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Effects of Deoxyschisandrin on Visceral Sensitivity of Mice with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2986097. [PMID: 31871476 PMCID: PMC6913379 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2986097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to build an IBD mouse model and further to observe the effects of deoxyschisandrin on IBD and visceral sensitivity and to evaluate the relevance of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to intestinal hypersensitivity of IBD mice. The results showed that deoxyschisandrin could depress the contraction of isolated smooth muscle, modulate gastrointestinal function, and efficiently decrease the disease activity index (DAI) of IBD mice, which proved that deoxyschisandrin had antidiarrheal effects on the animals. In the colorectal distention (CRD) experiment, visceral sensibility was increased in the model group. However, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores were decreased after deoxyschisandrin intervention, indicating that deoxyschisandrin could reduce the visceral hypersensitivity of IBD mice. Both IHC observation and western blotting analysis showed that BDNF protein expression increased evidently in colon of IBD mice. After the intervention of deoxyschisandrin, colon mucosa BDNF protein expression in IBD mice decreased, indicating that deoxyschisandrin could decrease mouse intestinal sensitivity by reducing colon mucosa BDNF expression. In conclusion, deoxyschisandrin possessed antidiarrheal effects and visceral hypersensitivity inhibitory effects in the mice with IBD induced by TNBS, which was related to the reduction in BDNF expression in the colon.
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Effect of roxithromycin on mucosal damage, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory markers in experimental model of colitis. Inflamm Res 2017; 67:147-155. [PMID: 28988395 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Roxithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, exhibits anti-inflammatory property. The present study was designed to evaluate its protective effect in a rat model of colitis. METHODS The anti-inflammatory property of roxithromycin was first validated in rat paw edema model at 5 and 20 mg/kg doses where it produced 19 and 51% inhibition of paw swelling induced by carrageenan. The efficacy of roxithromycin was evaluated at these doses in a rat model where colitis was induced by intra-colonic instillation of acetic acid. Rats were divided into six groups viz. normal control, experimental control and drug-treated groups: roxithromycin 5 and 20 mg/kg, diclofenac 10 mg/kg and mesalazine 300 mg/kg. All drugs were given orally 1 h before induction of colitis. The macro and microscopic changes, mean ulcer score, mucus content and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated in all the groups after 24 h. RESULTS Pretreatment with roxithromycin markedly decreased hyperemia, ulceration, edema and restored histological architecture. The protection afforded by roxithromycin was substantiated by dose-dependent increase in mucus content, normalization of markers of oxidative stress (GSH and TBARS) and levels of TNF-α, PGE2 and nitrite along with marked decrease in expression of NFκB (p65), IL-1β and COX-2. The protective effect of roxithromycin was found to be comparable to mesalazine while diclofenac was found ineffective. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that roxithromycin ameliorates experimental colitis by maintaining redox homeostasis, preserving mucosal integrity and downregulating NFκB-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling and suggests that it has a therapeutic potential in inflammatory conditions of the colon.
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Wang Y, Li JX, Ji GJ, Zhai K, Wang HH, Liu XG. The Involvement of Ca(2+) Signal Pathways in Distal Colonic Myocytes in a Rat Model of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:1185-92. [PMID: 27174327 PMCID: PMC4878164 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.181968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis contributes to the development of colonic dysmotility in ulcerative colitis (UC), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study aimed to examine the alteration of colonic smooth muscle (SM) Ca2+ signaling and Ca2+ handling proteins in a rat model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control (n = 18) and DSS (n = 17) groups. Acute colitis was induced by 5% DSS in the drinking water for 7 days. Contractility of colonic SM strips (controls, n = 8 and DSS, n = 7) was measured in an organ bath. Cytosolic resting Ca2+ levels (n = 3 in each group) and Ca2+ transients (n = 3 in each group) were measured in single colonic SM cells. Ca2+ handling protein expression was determined by Western blotting (n = 4 in each group). Differences between control and DSS groups were analyzed by a two-sample independent t-test. Results: Average tension and amplitude of spontaneous contractions of colonic muscle strips were significantly enhanced in DSS-treated rats compared with controls (1.25 ± 0.08 g vs. 0.96 ± 0.05 g, P = 0.007; and 2.67 ± 0.62 g vs. 0.52 ± 0.10 g, P = 0.013). Average tensions of carbachol-evoked contractions were much weaker in the DSS group (1.08 ± 0.10 g vs. 1.80 ± 0.19 g, P = 0.006). Spontaneous Ca2+ transients were observed in more SM cells from DSS-treated rats (15/30 cells) than from controls (5/36 cells). Peak caffeine-induced intracellular Ca2+ release was lower in SM cells of DSS-treated rats than controls (0.413 ± 0.046 vs. 0.548 ± 0.041, P = 0.033). Finally, several Ca2+ handling proteins in colonic SM were altered by DSS treatment, including sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-transporting ATPase 2a downregulation and phospholamban and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 upregulation. Conclusions: Impaired intracellular Ca2+ signaling of colonic SM, caused by alteration of Ca2+ handing proteins, contribute to colonic dysmotility in DSS-induced UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jun-Xia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Guang-Ju Ji
- Department of Biomacromolecules, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kui Zhai
- Department of Biomacromolecules, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua-Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xin-Guang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
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Cagin YF, Parlakpinar H, Vardi N, Polat A, Atayan Y, Erdogan MA, Tanbek K. Effects of dexpanthenol on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2958-2964. [PMID: 27882101 PMCID: PMC5103730 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the pathogenesis of acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis is unclear, reactive oxygen species are considered to have a significant effect. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the therapeutic potential of dexpanthenol (Dxp) on the amelioration of colitis in rats. Group I (n=8; control group) was intrarectally administered 1 ml saline solution (0.9%); group II [n=8; AA] was administered 4% AA into the colon via the rectum as a single dose for three consecutive days; group III (n=8; AA + Dxp) was administered AA at the same dosage as group II from day 4, and a single dose of Dxp was administered intraperitoneally; and group IV (n=8; Dxp) was administered Dxp similarly to Group III. Oxidative stress and colonic damage were assessed via biochemical and histologic examination methods. AA treatment led to an increase in oxidative parameters and a decrease in antioxidant systems. Histopathological examination showed that AA treatment caused tissue injury and increased caspase-3 activity in the distal colon and triggered apoptosis. Dxp treatment caused biochemical and histopathological improvements, indicating that Dxp may have an anti-oxidant effect in colitis; therefore, Dxp may be a potential therapeutic agent for the amelioration of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Furkan Cagin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Hakan Parlakpinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Nigar Vardi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Alaadin Polat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Yahya Atayan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Erdogan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Kevser Tanbek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
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Park JH, Kwon JG, Kim SJ, Song DK, Lee SG, Kim ES, Kim ES, Cho KB, Jang BI, Kim DH, Sin JI, Kim TW, Song IH, Park KS. Alterations of colonic contractility in an interleukin-10 knockout mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:51-61. [PMID: 25537671 PMCID: PMC4288096 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Inflammatory bowel disease is commonly accompanied by colonic dysmotility and causes changes in intestinal smooth muscle contractility. In this study, colonic smooth muscle contractility in a chronic inflammatory condition was investigated using smooth muscle tissues prepared from interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10−/−) mice. Methods Prepared smooth muscle sections were placed in an organ bath system. Cholinergic and nitrergic neuronal responses were observed using carbachol and electrical field stimulation with L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME). The expression of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) networks, muscarinic receptors, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was observed via immunofluorescent staining. Results The spontaneous contractility and expression of ICC networks in the proximal and distal colon was significantly decreased in IL-10−/− mice compared to IL-10+/+ mice. The contractility in response to carbachol was significantly decreased in the proximal colon of IL-10−/− mice compared to IL-10+/+ mice, but no significant difference was found in the distal colon. In addition, the expression of muscarinic receptor type 2 was reduced in the proximal colon of IL-10−/− mice. The nictric oxide-mediated relaxation after electrical field stimulation was significantly decreased in the proximal and distal colon of IL-10−/− mice. In inflamed colon, the expression of nNOS decreased, whereas the expression of iNOS increased. Conclusions These results suggest that damage to the ICC network and NOS system in the proximal and distal colon, as well as damage to the smooth muscle cholinergic receptor in the proximal colon may play an important role in the dysmotility of the inflamed colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joong Goo Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sun Joo Kim
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dae Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok Guen Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Eun Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kwang Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byung Ik Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong-Im Sin
- Department of Microbiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - In Hwan Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Linden DR. Enhanced excitability of guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglion neurons during and following recovery from chemical colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G1067-75. [PMID: 22961805 PMCID: PMC3517667 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00226.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the prevertebral ganglia (PVG) provide ongoing inhibitory tone to the gastrointestinal tract and receive innervation from mechanosensory intestinofugal afferent neurons primarily located in the colon and rectum. This study tests the hypothesis that colitis alters the excitability of PVG neurons. Intracellular recording techniques were used to evaluate changes in the electrical properties of inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) neurons in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and acetic acid models of guinea pig colitis. Visceromotor IMG neurons were hyperexcitable 12 and 24 h, but not 6 h, post-TNBS during "acute" inflammation. Hyperexcitability persisted at 6 days post-TNBS during "chronic" inflammation, as well as at 56 days post-TNBS when colitis had resolved. In contrast, there was only a modest decrease in the current required to elicit an action potential at 24 h after acetic acid administration. Vasomotor neurons from inflamed preparations exhibited normal excitability. The excitatory effects of XE-991, a blocker of the channel that contributes to the M-type potassium current, and heteropodatoxin-2, a blocker of the channel that contributes to the A-type potassium current, were unchanged in TNBS-inflamed preparations, suggesting that these currents did not contribute to hyperexcitability. Riluzole, an inhibitor of persistent sodium currents, caused tonic visceromotor neurons to accommodate to sustained current pulses, regardless of the inflammatory state of the preparation, and restored a normal rheobase in neurons from TNBS-inflamed preparations but did not alter the rheobase of control preparations, suggesting that enhanced activity of voltage-gated sodium channels may contribute to colitis-induced hyperexcitability. Collectively, these data indicate that enhanced sympathetic drive as a result of hyperexcitable visceromotor neurons may contribute to small bowel dysfunction during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Linden
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Gade AR, Kang M, Akbarali HI. Hydrogen sulfide as an allosteric modulator of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in colonic inflammation. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:294-306. [PMID: 23115325 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.081596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP)) in mouse colonic smooth muscle cell is a complex containing a pore-forming subunit (Kir6.1) and a sulfonylurea receptor subunit (SUR2B). These channels contribute to the cellular excitability of smooth muscle cells and hence regulate the motility patterns in the colon. Whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques were used to study the alterations in K(ATP) channels in smooth muscle cells in experimental colitis. Colonic inflammation was induced in BALB/C mice after intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. K(ATP) currents were measured at a holding potential of -60 mV in high K(+) external solution. The concentration response to levcromakalim (LEVC), a K(ATP) channel opener, was significantly shifted to the left in the inflamed smooth-muscle cells. Both the potency and maximal currents induced by LEVC were enhanced in inflammation. The EC(50) values in control were 6259 nM (n = 10) and 422 nM (n = 8) in inflamed colon, and the maximal currents were 9.9 ± 0.71 pA/pF (60 μM) in control and 39.7 ± 8.8 pA/pF (3 μM) after inflammation. As was seen with LEVC, the potency and efficacy of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) (10-1000 μM) on K(ATP) currents were significantly greater in inflamed colon compared with controls. In control cells, pretreatment with 100 µM NaHS shifted the EC(50) for LEV-induced currents from 2838 (n = 6) to 154 (n = 8) nM. Sulfhydration of sulfonylurea receptor 2B (SUR2B) was induced by NaHS and colonic inflammation. These data suggest that sulfhydration of SUR2B induces allosteric modulation of K(ATP) currents in colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind R Gade
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0524, USA
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Curcuma longa extract exerts a myorelaxant effect on the ileum and colon in a mouse experimental colitis model, independent of the anti-inflammatory effect. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44650. [PMID: 22984538 PMCID: PMC3440350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Curcuma has long been used as an anti-inflammatory agent in inflammatory bowel disease. Since gastrointestinal motility is impaired in inflammatory states, the aim of this work was to evaluate if Curcuma Longa had any effect on intestinal motility. Methods The biological activity of Curcuma extract was evaluated against Carbachol induced contraction in isolated mice intestine. Acute and chronic colitis were induced in Balb/c mice by Dextran Sulphate Sodium administration (5% and 2.5% respectively) and either Curcuma extract (200 mg/kg/day) or placebo was thereafter administered for 7 and 21 days respectively. Spontaneous contractions and the response to Carbachol and Atropine of ileum and colon were studied after colitis induction and Curcuma administration. Results Curcuma extract reduced the spontaneous contractions in the ileum and colon; the maximal response to Carbachol was inhibited in a non-competitive and reversible manner. Similar results were obtained in ileum and colon from Curcuma fed mice. DSS administration decreased the motility, mainly in the colon and Curcuma almost restored both the spontaneous contractions and the response to Carbachol after 14 days assumption, compared to standard diet, but a prolonged assumption of Curcuma decreased the spontaneous and Carbachol-induced contractions. Conclusions Curcuma extract has a direct and indirect myorelaxant effect on mouse ileum and colon, independent of the anti-inflammatory effect. The indirect effect is reversible and non-competitive with the cholinergic agent. These results suggest the use of curcuma extract as a spasmolytic agent.
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Kevil CG, Kolluru GK, Pattillo CB, Giordano T. Inorganic nitrite therapy: historical perspective and future directions. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:576-93. [PMID: 21619929 PMCID: PMC4414241 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, investigators studying nitric oxide (NO) biology and metabolism have come to learn that the one-electron oxidation product of NO, nitrite anion, serves as a unique player in modulating tissue NO bioavailability. Numerous studies have examined how this oxidized metabolite of NO can act as a salvage pathway for maintaining NO equivalents through multiple reduction mechanisms in permissive tissue environments. Moreover, it is now clear that nitrite anion production and distribution throughout the body can act in an endocrine manner to augment NO bioavailability, which is important for physiological and pathological processes. These discoveries have led to renewed hope and efforts for an effective NO-based therapeutic agent through the unique action of sodium nitrite as an NO prodrug. More recent studies also indicate that sodium nitrate may also increase plasma nitrite levels via the enterosalivary circulatory system resulting in nitrate reduction to nitrite by microorganisms found within the oral cavity. In this review, we discuss the importance of nitrite anion in several disease models along with an appraisal of sodium nitrite therapy in the clinic, potential caveats of such clinical uses, and future possibilities for nitrite-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Choi S, Yeum CH, Kim YD, Park CG, Kim MY, Park JS, Jeong HS, Kim BJ, So I, Kim KW. Receptor tyrosine and MAP kinase are involved in effects of H(2)O(2) on interstitial cells of Cajal in murine intestine. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:257-66. [PMID: 20414970 PMCID: PMC3837618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is involved in intestinal motility through changes of smooth muscle activity. However, there is no report as to the modulatory effects of H(2)O(2) on interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). We investigated the H(2)O(2) effects and signal transductions to determine whether the intestinal motility can be modulated through ICC. We performed whole-cell patch clamp in cultured ICC from murine intestine and molecular analyses. H(2)O(2) hyperpolarized the membrane and inhibited pacemaker currents. These effects were inhibited by glibenclamide, an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channels. The free-radical scavenger catalase inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced effects. MAFP and AACOCF3 (a cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitors) or SC-560 and NS-398 (a selective COX-1 and 2 inhibitor) or AH6809 (an EP2 receptor antagonist) inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced effects. PD98059 (a mitogen activated/ERK-activating protein kinase inhibitor) inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced effects, though SB-203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) or a JNK inhibitor did not affect. H(2)O(2)-induced effects could not be inhibited by LY-294002 (an inhibitor of PI3-kinases), calphostin C (a protein kinase C inhibitor) or SQ-22536 (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor). Adenoviral infection analysis revealed H2O2 stimulated tyrosine kinase activity and AG 1478 (an antagonist of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase) inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced effects. These results suggest H(2)O(2) can modulate ICC pacemaker activity and this occur by the activation of K(ATP) channels through PGE(2) production via receptor tyrosine kinase-dependent MAP kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Perrino BA. Regulation of gastrointestinal motility by Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase II. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 510:174-81. [PMID: 21443856 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) motility ultimately depends upon the contractile activity of the smooth muscle cells of the tunica muscularis. Integrated functioning of multiple tissues and cell types, including enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) is necessary to generate coordinated patterns of motor activity that control the movement of material through the digestive tract. The neurogenic mechanisms that govern GI motility patterns are superimposed upon intrinsic myogenic mechanisms regulating smooth muscle cell excitability. Several mechanisms regulate smooth muscle cell responses to neurogenic inputs, including the multifunctional Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII can be activated by Ca(2+) transients from both extracellular and intracellular sources. Prolonging the activities of Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels in the plasma membrane of GI smooth muscle cells is an important regulatory mechanism carried out by CaMKII. Phospholamban (PLN) phosphorylation by CaMKII activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), increasing both the rate of Ca(2+) clearance from the myoplasm and the frequency of localized Ca(2+) release events from intracellular stores. Overall, CaMKII appears to moderate GI smooth muscle cell excitability. Finally, transcription factor activities may be facilitated by the neutralization of HDAC4 by CaMKII phosphorylation, which may contribute to the phenotypic plasticity of GI smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Perrino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, 89557, USA.
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Sklyarov AY, Lesyk RB, Panasyuk NB, Fomenko IS, Havrylyuk DY. Comparison of dual acting drugs and conventional NSAIDs towards parameters of NO-synthase system and oxidative stress in mucosal membrane of large intestine of rats with experimental ulcerative colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.00008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. B. Lesyk
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University
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Raghavan S, Lam MT, Foster LL, Gilmont RR, Somara S, Takayama S, Bitar KN. Bioengineered three-dimensional physiological model of colonic longitudinal smooth muscle in vitro. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 16:999-1009. [PMID: 20001822 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to develop a physiological model of longitudinal smooth muscle tissue from isolated longitudinal smooth muscle cells arranged in the longitudinal axis. METHODS Longitudinal smooth muscle cells from rabbit sigmoid colon were isolated and expanded in culture. Cells were seeded at high densities onto laminin-coated Sylgard surfaces with defined wavy microtopographies. A highly aligned cell sheet was formed, to which addition of fibrin resulted in delamination. RESULTS (1) Acetylcholine (ACh) induced a dose-dependent, rapid, and sustained force generation. (2) Absence of extracellular calcium attenuated the magnitude and sustainability of ACh-induced force by 50% and 60%, respectively. (3) Vasoactive intestinal peptide also attenuated the magnitude and sustainability of ACh-induced force by 40% and 60%, respectively. These data were similar to force generated by longitudinal tissue. (4) Bioengineered constructs also maintained smooth muscle phenotype and calcium-dependence characteristics. SUMMARY This is a novel physiologically relevant in vitro three-dimensional model of colonic longitudinal smooth muscle tissue. Bioengineered three-dimensional longitudinal smooth muscle presents the ability to generate force, and respond to contractile agonists and relaxant peptides similar to native longitudinal tissue. This model has potential applications to investigate the underlying pathophysiology of dysfunctional colonic motility. It also presents as a readily implantable band-aid colonic longitudinal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Raghavan
- Department of Pediatrics-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0658, USA
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Shen L, Yang XJ, Qian W, Hou XH. The role of peripheral cannabinoid receptors type 1 in rats with visceral hypersensitivity induced by chronic restraint stress. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 16:281-90. [PMID: 20680167 PMCID: PMC2912121 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2010.16.3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims This study was designed to investigate the possibility that the enhanced nociceptive responsiveness associated with canabonoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) and identify its role in mediating visceral hypersensitivity induced by chronic restraint stress. Methods Rats were exposed to daily partial restraint stress or sham partial restraint stress with intraperitoneal injection of the vehicle, CB1R agonist or antagonist for 4 consecutive days. We tested the visceromotor reflex to colorectal distention at day 0 and 5. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to assess the expression of CB1Rs. Results Intraperitoneal CB1 agonist (ACEA) injection significantly diminished (p < 0.05) the enhanced visceromotor reflex to colorectal distention at day 5 in stressed rats. Change in electromyogram response after ACEA over baseline, at pressure of 40 mmHg (+13.3 ± 2.2), 60 mmHg (+15.3 ± 2.8) and 80 mmHg (+17.0 ± 4.0) were much lower than in the control animals, which were +35.9 ± 5.1, +41.1 ± 6.3 and +54.1 ± 9.6, respectively. Whereas, CB1 antagonist (SR141716A) had an opposite effect. Compared with control group, the change in electromyogram response after SR141716A over baseline was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) for the distending pressure of 40 mmHg (+56.0 ± 10.3), 60 mmHg (+74.6 ± 12.3) and 80 mmHg (+82.9 ± 11.0), respectively. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting demonstrated the stress-induced up-regulation of colon CB1Rs (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results suggest there is a key contribution of peripheral CB1Rs involved in the maintenance of visceral hyperalgesia after repeated restraint stress, providing a novel mechanism for development of peripheral visceral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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15
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Shi XZ, Sarna SK. Homeostatic and therapeutic roles of VIP in smooth muscle function: myo-neuroimmune interactions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G716-25. [PMID: 19661154 PMCID: PMC2763800 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00194.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that spontaneous release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from enteric neurons maintains homeostasis in smooth muscle function in mild inflammatory insults and that infusion of exogenous VIP has therapeutic effects on colonic smooth muscle dysfunction in inflammation. In vitro experiments were performed on human colonic circular smooth muscle tissues and in vivo on rats. The incubation of human colonic circular smooth muscle strips with TNF-alpha suppressed their contractile response to ACh and the expression of the pore-forming alpha(1C) subunit of Ca(v)1.2 channels. VIP reversed both effects by blocking the translocation of NF-kappaB to the nucleus and its binding to the kappaB recognition sites on halpha(1C)1b promoter. The translocation of NF-kappaB was inhibited by blocking the degradation of IkappaBbeta. Induction of inflammation by a subthreshold dose of 17 mg/kg trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in rats moderately decreased muscularis externa concentration of VIP, and it had little effect on the contractile response of circular smooth muscle strips to ACh. The blockade of VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptors 1/2 during mild inflammatory insult significantly worsened the suppression of contractility and the inflammatory response. The induction of more severe inflammation by 68 mg/kg TNBS induced marked suppression of colonic circular muscle contractility and decrease in serum VIP. Exogenous infusion of VIP by an osmotic pump reversed these effects. We conclude that the spontaneous release of VIP from the enteric motor neurons maintains homeostasis in smooth muscle function in mild inflammation by blocking the activation of NF-kappaB. The infusion of exogenous VIP mitigates colonic inflammatory response and smooth muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Zheng Shi
- 1Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Visceral Pain Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Sushil K. Sarna
- 1Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Visceral Pain Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and ,2Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
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Hori M, Nobe H, Horiguchi K, Ozaki H. MCP-1 targeting inhibits muscularis macrophage recruitment and intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction in colonic inflammation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 294:C391-401. [PMID: 17977946 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of muscularis macrophage numbers and activities plays an important role in the intestinal dysmotility associated with intestinal inflammation. The present study aimed to clarify changes in population dynamics of intestinal muscularis macrophages during colonic inflammation and to test possible inhibitory actions of agents targeting monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) on muscularis macrophage dynamics and motility disorder in the colonic inflammation elicited by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. In the inflamed muscle layer, ED1 antibody-positive monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages were increased, followed by increasing resident macrophages positively staining for ED2 antibody. Initiation of the ED1-positive macrophage dynamic is associated with MCP-1 mRNA expression. MCP-1 was expressed in both ED1- and ED2-positive macrophages after inflammation. Electromicroscopic analysis revealed that the cell-division phase of muscularis macrophages was seen only in the early stages of inflammation. In addition, ED1 and ED2 double-positive macrophages can be detected during inflammation. Treatment with dominant negative MCP-1 or neutralizing MCP-1 antibodies markedly inhibited numbers of both ED1- and ED2-positive macrophages. Inflammation-mediated dysmotility was partially recovered by treatment with neutralizing MCP-1 antibodies. These results suggest that the inflamed muscle layer is initially infiltrated by monocytes, which then differentiate and develop into muscularis-resident macrophages. These macrophages express MCP-1 for further recruitment of monocytes. MCP-1 may be one potential therapeutic target for inhibiting intestinal motility disorders in gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Al-Jarallah A, Oriowo MA, Khan I. Mechanism of reduced colonic contractility in experimental colitis: role of sarcoplasmic reticulum pump isoform-2. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 298:169-78. [PMID: 17131044 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory disorders associated with decreased colonic contractility. Here we show that, in experimental colitis in rat induced by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, there is a decrease in contraction in response to carbamoylcholine and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(+2) (SERCA) pump inhibitor thapsigargin. However, the decrease in contractility may occur due to decrease in the SERCA pump levels or their inactivation. Therefore, we examined the protein and mRNA levels for SERCA2 isoform, which is predominant isoform in colonic smooth muscle. There was a decrease in the levels of SERCA2 protein and mRNA levels in inflamed colonic muscle. These findings suggest that decreased SERCA pump levels is responsible for a decrease in the Ca(+2) stores in the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum that causes a decrease in the contractility in colonic smooth muscle leading to poor bowel movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Al-Jarallah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Jabrya, Safat, 13110, Kuwait
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18
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Sung TS, La JH, Kim TW, Yang IS. Alteration of nitrergic neuromuscular transmission as a result of acute experimental colitis in rat. J Vet Sci 2006; 7:143-50. [PMID: 16645339 PMCID: PMC3242106 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmitter found in the enteric nervous system that plays a role in a variety of enteropathies, including inflammatory bowel disease. Alteration of nitrergic neurons has been reported to be dependent on the manner by which inflammation is caused. However, this observed alteration has not been reported with acetic acid-induced colitis. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate changes in nitrergic neuromuscular transmission in experimental colitis in a rat model. Distal colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of 4 % acetic acid in the rat. Animals were sacrificed at 4 h and 48 h postacetic acid treatment. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased in the acetic acid-treated groups. However, the response to 60 mM KCl was not significantly different in the three groups studied. The amplitude of phasic contractions was increased by Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the normal control group, but not in the acetic acid-treated groups. Spontaneous contractions disappeared during electrical field stimulation (EFS) in normal group. However, for the colitis groups, these contractions initially disappeared, and then reappeared during EFS. Moreover, the observed disappearance was diminished by L-NAME; this suggests that these responses were NO-mediated. In addition, the number of NADPH-diaphorase positive nerve cell bodies, in the myenteric plexus, was not altered in the distal colon; whereas the area of NADPH-diaphorase positive fibers, in the circular muscle layer, was decreased in the acetic acidtreated groups. These results suggest that NO-mediated inhibitory neural input, to the circular muscle, was decreased in the acetic acid-treated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sik Sung
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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19
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Massa F, Marsicano G, Hermann H, Cannich A, Monory K, Cravatt BF, Ferri GL, Sibaev A, Storr M, Lutz B. The endogenous cannabinoid system protects against colonic inflammation. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1202-9. [PMID: 15085199 PMCID: PMC385396 DOI: 10.1172/jci19465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammatory responses can emerge as a potential danger for organisms' health. Physiological balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes constitutes an important feature of responses against harmful events. Here, we show that cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) mediate intrinsic protective signals that counteract proinflammatory responses. Both intrarectal infusion of 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) and oral administration of dextrane sulfate sodium induced stronger inflammation in CB1-deficient mice (CB1(-/-)) than in wild-type littermates (CB1(+/+)). Treatment of wild-type mice with the specific CB1 antagonist N-(piperidino-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716A) mimicked the phenotype of CB1(-/-) mice, showing an acute requirement of CB1 receptors for protection from inflammation. Consistently, treatment with the cannabinoid receptor agonist R(-)-7-hydroxy-Delta(6)-tetra-hydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU210) or genetic ablation of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) resulted in protection against DNBS-induced colitis. Electrophysiological recordings from circular smooth muscle cells, performed 8 hours after DNBS treatment, revealed spontaneous oscillatory action potentials in CB1(-/-) but not in CB1(+/+) colons, indicating an early CB1-mediated control of inflammation-induced irritation of smooth muscle cells. DNBS treatment increased the percentage of myenteric neurons expressing CB1 receptors, suggesting an enhancement of cannabinoid signaling during colitis. Our results indicate that the endogenous cannabinoid system represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of intestinal disease conditions characterized by excessive inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Massa
- Group Molecular Genetics of Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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20
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Wells RW, Blennerhassett MG. Persistent and selective effects of inflammation on smooth muscle cell contractility in rat colitis. Pflugers Arch 2004; 448:515-24. [PMID: 15107998 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-004-1286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation affects smooth muscle contractility contributing to altered motility, but changes to the individual smooth muscle cells are not well described. We used video microscopy to study the contractility of circular smooth muscle cells (CSMC) isolated from the rat mid-descending colon throughout the course of TNBS-induced colitis, measuring their shortening response to carbachol (CCh), 5-HT, histamine or high K(+). In control CSMC, CCh caused a maximal shortening response of 28 (2%), similar to that for 5-HT of 27 (1%), but by day 4 of colitis, these responses were decreased by 35% and 37%, respectively. By day 36, all aspects of cholinergic contraction returned to control levels, while 5-HT-induced contraction remained significantly attenuated. In contrast, the contractile responses to histamine remained similar at all time points. K(+)-induced contraction was impaired only on day 4, and the maximal response remained substantially greater than CCh or 5-HT. Colitis caused a 121% increase in CSMC length by day 2 that persisted through day 36, independent evidence for phenotypic change. We conclude that impaired CSMC contractility at both the receptor and non-receptor levels contribute to altered smooth muscle function during colitis. Persistent changes in contractile response remained detectable after resolution of inflammation, and similar events may occur in post-enteritis syndromes seen in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Wells
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, K7L 5G2, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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21
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La JH, Kim TW, Sung TS, Kang JW, Kim HJ, Yang IS. Visceral hypersensitivity and altered colonic motility after subsidence of inflammation in a rat model of colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2791-5. [PMID: 14669335 PMCID: PMC4612054 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i12.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder characterized by visceral hypersensitivity and altered bowel motility. There is increasing evidence suggesting the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of IBS, which addresses the possibility that formerly established rat model of colitis could be used as an IBS model after the inflammation subsided.
METHODS: Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of 4% acetic acid in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The extent of inflammation was assessed by histological examination and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assay. After subsidence of colitis, the rats were subjected to rectal distension and restraint stress, then the abdominal withdrawal reflex and the number of stress-induced fecal output were measured, respectively.
RESULTS: At 2 days post-induction of colitis, the colon showed characteristic inflammatory changes in histology and 8-fold increase in MPO activity. At 7 days post-induction of colitis, the histological features and MPO activity returned to normal. The rats at 7 days post-induction of colitis showed hypersensitive response to rectal distension without an accompaning change in rectal compliance, and defecated more stools than control animals when under stress.
CONCLUSION: These results concur largely with the characteristic features of IBS, visceral hypersensitivity and altered defecation pattern in the absence of detectable disease, suggesting that this animal model is a methodologically convenient and useful model for studying a subset of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho La
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Prasad M, Goyal RK. Differential modulation of voltage-dependent K+ currents in colonic smooth muscle by oxidants. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 286:C671-82. [PMID: 14613888 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00137.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of oxidants on voltage-dependent K+ currents was examined in mouse colonic smooth muscle cells. Exposure to either chloramine-T (Ch-T), an agent known to oxidize both cysteine and methionine residues, or the colon-specific oxidant monochloramine (NH2Cl) completely suppressed the transient outward K+ current (Ito) while simultaneously enhancing the sustained delayed rectifier K+ current (Idr). In contrast, the cysteine-specific oxidants hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) exhibited partial and slow suppression of Ito by inducing a shift in channel availability of -18 mV without affecting Idr. After enhancement by NH2Cl or Ch-T, Idr was sensitive to 10 mM tetraethylammonium but not to other K+ channel blockers, suggesting that it represented activation of the resting Idr and not a separate K+ conductance. Extracellular dithiothreitol (DTT) partially reversed the effect of H2O2 and DTNB on Ito but not the actions of NH2Cl and Ch-T on either Idr or Ito. Dialysis of myocytes with GSH (5 mM) or DTT (5 mM) prevented suppression of Ito by H2O2 and DTNB but did not alter the effects of NH2Cl or Ch-T on either Idr or Ito. Ch-T and NH2Cl completely blocked Ito generated by murine K(v)4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 in Xenopus oocytes, an effect not reversible by intracellular DTT. In contrast, intracellular DTT reversed the effect of H2O2 and DTNB on the cloned channels. These results suggest that I(to) is suppressed via modification of both methionine and cysteine residues, whereas enhancement of Idr likely results from methionine oxidation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Prasad
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
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Poli E, Lazzaretti M, Grandi D, Pozzoli C, Coruzzi G. Morphological and functional alterations of the myenteric plexus in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. Neurochem Res 2001; 26:1085-93. [PMID: 11699935 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012313424144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced model of experimental colitis was used to investigate the time-course of alterations in enteric neurotransmission and/or smooth muscle function that occur in chronic inflammation. Myenteric plexus morphology (immunocytochemical markers), functional integrity of cholinergic neurons (3H-choline uptake, acetylcholine release and contractile response to electrical field stimulation) and smooth muscle integrity (contractile response to exogenous acetylcholine) were determined 2, 7, 15, and 30 days after TNBS treatment. In TNBS-treated rats extensive ulcerations of the mucosa and/or the submucosa and increase in colonic weights were accompanied by significant reduction in 3H-choline uptake, acetylcholine release and contractile response to stimulation of enteric nerves. These changes were maximal 7 and 15 days after TNBS treatment. Immunocytochemical marker (PGP 9.5, SNAP 25, synaptophysin and S100 protein) expression was absent in necrotic areas of colons removed 7 days post-injury and partially reduced in colons removed 15 days after TNBS treatment. By contrast, the contractile response to exogenous acetylcholine was significantly increased after 7 days in both inflamed and uninflamed regions and returned to control values by day 30. Likewise, an almost complete recovery of neural cholinergic function and of myenteric plexus morphology was observed 30 days after TNBS treatment. These data suggest that TNBS-induced colitis is associated with progressive and selective alterations in myenteric plexus structure and function, with consequent reduction of cholinergic neurotransmission and abnormality in colonic contractility. The reversibility of myenteric plexus disruption is a clear indication of neuronal plasticity within enteric nervous system as an adaptative mechanism against inflammatory challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Poli
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Parma, Italy
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Gonzalez A, Sarna SK. Different types of contractions in rat colon and their modulation by oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G546-54. [PMID: 11254480 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.4.g546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of in vitro rat colonic circular muscle contractions by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammation and in spontaneous inflammation in HLA-B27 rats. We also examined the potential role of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in modulating excitation-contraction coupling. The muscle strips from the middle colon generated spontaneous phasic contractions and giant contractions (GCs), the proximal colon strips generated primarily phasic contractions, and the distal colon strips were mostly quiescent. The spontaneous phasic contractions and GCs were not affected by inflammation, but the response to ACh was suppressed in DSS-treated rats and in HLA-B27 rats. H(2)O(2) production was increased in the muscularis of the inflamed colon. Incubation of colonic muscle strips with H(2)O(2) suppressed the spontaneous phasic contractions and concentration and time dependently reduced the response to ACh; in the middle colon, it also increased the frequency of GCs. We conclude that H(2)O(2) mimics the suppression of the contractile response to ACh in inflammation. H(2)O(2) also selectively suppresses phasic contractions and increases the frequency of GCs, as found previously in inflamed dog and human colons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Shi XZ, Sarna SK. Impairment of Ca(2+) mobilization in circular muscle cells of the inflamed colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 278:G234-42. [PMID: 10666047 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.278.2.g234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether inflammation modulates the mobilization of Ca(2+) in canine colonic circular muscle cells. The contractile response of single cells from the inflamed colon was significantly suppressed in response to ACh, KCl, and BAY K8644. Methoxyverapamil and reduction in extracellular Ca(2+) concentration dose-dependently blocked the response in both normal and inflamed cells. The increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in response to ACh and KCl was significantly reduced in the inflamed cells. However, Ca(2+) efflux from the ryanodine- and inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate (IP(3))-sensitive stores, as well as the decrease of cell length in response to ryanodine and IP(3), were not affected. Heparin significantly blocked Ca(2+) efflux and contraction in response to ACh in both conditions. ACh-stimulated accumulation of IP(3) and the binding of [(3)H]ryanodine to its receptors were not altered by inflammation. Ruthenium red partially inhibited the response to ACh in normal and inflamed states. We conclude that the canine colonic circular muscle cells utilize Ca(2+) influx through L-type channels as well as Ca(2+) release from the ryanodine- and IP(3)-sensitive stores to contract. Inflammation impairs Ca(2+) influx through L-type channels, but it may not affect intracellular Ca(2+) release. The impairment of Ca(2+) influx may contribute to the suppression of circular muscle contractility in the inflamed state.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester/pharmacology
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channel Agonists/pharmacology
- Calcium Radioisotopes
- Cell Membrane Permeability
- Cell Size/drug effects
- Colitis/metabolism
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Dogs
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/pharmacology
- Kinetics
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Potassium Chloride/pharmacology
- Ryanodine/metabolism
- Ryanodine/pharmacology
- Tritium
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Affiliation(s)
- X Z Shi
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Immediate-early gene expression in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and colonic myenteric plexus of the guinea pig. J Neurosci 1999. [PMID: 10087087 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.19-07-02755.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) was assessed using c-fos, JunB, and c-Jun expression in the guinea pig IMG and colonic myenteric plexus during mechanosensory stimulation and acute colitis in normal and capsaicin-treated animals. Intracolonic saline or 2% acetic acid was administered, and mechanosensory stimulation was performed by passage of a small (0.5 cm) balloon either 4 or 24 hr later. Lower doses of capsaicin or vehicle were used to activate primary afferent fibers during balloon passage. c-Jun did not respond to any of the stimuli in the study. c-fos and JunB were absent from the IMG and myenteric plexus of untreated and saline-treated animals. Acetic acid induced acute colitis by 4 hr, which persisted for 24 hr, but c-fos was found only in enteric glia in the myenteric plexus and was absent from the IMG. Balloon passage induced c-fos and JunB in only a small subset of IMG neurons and no myenteric neurons. However, balloon passage induced c-fos and JunB in IMG neurons (notably those containing somatostatin) and the myenteric plexus of acetic acid-treated animals. After capsaicin treatment, c-fos and JunB induction by balloon passage was inhibited in the IMG, but there was enhanced c-fos expression in the myenteric plexus. c-fos and JunB induction by balloon stimulation was also mimicked by acute activation of capsaicin-sensitive nerves. These data suggest that colitis enhances reflex activity of the IMG by a mechanism that involves activation of both primary afferent fibers and the myenteric plexus.
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