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Zhong L, Cao X, Li L, He Y, Liu Y, Chen W, Yang F, Xiao N, Zhang J, He H. Renzhu Ointment Regulates L-Type Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channel in Mice Model of Senna-Induced Diarrhea by Transdermal Administration. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:2355-2368. [PMID: 37588013 PMCID: PMC10426434 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s419626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In China, herbal preparation is commonly administered transdermally for treating pediatric diarrhea. However, few studies have probed into their antidiarrheal mechanisms. This study was designed to investigate the antidiarrheal effect of Renzhu ointment (Renzhuqigao, RZQG) and its underlying mechanisms via transdermal administration. Methods The main components of RZQG were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effect of RZQG on L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-VDCC) was evaluated by CaCl2- and ACh-induced contraction in isolated colon. The antidiarrheal efficacy of RZQG was further investigated by the senna-induced diarrhea mice based on the frequency of loose stools, diarrhea rate and index, fecal moisture content, and the basal tension of the colon. Additionally, the protein expression of CACNA1C, CACNA1D, cAMP, and PKA were detected with Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results GC-MS analysis determined 14 components in RZQG. In vitro, RZQG relaxed the CaCl2- and ACh-induced tension, while nifedipine (a L-VDCC inhibitor) and H-89 (a PKA inhibitor) decreased the relaxation. In vivo, animal model showed that transdermal administration of RZQG exhibited a significant reduction in the frequency of loose stools, diarrhea rate and index, fecal moisture content and the basal tension. Compared to the model group, the colon of mice treated with RZQG showed lower expression of CACNA1C, CACNA1D, cAMP, and PKA. IHC results showed that cAMP was downregulated in colonic smooth muscle after RZQG treatment. Conclusion RZQG improved diarrhea symptoms and down-regulated the expression of CACNA1C and CACNA1D via transdermal administration, which is closely associated with the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in colonic smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuzhen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huifen He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, People’s Republic of China
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Bibi H, Ali N, Nabi M, Altaf IUK, Shahid M, bukhari SH, Niazi ZR, Shah KU. Flavonoids containing Vitex negundo extract displayed calcium channels blocking property underlying its anti-diarrheal and anti-spasmodic activities. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is a major health problem and despite of interventions, it remains a substantial cause of mortality and morbidity. In this study, a flavonoids-rich Vitex negundo extract was mechanistically evaluated for its effectiveness in diarrheal diseases. The Vitex negundo ethanolic extract was subjected to extraction for isolation of total flavonoids and qualitative phytochemical analysis. The acute toxicity of flavonoids-extract was done in mice to assess its safety and tolerability. The anti-diarrhoeal activity was determined using the castor oil induced diarrhea mouse model at doses of 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg in relation to loperamide (10 mg/kg, oral). The antispasmodic profile was determined by using cut pieces of rabbit’s jejunum in Tyrode’s solutions, employing acetylcholine (0.03μM) as a tissue stabilizer and verapamil, as a calcium channel blocker. The preliminary qualitative analysis of extract revealed different phytochemicals, in addition to flavonoids. The acute toxicity profile showed that the flavonoids-extract is safe and tolerable (LD50 = 1678 mg/kg). In the tissue experiments, the total flavonoids exhibited an EC50 of 1.52 mg/mL and showed maximum relaxation of spontaneous contractions at 5.0 mg/mL and against high-K + induced contractions at 3 mg/mL (EC50 = 0.43 mg/mL). The spasmolytic activity of total flavonoids was comparable to verapamil which suggests that the activity might be due to the blockade of calcium channels. The flavonoids extract (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/mL) produced an adequate right shift in the calcium concentration response curve as compared to the control (EC50 value = –2.67 mg/mL), which confirmed that the extract has calcium channel blocking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadia Bibi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Women Institute of Learning (WIL), Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Niaz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Zahid Rasul Niazi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan
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Ali MZ, Mehmood MH, Saleem M, Gilani AH. The use of Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae) in diarrhea and constipation involves calcium antagonism and cholinergic mechanisms. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:14. [PMID: 32020867 PMCID: PMC7076812 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Euphorbia hirta (Linn) family Euphorbiaceae has been used in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. This study was designed to determine the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of E. hirta in diarrhea and constipation. Methods The aqueous-methanol extract of whole herb of E. hirta (EH.Cr) and its petroleum ether (Pet.EH), chloroform (CHCl3.EH), ethyl acetate (Et.Ac.EH) and aqueous (Aq.EH) fractions were tested in the in-vivo experiments using Balb/c mice, while the in-vitro studies were performed on isolated jejunum and ileum preparations of locally bred rabbit and Sprague Dawley rats, respectively, using PowerLab data system. Results Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, while HPLC of EH.Cr showed quercetin in high proportion. In mice, EH.Cr at the dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg showed 41 and 70% protection from castor oil-induced diarrhea, respectively, similar to the effect of quercetin and loperamide, while at lower doses (50 and 100 mg/kg), it caused an increase in the fecal output. In loperamide-induced constipated mice, EH.Cr also displayed laxative effect with respective values of 28.6 and 35.3% at 50 and 100 mg/kg. In rabbit jejunum, EH.Cr showed atropine-sensitive inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner, while quercetin and nifedipine exhibited atropine-insensitive effects. Fractions of E. hirta also produced atropine-sensitive inhibitory effects except Pet.EH and CHCl3.EH. On high (80 mM) and low (20 mM) K+ − induced contractions, the crude extract and fractions exhibited a concentration-dependent non-specific inhibition of both spasmogens and displaced concentration-response curves of Ca++ to the right with suppression of the maximum effect similar to the effect quercetin and nifedipine. Fractions showed wide distribution of spasmolytic and Ca++ antagonist like effects. In rat ileum, EH.Cr and its fractions exhibited atropine-sensitive gut stimulant effects except Pet.EH. Conclusion The crude extract of E. hirta possesses antidiarrheal effect possibly mediated through Ca++ antagonist like gut inhibitory constituents, while its laxative effect was mediated primarily through muscarinic receptor agonist like gut stimulant constituents. Thus, these findings provide an evidence to the folkloric use of E. hirta in diarrhea and constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeeshan Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Hassan Mehmood
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Punjab Old Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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Beserra FP, Santos RDC, Périco LL, Rodrigues VP, Kiguti LRDA, Saldanha LL, Pupo AS, da Rocha LRM, Dokkedal AL, Vilegas W, Hiruma-Lima CA. Cissus sicyoides: Pharmacological Mechanisms Involved in the Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiarrheal Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E149. [PMID: 26805827 PMCID: PMC4783883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal actions of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Cissus sicyoides (HECS). The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by oral administration of HECS against acute model of edema induced by xylene, and the mechanisms of action were analysed by involvement of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). The antidiarrheal effect of HECS was observed and we analyzed the motility and accumulation of intestinal fluid. We also analyzed the antidiarrheal mechanisms of action of HECS by evaluating the role of the opioid receptor, α₂ adrenergic receptor, muscarinic receptor, nitric oxide (NO) and PGE₂. The oral administration of HECS inhibited the edema induced by xylene and AA and was also able to significantly decrease the levels of PGE₂. The extract also exhibited significant anti-diarrheal activity by reducing motility and intestinal fluid accumulation. This extract significantly reduced intestinal transit stimulated by muscarinic agonist and intestinal secretion induced by PGE₂. Our data demonstrate that the mechanism of action involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of HECS is related to PGE₂. The antidiarrheal effect of this extract may be mediated by inhibition of contraction by acting on the intestinal smooth muscle and/or intestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pereira Beserra
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raquel de Cássia Santos
- Unidade Integrada de Farmacologia e Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade São Francisco, CEP 12916-900 Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Lucena Périco
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Peixoto Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Ricardo de Almeida Kiguti
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Leonardo Saldanha
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - André Sampaio Pupo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lúcia Regina Machado da Rocha
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Anne Lígia Dokkedal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mehmood MH, Munir S, Khalid UA, Asrar M, Gilani AH. Antidiarrhoeal, antisecretory and antispasmodic activities of Matricaria chamomilla are mediated predominantly through K(+)-channels activation. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:75. [PMID: 25886126 PMCID: PMC4410481 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Matricaria chamomilla commonly known as “Chamomile” (Asteraceae) is a popular medicinal herb widely used in indigenous system of medicine for a variety of ailments. However, there is no detailed study available showing its effectiveness in hyperactive gut disorders like, abdominal colic and diarrhoea. This study was designed to determine the pharmacological basis for the folkloric use of Matricaria chamomilla in diarrhoea. Methods The crude aqueous-methanolic extract of Matricaria chamomilla (Mc.Cr) was studied for its protective effect in mice against castor oil-induced diarrhoea and intestinal fluid accumulation. The isolated rabbit jejunum was selected for the in-vitro experiments using tissue bath assembly coupled with PowerLab data acquisition system. Results Oral administration of Mc.Cr to mice at 150 and 300 mg/kg showed marked antidiarrhoeal and antisecretory effects against castor oil-induced diarrhoea and intestinal fluid accumulation, simultaneously, similar to the effects of cromakalim and loperamide. These effects of plant extract were attenuated in animals pretreated with K+ channel antagonist, glibenclamide (GB) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). When tested in isolated rabbit jejunum, Mc.Cr caused a dose-dependent (0.3-3 mg/ml) relaxation of spontaneous and low K+ (25 mM)-induced contractions, while it exhibited weak inhibitory effect on high K+ (80 mM). The inhibitory effect of Mc.Cr on low K+-induced contractions was partially inhibited in the presence of GB, while completely blocked by 4-AP. Cromakalim, an ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener, caused complete relaxation of low K+-induced contractions with little effect on high K+. Pretreatment of tissues with GB blocked the inhibitory effects of cromakalim on low K+, while the presence of 4-AP did not alter the original effect. Verapamil, a Ca++ channel antagonist, caused complete relaxation of both low and high K+-induced contractions with similar potency. The inhibitory effect of verapamil was insensitive to GB or 4-AP. When assessed for Ca++ antagonist like activity, Mc.Cr at high concentrations caused rightward shift in the Ca++ concentration-response curves with suppression of the maximum response, similar to the effect of verapamil, while cromakalim did not show similar effect. Conclusions This study indicates that Matricaria chamomilla possesses antidiarrhoeal, antisecretory and antispasmodic activities mediated predominantly through K+-channels activation along with weak Ca++ antagonist effect.
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Abstract
The colon serves as the habitat for trillions of microbes, which it must maintain, regulate, and sequester. This is managed by what is termed the mucosal barrier. The mucosal barrier separates the gut flora from the host tissues; regulates the absorption of water, electrolytes, minerals, and vitamins; and facilitates host-flora interactions. Colonic homeostasis depends on a complex interaction between the microflora and the mucosal epithelium, immune system, vasculature, stroma, and nervous system. Disruptions in the colonic microenvironment such as changes in microbial composition, epithelial cell function/proliferation/differentiation, mucus production/makeup, immune function, diet, motility, or blood flow may have substantial local and systemic consequences. Understanding the complex activities of the colon in health and disease is important in drug development, as xenobiotics can impact all segments of the colon. Direct and indirect effects of pharmaceuticals on intestinal function can produce adverse findings in laboratory animals and humans and can negatively impact drug development. This review will discuss normal colon homeostasis with examples, where applicable, of xenobiotics that disrupt normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani S Sellers
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Borrelli F, Capasso F, Capasso R, Ascione V, Aviello G, Longo R, Izzo AA. Effect of Boswellia serrata on intestinal motility in rodents: inhibition of diarrhoea without constipation. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:553-60. [PMID: 16633355 PMCID: PMC1751779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that the Ayurvedic plant Boswellia serrata may be effective in reducing diarrhoea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a Boswellia serrata gum resin extract (BSE) on intestinal motility and diarrhoea in rodents. BSE depressed electrically-, acetylcholine-, and barium chloride-induced contractions in the isolated guinea-pig ileum, being more potent in inhibiting the contractions induced by acetylcholine and barium chloride. The inhibitory effect of BSE on acetylcholine-induced contractions was reduced by the L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine, but not by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid, by the phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitor rolipram or by the lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton. 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid, one of the main active ingredients of B. serrata, inhibited acetylcholine-induced contractions. BSE inhibited upper gastrointestinal transit in croton oil-treated mice as well as castor oil-induced diarrhoea. However, BSE did not affect intestinal motility in control mice, both in the small and in the large intestine. It is concluded that BSE directly inhibits intestinal motility with a mechanism involving L-type Ca(2+) channels. BSE prevents diarrhoea and normalizes intestinal motility in pathophysiological states without slowing the rate of transit in control animals. These results could explain, at least in part, the clinical efficacy of this Ayurvedic remedy in reducing diarrhoea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Capasso
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Ascione
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aviello
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rocco Longo
- Carlo Sessa SpA Pharmaceutical Laboratory, viale Gramsci 212, 20099 Sesto S.G. Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Xiao ZL, Chen Q, Biancani P, Behar J. Abnormalities of gallbladder muscle associated with acute inflammation in guinea pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G490-7. [PMID: 11447029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.2.g490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Muscle strips from experimental acute cholecystitis (AC) exhibit a defective contraction. The mechanisms responsible for this impaired contraction are not known. The present studies investigated the nature of these abnormalities. AC was induced by ligating the common bile duct of guinea pigs for 3 days. Contraction was studied in enzymatic dissociated muscle cells. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor binding studies were performed by radioreceptor assay. The levels of lipid peroxidation, cholesterol, phospholipid, and H2O2 as well as the catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined. PGE2 content was measured by radioimmunoassay. Muscle contraction induced by CCK, ACh, or KCl was significantly reduced in AC, but PGE2-induced contraction remained normal. GTPgammaS, diacyglycerol (DAG), and 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which bypass the plasma membrane, caused a normal contraction in AC. The number of functional receptors for CCK was significantly decreased, whereas those for PGE2 remained unchanged in AC. There was a reduction in the phospholipid content and increase in the level of lipid peroxidation as well as H2O2 content in the plasma membrane in AC. The PGE2 content and the activities of catalase and SOD were also elevated. These data suggest that AC cause damage to the constituents of the plasma membrane of muscle cells. The preservation of the PGE2 receptors may be the result of muscle cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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