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Elfers K, Watanangura A, Hoffmann P, Suchodolski JS, Khattab MR, Pilla R, Meller S, Volk HA, Mazzuoli-Weber G. Fecal supernatants from dogs with idiopathic epilepsy activate enteric neurons. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1281840. [PMID: 38356649 PMCID: PMC10864448 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1281840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiome have been reported in idiopathic epilepsy (IE), however, interactions of gut microbes with the enteric nervous system (ENS) in this context require further study. This pilot study examined how gastrointestinal microbiota (GIM), their metabolites, and nutrients contained in intestinal contents communicate with the ENS. Methods Fecal supernatants (FS) from healthy dogs and dogs with IE, including drug-naïve, phenobarbital (PB) responsive, and PB non-responsive dogs, were applied to cultured myenteric neurons to test their activation using voltage-sensitive dye neuroimaging. Additionally, the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the FS were quantified. Results Our findings indicate that FS from all examined groups elicited neuronal activation. Notably, FS from PB non-responsive dogs with IE induced action potential discharge in a higher proportion of enteric neurons compared to healthy controls, which exhibited the lowest burst frequency overall. Furthermore, the highest burst frequency in enteric neurons was observed upon exposure to FS from drug-naïve dogs with IE. This frequency was significantly higher compared to that observed in PB non-responsive dogs with IE and showed a tendency to surpass that of healthy controls. Discussion Although observed disparities in SCFA concentrations across the various FS samples might be associated with the induced neuronal activity, a direct correlation remains elusive at this point. The obtained results hint at an involvement of the ENS in canine IE and set the basis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Elfers
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antja Watanangura
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Veterinary Research and Academic Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pascal Hoffmann
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Mohammad R. Khattab
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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2
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The Gut–Immune–Brain Axis: An Important Route for Neuropsychiatric Morbidity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911111. [PMID: 36232412 PMCID: PMC9570400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms like anxiety and depression. Both conditions strongly worsen IBD disease burden. In the present review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety in IBD. We present a stepwise cascade along a gut–immune–brain axis initiated by evasion of chronic intestinal inflammation to pass the epithelial and vascular barrier in the gut and cause systemic inflammation. We then summarize different anatomical transmission routes of gut-derived peripheral inflammation into the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight the current knowledge on neuroinflammatory changes in the CNS of preclinical IBD mouse models with a focus on microglia, the brain-resident macrophages. Subsequently, we discuss how neuroinflammation in IBD can alter neuronal circuitry to trigger symptoms like depression and anxiety. Finally, the role of intestinal microbiota in the gut–immune–brain axis in IBD will be reviewed. A more comprehensive understanding of the interaction between the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system and the CNS accounting for the similarities and differences between UC and CD will pave the path for improved prediction and treatment of neuropsychiatric comorbidities in IBD and other inflammatory diseases.
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Pap D, Veres-Székely A, Szebeni B, Vannay Á. PARK7/DJ-1 as a Therapeutic Target in Gut-Brain Axis Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126626. [PMID: 35743072 PMCID: PMC9223539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly known that Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD) diseases occur more frequently in patients with inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel (IBD) or celiac disease, indicating a pathological link between them. Although epidemiological observations suggest the existence of the gut-brain axis (GBA) involving systemic inflammatory and neural pathways, little is known about the exact molecular mechanisms. Parkinson's disease 7 (PARK7/DJ-1) is a multifunctional protein whose protective role has been widely demonstrated in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, AD, or ischemic stroke. Recent studies also revealed the importance of PARK7/DJ-1 in the maintenance of the gut microbiome and also in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. All these findings suggest that PARK7/DJ-1 may be a link and also a potential therapeutic target in gut and brain diseases. In this review, therefore, we discuss our current knowledge about PARK7/DJ-1 in the context of GBA diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonkos Pap
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (A.V.-S.); (B.S.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Apor Veres-Székely
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (A.V.-S.); (B.S.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szebeni
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (A.V.-S.); (B.S.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Vannay
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (A.V.-S.); (B.S.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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4
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The Increase of miR-195-5p Reduces Intestinal Permeability in Ulcerative Colitis, Modulating Tight Junctions' Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105840. [PMID: 35628650 PMCID: PMC9147977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier functions characterize inflammatory conditions such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1B, IL-6 and INF-γ trigger epithelial damage. These cytokines are due to upregulation of claudin-2 (CLDN2) that form a pore channel, resulting in redistribution of TJs and an alteration of barrier permeability. Recently, we demonstrated that miR-195-5p is able to regulate CLDN2 and indirectly also CLDN1 in intestinal epithelial cells. Now, we aimed to investigate the modulation of miR-195-5p on the expression of CLDN2 and other TJs under inflammatory conditions induced by TNF-α. We demonstrated that miR-195-5p also modulated the expression of CLDN2 levels after stimulation with TNF-α. In addition, we discovered the role of miR-195-5p in the integrity of the intestinal barrier and in promoting the restoration of the intestinal epithelial. Moreover, we established that replacement of miR-195-5p attenuated the colonic inflammatory response in DSS-induced, colitis and it reduced colonic permeability. In conclusion, our data revealed the role of miR-195-5p in intestinal inflammation in ulcerative colitis, suggesting a potential pharmacological target for new therapeutic approaches.
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5
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Craig CF, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Bornstein JC, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Neuroinflammation as an etiological trigger for depression comorbid with inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:4. [PMID: 34983592 PMCID: PMC8729103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population. An etiological trigger of depressive symptoms is theorised to be inflammation within the central nervous system. It is believed that heightened intestinal inflammation and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system (ENS) contribute to impaired intestinal permeability, which facilitates the translocation of intestinal enterotoxins into the blood circulation. Consequently, these may compromise the immunological and physiological functioning of distant non-intestinal tissues such as the brain. In vivo models of colitis provide evidence of increased blood–brain barrier permeability and enhanced central nervous system (CNS) immune activity triggered by intestinal enterotoxins and blood-borne inflammatory mediators. Understanding the immunological, physiological, and structural changes associated with IBD and neuroinflammation may aid in the development of more tailored and suitable pharmaceutical treatment for IBD-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Craig
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Level 4 Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
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6
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Talley S, Valiauga R, Anderson L, Cannon AR, Choudhry MA, Campbell EM. DSS-induced inflammation in the colon drives a proinflammatory signature in the brain that is ameliorated by prophylactic treatment with the S100A9 inhibitor paquinimod. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:263. [PMID: 34758843 PMCID: PMC8578918 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is established to drive pathological sequelae in organ systems outside the intestine, including the central nervous system (CNS). Many patients exhibit cognitive deficits, particularly during disease flare. The connection between colonic inflammation and neuroinflammation remains unclear and characterization of the neuroinflammatory phenotype in the brain during colitis is ill-defined. Methods Transgenic mice expressing a bioluminescent reporter of active caspase-1 were treated with 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days to induce acute colitis, and colonic, systemic and neuroinflammation were assessed. In some experiments, mice were prophylactically treated with paquinimod (ABR-215757) to inhibit S100A9 inflammatory signaling. As a positive control for peripheral-induced neuroinflammation, mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Colonic, systemic and brain inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were measured by cytokine bead array (CBA) and Proteome profiler mouse cytokine array. Bioluminescence was quantified in the brain and caspase activation was confirmed by immunoblot. Immune cell infiltration into the CNS was measured by flow cytometry, while light sheet microscopy was used to monitor changes in resident microglia localization in intact brains during DSS or LPS-induced neuroinflammation. RNA sequencing was performed to identify transcriptomic changes occurring in the CNS of DSS-treated mice. Expression of inflammatory biomarkers were quantified in the brain and serum by qRT-PCR, ELISA and WB. Results DSS-treated mice exhibited clinical hallmarks of colitis, including weight loss, colonic shortening and inflammation in the colon. We also detected a significant increase in inflammatory cytokines in the serum and brain, as well as caspase and microglia activation in the brain of mice with ongoing colitis. RNA sequencing of brains isolated from DSS-treated mice revealed differential expression of genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. This inflammatory phenotype was similar to the signature detected in LPS-treated mice, albeit less robust and transient, as inflammatory gene expression returned to baseline following cessation of DSS. Pharmacological inhibition of S100A9, one of the transcripts identified by RNA sequencing, attenuated colitis severity and systemic and neuroinflammation. Conclusions Our findings suggest that local inflammation in the colon drives systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, and this can be ameliorated by inhibition of the S100 alarmin, S100A9. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02317-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Talley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Rasa Valiauga
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lillian Anderson
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Abigail R Cannon
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Mashkoor A Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA. .,Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
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7
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Herrick MK, Tansey MG. Is LRRK2 the missing link between inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease? NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:26. [PMID: 33750819 PMCID: PMC7943592 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Links that implicate the gastrointestinal system in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis and progression have become increasingly common. PD shares several similarities with Crohn's disease (CD). Intestinal inflammation is common in both PD and CD and is hypothesized to contribute to PD neuropathology. Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are one of the greatest genetic contributors to PD. Variants in LRRK2 have also been associated with increased incidence of CD. Since its discovery, LRRK2 has been studied intensely in neurons, despite multiple lines of evidence showing that LRRK2 is highly expressed in immune cells. Based on the fact that higher levels of LRRK2 are detectable in inflamed colonic tissue from CD patients and in peripheral immune cells from sporadic PD patients relative to matched controls, we posit that LRRK2 regulates inflammatory processes. Therefore, LRRK2 may sit at a crossroads whereby gut inflammation and higher LRRK2 levels in CD may be a biomarker of increased risk for sporadic PD and/or may represent a tractable therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases that increase risk for PD. Here we will focus on reviewing how PD and CD share overlapping phenotypes, particularly in terms of LRRK2 in the context of the immune system, that could be targeted in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Herrick
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease at The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease at The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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8
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Sinagra E, Utzeri E, Morreale GC, Fabbri C, Pace F, Anderloni A. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its affect inflammatory bowel disease: Pathophysiological concepts and insights for clinicians. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:1013-1025. [PMID: 32258072 PMCID: PMC7103973 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i6.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the bi-directional interaction between gut microbiota and the brain not being fully understood, there is increasing evidence arising from animal and human studies that show how this intricate relationship may facilitate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis, with consequent important implications on the possibility to improve the clinical outcomes of the diseases themselves, by acting on the different components of this system, mainly by modifying the microbiota. With the emergence of precision medicine, strategies in which patients with IBD might be categorized other than for standard gut symptom complexes could offer the opportunity to tailor therapies to individual patients. The aim of this narrative review is to elaborate on the concept of the gut-brain-microbiota axis and its clinical significance regarding IBD on the basis of recent scientific literature, and finally to focus on pharmacological therapies that could allow us to favorably modify the function of this complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Sinagra
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto Giuseppe Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, Cefalù 90015, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90100, Italy
| | - Erika Utzeri
- Nuova Casa di Cura di Decimomannu, Cagliari 09100, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Fabbri
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forlì-Cesena, Azienda USL Romagna, Forlì 47121, Italy
| | - Fabio Pace
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Bolognini Hospital, Bergamo 24100, Italy
| | - Andrea Anderloni
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy
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9
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Cordaro M, Scuto M, Siracusa R, D'amico R, Filippo Peritore A, Gugliandolo E, Fusco R, Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Pozzebon M, Alfonsi D, Mattei N, Marcolongo G, Evangelista M, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R. Effect of N-palmitoylethanolamine-oxazoline on comorbid neuropsychiatric disturbance associated with inflammatory bowel disease. FASEB J 2020; 34:4085-4106. [PMID: 31950563 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901584rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and it is associated with different neurological disorders. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the gut-brain-axis has a central function in the perpetuation of IBS, and for this reason, it can be considered a possible therapeutic target. N-Palmitoylethanolamine-oxazoline (PEA-OXA) possesses anti-inflammatory and potent neuroprotective effects. Although recent studies have explained the neuroprotective properties of PEA-OXA, nothing is known about its effects on the gut-brain axis during colitis. The aim of this study is to explore the mechanism and the effect of PEA-OXA on the gut-brain axis in rats subjected to experimental colitis induced by oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Daily oral administration of PEA-OXA (10 mg/kg daily o.s.) was able to decrease the body weight loss, macroscopic damage, colon length, histological alteration, and inflammation after DSS induction. Additionally, PEA-OXA administration enhanced neurotrophic growth factor release and decreased the astroglial and microglial activation induced by DSS. Moreover, PEA-OXA restored intestinal permeability and tight junctions (TJs) as well as reduced apoptosis in the colon and brain. In our work, we demonstrated, for the first time, the action of PEA-OXA on the gut-brain axis in a model of DSS-induced colitis and its implication on the "secondary" effects associated with colonic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurizio Evangelista
- Institute of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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10
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Han Y, Zhao T, Cheng X, Zhao M, Gong SH, Zhao YQ, Wu HT, Fan M, Zhu LL. Cortical Inflammation is Increased in a DSS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:1058-1066. [PMID: 30225764 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) might be a risk factor in the development of brain dysfunctions, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, mice were treated with 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water and sacrificed on day 7. The serum level of IL-6 increased, accompanied by elevation of the IL-6 and TNF-α levels in cortical tissue. However, the endotoxin concentration in plasma and brain of mice with DSS-induced colitis showed a rising trend, but with no significant difference. We also found significant activation of microglial cells and reduction in occludin and claudin-5 expression in the brain tissue after DSS-induced colitis. These results suggested that DSS-induced colitis increases systemic inflammation which then results in cortical inflammation via up-regulation of serum cytokines. Here, we provide new information on the impact of colitis on the outcomes of cortical inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.,Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Sheng-Hui Gong
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yong-Qi Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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11
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Garrido-Gil P, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Dominguez-Meijide A, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Bidirectional Neural Interaction Between Central Dopaminergic and Gut Lesions in Parkinson's Disease Models. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7297-7316. [PMID: 29404956 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The exact mechanism of gut dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and, conversely, the role of gut pathology in brain dopaminergic degeneration are controversial. We investigated the effects of nigral lesions on the colonic neurotransmission, the effect of gut inflammation on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic function, and the possible involvement of the vagus nerve and the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion was performed by bilateral injection 6-hydroxydopamine, and gut inflammation was induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt treatment in rats and mice, respectively, with or without vagal disruption. A decrease in central dopamine levels induced a decrease in colonic dopamine types 1 and 2 receptor expression together with an increase in the colonic levels of dopamine and a decrease in the levels of acetylcholine, which may explain a decrease in gut motility. Central dopaminergic depletion also induced an increase in the colonic levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers together with activation of the pro-inflammatory arm of the local RAS. Mice with acute (1 week) or subchronic (3 weeks) gut inflammation did not show a significant increase in colonic α-synuclein and phosphorylated α-synuclein expression during this relatively short survival period. Interestingly, we observed early changes in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic homeostasis, dopaminergic neuron death, and increased levels of nigral pro-inflammatory markers and RAS pro-inflammatory activity. The present results show that a dysregulation of the neural bidirectional gut-brain interaction may explain the early gut disturbances observed in parkinsonian patients, and also the increase in vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons after gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Meijide
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Guerra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Sewal RK, Modi M, Saikia UN, Chakrabarti A, Medhi B. Increase in seizure susceptibility in sepsis like condition explained by spiking cytokines and altered adhesion molecules level with impaired blood brain barrier integrity in experimental model of rats treated with lipopolysaccharides. Epilepsy Res 2017; 135:176-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Nour SA, Abdelmalak NS, Naguib MJ. Novel chewable colon targeted tablets of bumadizone calcium for treatment of ulcerative colitis: Formulation and optimization. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Leonardi I, Nicholls F, Atrott K, Cee A, Tewes B, Greinwald R, Rogler G, Frey-Wagner I. Oral administration of dextran sodium sulphate induces a caecum-localized colitis in rabbits. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:151-62. [PMID: 25716348 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichuris suis ova (TSO) have shown promising results in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but the mechanisms which underlies this therapeutic effect cannot be studied in mice and rats as T. suis fails to colonize the rodent intestine, whilst hatching in humans and rabbits. As a suitable rabbit IBD model is currently not available, we developed a rabbit colitis model by administration of dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). White Himalayan rabbits (n = 12) received 0.1% DSS in the daily water supply for five days. Clinical symptoms were monitored daily, and rabbits were sacrificed at different time points. A genomewide expression analysis was performed with RNA isolated from caecal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). The disease activity index of DSS rabbits increased up to 2.1 ± 0.4 (n = 6) at day 10 (controls <0.5). DSS induced a caecum-localized pathology with crypt architectural distortion, stunted villous surface and inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria. The histopathology score reached a peak of 14.2 ± 4.9 (n = 4) at day 10 (controls 7.7 ± 0.9, n = 5). Expression profiling revealed an enrichment of IBD-related genes in both LPMC and IEC. Innate inflammatory response, Th17 signalling and chemotaxis were among the pathways affected significantly. We describe a reproducible and reliable rabbit model of DSS colitis. Localization of the inflammation in the caecum and its similarities to IBD make this model particularly suitable to study TSO therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Leonardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flora Nicholls
- Central Biological Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Cee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Tewes
- Research and Development, Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Greinwald
- Research and Development, Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Frey-Wagner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Nour SA, Shawky Abdelmalak N, Naguib MJ. Bumadizone calcium dihydrate microspheres compressed tablets for colon targeting: formulation, optimization andin vivoevaluation in rabbits. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:286-97. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.889779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Machado A, Herrera AJ, Venero JL, Santiago M, De Pablos RM, Villarán RF, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Argüelles S, Sarmiento M, Delgado-Cortés MJ, Mauriño R, Cano J. Peripheral inflammation increases the damage in animal models of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration: possible implication in Parkinson's disease incidence. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:393769. [PMID: 21603178 PMCID: PMC3096050 DOI: 10.4061/2011/393769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes described in Parkinson's disease (PD) and its animal models appear to be important in the progression of the pathogenesis, or even a triggering factor. Here we review that peripheral inflammation enhances the degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system induced by different insults; different peripheral inflammations have been used, such as IL-1β and the ulcerative colitis model, as well as insults to the dopaminergic system such as 6-hydroxydopamine or lipopolysaccharide. In all cases, an increased loss of dopaminergic neurons was described; inflammation in the substantia nigra increased, displaying a great activation of microglia along with an increase in the production of cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α. Increased permeability or disruption of the BBB, with overexpression of the ICAM-1 adhesion molecule and infiltration of circulating monocytes into the substantia nigra, is also involved, since the depletion of circulating monocytes prevents the effects of peripheral inflammation. Data are reviewed in relation to epidemiological studies of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Wu X, Zhang W, Li JY, Chai BX, Peng J, Wang H, Mulholland MW. Induction of apoptosis by thrombin in the cultured neurons of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:279-85, e123-4. [PMID: 21143557 PMCID: PMC3079207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous study demonstrated the presence of protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and 2 in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV). The aim of this study is to characterize the effect of thrombin on the apoptosis of DMV neurons. METHODS The dorsal motor nucleus of vagus neurons were isolated from neonatal rat brainstems using micro-dissection and enzymatic digestion and cultured. Apoptosis of DMV neurons were examined in cultured neurons. Apoptotic neuron was examined by TUNEL and ELISA. Data were analyzed using anova and Student's t-test. KEY RESULTS Exposure of cultured DMV neurons to thrombin (0.1 to 10 U mL(-1)) for 24 h significantly increased apoptosis. Pretreatment of DMV neurons with hirudin attenuated the apoptotic effect of thrombin. Similar induction of apoptosis was observed for the PAR1 receptor agonist SFLLR, but not for the PAR3 agonist TFRGAP, nor for the PAR4 agonist YAPGKF. Protease-activated receptors 1 receptor antagonist Mpr(Cha) abolished the apoptotic effect of thrombin, while YPGKF, a specific antagonist for PAR4, demonstrated no effect. After administration of thrombin, phosphorylation of JNK and P38 occurred as early as 15 min, and remained elevated for up to 45 min. Pretreatment of DMV neurons with SP600125, a specific inhibitor for JNK, or SB203580, a specific inhibitor for P38, significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by thrombin. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Thrombin induces apoptosis in DMV neurons through a mechanism involving the JNK and P38 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Wu
- Department of Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ji-Yao Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Biao-Xin Chai
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Junsheng Peng
- Department of Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Cromer WE, Mathis JM, Granger DN, Chaitanya GV, Alexander JS. Role of the endothelium in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:578-93. [PMID: 21350707 PMCID: PMC3040330 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i5.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a complex group of diseases involving alterations in mucosal immunity and gastrointestinal physiology during both initiation and progressive phases of the disease. At the core of these alterations are endothelial cells, whose continual adjustments in structure and function coordinate vascular supply, immune cell emigration, and regulation of the tissue environment. Expansion of the endothelium in IBD (angiogenesis), mediated by inflammatory growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, is a hallmark of active gut disease and is closely related to disease severity. The endothelium in newly formed or inflamed vessels differs from that in normal vessels in the production of and response to inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules, altering coagulant capacity, barrier function and blood cell recruitment in injury. This review examines the roles of the endothelium in the initiation and propagation of IBD pathology and distinctive features of the intestinal endothelium contributing to these conditions.
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Medhi B, Prakash A, Avti PK, Chakrabarti A, Khanduja KL. Intestinal inflammation and seizure susceptibility: understanding the role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in a rat model. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [PMID: 19814869 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.10.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between colitis and susceptibility to seizures. METHODS Colitis was induced in Wistar rats by a single intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS; 20 mg in 35% ethanol). The control group were given intracolonic vehicle. One group of rats with colitis were treated with thalidomide (150 mg/kg p.o.) daily for 14 days. The other colitis group received vehicle only. On day 15, seizure susceptibility was tested by administration of pentylenetetrazole (40 mg/kg i.p.). Colonic tissue was collected for estimation of morphological score, and malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels were measured in serum and brain samples. KEY FINDINGS The colitis group showed a significant increase in seizure score and reduction in onset time compared with the control group. Thalidomide was protective against seizures, resulting in decreased seizure score and significantly delaying the onset of seizures. Thalidomide also provided significant protection against TNBS-induced colonic damage in terms of morphological and histological score and levels of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in colonic tissue. The level of TNF-alpha in serum was also reduced significantly whereas brain TNF-alpha level was reduced but not significantly. CONCLUSIONS TNBS-induced colitis increased seizure susceptibility to a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole; the immunomodulator thalidomide was protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Ammori JB, Zhang WZ, Li JY, Chai BX, Mulholland MW. Effects of ghrelin on neuronal survival in cells derived from dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Surgery 2008; 144:159-67. [PMID: 18656621 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of intestinal inflammation on the central neurons projecting to the enteric nervous system are unknown. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus signals to the gastrointestinal system. Ghrelin is elevated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and has been implicated as an inflammatory mediator. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gastrointestinal inflammation on the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in rats, as well as the effects of proinflammatory cytokines and ghrelin on neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in vitro. METHODS DiI was injected into the stomach wall of rats to retrogradely label neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Intestinal inflammation was induced with indomethacin injection. Serial serum ghrelin measurements were performed. Tissue was examined under fluorescent microscopy. In vitro studies using primary culture of neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus were performed. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for cytokine transcripts and immunohistochemistry for cytokine receptors were performed. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS A significant decrease of DiI labeling was demonstrated in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus of animals injected with indomethacin. Serum levels of ghrelin were significantly elevated 2 days after induction of inflammation. In vitro, apoptosis and cell proliferation were measured after 24-hour exposure to experimental conditions. Ghrelin alone had no effect on apoptosis. Exposure to interleukin (IL)-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha increased apoptosis. The addition of ghrelin to cytokine resulted in significant decreases in apoptosis compared to cytokine alone. Ghrelin significantly increased neuronal proliferation. Exposure to IL-1 beta, IL-6, or TNF-alpha significantly decreased proliferation. The addition of ghrelin to TNF-alpha or IL-6 significantly increased cellular proliferation compared to cytokine alone. CONCLUSIONS Neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus that project to the stomach are reduced in number after induction of colitis in rats. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines increase apoptosis and decrease cell proliferation of neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. These effects are attenuated by ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Ammori
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA
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Abstract
Well-documented central nervous system changes during colitis suggest possible alterations of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, yet the integrity of the BBB has not been fully evaluated in experimental colitis. Our aim was to investigate whether trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis was associated with an increase in the permeability of the BBB. Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intracolonic injection of saline or TNBS and studied 1, 2, 3, 7 and 21 days after treatment. The extravasation of endogenous immunoglobulin G, a large molecule, was not altered at any time after TNBS treatment. In contrast, significant increases in the BBB leakage of sodium fluorescein, a much smaller molecule, were observed 1 and 2 days after the induction of colitis, in and around the circumventricular organs; the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ and median eminence of the hypothalamus. TNBS-treated rats also exhibited sodium fluorescein leakage in focal areas in the brain parenchyma. The expression of endothelial barrier antigen, a protein associated with the BBB, was reduced about 60% 48 h after the induction of colitis. This returned to control values by 3 weeks, when colitis had largely subsided. In conclusion, experimental colitis transiently increased permeability of the brain to small molecules through a mild disruption of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Natah
- Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Gaugler MH. A unifying system: does the vascular endothelium have a role to play in multi-organ failure following radiation exposure? Br J Radiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr/24511652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Kresse AE, Million M, Saperas E, Taché Y. Colitis induces CRF expression in hypothalamic magnocellular neurons and blunts CRF gene response to stress in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G1203-13. [PMID: 11668029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.5.g1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated hypothalamic neuronal corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) gene expression changes in response to visceral inflammation induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNB) and acute stress. Seven days after TNB, rats were subjected to water-avoidance stress (WAS) or restraint for 30 min and euthanized. Hypothalamic CRF primary transcripts (heteronuclear RNA, hnRNA) and CRF and arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNAs were assessed by in situ hybridization. Antisense (35)S-labeled cRNA probes against CRF mRNA intronic and exonic sequences and an oligonucleotide probe against the AVP mRNA were used. TNB induced macroscopic lesions and a fivefold elevation in myeloperoxidase activity in the colon. Colitis increased CRF hnRNA and mRNA signals in the magnocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and supraoptic neurons, whereas AVP mRNA was not altered. Colitis did not modify CRF hnRNA signal in the parvocellular part of the PVN (pPVN), plasma corticosterone, and serum osmolarity levels. However, CRF hnRNA expression in the pPVN and the rise in corticosterone and defecation induced by WAS or restraint were blunted in colitic rats. These data show that colitis upregulates CRF gene synthesis in magnocellular hypothalamic neurons but dampens CRF gene transcription in the pPVN and plasma corticosterone responses to environmental acute stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kresse
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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