover, colorectal cancers with trypsin expression have a poor prognosis and shorter disease-free survival. Biological understanding of how trypsin causes cancer progression is emerging. It seems to act both directly and indirectly through a 'proteinase-antiproteinase-system', and by activation of other proteinase cascades. Invasion of the basal membrane by cancer cells may be promoted directly by trypsin digestion of type I collagen. Trypsin activates, and is co-expressed with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are known to facilitate invasion and metastasis. MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 are co-expressed together with trypsin and seem to be of particular importance in proliferation, progression, and invasion. MMPs may play a role in both conversion from adenoma to carcinoma, and in the initiation of invasion and metastasis. Co-segregation of trypsin and MMPs within the tumour environment is important for the activation of MMPs, and may explain the deleterious effect of trypsin on prognosis in colorectal cancer. Trypsin and proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) act together in an autocrine loop that promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis through various mechanisms, of which prostaglandin synthesis is important. Stimulated by trypsin, both MMP and PAR-2 may activate the mitogenic MAPK-ERK pathway through activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Experimental trypsin inhibition is feasible but not very effective, and trypsin as a target for clinical therapy is unlikely to be successful owing to its universal distribution. However, as the pathways of trypsin and co-activated protein cascades emerge, biological understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis will be further illuminated and may pave the way for prognosticators, predictors, and novel targets of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Soreide
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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18
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Paju A, Stenman UH. Biochemistry and clinical role of trypsinogens and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006; 43:103-42. [PMID: 16517420 DOI: 10.1080/10408360500523852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 are expressed, usually together, at high levels by the pancreas but also by many other normal and malignant tissues. The present review describes studies on the expression and putative functions of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in the human body. The clinical aspects are discussed, including the correlations between expression of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in tissues, serum, and urine of patients with pancreatitis or cancer and clinicopathological characteristics, i.e., the roles of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in spontaneous and hereditary pancreatitis, tumor progression, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Paju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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