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Nunes G, Guimarães M, Coelho H, Carregosa R, Oliveira C, Pereira SS, Alves de Matos A, Fonseca J. Prolonged Fasting Induces Histological and Ultrastructural Changes in the Intestinal Mucosa That May Reduce Absorption and Revert after Enteral Refeeding. Nutrients 2023; 16:128. [PMID: 38201958 PMCID: PMC10780540 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Malnutrition is usual in patients referred for endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). Refeeding syndrome is rarely observed in PEG-fed patients, which could possibly be associated with reduced absorption induced by prolonged starvation. Objective: In patients submitted to PEG after a significant period of fasting, the present study aims to: 1. evaluate the histological/ultrastructural initial changes in the intestinal mucosa, potentially associated with reduced absorption, and 2. assess if these changes could reverse with enteral refeeding. Methods: The present study is an observational, prospective, controlled study. Adult patients with ingestion below 50% of daily needs for at least one month and/or diagnosis of malnutrition were enrolled. Duodenal biopsies were taken at baseline and after 3-6 months of PEG feeding, which then underwent histological/ultrastructural analysis. Random healthy individuals were used as controls. Results: A total of 30 patients (16 men/14 women) aged 67.1 ± 13.5 years were included. Malnutrition was found in 40% of patients. Approximately 14 patients completed follow-up during both periods (46.7%). At baseline: duodenal mucosal atrophy was evident in three patients (10%); the median villi length (MVL) was 0.4 mm (0.25-0.6 mm), with it being shorter than the controls, which was 0.6 mm (0.4-0.7 mm) (p = 0.006); ultrastructural changes included focal shortening, bending, and disruption of enterocyte microvilli, the presence of citoplasmatic autophagic vacuoles, dilation and vesiculation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and the presence of dilated intercellular spaces with basement membrane detachment. After refeeding, most patients displayed normal histology (92.9%) and increase MVL (p < 0.001), ultrastructural changes disappeared, and enterocytes resumed a normal appearance, although retaining scarce, small, dense bodies in apical regions from the evolution of previous autophagy. Conclusions: Prolonged fasting induces histological and ultrastructural changes in the intestinal mucosa that may reflect impaired absorption in the early post-PEG period. These changes were reverted after refeeding with enteral nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Nunes
- Gastroenterology Department, GENE—Artificial Feeding Team, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
- ICBAS-UP—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- PaMNEC—Grupo de Patologia Médica, Nutrição e Estudos Clínicos, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Marta Guimarães
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- ITR—Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder Coelho
- Pathology Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Carregosa
- Cmicros—Centro de Microscopia Eletrónica e Histopatologia, CiiEM—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Cátia Oliveira
- Gastroenterology Department, GENE—Artificial Feeding Team, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
| | - Sofia S. Pereira
- UMIB—Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- ITR—Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Alves de Matos
- Cmicros—Centro de Microscopia Eletrónica e Histopatologia, CiiEM—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Jorge Fonseca
- Gastroenterology Department, GENE—Artificial Feeding Team, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
- ICBAS-UP—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- PaMNEC—Grupo de Patologia Médica, Nutrição e Estudos Clínicos, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
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2
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Wang X, Chen J, Zheng J. The roles of COX-2 in protozoan infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:955616. [PMID: 36875123 PMCID: PMC9978824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.955616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan diseases cause great harm in animal husbandry and require human-provided medical treatment. Protozoan infection can induce changes in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. The role played by COX-2 in the response to protozoan infection is complex. COX-2 induces and regulates inflammation by promoting the synthesis of different prostaglandins (PGs), which exhibit a variety of biological activities and participate in pathophysiological processes in the body in a variety of ways. This review explains the roles played by COX-2 in protozoan infection and analyzes the effects of COX-2-related drugs in protozoan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingtong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Solianik R, Schwieler L, Trepci A, Erhardt S, Brazaitis M. Two-day fasting affects kynurenine pathway with additional modulation of short-term whole-body cooling: a quasi-randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-8. [PMID: 35791050 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan (TRP) degradation have attracted interest as potential pathophysiological mediators and future diagnostic biomarkers. A greater knowledge of the pathological implications of the metabolites is associated with a need for a better understanding of how the normal behaviour and physiological activities impact their concentrations. This study aimed to investigate whether fasting (FAST) and whole-body cold-water immersion (CWI) affect KYN pathway metabolites. Thirteen young women were randomly assigned to receive the 2-d FAST with two 10-min CWI on separate days (FAST-CWI), 2-d FAST without CWI (FAST-CON), 2-d two CWI on separate days without FAST (CON-CWI) or the 2-d usual diet without CWI (CON-CON) in a randomised crossover fashion. Changes in plasma concentrations of TRP, kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxy-kynurenine (3-HK), picolinic acid (PIC), quinolinic acid (QUIN) and nicotinamide (NAA) were determined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. FAST-CWI and FAST-CON lowered TRP concentration (P < 0·05, ηp2 = 0·24), and increased concentrations of KYNA, 3-HK and PIC (P < 0·05, ηp2 = 0·21-0·71) with no additional effects of CWI. The ratio of PIC/QUIN increased after FAST-CWI and FAST-CON trials (P < 0·05) but with a blunted effect in the FAST-CWI trial (P < 0·05) compared with the FAST-CON trials (ηp2 = 0·67). Concentrations of QUIN and NAA were unaltered. This study demonstrated that fasting for 2 d considerably impacts the concentration of several metabolites in the KYN pathway. This should be considered when discussing the potential of KYN pathway metabolites as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lilly Schwieler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ada Trepci
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Erhardt
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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4
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El-Shal LM, El-Star AAA, Azmy AM, Elnegris HM. The possible protective role of N-acetyl cysteine on duodenal mucosa of high fat diet and orlistat treated adult male albino rats and the active role of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and Interleukin 6 (IL6) (histological and biochemical study). Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:18-36. [PMID: 34979873 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.2007194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major universal health issue linked to a majority of illness. AIM To evaluate the histological and biochemical changes occurred in the duodenal mucosa of high fat diet HFD and orlistat fed rats and to assess the possible protective role of N-acetyl cysteine NAC supplementation. MATERIAL AND METHOD Sixty male albino rats weighing 180-200 g were classified randomly into control group I and three experimental groups (HFD group II, HFD + orlistat group III, and HFD + orlistat + NAC group IV). All experimental groups received HFD alone/and treatment for 6 weeks. Group III received orlistat (32 mg/kg/day) before meals and group IV received the same regimen as group III in addition to NAC (230 mg/kg/day) after meals. After completion of the experiment, duodenal sections were processed for histological examination, oxidative stress parameters, and semiqualitative real time PCR for proinflammatory mediators TNFα and IL6 evaluation. Also, plasma lipid parameters were assessed and morphometric duodenal results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS By histological examination of HFD and (HFD + orlistat) groups, we found severe to moderate duodenal structural disturbances, increased goblet cells, collagen fibers, and BAX and iNOS immunostaining. By Biochemical examination, both groups showed increased proinflammatory markers level (TNFα and IL6) with decreased all antioxidant parameters and increased MDA. Moreover, NAC treatment in group IV significantly reduced all structural changes, levels of proinflammatory mediators and increased all antioxidant parameter levels and decreased MDA. CONCLUSION All findings elucidated that NAC could be accounted to be a useful drug for protection of duodenal mucosa of HFD and orlistat treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Moustafa El-Shal
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alyaa A Abd El-Star
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abeer M Azmy
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Heba M Elnegris
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Chen J, Guo X, Yan L, Guo Y, Wang B, Yuan J. The duration of food withdrawal affects the intestinal structure, nutrients absorption, and utilization in broiler chicken. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21178. [PMID: 33190300 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001773r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Food withdrawal is usually used for accurate feed metabolizable energy (ME) assessment in poultry, but its effects on intestinal structure and the absorption of nutrients are unclear. In this study, broilers were fed ad libitum (CT) or withdrew food for 12 (FH12), 24 (FH24), 36 (FH36), or 48 hours (FH48). We showed that food withdrawal increased the energy assimilation when compared with the CT. Food withdrawal improved the digestibility of ether extract and the level of lipid substances and fatty acid-derived β-hydroxybutyrate in serum. Compared to the CT, food withdrawal did not influence the digestibility of starch. Due to 12 hours or longer food withdrawal duration increased glutamate oxidation and uric acid excretion, the analyzed digestibility of crude protein was underestimated, although the upregulated amino acid transporter genes. In addition, histological analysis showed that short-term food withdrawal (12 hours) increased intestinal villus height, crypt depth, and proliferative cell, whereas prolonged food withdrawal (more than 24 hours) impaired villus structure due to the decreased cell proliferation. Moreover, proteomics analysis revealed upregulated pathways in birds withdrawn food for 36 hours involved in nutrient absorption and amino acid oxidation. In conclusion, food withdrawal changes nutrient absorption and utilization, especially for amino acid and ether extract, and results in increased ME. Both glutamate oxidation and fatty acid incomplete oxidation are involved in energy supply after refeeding. In contrast to short-term food withdrawal, prolonged food withdrawal impairs the intestinal structure and villus renewal. Our findings deserve attention from nutritionists who are analyzing food digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Intermittent Fasting Aggravates Lupus Nephritis through Increasing Survival and Autophagy of Antibody Secreting Cells in MRL/lpr Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228477. [PMID: 33187196 PMCID: PMC7696283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which the main contributors to organ damage are antibodies against autoantigens, such as double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Calorie restriction and intermittent fasting (IF) have been shown to improve autoimmune disease symptoms in patients and animal models. Here, we tested the hypothesis that IF might improve symptoms in MRL/lpr mice, which spontaneously develop an SLE-like disease. Groups of mice were fed every other day (IF) or provided food ad libitum (controls), and various lupus-associated clinicopathological parameters were analyzed for up to 28 weeks. Contrary to expectations, anti-dsDNA antibody levels, immune complex deposition in the kidney, and glomerular injury were higher in the IF group than the control group, although there were no differences in spleen and lymph node weights between groups. Proteinuria was also worsened in the IF group. IF also increased the abundance of B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells and elevated autophagy in plasma cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. Secretion of anti-dsDNA antibody by splenocytes in vitro was reduced by chloroquine-induced inhibition of autophagy. These results suggest that IF exacerbates lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice by increasing autoantibody immune complex formation.
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7
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Feng J, Li J, Wu L, Yu Q, Ji J, Wu J, Dai W, Guo C. Emerging roles and the regulation of aerobic glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:126. [PMID: 32631382 PMCID: PMC7336654 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer has become the sixth most diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is responsible for up to 75–85% of primary liver cancers, and sorafenib is the first targeted drug for advanced HCC treatment. However, sorafenib resistance is common because of the resultant enhancement of aerobic glycolysis and other molecular mechanisms. Aerobic glycolysis was firstly found in HCC, acts as a hallmark of liver cancer and is responsible for the regulation of proliferation, immune evasion, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance in HCC. The three rate-limiting enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, including hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and pyruvate kinases type M2 (PKM2) play an important role in the regulation of aerobic glycolysis in HCC and can be regulated by many mechanisms, such as the AMPK, PI3K/Akt pathway, HIF-1α, c-Myc and noncoding RNAs. Because of the importance of aerobic glycolysis in the progression of HCC, targeting key factors in its pathway such as the inhibition of HK2, PFK or PKM2, represent potential new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 1291, Jiangning road, Putuo, Shanghai, 200060, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 1291, Jiangning road, Putuo, Shanghai, 200060, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 1291, Jiangning road, Putuo, Shanghai, 200060, China.
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 1291, Jiangning road, Putuo, Shanghai, 200060, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 1291, Jiangning road, Putuo, Shanghai, 200060, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Uchida H, Nakajima Y, Ohtake K, Ito J, Morita M, Kamimura A, Kobayashi J. Protective effects of oral glutathione on fasting-induced intestinal atrophy through oxidative stress. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6650-6664. [PMID: 29085210 PMCID: PMC5643286 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i36.6650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether oral glutathione (GSH) administration can alleviate the effects of fasting-induced intestinal atrophy in the small intestinal mucosa.
METHODS Rats were divided into eight groups. One group was fed ad libitum, another was fed ad libitum and received oral GSH, and six groups were administrated saline (SA) or GSH orally during fasting. Mucosal height, apoptosis, and cell proliferation in the jejunum were histologically evaluated. iNOS protein expression (by immunohistochemistry), nitrite levels (by high performance liquid chromatography, as a measure of NO production), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation (by ELISA, indicating ROS levels), glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio (by enzymatic colorimetric detection), and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (Ggt1) mRNA levels in the jejunum (by semi-quantitative RT-PCR) were also estimated.
RESULTS Oral GSH administration was demonstrated to drastically reduce fasting-induced intestinal atrophy in the jejunum. In particular, jejunal mucosal height was enhanced in GSH-treated animals compared to SA-treated animals [527.2 ± 6.9 for 50 mg/kg GSH, 567.6 ± 5.4 for 500 mg/kg GSH vs 483.1 ± 4.9 (μm), P < 0.01 at 72 h]. This effect was consistent with decreasing changes in GSH-treated animals compared to SA-treated animals for iNOS protein staining [0.337 ± 0.016 for 50 mg/kg GSH, 0.317 ± 0.017 for 500 mg/kg GSH vs 0.430 ± 0.023 (area of staining part/area of tissue), P < 0.01 at 72 h] and NO [2.99 ± 0.29 for 50 mg/kg GSH, 2.88 ± 0.19 for 500 mg/kg GSH vs 5.34 ± 0.35 (nmol/g tissue), P < 0.01 at 72 h] and ROS [3.92 ± 0.46 for 50 mg/kg GSH, 4.58 ± 0.29 for 500 mg/kg GSH vs 6.42 ± 0.52 (8-OHdG pg/μg DNA), P < 0.01, P < 0.05 at 72 h, respectively] levels as apoptosis mediators in the jejunum. Furthermore, oral GSH administration attenuated cell proliferation decreases in the fasting jejunum [182.5 ± 1.9 for 500 mg/kg GSH vs 155.8 ± 3.4 (5-BrdU positive cells/10 crypts), P < 0.01 at 72 h]. Notably, both GSH concentration and Ggt1 mRNA expression in the jejunum were also attenuated in rats following oral administration of GSH during fasting as compared with fasting alone [0.45 ± 0.12 vs 0.97 ± 0.06 (nmol/mg tissue), P < 0.01; 1.01 ± 0.11 vs 2.79 ± 0.39 (Ggt1 mRNA/Gapdh mRNA), P < 0.01 for 500 mg/kg GSH at 48 h, respectively].
CONCLUSION Oral GSH administration during fasting enhances jejunal regenerative potential to minimize intestinal mucosal atrophy by diminishing fasting-mediated ROS generation and enterocyte apoptosis and enhancing cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Uchida
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yukari Nakajima
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohtake
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Junta Ito
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Masahiko Morita
- Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. Healthcare Products Development Center, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Ayako Kamimura
- Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. Healthcare Products Development Center, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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9
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Mathew TC, Abdeen SM, Dashti H, Asfar S. Green Tea Induced Cellular Proliferation and the Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in the Jejunal Mucosa of Fasting Rats. Med Princ Pract 2017; 26:343-350. [PMID: 28273667 PMCID: PMC5768124 DOI: 10.1159/000468937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to understand whether or not the protective effect of green tea after fasting-induced damage in the jejunal mucosa of rat is dependent on cell proliferation and the stimulation of specific growth factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty adult male Wistar rats were used in this study. The animals were divided randomly into 5 groups, with 12 in each group (G1-5). The animals in G1 (control group) were fed a rat chow diet and water ad libitum. The animals in G2 (fasting group) were fasted for 3 days. The animals in the G3, G4, and G5 groups were fasted for 3 days as G2, but were given water (G3), green tea (G4), or a vitamin E (G5) solution, respectively, for another 7 days. The animals were euthanized, and the jejunum was removed and processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Compared to the G3 group, the jejunal mucosa of G4 rats showed a 70.6% higher level (p < 0.001) of expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and 98% higher level (p = 0.0001) of the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), whereas the level of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression was 22 and 11% lower, respectively, in G4 animals as compared to G3 rats. These differences in the expression of FGF-1 and IGF-1 in G4 animals were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION In this study, green tea repaired the fasting-induced damage in the jejunal mucosa of rats, mainly by inducing a significant expression of TGF-β1 in the jejunal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thazhumpal C. Mathew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Sulaibikhat, Kuwait
- *Prof. Thazhumpal C. Mathew, MSc, PhD, FRCPath, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, PO Box 31470, Sulaibikhat 90805 (Kuwait), E-Mail
| | - Suad M. Abdeen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Sulaibikhat, Kuwait
| | - Hussain Dashti
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Sulaibikhat, Kuwait
| | - Sami Asfar
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Sulaibikhat, Kuwait
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10
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Ito J, Uchida H, Machida N, Ohtake K, Saito Y, Kobayashi J. Inducible and neuronal nitric oxide synthases exert contrasting effects during rat intestinal recovery following fasting. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:762-772. [PMID: 28195513 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217694434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of endogenous inducible (iNOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase on recovery from intestinal mucosal atrophy caused by fasting-induced apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation during refeeding in rats. Rats were divided into five groups, one of which was fed ad libitum, and four of which underwent 72 h of fasting, followed by refeeding for 0, 6, 24, and 48 h, respectively. iNOS and neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein levels in jejunal tissues were measured, and mucosal height was histologically evaluated. Apoptotic indices, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) transcription levels, nitrite levels (as a measure of nitric oxide [NO] production),8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation (indicating reactive oxygen species [ROS] levels), crypt cell proliferation, and the motility indices (MI) were also estimated. Associations between mucosal height and NOS protein levels were determined using Spearman's rank correlation test. Notably, we observed significant increases in mucosal height and in neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein expression as refeeding time increased. Indeed, there was a significant positive correlation between neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein level and mucosal height during the 48-h refeeding period ( r = 0.725, P < 0.01). Conversely, iNOS mRNA and protein expression decreased according to refeeding time, with a significant negative correlation between iNOS protein level and mucosal height being recorded during the 48-h refeeding period ( r = -0.898, P < 0.01). We also noted a significant negative correlation between jejunal neuronal nitric oxide synthase and iNOS protein concentrations over this same period ( r = -0.734, P < 0.01). Refeeding also restored the decreased jejunal MI caused by fasting. Our finding suggests that refeeding likely repairs fasting-induced jejunal atrophy by suppressing iNOS expression and subsequently inhibiting NO, ROS, and IFN-γ as apoptosis mediators, and by promoting neuronal nitric oxide synthase production and inducing crypt cell proliferation via mechanical stimulation. Impact statement Besides providing new data confirming the involvement of iNOS and nNOS in intestinal mucosal atrophy caused by fasting, this study details their expression and function during recovery from this condition following refeeding. We demonstrate a significant negative correlation between iNOS and nNOS levels during refeeding, and associate this with cell proliferation and apoptosis in crypts and villi. These novel findings elucidate the relationship between these NOS isoforms and its impact on recovery from intestinal injury. A mechanism is proposed comprising the up-regulation of nNOS activity by mechanical stimulation due to the presence of food in the intestine, restricting iNOS-associated apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation and gut motility. Our investigation sheds light on the molecular basis behind the repercussions of total parenteral nutrition on intestinal mucosal integrity, and more importantly, the beneficial effects of early enteral feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junta Ito
- Division of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Division of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Naomi Machida
- Division of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohtake
- Division of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Division of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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Bortolotti M, Ventura G, Jegatheesan P, Choisy C, Cynober L, De Bandt JP. Impact of qualitative and quantitative variations in nitrogen supply on catch-up growth in food-deprived-refed young rats. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:669-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nutrient-intake-level-dependent regulation of intestinal development in newborn intrauterine growth-restricted piglets via glucagon-like peptide-2. Animal 2016; 10:1645-54. [PMID: 27095347 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the intestinal development of newborn intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) piglets subjected to normal nutrient intake (NNI) or restricted nutrient intake (RNI). Newborn normal birth weight (NBW) and IUGR piglets were allotted to NNI or RNI levels for 4 weeks from day 8 postnatal. IUGR piglets receiving NNI had similar growth performance compared with that of NBW piglets. Small intestine length and villous height were greater in IUGR piglets fed the NNI than that of piglets fed the RNI. Lactase activity was increased in piglets fed the NNI compared with piglets fed the RNI. Absorptive function, represented by active glucose transport by the Ussing chamber method and messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of two main intestinal glucose transporters, Na+-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), were greater in IUGR piglets fed the NNI compared with piglets fed the RNI regimen. The apoptotic process, characterized by caspase-3 activity (a sign of activated apoptotic cells) and mRNA expressions of p53 (pro-apoptotic), bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax) (pro-apoptotic) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) (anti-apoptotic), were improved in IUGR piglets fed the NNI regimen. To test the hypothesis that improvements in intestinal development of IUGR piglets fed NNI might be mediated through circulating glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), GLP-2 was injected subcutaneously to IUGR piglets fed the RNI from day 8 to day 15 postnatal. Although the intestinal development of IUGR piglets fed the RNI regimen was suppressed compared with those fed the NNI regimen, an exogenous injection of GLP-2 was able to bring intestinal development to similar levels as NNI-fed IUGR piglets. Collectively, our results demonstrate that IUGR neonates that have NNI levels could improve intestinal function via the regulation of GLP-2.
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Tamaoki K, Okada R, Ishihara A, Shiojiri N, Mochizuki K, Goda T, Yamauchi K. Morphological, biochemical, transcriptional and epigenetic responses to fasting and refeeding in intestine of Xenopus laevis. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:2. [PMID: 26798452 PMCID: PMC4721045 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amphibians are able to survive for several months without food. However, it is unclear what molecular mechanisms underlie their survival. To characterize the intestinal responses to fasting and refeeding, we investigated morphological, biochemical, transcriptional and epigenetic changes in the intestine from adult male Xenopus laevis. Results Frogs were fed for 22 days, fasted for 22 days, or fasted for 21 days and refed for 1 day. Fasting reduced, and refeeding recovered partially or fully, morphological parameters (wet weight of the intestine, circumference of the epithelial layer and number of troughs in a villus-trough unit), activities of digestive enzymes and plasma biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed overall suppression of the transcript levels by fasting, with various recovery rates on refeeding. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays on the selected genes whose transcript levels declined with fasting and recovered quickly with refeeding, showed several euchromatin marks in histone (acetylation and methylation) and RNA polymerase II modifications (phosphorylation) with fasting, and returned to the feeding levels by refeeding. The mRNA levels of these genes responded to fasting and refeeding to greater extents than did the pre-mRNA levels, suggesting the involvement of post-transcriptional regulation. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the X. laevis intestine may undergo overall metabolic suppression at least at the transcriptional level to save energy during fasting and quickly recovered to moderate nutritional deficiency by refeeding, and suggest that these dietary responses of the intestine are epigenetically and post-transcriptionally regulated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-016-0067-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tamaoki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Reiko Okada
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan ; Green Biology Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Akinori Ishihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan ; Green Biology Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Shiojiri
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Kazuki Mochizuki
- Department of Local Produce and Food Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510 Japan
| | - Toshinao Goda
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan ; Green Biology Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
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Zhu K, Kakehi T, Matsumoto M, Iwata K, Ibi M, Ohshima Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Wen X, Taye A, Fan C, Katsuyama M, Sharma K, Yabe-Nishimura C. NADPH oxidase NOX1 is involved in activation of protein kinase C and premature senescence in early stage diabetic kidney. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:21-30. [PMID: 25701431 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) under hyperglycemia have been implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Because reactive oxygen species derived from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, NOX1 accelerate the translocation of PKC isoforms, NOX1 is postulated to play a causative role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Hyperglycemia was induced in wild-type and Nox1-deficient mice (KO) by two doses of streptozotocin injection. At 3 weeks after the induction of hyperglycemia, glomeruli and cortical tubules were isolated from kidneys. The mRNA level of Nox1 was significantly upregulated in the renal cortex at 3 weeks of hyperglycemia. Urinary albumin and expression of inflammatory or fibrotic mediators were similarly elevated in diabetic wild-type and KO; however, increases in glomerular volume and mesangial matrix area were attenuated in diabetic KO. Nox1 deficiency significantly reduced the levels of renal thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, membranous translocation of PKCα/β, activity of PKC, and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the diabetic kidney. Furthermore, increased staining of senescence-associated β-galactosidase in glomeruli and cortical tubules of diabetic mice was significantly suppressed in KO. Whereas the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p16(INK4A) and p21(Cip1), were equivalent between the genotypes, increased levels of p27(Kip1) and γ-H2AX, a biomarker for DNA double-strand breaks, were significantly attenuated in isolated glomeruli and cortical tubules of diabetic KO. Taken together, NOX1 modulates the p38/p27(Kip1) signaling pathway by activating PKC and promotes premature senescence in early stage diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kakehi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazumi Iwata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ibi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ohshima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Xiaopeng Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ashraf Taye
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Chunyuan Fan
- Dujiangyan City Medical Center, Dujiangyan Chengdu, 611830 Sichuan, China
| | - Masato Katsuyama
- Radioisotope Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chihiro Yabe-Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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Liu L, Ouyang M, Rao JN, Zou T, Xiao L, Chung HK, Wu J, Donahue JM, Gorospe M, Wang JY. Competition between RNA-binding proteins CELF1 and HuR modulates MYC translation and intestinal epithelium renewal. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1797-810. [PMID: 25808495 PMCID: PMC4436827 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestinal epithelium is one of the most rapidly self-renewing tissues in the body, and its integrity is preserved through strict regulation. The RNA-binding protein (RBP) ELAV-like family member 1 (CELF1), also referred to as CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1), regulates the stability and translation of target mRNAs and is implicated in many aspects of cellular physiology. We show that CELF1 competes with the RBP HuR to modulate MYC translation and regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Growth inhibition of the small intestinal mucosa by fasting in mice was associated with increased CELF1/Myc mRNA association and decreased MYC expression. At the molecular level, CELF1 was found to bind the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of Myc mRNA and repressed MYC translation without affecting total Myc mRNA levels. HuR interacted with the same Myc 3'-UTR element, and increasing the levels of HuR decreased CELF1 binding to Myc mRNA. In contrast, increasing the concentrations of CELF1 inhibited formation of the [HuR/Myc mRNA] complex. Depletion of cellular polyamines also increased CELF1 and enhanced CELF1 association with Myc mRNA, thus suppressing MYC translation. Moreover, ectopic CELF1 overexpression caused G1-phase growth arrest, whereas CELF1 silencing promoted cell proliferation. These results indicate that CELF1 represses MYC translation by decreasing Myc mRNA association with HuR and provide new insight into the molecular functions of RBPs in the regulation of intestinal mucosal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Liu
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Miao Ouyang
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jaladanki N Rao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Tongtong Zou
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Lan Xiao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Hee Kyoung Chung
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jing Wu
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - James M Donahue
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201 Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Wang J, Kalhor A, Lu S, Crawford R, Ni JD, Xiao Y. iNOS expression and osteocyte apoptosis in idiopathic, non-traumatic osteonecrosis. Acta Orthop 2015; 86:134-41. [PMID: 25191931 PMCID: PMC4366673 DOI: 10.3109/17453674.2014.960997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Non-traumatic osteonecrosis is a progressive disease with multiple etiologies. It affects younger individuals more and more, often leading to total hip arthroplasty. We investigated whether there is a correlation between inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and osteocyte apoptosis in non-traumatic osteonecrosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We collected and studied 20 human idiopathic, non-traumatic osteonecrosis femoral heads. Subchondral bone samples in the non-sclerotic region (n = 30), collected from osteoarthritis patients, were used as controls. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were used as a model for osteonecrosis in the study. We used scanning electron microscopy, TUNEL assay, and immunohistochemical staining to study osteocyte changes and apoptosis. RESULTS The morphology of osteocytes in the areas close to the necrotic region changed and the number of apoptotic osteocytes increased in comparison with the same region in control groups. The expression of iNOS and cytochrome C in osteocytes increased while Bax expression was not detectable in osteonecrosis samples. Using spontaneously hypertensive rats, we found a positive correlation between iNOS expression and osteocyte apoptosis in the osteonecrotic region. iNOS inhibitor (aminoguanidine) added to the drinking water for 5 weeks reduced the production of iNOS and osteonecrosis compared to a control group without aminoguanidine. INTERPRETATION Our findings show that increased iNOS expression can lead to osteocyte apopotosis in idiopathic, non-traumatic osteonecrosis and that an iNOS inhibitor may prevent the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics , the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province , China
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Ou Yang KX, Liang J, Yang ZN, Zhao JJ. A study on the inhibition of VEGF expression in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma cells via iNOS gene RNAi in vitro. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:153-8. [PMID: 25065562 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xiong Ou Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; The Fifth Affiliated Hospital; Sun Yet-Sen University; Zhuhai China
| | - Zi-Nan Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
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Feng A, Zhou G, Yuan X, Huang X, Zhang Z, Zhang T. Inhibitory effect of baicalin on iNOS and NO expression in intestinal mucosa of rats with acute endotoxemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80997. [PMID: 24312512 PMCID: PMC3846647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which baicalin modulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the mucosa of distal ileum was investigated in a rat model of acute endo-toxemia induced by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The experiment demonstrated that LPS upregulated iNOS mRNA and protein expression as well as NO produc-tion (measured as the stable degradation production, nitrites). LPS not only increased toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) content, but also activated p38 and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and inactivated PPARγ via phosphorylation. Inhibition of p38 signalling pathway by chemical inhibitor SB202190 and small interfering RNA (siRNA) ameliorated LPS-induced iNOS generation, while suppression of PPARγ pathway by SR-202 boosted LPS-elicited iNOS expression. Baicalin treatment (I) attenuated LPS-induced iNOS mRNA and protein as well as nitrites generation, and (II) ameliorated LPS-elicited TLR4 and PPARγ production, and (III) inhibited p38/ATF2 phosphorylation leading to suppression of p38 signalling, and (IV) prevented PPARγ from phosphorylation contributing to maintainence of PPARγ bioactivity. However, SR-202 co-treatment (I) partially abrogated the inhibitory effect of baicalin on iNOS mRNA expression, and (II) partially reversed baicalin-inhibited p38 phosphorylation. In summary, baicalin could ameliorate LPS-induced iNOS and NO overproduction in mucosa of rat terminal ileum via inhibition of p38 signalling cascade and activation of PPARγ pathway. There existed a interplay between the two signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwen Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Huai'an, P. R. China
| | - Guangrong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Huai'an, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Huai'an, P. R. China
| | - Xinli Huang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhengyuan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Huai'an, P. R. China
| | - Ti Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Huai'an, P. R. China
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Shaw D, Gohil K, Basson MD. Intestinal mucosal atrophy and adaptation. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6357-75. [PMID: 23197881 PMCID: PMC3508630 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i44.6357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal adaptation is an essential process in gut homeostasis. The intestinal mucosa adapts to a range of pathological conditions including starvation, short-gut syndrome, obesity, and bariatric surgery. Broadly, these adaptive functions can be grouped into proliferation and differentiation. These are influenced by diverse interactions with hormonal, immune, dietary, nervous, and mechanical stimuli. It seems likely that clinical outcomes can be improved by manipulating the physiology of adaptation. This review will summarize current understanding of the basic science surrounding adaptation, delineate the wide range of potential targets for therapeutic intervention, and discuss how these might be incorporated into an overall treatment plan. Deeper insight into the physiologic basis of adaptation will identify further targets for intervention to improve clinical outcomes.
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Baumgarner BL, Riley CP, Sepulveda MS, Brown PB, Meyer JL, Adamec J. Increased expression of GAPDH protein is not indicative of nitrosative stress or apoptosis in liver of starved rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:319-327. [PMID: 21647598 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Short-term starvation has been linked to in vivo protein degradation in liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). However, it is unclear whether this proposed increase in protein degradation is followed by programmed cell death (apoptosis) in liver of starved trout. A preliminary study in our laboratory revealed an isoform of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein that increased 4.5-fold in liver of starved trout. GAPDH is a glycolytic enzyme involved in other cellular functions, including apoptosis. Increased intracellular nitric oxide (NO) promotes nuclear translocation of GAPDH that is associated with increased apoptosis in mammals. If GAPDH protein is associated with apoptosis in rainbow trout, it could potentially be used as a biomarker of cellular stress in liver of teleost fish species. The purpose of this study was to determine whether increased GAPDH protein expression in liver of starved rainbow trout is associated with NO-induced apoptosis. Targeted proteomic analysis using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to determine the level of GAPDH in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cell lysates. Dot blot and DNA fragmentation analyses were conducted to evaluate protein S-nitrosylation and apoptosis, respectively. Results showed that cytoplasmic GAPDH was 3.4-fold higher in liver of starved versus fed rainbow trout but could not be detected in nuclear fractions. Starvation significantly reduced hepato-somatic index but had no effect on iNOS protein expression, protein S-nitrosylation, or apoptosis. Our results indicate that starvation promoted significant reduction in liver mass that was not associated with increased apoptosis or NO-induced stress and that greater GAPDH concentration in liver of starved rainbow trout was located primarily in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Baumgarner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Histological and immunohistochemical study of the effect of orlistat on the exocrine pancreas of adult female albino rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000396877.23400.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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