1
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Raouf Z, Steinway SN, Scheese D, Lopez CM, Duess JW, Tsuboi K, Sampah M, Klerk D, El Baassiri M, Moore H, Tragesser C, Prindle T, Wang S, Wang M, Jang HS, Fulton WB, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. Colitis-Induced Small Intestinal Hypomotility Is Dependent on Enteroendocrine Cell Loss in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:53-70. [PMID: 38438014 PMCID: PMC11127033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The abdominal discomfort experienced by patients with colitis may be attributable in part to the presence of small intestinal dysmotility, yet mechanisms linking colonic inflammation with small-bowel motility remain largely unexplored. We hypothesize that colitis results in small intestinal hypomotility owing to a loss of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) within the small intestine that can be rescued using serotonergic-modulating agents. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice, as well as mice that overexpress (EECOVER) or lack (EECDEL) NeuroD1+ enteroendocrine cells, were exposed to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis (2.5% or 5% for 7 days) and small intestinal motility was assessed by 70-kilodalton fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran fluorescence transit. EEC number and differentiation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining, and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Mice were treated with the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 agonist prucalopride (5 mg/kg orally, daily) to restore serotonin signaling. RESULTS DSS-induced colitis was associated with a significant small-bowel hypomotility that developed in the absence of significant inflammation in the small intestine and was associated with a significant reduction in EEC density. EEC loss occurred in conjunction with alterations in the expression of key serotonin synthesis and transporter genes, including Tph1, Ddc, and Slc6a4. Importantly, mice overexpressing EECs revealed improved small intestinal motility, whereas mice lacking EECs had worse intestinal motility when exposed to DSS. Finally, treatment of DSS-exposed mice with the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 agonist prucalopride restored small intestinal motility and attenuated colitis. CONCLUSIONS Experimental DSS colitis induces significant small-bowel dysmotility in mice owing to enteroendocrine loss that can be reversed by genetic modulation of EEC or administering serotonin analogs, suggesting novel therapeutic approaches for patients with symptomatic colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Raouf
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steve N Steinway
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel Scheese
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carla M Lopez
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Johannes W Duess
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Koichi Tsuboi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maame Sampah
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daphne Klerk
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mahmoud El Baassiri
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hannah Moore
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cody Tragesser
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas Prindle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanxia Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Menghan Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hee-Seong Jang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B Fulton
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - David J Hackam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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2
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Barton JR, Londregan AK, Alexander TD, Entezari AA, Covarrubias M, Waldman SA. Enteroendocrine cell regulation of the gut-brain axis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1272955. [PMID: 38027512 PMCID: PMC10662325 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1272955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are an essential interface between the gut and brain that communicate signals about nutrients, pain, and even information from our microbiome. EECs are hormone-producing cells expressed throughout the gastrointestinal epithelium and have been leveraged by pharmaceuticals like semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy), terzepatide (Mounjaro), and retatrutide (Phase 2) for diabetes and weight control, and linaclotide (Linzess) to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and visceral pain. This review focuses on role of intestinal EECs to communicate signals from the gut lumen to the brain. Canonically, EECs communicate information about the intestinal environment through a variety of hormones, dividing EECs into separate classes based on the hormone each cell type secretes. Recent studies have revealed more diverse hormone profiles and communication modalities for EECs including direct synaptic communication with peripheral neurons. EECs known as neuropod cells rapidly relay signals from gut to brain via a direct communication with vagal and primary sensory neurons. Further, this review discusses the complex information processing machinery within EECs, including receptors that transduce intraluminal signals and the ion channel complement that govern initiation and propagation of these signals. Deeper understanding of EEC physiology is necessary to safely treat devastating and pervasive conditions like irritable bowel syndrome and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Barton
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Annie K. Londregan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tyler D. Alexander
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ariana A. Entezari
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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3
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Meyer RK, Duca FA. RISING STARS: Endocrine regulation of metabolic homeostasis via the intestine and gut microbiome. J Endocrinol 2023; 258:e230019. [PMID: 37171833 PMCID: PMC10524498 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal system is now considered the largest endocrine organ, highlighting the importance of gut-derived peptides and metabolites in metabolic homeostasis. Gut peptides are secreted from intestinal enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrients, microbial metabolites, and neural and hormonal factors, and they regulate systemic metabolism via multiple mechanisms. While extensive research is focused on the neuroendocrine effects of gut peptides, evidence suggests that several of these hormones act as endocrine signaling molecules with direct effects on the target organ, especially in a therapeutic setting. Additionally, the gut microbiota metabolizes ingested nutrients and fiber to produce compounds that impact host metabolism indirectly, through gut peptide secretion, and directly, acting as endocrine factors. This review will provide an overview of the role of endogenous gut peptides in metabolic homeostasis and disease, as well as the potential endocrine impact of microbial metabolites on host metabolic tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Meyer
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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4
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are specialized hormone-secreting cells that respond to both circulating and luminal cues. Collectively, EECs constitute the largest endocrine organ of the body and signal to a multitude of targets including locally to neighboring intestinal cells, enteric neurons, as well as systemically to other organs, such as the pancreas and brain. To accomplish their wide range of downstream signaling effects, EECs secrete multiple hormones; however, the mechanisms that influence EEC development in the embryo and differentiation in adults are not well defined. RECENT FINDINGS This review highlights the recent discoveries in EEC differentiation and function while also discussing newly revealed roles of transcription factors and signaling networks involved in the allocation of EEC subtypes that were discovered using a combination of novel intestinal model systems and genetic sequencing. We also discuss the potential of these new experimental models that study the mechanisms regulating EEC function and development both to uncover novel therapeutic targets. SUMMARY Several EEC hormones are being used to treat various metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Therefore, understanding the signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks that facilitate EEC formation is paramount to the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Guillermo Sanchez
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jacob R. Enriquez
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
| | - James M. Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
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5
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Enteroendocrine System and Gut Barrier in Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073732. [PMID: 35409092 PMCID: PMC8998765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous rise in the worldwide prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, developing therapies regulating body weight and glycemia has become a matter of great concern. Among the current treatments, evidence now shows that the use of intestinal hormone analogs (e.g., GLP1 analogs and others) helps to control glycemia and reduces body weight. Indeed, intestinal endocrine cells produce a large variety of hormones regulating metabolism, including appetite, digestion, and glucose homeostasis. Herein, we discuss how the enteroendocrine system is affected by local environmental and metabolic signals. These signals include those arising from unbalanced diet, gut microbiota, and the host metabolic organs and their complex cross-talk with the intestinal barrier integrity.
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6
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Zinina VV, Ruehle F, Winkler P, Rebmann L, Lukas H, Möckel S, Diefenbach A, Mendez‐Lago M, Soshnikova N. ID2 controls differentiation of enteroendocrine cells in mouse small intestine. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13773. [PMID: 34985199 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The mammalian gut is the largest endocrine organ. Dozens of hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells regulate a variety of physiological functions of the gut but also of the pancreas and brain. Here, we examined the role of the helix-loop-helix transcription factor ID2 during the differentiation of intestinal stem cells along the enteroendocrine lineage. METHODS To assess the functions of ID2 in the adult mouse small intestine, we used single-cell RNA sequencing, genetically modified mice, and organoid assays. RESULTS We found that in the adult intestinal epithelium Id2 is predominantly expressed in enterochromaffin and peptidergic enteroendocrine cells. Consistently, the loss of Id2 leads to the reduction of Chromogranin A-positive enteroendocrine cells. In contrast, the numbers of tuft cells are increased in Id2 mutant small intestine. Moreover, ablation of Id2 elevates the numbers of Serotonin+ enterochromaffin cells and Ghrelin+ X-cells in the posterior part of the small intestine. Finally, ID2 acts downstream of BMP signalling during the differentiation of Glucagon-like peptide-1+ L-cells and Cholecystokinin+ I-cells towards Neurotensin+ PYY+ N-cells. CONCLUSION ID2 plays an important role in cell fate decisions in the adult small intestine. First, ID2 is essential for establishing a differentiation gradient for enterochromaffin and X-cells along the anterior-posterior axis of the gut. Next, ID2 is necessary for the differentiation of N-cells thus ensuring a differentiation gradient along the crypt-villi axis. Finally, ID2 suppresses the commitment of secretory intestinal epithelial progenitors towards tuft cell lineage and thus controls host immune response to commensal and parasitic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya V. Zinina
- Institute for Molecular Medicine University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Germany
| | - Frank Ruehle
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH Mainz Germany
| | - Patricia Winkler
- MSc Programme in Biomedicine Institute for Molecular Medicine University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Germany
| | - Lisa Rebmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Germany
- Faculty Medical and Life Sciences Hochschule Furtwangen University Furtwangen Germany
| | - Hanna Lukas
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH Mainz Germany
| | | | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Berlin Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology Deutsches Rheuma‐Forschungszentrum (DRFZ) Berlin Germany
| | | | - Natalia Soshnikova
- Institute for Molecular Medicine University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Germany
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7
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Zhao F, Ke J, Pan W, Pan H, Shen M. Synergistic effects of ISL1 and KDM6B on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through the regulation of SNAI1. Mol Med 2022; 28:12. [PMID: 35100965 PMCID: PMC8802528 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been reported worldwide, which urges understanding of its pathogenesis and development of more effective therapeutical methods for this chronic disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a LIM homeodomain transcription factor, islet1 (ISL1) on NAFLD. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a diet high in fat content to produce NAFLD models. These models were then treated with overexpressed ISL1 (oe-ISL1), oe-Lysine-specific demethylase 6B (KDM6B), oe-SNAI1, or short hairpin RNA against SNAI1. We assessed triglyceride and cholesterol contents in the plasma and liver tissues and determined the expressions of ISL1, KDM6B and SNAI1 in liver tissues. Moreover, the in vitro model of lipid accumulation was constructed using fatty acids to explore the in vitro effect of ISL1/KDM6B/SNAI1 in NAFLD. Results The results showed that the expressions of ISL1, KDM6B, and SNAI1 where decreased, but contents of triglyceride and cholesterol increased in mice exposed to high-fat diet. ISL1 inhibited lipogenesis and promoted lipolysis and exhibited a synergizing effect with KDM6B to upregulate the expression of SNAI1. Moreover, both KDM6B and SNAI1 could inhibit lipogenesis and induce lipolysis. Importantly, the therapeutic effects of ISL1 on in vitro model of lipid accumulations was also confirmed through the modulation of KDM6B and SNAI1. Conclusions Taken together, these findings highlighted that ISL1 effectively ameliorated NAFLD by inducing the expressions of KDM6B and SNAI1, which might be a promising drug for the treatment of NAFLD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-021-00428-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Health Management Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinjing Ke
- Health Management Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wensheng Pan
- Health Management Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hanghai Pan
- Health Management Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Miao Shen
- Health Management Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China.
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8
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Osinski C, Le Gléau L, Poitou C, de Toro-Martin J, Genser L, Fradet M, Soula HA, Leturque A, Blugeon C, Jourdren L, Hubert EL, Clément K, Serradas P, Ribeiro A. Type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired jejunal enteroendocrine GLP-1 cell lineage in human obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:170-183. [PMID: 33037328 PMCID: PMC7752761 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Altered enteroendocrine cell (EEC) function in obesity and type 2 diabetes is not fully understood. Understanding the transcriptional program that controls EEC differentiation is important because some EEC types harbor significant therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes. Methods EEC isolation from jejunum of obese individuals with (ObD) or without (Ob) type 2 diabetes was obtained with a new method of cell sorting. EEC transcriptional profiles were established by RNA-sequencing in a first group of 14 Ob and 13 ObD individuals. EEC lineage and densities were studied in the jejunum of a second independent group of 37 Ob, 21 ObD and 22 non obese (NOb) individuals. Results The RNA seq analysis revealed a distinctive transcriptomic signature and a decreased differentiation program in isolated EEC from ObD compared to Ob individuals. In the second independent group of ObD, Ob and NOb individuals a decreased GLP-1 cell lineage and GLP-1 maturation from proglucagon, were observed in ObD compared to Ob individuals. Furthermore, jejunal density of GLP-1-positive cells was significantly reduced in ObD compared to Ob individuals. Conclusions These results highlight that the transcriptomic signature of EEC discriminate obese subjects according to their diabetic status. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes is associated with reduced GLP-1 cell differentiation and proglucagon maturation leading to low GLP-1-cell density in human obesity. These mechanisms could account for the decrease plasma GLP-1 observed in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Osinski
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Léa Le Gléau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christine Poitou
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches, F-75013, Paris, France.,Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Juan de Toro-Martin
- Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, INSERM, Cordeliers Research Center, F-75006, Paris, France.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Genser
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches, F-75013, Paris, France.,Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Magali Fradet
- Cytometry platform, Institut Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie, CIRB, Collège de France, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Hédi Antoine Soula
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Leturque
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomics core facility, Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Jourdren
- Genomics core facility, Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Edwige Ludiwyne Hubert
- Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, INSERM, Cordeliers Research Center, F-75006, Paris, France.,SERVIER, ADIR, F-92284, Suresnes, cedex, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches, F-75013, Paris, France.,Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Serradas
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Agnès Ribeiro
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches, F-75013, Paris, France.
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9
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Xie N, Huang X, Yang C, Dai M, Cai L, Deng S, Hardiman PJ, Zhou J. Artificial sweeteners affect the glucose transport rate in the Caco-2/NCI-H716 co-culture model. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4887-4892. [PMID: 32483817 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial sweeteners have been used widely as substitutes for sugar for several decades. In recent years they have been reported to be harmful to human health - especially to glucose absorption. However, as conclusions from previous studies using a single Caco-2 cell model were not consistent, further studies with a more suitable cell model are needed. RESULTS We established a co-culture model with enterocyte Caco-2 and enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cell lines cultured in transwell inserts. The effects of artificial sweeteners, enhancing the glucose transport rate, lasted for 60 min and then began to diminish. Most importantly, different artificial sweeteners with the same sweetness intensity had similar effects on glucose transport. The sodium / glucose co-transporter member 1 (SGLT1) mRNA expression levels increased significantly with an initial glucose concentration of 20 mM, while glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) mRNA expression significantly increased with initial glucose concentrations of 20 mM and 60 mM. CONCLUSION Based on the Caco-2/NCI-H716 co-culture model, SGLT1 and GLUT2 mediated the enhancing effects of artificial sweeteners on glucose transport, depending on the sweetness intensity and initial glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Xie
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuyi Yang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minchen Dai
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cai
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Paul J Hardiman
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, Medical School, London, UK
| | - Jue Zhou
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, Medical School, London, UK
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10
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Kannen V, Bader M, Sakita JY, Uyemura SA, Squire JA. The Dual Role of Serotonin in Colorectal Cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:611-625. [PMID: 32439105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has complex effects on the central nervous system (CNS), neuroendocrine mechanisms, immunological reactions, intestinal microbiome, and cancer. It has been associated with more severe signs and symptoms of colitis, as well as promoting colorectal cancer (CRC) cells toward expansion. However, recent findings revealed that impairments in 5-HT synthesis lead to high levels of DNA damage in colonocytes, which is linked with inflammatory reactions promoting the development of CRC. Here, we review the diverse roles of 5-HT in intestinal homeostasis and in CRC and discuss how improved understanding of the modulation of the 5-HT pathway could be helpful for the design of novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Kannen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Germany; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Juliana Y Sakita
- Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Sergio A Uyemura
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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11
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Sun Q, Zeng J, Liu Y, Chen J, Zeng QC, Chen YQ, Tu LL, Chen P, Yang F, Zhang M. microRNA-9 and -29a regulate the progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy via ISL1-mediated sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11446-11465. [PMID: 32544883 PMCID: PMC7343507 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that overexpression of miR-9 and miR-29a may contribute to DPN development and progression. We performed a meta-analysis of miR expression profile studies in human diabetes mellitus (DM) and the data suggested that miR-9 and miR-29a were highly expressed in patients with DM, which was further verified in serum samples collected from 30 patients diagnosed as DM. Besides, ISL1 was confirmed to be a target gene of miR-9 and miR-29a. Lentivirus-mediated forced expression of insulin gene enhancer binding protein-1 (ISL1) activated the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway, increased motor nerve conduction velocity and threshold of nociception, and modulated expression of neurotrophic factors in sciatic nerves in rats with DM developed by intraperitoneal injection of 0.45% streptozotocin, suggesting that ISL1 could delay DM progression and promote neural regeneration and repair after sciatic nerve damage. However, lentivirus-mediated forced expression of miR-9 or miR-29a exacerbated DM and antagonized the beneficial effect of ISL1 on DPN. Collectively, this study revealed potential roles of miR-9 and miR-29a as contributors to DPN development through the SHH signaling pathway by binding to ISL1. Additionally, the results provided an experimental basis for the targeted intervention treatment of miR-9 and miR-29a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - JingYan Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Cui Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Qiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Chongqing Yubei, Chongqing 401120, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Tu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of General Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
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12
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Ballouhey Q, Fourcade L, Richard L, Bellet C, El Hamel C, Vallat JM, Sturtz F, Bourthoumieu S. Epithelial changes of congenital intestinal obstruction in a rat model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232023. [PMID: 32352981 PMCID: PMC7192479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intestinal atresia is a rare congenital affliction that is often associated with severe bacterial infections despite adequate neonatal surgery. Previous studies have focused on enteric nervous system variations. We hypothesized that epithelial systems (ES) may also be involved in the pathophysiology of postnatal disorders. Materials and methods Global gene expression was measured by transcriptomic analysis in a rat model of induced intestinal atresia. The analyses then focused on genes involved in ES (enterocytes and goblet cells). Rat fetus small intestines at various stages of development (ED15, ED17, ED19, and ED21, n = 22), were used as non-operated controls and compared to the upper and lower segments of rat fetus small intestines with an induced atresia (n = 14; ligature at ED18). The pattern of gene expression was then confirmed by histochemistry, electron microscopy, and RT-qPCR. Results From ED15 to ED21, the expression of several genes exhibited a physiological increase of ES markers, with a significant increase at the end of gestation. The operated embryos exhibited significantly higher variations of gene expression in the proximal segment than in the distal segment in terms of absorption and the epithelial barrier. An increase in goblet cells and markers was observed in the proximal segment compared to the controls. Conclusion Fetal intestinal obstruction accelerates maturation in the proximal segment and disrupts the intestinal wall in the distal segment, with a decrease in the number of mucosal cells. Moreover, the epithelial cells underwent significant changes, supporting the notion that intestinal disorders involve more than the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Ballouhey
- Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies, EA6309, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, UHC Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Laurent Fourcade
- Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies, EA6309, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, UHC Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Laurence Richard
- Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies, EA6309, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Neurology, UHC Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Camille Bellet
- Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies, EA6309, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Chaharazed El Hamel
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Cytogenetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jean Michel Vallat
- Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies, EA6309, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Neurology, UHC Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Franck Sturtz
- Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies, EA6309, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sylvie Bourthoumieu
- Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies, EA6309, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Histology, Cytology, and Cytogenetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France
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13
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Li HJ, Ray SK, Pan N, Haigh J, Fritzsch B, Leiter AB. Intestinal Neurod1 expression impairs paneth cell differentiation and promotes enteroendocrine lineage specification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19489. [PMID: 31862906 PMCID: PMC6925293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Neurod1 is required for enteroendocrine progenitor differentiation and maturation. Several earlier studies indicated that ectopic expression of Neurod1 converted non- neuronal cells into neurons. However, the functional consequence of ectopic Neurod1 expression has not been examined in the GI tract, and it is not known whether Neurod1 can similarly switch cell fates in the intestine. We generated a mouse line that would enable us to conditionally express Neurod1 in intestinal epithelial cells at different stages of differentiation. Forced expression of Neurod1 throughout intestinal epithelium increased the number of EECs as well as the expression of EE specific transcription factors and hormones. Furthermore, we observed a substantial reduction of Paneth cell marker expression, although the expressions of enterocyte-, tuft- and goblet-cell specific markers are largely not affected. Our earlier study indicated that Neurog3+ progenitor cells give rise to not only EECs but also Goblet and Paneth cells. Here we show that the conditional expression of Neurod1 restricts Neurog3+ progenitors to adopt Paneth cell fate, and promotes more pronounced EE cell differentiation, while such effects are not seen in more differentiated Neurod1+ cells. Together, our data suggest that forced expression of Neurod1 programs intestinal epithelial cells more towards an EE cell fate at the expense of the Paneth cell lineage and the effect ceases as cells mature to EE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Joyce Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Subir K Ray
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ning Pan
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Decibel Pharmaceutical, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jody Haigh
- Department of Biomedical, Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Andrew B Leiter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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14
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Piccand J, Vagne C, Blot F, Meunier A, Beucher A, Strasser P, Lund ML, Ghimire S, Nivlet L, Lapp C, Petersen N, Engelstoft MS, Thibault-Carpentier C, Keime C, Correa SJ, Schreiber V, Molina N, Schwartz TW, De Arcangelis A, Gradwohl G. Rfx6 promotes the differentiation of peptide-secreting enteroendocrine cells while repressing genetic programs controlling serotonin production. Mol Metab 2019; 29:24-39. [PMID: 31668390 PMCID: PMC6728766 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the gastro-intestinal tract sense gut luminal factors and release peptide hormones or serotonin (5-HT) to coordinate energy uptake and storage. Our goal is to decipher the gene regulatory networks controlling EECs specification from enteroendocrine progenitors. In this context, we studied the role of the transcription factor Rfx6 which had been identified as the cause of Mitchell–Riley syndrome, characterized by neonatal diabetes and congenital malabsorptive diarrhea. We previously reported that Rfx6 was essential for pancreatic beta cell development and function; however, the role of Rfx6 in EECs differentiation remained to be elucidated. Methods We examined the molecular, cellular, and metabolic consequences of constitutive and conditional deletion of Rfx6 in the embryonic and adult mouse intestine. We performed single cell and bulk RNA-Seq to characterize EECs diversity and identify Rfx6-regulated genes. Results Rfx6 is expressed in the gut endoderm; later, it is turned on in, and restricted to, enteroendocrine progenitors and persists in hormone-positive EECs. In the embryonic intestine, the constitutive lack of Rfx6 leads to gastric heterotopia, suggesting a role in the maintenance of intestinal identity. In the absence of intestinal Rfx6, EECs differentiation is severely impaired both in the embryo and adult. However, the number of serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells and mucosal 5-HT content are increased. Concomitantly, Neurog3-positive enteroendocrine progenitors accumulate. Combined analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA-Seq data revealed that enteroendocrine progenitors differentiate in two main cell trajectories, the enterochromaffin (EC) cells and the Peptidergic Enteroendocrine (PE) cells, the differentiation programs of which are differentially regulated by Rfx6. Rfx6 operates upstream of Arx, Pax6 and Isl1 to trigger the differentiation of peptidergic EECs such as GIP-, GLP-1-, or CCK-secreting cells. On the contrary, Rfx6 represses Lmx1a and Tph1, two genes essential for serotonin biosynthesis. Finally, we identified transcriptional changes uncovering adaptive responses to the prolonged lack of enteroendocrine hormones and leading to malabsorption and lower food efficiency ratio in Rfx6-deficient mouse intestine. Conclusion These studies identify Rfx6 as an essential transcriptional regulator of EECs specification and shed light on the molecular mechanisms of intestinal failures in human RFX6-deficiencies such as Mitchell–Riley syndrome. The lack of Rfx6 impairs the differentiation of peptide-producing enteroendocrine cells. The number of 5-HT-expressing-cells is increased in Rfx6-deficient intestine. Intestinal inactivation of Rfx6 leads to lipid malabsorption and decreased food efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Piccand
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Constance Vagne
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Florence Blot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Aline Meunier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Anthony Beucher
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Perrine Strasser
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Mari L Lund
- Centre for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabitri Ghimire
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Laure Nivlet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Céline Lapp
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Centre for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja S Engelstoft
- Centre for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christelle Thibault-Carpentier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sara Jimenez Correa
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Nacho Molina
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Centre for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adèle De Arcangelis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Gérard Gradwohl
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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15
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Shcherbina L, Lindqvist A, Thorén Fischer AH, Ahlqvist E, Zhang E, Falkmer SE, Renström E, Koffert J, Honka H, Wierup N. Intestinal CART is a regulator of GIP and GLP-1 secretion and expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 476:8-16. [PMID: 29627317 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Impaired incretin effect is a culprit in Type 2 Diabetes. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a regulatory peptide controlling pancreatic islet hormone secretion and beta-cell survival. Here we studied the potential expression of CART in enteroendocrine cells and examined the role of CART as a regulator of incretin secretion and expression. CART expression was found in glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-producing K-cells and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-producing L-cells in human duodenum and jejunum and circulating CART levels were increased 60 min after a meal in humans. CART expression was increased by fatty acids and GIP, but unaffected by glucose in GLUTag and STC-1 cells. Exogenous CART had no effect on GIP and GLP-1 expression and secretion in GLUTag or STC-1 cells, but siRNA-mediated silencing of CART reduced GLP-1 expression and secretion. Furthermore, acute intravenous administration of CART increased GIP and GLP-1 secretion during an oral glucose-tolerance test in mice. We conclude that CART is a novel constituent of human K- and L-cells with stimulatory actions on incretin secretion and that interfering with the CART system may be a therapeutic avenue for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Lindqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - E Ahlqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - E Zhang
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - S E Falkmer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - E Renström
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Koffert
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - H Honka
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - N Wierup
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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16
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Gracz AD, Samsa LA, Fordham MJ, Trotier DC, Zwarycz B, Lo YH, Bao K, Starmer J, Raab JR, Shroyer NF, Reinhardt RL, Magness ST. Sox4 Promotes Atoh1-Independent Intestinal Secretory Differentiation Toward Tuft and Enteroendocrine Fates. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1508-1523.e10. [PMID: 30055169 PMCID: PMC6232678 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal epithelium is maintained by intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which produce postmitotic absorptive and secretory epithelial cells. Initial fate specification toward enteroendocrine, goblet, and Paneth cell lineages requires the transcription factor Atoh1, which regulates differentiation of the secretory cell lineage. However, less is known about the origin of tuft cells, which participate in type II immune responses to parasite infections and appear to differentiate independently of Atoh1. We investigated the role of Sox4 in ISC differentiation. METHODS We performed experiments in mice with intestinal epithelial-specific disruption of Sox4 (Sox4fl/fl:vilCre; SOX4 conditional knockout [cKO]) and mice without disruption of Sox4 (control mice). Crypt- and single-cell-derived organoids were used in assays to measure proliferation and ISC potency. Lineage allocation and gene expression changes were studied by immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and RNA-seq analyses. Intestinal organoids were incubated with the type 2 cytokine interleukin 13 and gene expression was analyzed. Mice were infected with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and intestinal tissues were collected 7 days later for analysis. Intestinal tissues collected from mice that express green fluorescent protein regulated by the Atoh1 promoter (Atoh1GFP mice) and single-cell RNA-seq analysis were used to identify cells that coexpress Sox4 and Atoh1. We generated SOX4-inducible intestinal organoids derived from Atoh1fl/fl:vilCreER (ATOH1 inducible knockout) mice and assessed differentiation. RESULTS Sox4cKO mice had impaired ISC function and secretory differentiation, resulting in decreased numbers of tuft and enteroendocrine cells. In control mice, numbers of SOX4+ cells increased significantly after helminth infection, coincident with tuft cell hyperplasia. Sox4 was activated by interleukin 13 in control organoids; SOX4cKO mice had impaired tuft cell hyperplasia and parasite clearance after infection with helminths. In single-cell RNA-seq analysis, Sox4+/Atoh1- cells were enriched for ISC, progenitor, and tuft cell genes; 12.5% of Sox4-expressing cells coexpressed Atoh1 and were enriched for enteroendocrine genes. In organoids, overexpression of Sox4 was sufficient to induce differentiation of tuft and enteroendocrine cells-even in the absence of Atoh1. CONCLUSIONS We found Sox4 promoted tuft and enteroendocrine cell lineage allocation independently of Atoh1. These results challenge the longstanding model in which Atoh1 is the sole regulator of secretory differentiation in the intestine and are relevant for understanding epithelial responses to parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Gracz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Leigh Ann Samsa
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew J Fordham
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Danny C Trotier
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bailey Zwarycz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joshua Starmer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jesse R Raab
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Noah F Shroyer
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Scott T Magness
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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17
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Ikeguchi E, Harada N, Kanemaru Y, Sankoda A, Yamane S, Iwasaki K, Imajo M, Murata Y, Suzuki K, Joo E, Inagaki N. Transcriptional factor Pdx1 is involved in age-related GIP hypersecretion in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G272-G282. [PMID: 29723041 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00054.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fat accumulation with aging is a serious problem; glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin that plays an important role in fat accumulation. GIP receptor knockout mice show reduced fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity associated with aging. Therefore, GIP is involved in fat accumulation and insulin resistance with aging. However, age-related changes of GIP secretion remain unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate age-related changes of GIP secretion and enteroendocrine K cells using GIP reporter [GIP-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in heterozygous (GIPgfp/+)] mice. Aged 1-yr-old GIPgfp/+ mice exhibited a phenotype of fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and GIP hypersecretion compared with young (3-4 mo old) GIPgfp/+ mice. In aged mice, K-cell number in the small intestine and the mRNA expression levels of GIP and transcriptional factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) in K cells were increased. K-cell number, GIP mRNA expression and content in small intestine, and GIP secretion were decreased after posteriori suppression of Pdx1 using intestine-specific gene transfer. Thus, Pdx1 positively regulates GIP mRNA and K-cell number in small intestine. Increased Pdx1 expression might be involved in GIP hypersecretion with aging. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Age-related changes of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion and K cells were investigated. We found that K-cell number and GIP and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) expression in K cells were increased in aged mice, which showed greater GIP secretion compared with young mice. In addition, we have succeeded in posteriori suppression of Pdx1 in small intestine using the method of intestine-specific gene transfer, and showed that K-cell number, GIP expression, and GIP secretion were decreased in the Pdx1-knockdown intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ikeguchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kanemaru
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akiko Sankoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masamichi Imajo
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazuyo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Erina Joo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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Worthington JJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Enteroendocrine cells-sensory sentinels of the intestinal environment and orchestrators of mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:3-20. [PMID: 28853441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium must balance efficient absorption of nutrients with partitioning commensals and pathogens from the bodies' largest immune system. If this crucial barrier fails, inappropriate immune responses can result in inflammatory bowel disease or chronic infection. Enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of this epithelium and have classically been studied for their detection of nutrients and release of peptide hormones to mediate digestion. Intriguingly, enteroendocrine cells are the key sensors of microbial metabolites, can release cytokines in response to pathogen associated molecules and peptide hormone receptors are expressed on numerous intestinal immune cells; thus enteroendocrine cells are uniquely equipped to be crucial and novel orchestrators of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we introduce enteroendocrine chemosensory roles, summarize studies correlating enteroendocrine perturbations with intestinal inflammation and describe the mechanistic interactions by which enteroendocrine and mucosal immune cells interact during disease; highlighting this immunoendocrine axis as a key aspect of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Worthington
- Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - F Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - F M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Muscogiuri G, Balercia G, Barrea L, Cignarelli A, Giorgino F, Holst JJ, Laudisio D, Orio F, Tirabassi G, Colao A. Gut: A key player in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1294-1309. [PMID: 27892685 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1252712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut regulates glucose and energy homeostasis; thus, the presence of ingested nutrients into the gut activates sensing mechanisms that affect both glucose homeostasis and regulate food intake. Increasing evidence suggest that gut may also play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes which may be related to both the intestinal microbiological profile and patterns of gut hormones secretion. Intestinal microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms but its composition and function may be adversely affected in type 2 diabetes. The intestinal microbiota may be responsible of the secretion of molecules that may impair insulin secretion/action. At the same time, intestinal milieu regulates the secretion of hormones such as GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, gastrin, somatostatin, CCK, serotonin, peptide YY, GLP-2, all of which importantly influence metabolism in general and in particular glucose metabolism. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the current evidence on the role of the gut in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, taking into account both hormonal and microbiological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giancarlo Balercia
- b Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences , Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche , Ancona , Italy
| | | | - Angelo Cignarelli
- c Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Diseases , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- c Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Diseases , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Jens J Holst
- d NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences , Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Francesco Orio
- e Endocrinology, Department of Sports Science and Wellness , "Parthenope" University Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Giacomo Tirabassi
- b Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences , Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche , Ancona , Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- f Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , "Federico II" University of Naples , Naples , Italy
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20
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Suzuki K, Iwasaki K, Murata Y, Harada N, Yamane S, Hamasaki A, Shibue K, Joo E, Sankoda A, Fujiwara Y, Hayashi Y, Inagaki N. Distribution and hormonal characterization of primary murine L cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract. J Diabetes Investig 2017; 9:25-32. [PMID: 28429513 PMCID: PMC5754545 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) secreted from enteroendocrine L cells is an incretin that potentiates insulin secretion and is already applied in therapies for type 2 diabetes. However, detailed examination of L cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract remains unclear, because of difficulties in purifying scattered L cells from other cells. In the present study, we identified characteristics of L cells of the upper small intestine (UI), the lower small intestine (LI) and the colon using glucagon‐green fluorescent protein‐expressing mice that express GFP driven by the proglucagon promoter. Materials and Methods The localization and density of primary L cells were evaluated by anti‐green fluorescent protein antibody reactivity. GLP‐1 content, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels and secretion in purified L cells were measured. Results The number of L cells significantly increased toward the colon. In contrast, the GLP‐1 content and secretion from L cells were higher in the UI than in the LI and colon. L cells from the UI and LI expressed notably high mRNA levels of the transcription factor, islet 1. The mRNA expression levels of peptide YY in L cells were higher in the LI than in the UI and colon. The mRNA expression levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in L cells from the UI were significantly higher compared with those from the LI and colon. Conclusions L cells show different numbers and characteristics throughout the gut, and they express different mRNA levels of transcription factors and gastrointestinal hormones. These results contribute to the therapeutic application of promoting GLP‐1 release from L cells for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hamasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Shibue
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erina Joo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Sankoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Fujiwara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Induced Quiescence of Lgr5+ Stem Cells in Intestinal Organoids Enables Differentiation of Hormone-Producing Enteroendocrine Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:177-190.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Gross S, Garofalo DC, Balderes DA, Mastracci TL, Dias JM, Perlmann T, Ericson J, Sussel L. The novel enterochromaffin marker Lmx1a regulates serotonin biosynthesis in enteroendocrine cell lineages downstream of Nkx2.2. Development 2016; 143:2616-28. [PMID: 27287799 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal hormone-producing cells represent the largest endocrine system in the body, but remarkably little is known about enteroendocrine cell type specification in the embryo and adult. We analyzed stage- and cell type-specific deletions of Nkx2.2 and its functional domains in order to characterize its role in the development and maintenance of enteroendocrine cell lineages in the mouse duodenum and colon. Although Nkx2.2 regulates enteroendocrine cell specification in the duodenum at all stages examined, it controls the differentiation of progressively fewer enteroendocrine cell populations when deleted from Ngn3(+) progenitor cells or in the adult duodenum. During embryonic development Nkx2.2 regulates all enteroendocrine cell types, except gastrin and preproglucagon. In developing Ngn3(+) enteroendocrine progenitor cells, Nkx2.2 is not required for the specification of neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, indicating that a subset of these cell populations derive from an Nkx2.2-independent lineage. In adult duodenum, Nkx2.2 becomes dispensable for cholecystokinin and secretin production. In all stages and Nkx2.2 mutant conditions, serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells were the most severely reduced enteroendocrine lineage in the duodenum and colon. We determined that the transcription factor Lmx1a is expressed in enterochromaffin cells and functions downstream of Nkx2.2. Lmx1a-deficient mice have reduced expression of Tph1, the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis. These data clarify the function of Nkx2.2 in the specification and homeostatic maintenance of enteroendocrine populations, and identify Lmx1a as a novel enterochromaffin cell marker that is also essential for the production of the serotonin biosynthetic enzyme Tph1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gross
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana C Garofalo
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dina A Balderes
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa L Mastracci
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - José M Dias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, von Eulers v. 3, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, von Eulers v. 3, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm Branch, Nobels v. 3, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ericson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, von Eulers v. 3, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lori Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone, released from intestinal L-cells in response to hormonal, neural and nutrient stimuli. In addition to potentiation of meal-stimulated insulin secretion, GLP-1 signalling exerts numerous pleiotropic effects on various tissues, regulating energy absorption and disposal, as well as cell proliferation and survival. In Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) reduced plasma levels of GLP-1 have been observed, and plasma levels of GLP-1, as well as reduced numbers of GLP-1 producing cells, have been correlated to obesity and insulin resistance. Increasing endogenous secretion of GLP-1 by selective targeting of the molecular mechanisms regulating secretion from the L-cell has been the focus of much recent research. An additional and promising strategy for enhancing endogenous secretion may be to increase the L-cell mass in the intestinal epithelium, but the mechanisms that regulate the growth, survival and function of these cells are largely unknown. We recently showed that prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the fatty acid palmitate induced lipotoxic effects, similar to those operative in insulin-producing cells, in an in vitro model of GLP-1-producing cells. The mechanisms inducing this lipototoxicity involved increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, regulation of GLP-1-secreting cells is discussed, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying GLP-1 secretion, long-term regulation of growth, differentiation and survival under normal as well as diabetic conditions of hypernutrition.
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You LL, Cao DH, Jiang J, Hou Z, Suo YE, Wang SD, Cao XY. Transgenic mouse models of gastric cancer: Pathological characteristic and applications. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2754-2760. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i17.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic animal models of gastric cancer have high specificity and similar tumor characteristics to human gastric cancer. Current research and application of transgenic animal models of gastric cancer are wide, and several models have been developed. In transgenic animal models of gastric cancer, primary gastric carcinoma can develop spontaneously. These transgenic animal models have been widely used to study the mechanism of gastric cancer development, and have great significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. This paper systematically summarizes several different kinds of transgenic animal models and describes the molecular pathogenic mechanisms and pathological characteristics of gastric mucosal lesions in these models as well as their applications.
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