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Gu J, Guo L, Hu J, Ji G, Yin D. Potential adverse outcome pathway (AOP) of emamectin benzoate mediated cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165787. [PMID: 37499828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is an efficient insecticide which widely used as an anthelmintic drug additive in aquaculture fish. However, its extensive use has resulted in widespread pollution in the aquatic environment. Previous studies have identified the potential developmental and neurotoxic effects of EMB, however, systematic studies pertaining to the cardiovascular toxic effects of EMB on fish are scarce. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to EMB at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L for 3 days, aiming to investigate the cardiovascular toxic effects of EMB via examining morphology, cardiac function, and vascular development phenotypes. It revealed that EMB exposure led to marked deteriorated effects, including adverse effects on mortality, hatching rate, and general morphological traits, such as malformation, heart rate, body length, and eye area, in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Furthermore, EMB exposure resulted in abnormal cardiac function and vascular development, triggering neutrophil migration and aggregation toward the pericardial and dorsal vascular regions, and finalized apoptosis in the zebrafish heart region, these phenomena were further deciperred by the transcriptome analysis that the Toll-like receptor pathway, P53 pathway, and apoptotic pathway were significantly affected by EMB exposure. Moreover, the molecular docking and aspirin anti-inflammatory rescue assays indicated that TLR2 and TLR4 might be the potential targets of EMB. Taken together, our study provides preliminary evidence that EMB may induce apoptosis by affecting inflammatory signaling pathways and eventually lead to abnormal cardiovascular development in zebrafish. This study provides a simple toxicological AOP framework for safe pesticide use and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Liguo Guo
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jun Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Guixiang Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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2
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Rok M, Wong TWY, Maino E, Ahmed A, Yang G, Hyatt E, Lindsay K, Fatehi S, Marks R, Delgado-Olguín P, Ivakine EA, Cohn RD. Prevention of early-onset cardiomyopathy in Dmd exon 52-54 deletion mice by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated exon skipping. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:246-258. [PMID: 37545481 PMCID: PMC10403712 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a disease with a life-threatening trajectory resulting from mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to degeneration of skeletal muscle and fibrosis of cardiac muscle. The overwhelming majority of mutations are multiexonic deletions. We previously established a dystrophic mouse model with deletion of exons 52-54 in Dmd that develops an early-onset cardiac phenotype similar to DMD patients. Here we employed CRISPR-Cas9 delivered intravenously by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to restore functional dystrophin expression via excision or skipping of exon 55. Exon skipping with a solitary guide significantly improved editing outcomes and dystrophin recovery over dual guide excision. Some improvements to genomic and transcript editing levels were observed when the guide dose was enhanced, but dystrophin restoration did not improve considerably. Editing and dystrophin recovery were restricted primarily to cardiac tissue. Remarkably, our exon skipping approach completely prevented onset of the cardiac phenotype in treated mice up to 12 weeks. Thus, our results demonstrate that intravenous delivery of a single-cut CRISPR-Cas9-mediated exon skipping therapy can prevent heart dysfunction in DMD in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rok
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tatianna Wai Ying Wong
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eleonora Maino
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grace Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Hyatt
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Lindsay
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sina Fatehi
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Marks
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Delgado-Olguín
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evgueni A. Ivakine
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald D. Cohn
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Kocere A, Lalonde RL, Mosimann C, Burger A. Lateral thinking in syndromic congenital cardiovascular disease. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049735. [PMID: 37125615 PMCID: PMC10184679 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndromic birth defects are rare diseases that can present with seemingly pleiotropic comorbidities. Prime examples are rare congenital heart and cardiovascular anomalies that can be accompanied by forelimb defects, kidney disorders and more. Whether such multi-organ defects share a developmental link remains a key question with relevance to the diagnosis, therapeutic intervention and long-term care of affected patients. The heart, endothelial and blood lineages develop together from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), which also harbors the progenitor cells for limb connective tissue, kidneys, mesothelia and smooth muscle. This developmental plasticity of the LPM, which founds on multi-lineage progenitor cells and shared transcription factor expression across different descendant lineages, has the potential to explain the seemingly disparate syndromic defects in rare congenital diseases. Combining patient genome-sequencing data with model organism studies has already provided a wealth of insights into complex LPM-associated birth defects, such as heart-hand syndromes. Here, we summarize developmental and known disease-causing mechanisms in early LPM patterning, address how defects in these processes drive multi-organ comorbidities, and outline how several cardiovascular and hematopoietic birth defects with complex comorbidities may be LPM-associated diseases. We also discuss strategies to integrate patient sequencing, data-aggregating resources and model organism studies to mechanistically decode congenital defects, including potentially LPM-associated orphan diseases. Eventually, linking complex congenital phenotypes to a common LPM origin provides a framework to discover developmental mechanisms and to anticipate comorbidities in congenital diseases affecting the cardiovascular system and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Kocere
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Molecular Life Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert L. Lalonde
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christian Mosimann
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alexa Burger
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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4
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Zhou YQ, Bonafiglia QA, Zhang H, Heximer SP, Bendeck MP. Comprehensive ultrasound imaging of right ventricular remodeling under surgically induced pressure overload in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H391-H410. [PMID: 36607797 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00590.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a new methodology for right heart imaging by ultrasound in mice under right ventricular (RV) pressure overload. Pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) or sham surgeries were performed on C57BL/6 male mice at 8 wk of age. Ultrasound imaging was conducted at 2, 4, and 8 wk postsurgery using both classical and advanced ultrasound imaging modalities including electrocardiogram (ECG)-based kilohertz visualization, anatomical M-mode, and strain imaging. Based on pulsed Doppler, the PAC group demonstrated dramatically enhanced pressure gradient in the main pulmonary artery (MPA) as compared with the sham group. By the application of advanced imaging modalities in novel short-axis views of the ventricles, the PAC group demonstrated increased thickness of RV free wall, enlarged RV chamber, and reduced RV fractional shortening compared with the sham group. The PAC group also showed prolonged RV contraction, asynchronous interplay between RV and left ventricle (LV), and passive leftward motion of the interventricular septum (IVS) at early diastole. Consequently, the PAC group exhibited prolongation of LV isovolumic relaxation time, without change in LV wall thickness or systolic function. Significant correlations were found between the maximal pressure gradient in MPA measured by Doppler and the RV systolic pressure by catheterization, as well as the morphological and functional parameters of RV by ultrasound.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The established protocol overcomes the challenges in right heart imaging in mice, thoroughly elucidating the changes of RV, the dynamics of IVS, and the impact on LV and provides new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of RV remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zhou
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quinn A Bonafiglia
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott P Heximer
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle P Bendeck
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Iop L, Iliceto S, Civieri G, Tona F. Inherited and Acquired Rhythm Disturbances in Sick Sinus Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome, and Atrial Fibrillation: Lessons from Preclinical Modeling. Cells 2021; 10:3175. [PMID: 34831398 PMCID: PMC8623957 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythm disturbances are life-threatening cardiovascular diseases, accounting for many deaths annually worldwide. Abnormal electrical activity might arise in a structurally normal heart in response to specific triggers or as a consequence of cardiac tissue alterations, in both cases with catastrophic consequences on heart global functioning. Preclinical modeling by recapitulating human pathophysiology of rhythm disturbances is fundamental to increase the comprehension of these diseases and propose effective strategies for their prevention, diagnosis, and clinical management. In silico, in vivo, and in vitro models found variable application to dissect many congenital and acquired rhythm disturbances. In the copious list of rhythm disturbances, diseases of the conduction system, as sick sinus syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and atrial fibrillation, have found extensive preclinical modeling. In addition, the electrical remodeling as a result of other cardiovascular diseases has also been investigated in models of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis, as well as arrhythmias induced by other non-cardiac pathologies, stress, and drug cardiotoxicity. This review aims to offer a critical overview on the effective ability of in silico bioinformatic tools, in vivo animal studies, in vitro models to provide insights on human heart rhythm pathophysiology in case of sick sinus syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and atrial fibrillation and advance their safe and successful translation into the cardiology arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iop
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, I-35124 Padua, Italy; (S.I.); (G.C.)
| | | | | | - Francesco Tona
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, I-35124 Padua, Italy; (S.I.); (G.C.)
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6
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Loai S, Zhou YQ, Vollett KDW, Cheng HLM. Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Dysfunction Manifests Early in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:715400. [PMID: 34355034 PMCID: PMC8329089 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.715400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To perform a deep cardiac phenotyping of type II diabetes in a rat model, with the goal of gaining new insight into the temporality of microvascular dysfunction, cardiac dysfunction, and exercise intolerance at different stages of diabetes. Methods and Results: Diabetes was reproduced using a non-obese, diet-based, low-dose streptozotocin model in male rats (29 diabetic, 11 control). Time-course monitoring over 10 months was performed using echocardiography, treadmill exercise, photoacoustic perfusion imaging in myocardial and leg skeletal muscle, flow-mediated dilation, blood panel, and histology. Diabetic rats maintained a normal weight throughout. At early times (4 months), a non-significant reduction (30%) emerged in skeletal muscle perfusion and in exercise tolerance. At the same time, diabetic rats had a normal, slightly lower ejection fraction (63 vs. 71% control, p < 0.01), grade 1 diastolic dysfunction (E/A = 1.1 vs. 1.5, isovolumetric relaxation time = 34 vs. 27 ms; p < 0.01), mild systolic dysfunction (ejection time = 69 vs. 57 ms, isovolumetric contraction time = 21 vs. 17 ms; p < 0.01), and slightly enlarged left ventricle (8.3 vs. 7.6 mm diastole; p < 0.01). Diastolic dysfunction entered grade 3 at Month 8 (E/A = 1.7 vs. 1.3, p < 0.05). Exercise tolerance remained low in diabetic rats, with running distance declining by 60%; in contrast, control rats ran 60% farther by Month 5 (p < 0.05) and always remained above baseline. Leg muscle perfusion remained low in diabetic rats, becoming significantly lower than control by Month 10 (33% SO2 vs. 57% SO2, p < 0.01). Myocardial perfusion remained normal throughout. Femoral arterial reactivity was normal, but baseline velocity was 25% lower than control (p < 0.05). High blood pressure appeared late in diabetes (8 months). Histology confirmed absence of interstitial fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, or microvascular rarefaction in the diabetic heart. Rarefaction was also absent in leg skeletal muscle. Conclusion: Reduced skeletal muscle perfusion from microvascular dysfunction emerged early in diabetic rats, but myocardial perfusion remained normal throughout the study. At the same time, diabetic rats exhibited exercise intolerance and early cardiac dysfunction, in which changes related to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) were seen. Importantly, skeletal muscle microvascular constriction advanced significantly before the late appearance of hypertension. HFpEF phenotypes such as cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and rarefaction, which are typically associated with hypertension, were absent over the 10 month time-course of diabetes-related heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadi Loai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yu-Qing Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle D W Vollett
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Kathiriya IS, Rao KS, Iacono G, Devine WP, Blair AP, Hota SK, Lai MH, Garay BI, Thomas R, Gong HZ, Wasson LK, Goyal P, Sukonnik T, Hu KM, Akgun GA, Bernard LD, Akerberg BN, Gu F, Li K, Speir ML, Haeussler M, Pu WT, Stuart JM, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Heyn H, Bruneau BG. Modeling Human TBX5 Haploinsufficiency Predicts Regulatory Networks for Congenital Heart Disease. Dev Cell 2021; 56:292-309.e9. [PMID: 33321106 PMCID: PMC7878434 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of transcriptional regulators causes human congenital heart disease (CHD); however, the underlying CHD gene regulatory network (GRN) imbalances are unknown. Here, we define transcriptional consequences of reduced dosage of the CHD transcription factor, TBX5, in individual cells during cardiomyocyte differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We discovered highly sensitive dysregulation of TBX5-dependent pathways-including lineage decisions and genes associated with heart development, cardiomyocyte function, and CHD genetics-in discrete subpopulations of cardiomyocytes. Spatial transcriptomic mapping revealed chamber-restricted expression for many TBX5-sensitive transcripts. GRN analysis indicated that cardiac network stability, including vulnerable CHD-linked nodes, is sensitive to TBX5 dosage. A GRN-predicted genetic interaction between Tbx5 and Mef2c, manifesting as ventricular septation defects, was validated in mice. These results demonstrate exquisite and diverse sensitivity to TBX5 dosage in heterogeneous subsets of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and predicts candidate GRNs for human CHDs, with implications for quantitative transcriptional regulation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan S Kathiriya
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Kavitha S Rao
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Giovanni Iacono
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - W Patrick Devine
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andrew P Blair
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Swetansu K Hota
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael H Lai
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bayardo I Garay
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Henry Z Gong
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Lauren K Wasson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Piyush Goyal
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tatyana Sukonnik
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevin M Hu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gunes A Akgun
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Laure D Bernard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brynn N Akerberg
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fei Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew L Speir
- Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua M Stuart
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J G Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Holger Heyn
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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8
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Maternal obesity persistently alters cardiac progenitor gene expression and programs adult-onset heart disease susceptibility. Mol Metab 2020; 43:101116. [PMID: 33212270 PMCID: PMC7720025 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Heart disease risk can be programmed by intrauterine exposure to obesity. Dysregulating key transcription factors in cardiac progenitors can cause subsequent adult-onset heart disease. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional pathways that are altered in the embryonic heart and linked to heart disease risk in offspring exposed to obesity during pregnancy. Methods Female mice were fed an obesogenic diet and mated with males fed a control diet. Heart function and genome-wide gene expression were analyzed in adult offspring born to obese and lean mice at baseline and in response to stress. Cross-referencing with genes dysregulated genome-wide in cardiac progenitors from embryos of obese mice and human fetal hearts revealed the transcriptional events associated with adult-onset heart disease susceptibility. Results We found that adult mice born to obese mothers develop mild heart dysfunction consistent with early stages of disease. Accordingly, hearts of these mice dysregulated genes controlling extracellular matrix remodeling, metabolism, and TGF-β signaling, known to control heart disease progression. These pathways were already dysregulated in cardiac progenitors in embryos of obese mice. Moreover, in response to cardiovascular stress, the heart of adults born to obese dams developed exacerbated myocardial remodeling and excessively activated regulators of cell-extracellular matrix interactions but failed to activate metabolic regulators. Expression of developmentally regulated genes was altered in cardiac progenitors of embryos of obese mice and human hearts of fetuses of obese donors. Accordingly, the levels of Nkx2-5, a key regulator of heart development, inversely correlated with maternal body weight in mice. Furthermore, Nkx2-5 target genes were dysregulated in cardiac progenitors and persistently in adult hearts born to obese mice and human hearts from pregnancies affected by obesity. Conclusions Obesity during pregnancy alters Nkx2-5-controlled transcription in differentiating cardiac progenitors and persistently in the adult heart, making the adult heart vulnerable to dysregulated stress responses. Maternal obesity programs progressive heart dysfunction in adult offspring. Offspring of obese dams are prone to dysregulated stress responses in the heart. Nkx2-5-controlled transcription is dysregulated in hearts exposed to obesity in utero. Obesity during pregnancy broadly affects gene expression in the embryonic heart.
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9
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Wong TWY, Ahmed A, Yang G, Maino E, Steiman S, Hyatt E, Chan P, Lindsay K, Wong N, Golebiowski D, Schneider J, Delgado-Olguín P, Ivakine EA, Cohn RD. A novel mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy carrying a multi-exonic Dmd deletion exhibits progressive muscular dystrophy and early-onset cardiomyopathy. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/9/dmm045369. [PMID: 32988972 PMCID: PMC7522028 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a life-threatening neuromuscular disease caused by the lack of dystrophin, resulting in progressive muscle wasting and locomotor dysfunctions. By adulthood, almost all patients also develop cardiomyopathy, which is the primary cause of death in DMD. Although there has been extensive effort in creating animal models to study treatment strategies for DMD, most fail to recapitulate the complete skeletal and cardiac disease manifestations that are presented in affected patients. Here, we generated a mouse model mirroring a patient deletion mutation of exons 52-54 (Dmd Δ52-54). The Dmd Δ52-54 mutation led to the absence of dystrophin, resulting in progressive muscle deterioration with weakened muscle strength. Moreover, Dmd Δ52-54 mice present with early-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is absent in current pre-clinical dystrophin-deficient mouse models. Therefore, Dmd Δ52-54 presents itself as an excellent pre-clinical model to evaluate the impact on skeletal and cardiac muscles for both mutation-dependent and -independent approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatianna Wai Ying Wong
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Abdalla Ahmed
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Grace Yang
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Eleonora Maino
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sydney Steiman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Hyatt
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Parry Chan
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kyle Lindsay
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Nicole Wong
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | | | - Paul Delgado-Olguín
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Evgueni A Ivakine
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Physiology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ronald D Cohn
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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10
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TBX5 R264K acts as a modifier to develop dilated cardiomyopathy in mice independently of T-box pathway. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227393. [PMID: 32236096 PMCID: PMC7112173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TBX5 is a transcription factor that has an important role in development of heart. TBX5 variants in the region encoding the T-box domain have been shown to cause cardiac defects, such as atrial septal defect or ventricular septal defect, while TBX5 variants have also been identified in a few cardiomyopathy patients and considered causative. We identified a TBX5 variant (c.791G>A, p.Arg264Lys), that is over-represented in cardiomyopathy patients. This variant is located outside of the T-box domain, and its pathogenicity has not been confirmed by functional analyses. Objective To investigate whether the TBX5 R264K is deleterious and could contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy. Methods and results We developed mice expressing Tbx5 R264K. Mice homozygous for this variant displayed compensated dilated cardiomyopathy; mild decreased fractional shortening, dilatation of the left ventricle, left ventricular wall thinning and increased heart weight without major heart structural disorders. There was no difference in activation of the ANF promotor, a transcriptional target of Tbx5, compared to wild-type. However, analysis of RNA isolated from left ventricular samples showed significant increases in the expression of Acta1 in left ventricle with concomitant increases in the protein level of ACTA1. Conclusions Mice homozygous for Tbx5 R264K showed compensated dilated cardiomyopathy. Thus, TBX5 R264K may have a significant pathogenic role in some cardiomyopathy patients independently of T-box domain pathway.
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11
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Wu J, You J, Wang X, Wang S, Huang J, Xie Q, Gong B, Ding Z, Ye Y, Wang C, Kang L, Xu R, Li Y, Chen R, Sun A, Yang X, Jiang H, Yang F, Backx PH, Ge J, Zou Y. Left ventricular response in the transition from hypertrophy to failure recapitulates distinct roles of Akt, β-arrestin-2, and CaMKII in mice with aortic regurgitation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:219. [PMID: 32309366 PMCID: PMC7154424 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.01.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Although aortic regurgitation (AR) is a clinically important condition that is becoming increasingly common, few relevant murine models and mechanistic studies exist for this condition. In this study, we attempted to delineate the pathological and molecular changes and address the roles of some potentially relevant molecules in an animal model of surgically induced AR. Methods AR was induced by puncturing the aortic valve leaflets in C57BL/6J mice under echocardiographic guidance. Results As early as 1 week following AR, the left ventricles (LV) displayed marked impairments in diastolic function and coronary flow reserve (CFR), as well as cardiac hypertrophy and chamber dilatation at both end-systole and end-diastole. LV free wall thickening and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in LV were observed 2 weeks following of AR while a decline in ejection fraction was not seen until after 4 weeks. Nppa (natriuretic peptide A) and Nppb (natriuretic peptide B) increased over time, in conjunction with prominent Akt activation as well as slight CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) activation and biphasic changes in β-arrestin-2 expression. Treatment of AR mice with Akt inhibition exacerbated the eccentric hypertrophy, while neither inhibition of CaMKII nor β-arrestin-2 overexpression influenced the response to AR. Conclusions Our structural, functional, molecular and therapeutic analyses reveal that Akt, but not CaMKII or β-arrestin-2, plays a regulatory role in the development of LV remodeling after AR in Mice. These results may shed important light on therapeutic targets for volume overloaded cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jieyun You
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayuan Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qihai Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiading District Central Hospital, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Baoyong Gong
- Guangdong Laboratory Animal Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Zhiwen Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Le Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruizhen Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fenghua Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animal Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Peter H Backx
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Heart Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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Abstract
There are multiple intrinsic mechanisms for diastolic dysfunction ranging from molecular to structural derangements in ventricular myocardium. The molecular mechanisms regulating the progression from normal diastolic function to severe dysfunction still remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest a potentially important role of core cardio-enriched transcription factors (TFs) in the control of cardiac diastolic function in health and disease through their ability to regulate the expression of target genes involved in the process of adaptive and maladaptive cardiac remodeling. The current relevant findings on the role of a variety of such TFs (TBX5, GATA-4/6, SRF, MYOCD, NRF2, and PITX2) in cardiac diastolic dysfunction and failure are updated, emphasizing their potential as promising targets for novel treatment strategies. In turn, the new animal models described here will be key tools in determining the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease. Since diastolic dysfunction is regulated by various TFs, which are also involved in cross talk with each other, there is a need for more in-depth research from a biomedical perspective in order to establish efficient therapeutic strategies.
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13
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Sun X, Hota SK, Zhou YQ, Novak S, Miguel-Perez D, Christodoulou D, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Gregorio CC, Henkelman RM, Rossant J, Bruneau BG. Cardiac-enriched BAF chromatin-remodeling complex subunit Baf60c regulates gene expression programs essential for heart development and function. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio029512. [PMID: 29183906 PMCID: PMC5829499 DOI: 10.1242/bio.029512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How chromatin-remodeling complexes modulate gene networks to control organ-specific properties is not well understood. For example, Baf60c (Smarcd3) encodes a cardiac-enriched subunit of the SWI/SNF-like BAF chromatin complex, but its role in heart development is not fully understood. We found that constitutive loss of Baf60c leads to embryonic cardiac hypoplasia and pronounced cardiac dysfunction. Conditional deletion of Baf60c in cardiomyocytes resulted in postnatal dilated cardiomyopathy with impaired contractile function. Baf60c regulates a gene expression program that includes genes encoding contractile proteins, modulators of sarcomere function, and cardiac metabolic genes. Many of the genes deregulated in Baf60c null embryos are targets of the MEF2/SRF co-factor Myocardin (MYOCD). In a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified MYOCD as a BAF60c interacting factor; we showed that BAF60c and MYOCD directly and functionally interact. We conclude that Baf60c is essential for coordinating a program of gene expression that regulates the fundamental functional properties of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Swetansu K Hota
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158 USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu-Qing Zhou
- The Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Stefanie Novak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Dario Miguel-Perez
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158 USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J G Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carol C Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - R Mark Henkelman
- The Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158 USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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14
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Wang LW, Kesteven SH, Huttner IG, Feneley MP, Fatkin D. High-Frequency Echocardiography ― Transformative Clinical and Research Applications in Humans, Mice, and Zebrafish ―. Circ J 2018; 82:620-628. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis W. Wang
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
- St Vincent’s Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney
| | - Scott H. Kesteven
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
| | - Inken G. Huttner
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
- St Vincent’s Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney
| | - Michael P. Feneley
- Cardiac Physiology and Transplantation Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
- St Vincent’s Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
- St Vincent’s Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney
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15
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Egemnazarov B, Schmidt A, Crnkovic S, Sydykov A, Nagy BM, Kovacs G, Weissmann N, Olschewski H, Olschewski A, Kwapiszewska G, Marsh LM. Pressure Overload Creates Right Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in a Mouse Model: Assessment by Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28:828-43. [PMID: 25840639 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive diagnostic tools for right ventricular (RV) dysfunction measurements are increasingly being used, although their association with the pathologic mechanisms of dysfunction is poorly understood. Although investigations have focused mainly on RV systolic function, RV diastolic function remains mostly neglected. The aim of this study was to test which echocardiographic parameters best reflect RV diastolic function in mice. METHODS Pulmonary artery banding (PAB) was used to induce RV pressure overload in mice. Transthoracic echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic measurements were performed after 3 weeks in PAB and sham-operated mice. Subsequently, the hearts were investigated by histology and analyzed for gene expression. RESULTS PAB-induced pressure overload (RV systolic pressure PAB 52.6 ± 11.8 mm Hg vs sham 27.0 ± 2.7 mm Hg) resulted in RV hypertrophy and remodeling, as reflected by increased Fulton index (PAB 0.37 ± 0.05 vs sham 0.25 ± 0.02, P = .001). Masson's trichrome staining revealed increased interstitial fibrosis (PAB 12.25 ± 3.12% vs sham 3.97 ± 1.58%, P = .002). This was associated with significant systolic RV dysfunction as demonstrated by reduced contractility index and diastolic dysfunction as demonstrated by end-diastolic pressure (PAB 2.66 ± 0.83 mm Hg vs sham 1.49 ± 0.50 mm Hg, P < .001) and τ (PAB 40.0 ± 16.1 msec vs sham 13.0 ± 3.5 msec, P < .001). Messenger ribonucleic acid expression of β-myosin heavy chain, atrial and brain natriuretic peptides, collagen family members was elevated, and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase was decreased. Echocardiography revealed significant increases in RV free wall thickness and isovolumic relaxation time and a decrease in left ventricular eccentricity index, E', and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. Isovolumic relaxation time and E' were significantly correlated with end-diastolic pressure (rs = 0.511 and -0.451) and τ (rs = 0.739 and -0.445, respectively). Moreover, E' was negatively correlated with the degree of RV fibrosis (rs = -0.717). CONCLUSIONS Within 3 weeks, PAB causes pressure overload-induced RV hypertrophy and remodeling with compensated systolic and diastolic dysfunction in mice. RV free wall thickness, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, E', E/E' ratio, and isovolumic relaxation time appear to be the most reliable echocardiographic parameters for the assessment of RV dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albrecht Schmidt
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Slaven Crnkovic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Akylbek Sydykov
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bence M Nagy
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabor Kovacs
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Giessen, Germany
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Leigh M Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
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16
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Matsuda S, Umemoto S, Yoshimura K, Itoh S, Murata T, Fukai T, Matsuzaki M. Angiotensin Ⅱ Activates MCP-1 and Induces Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dysfunction via Toll-like Receptor 4. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22:833-44. [PMID: 25752363 DOI: 10.5551/jat.27292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus contributing to the development of cardiac hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure, and stimulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). In addition, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is involved in the upregulation of MCP-1. In order to clarify whether TLR4 is involved in the onset of cardiac dysfunction caused by Ang Ⅱ stimulation, we investigated the effects of TLR4 on oxidative stress, the MCP-1 expression and cardiac dysfunction in mice with Ang Ⅱ-induced hypertension. METHODS TLR4-deficient (Tlr4(lps-d)) and wild-type (WT) mice were randomized into groups treated with Ang Ⅱ, norepinephrine (NE) or a subdepressor dose of the Ang Ⅱreceptor blocker irbesartan (IRB) and Ang Ⅱ for two weeks. RESULTS Ang Ⅱ and NE similarly increased systolic blood pressure in all drug-treated groups compared to that observed in the control group among both WT and Tlr4(lps-d) mice (p<0.05). In the WT mice, Ang Ⅱ induced cardiac hypertrophy as well as vascular remodeling and perivascular fibrosis of the intramyocardial arteries and monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the heart (p<0.05). Furthermore, Ang Ⅱ treatment decreased the left ventricular diastolic function and resulted in a greater left ventricular end-systolic dimension (p<0.05) in addition to producing a five-fold increase in the NADPH oxidase activity, ROS content and MCP-1 expression (p<0.05). In contrast, the Tlr4(lps-d) mice showed little effects of Ang Ⅱ on these indices. In the WT mice, IRB treatment reversed these changes compared to that seen in the mice treated with Ang Ⅱ alone. NE produced little effect on any of the indices in either the WT or Tlr4(lps-d) mice. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 may be involved in the processes underlying the increased oxidative stress, selectively activated MCP-1 expression and cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction seen in cases of Ang Ⅱ- induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Matsuda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine
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17
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Kowalski WJ, Pekkan K, Tinney JP, Keller BB. Investigating developmental cardiovascular biomechanics and the origins of congenital heart defects. Front Physiol 2014; 5:408. [PMID: 25374544 PMCID: PMC4204442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative research on the interactions between biomechanical load and cardiovascular (CV) morphogenesis by multiple investigators over the past 3 decades, including the application of bioengineering approaches, has shown that the embryonic heart adapts both structure and function in order to maintain cardiac output to the rapidly growing embryo. Acute adaptive hemodynamic mechanisms in the embryo include the redistribution of blood flow within the heart, dynamic adjustments in heart rate and developed pressure, and beat to beat variations in blood flow and vascular resistance. These biomechanically relevant events occur coincident with adaptive changes in gene expression and trigger adaptive mechanisms that include alterations in myocardial cell growth and death, regional and global changes in myocardial architecture, and alterations in central vascular morphogenesis and remodeling. These adaptive mechanisms allow the embryo to survive these biomechanical stresses (environmental, maternal) and to compensate for developmental errors (genetic). Recent work from numerous laboratories shows that a subset of these adaptive mechanisms is present in every developing multicellular organism with a “heart” equivalent structure. This chapter will provide the reader with an overview of some of the approaches used to quantify embryonic CV functional maturation and performance, provide several illustrations of experimental interventions that explore the role of biomechanics in the regulation of CV morphogenesis including the role of computational modeling, and identify several critical areas for future investigation as available experimental models and methods expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kowalski
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kerem Pekkan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph P Tinney
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bradley B Keller
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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18
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Zhou YQ, Cahill LS, Wong MD, Seed M, Macgowan CK, Sled JG. Assessment of flow distribution in the mouse fetal circulation at late gestation by high-frequency Doppler ultrasound. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:602-14. [PMID: 24963005 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00049.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used high-frequency ultrasound to evaluate the flow distribution in the mouse fetal circulation at late gestation. We studied 12 fetuses (embryonic day 17.5) from 12 pregnant CD1 mice with 40 MHz ultrasound to assess the flow in 11 vessels based on Doppler measurements of blood velocity and M-mode measurements of diameter. Specifically, the intrahepatic umbilical vein (UVIH), ductus venosus (DV), foramen ovale (FO), ascending aorta (AA), main pulmonary artery (MPA), ductus arteriosus (DA), descending thoracic aorta (DTA), common carotid artery (CCA), inferior vena cava (IVC), and right and left superior vena cavae (RSVC, LSVC) were examined, and anatomically confirmed by micro-CT. The mouse fetal circulatory system was found to be similar to that of the humans in terms of the major circuit and three shunts, but characterized by bilateral superior vena cavae and a single umbilical artery. The combined cardiac output (CCO) was 1.22 ± 0.05 ml/min, with the left ventricle (flow in AA) contributing 47.8 ± 2.3% and the right ventricle (flow in MPA) 52.2 ± 2.3%. Relative to the CCO, the flow percentages were 13.6 ± 1.0% for the UVIH, 10.4 ± 1.1% for the DV, 35.6 ± 2.4% for the DA, 41.9 ± 2.6% for the DTA, 3.8 ± 0.3% for the CCA, 29.5 ± 2.2% for the IVC, 12.7 ± 1.0% for the RSVC, and 9.9 ± 0.9% for the LSVC. The calculated flow percentage was 16.6 ± 3.4% for the pulmonary circulation and 31.2 ± 5.3% for the FO. In conclusion, the flow in mouse fetal circulation can be comprehensively evaluated with ultrasound. The baseline data of the flow distribution in normal mouse fetus serve as the reference range for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zhou
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Wong
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mike Seed
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher K Macgowan
- Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Mutation in integrin-linked kinase (ILK(R211A)) and heat-shock protein 70 comprise a broadly cardioprotective complex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77331. [PMID: 24260102 PMCID: PMC3832499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been proposed as a novel molecular target that has translational potential in diverse cardiac diseases, since its upregulation promotes a broadly cardioprotective phenotype. However, ILK has been implicated as both a cardioprotective and oncogenic target, which imposes therapeutic constraints that are generally relevant to the translational potential of many kinases. Objective To study the cardioprotective properties of the activation-resistant, non-oncogenic, mutation of ILK (ILKR211A) against experimental MI invivo and Doxorubicin induced apoptosis invitro and it’s relationships to stress induced heat shock proteins. Methods/Results The transgenic mouse heart over-expressing a point mutation in the ILK pleckstrin homology (PH) domain (TgR211A) exhibits a highly cardioprotective phenotype based on LAD-ligation-induced MI reduction invivo, and on protection against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis when overexpressed in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived cardiomyocytes invitro. Intriguingly, the degree of cardioprotection seen with the ILKR211A mutation exceeded that with the ILKS343D mutation. Microarray and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed upregulation of expression levels and specific binding of ILKWT, ILKS343D and ILKR211A to both constitutively active heat-shock protein 70 (Hsc70) and inducible Hsp70 in response to MI, and to acute ILK overexpression in iPSC-cardiomyocytes. ILK-mediated cardioprotection was shown to depend upon Hsp70 ATPase activity. Conclusions These findings indicate that wild type ILK and the non-oncogenic ILKR211A mutation comprise a cardioprotective module with Hsp/c70. These results advance a novel target discovery theme in which kinase mutations can be safely engineered to enhance cardioprotective effects.
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20
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Wu J, Zhou YQ, Zou Y, Henkelman M. Evaluation of bi-ventricular coronary flow patterns using high-frequency ultrasound in mice with transverse aortic constriction. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:2053-2065. [PMID: 23932279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using high-frequency color and pulsed Doppler ultrasound, we evaluated the flow patterns of the left (LCA), septal (SCA) and right (RCA) coronary arteries in mice with and without transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Fifty-two male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to TAC or a corresponding sham operation. At 2 and 8 wk post-surgery, Doppler flow spectra from the three coronary arteries, together with morphologic and functional parameters of the left and right ventricles, were measured. Histology was performed to evaluate myocyte size and neo-angiogenesis in both ventricles. In sham-operated mice, the LCA and SCA both exhibited low-flow waveforms during systole and dominantly higher-flow waveforms during diastole. The RCA exhibited generally lower flow velocity, with similar systolic and diastolic waveforms. TAC significantly increased the systolic flow velocities of all coronary arteries, but enhanced the flow mainly in the LCA and SCA. In the left ventricle, coronary flow reserve was partially preserved 2 wk post-TAC, but decreased at 8 wk, consistent with changes in neo-angiogenesis and systolic function. In contrast, no significant change was found in the coronary flow reserve, structure or function of the right ventricle. This study has established a protocol for evaluating the flow pattern in three principal coronary arteries in mice using Doppler ultrasound and illustrated the difference among three vessels at baseline. In mice with TAC, the difference in the associating pattern of coronary flow dynamics with the myocardial structure and function between the left and right ventricles provides further insights into ventricular remodeling under pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Preuss C, Andelfinger G. Genetics of Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease. Can J Cardiol 2013; 29:803-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Application of echocardiography on transgenic mice with cardiomyopathies. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:715197. [PMID: 22675635 PMCID: PMC3363992 DOI: 10.1155/2012/715197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are common cardiac disorders that primarily affect cardiac muscle resulting in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Transgenic mouse disease models have been developed to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying heart failure and sudden cardiac death observed in cardiomyopathy cases and to explore the therapeutic outcomes in experimental animals in vivo. Echocardiography is an essential diagnostic tool for accurate and noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function in experimental animals. Our laboratory has been among the first to apply high-frequency research echocardiography on transgenic mice with cardiomyopathies. In this work, we have summarized our and other studies on assessment of systolic and diastolic dysfunction using conventional echocardiography, pulsed Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging in transgenic mice with various cardiomyopathies. Estimation of embryonic mouse hearts has been performed as well using this high-resolution echocardiography. Some technical considerations in mouse echocardiography have also been discussed.
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Nieman BJ, Wong MD, Henkelman RM. Genes into geometry: imaging for mouse development in 3D. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2011; 21:638-46. [PMID: 21907568 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian development is a sophisticated program coordinated by a complex set of genetic and physiological factors. Alterations in anatomy or morphology provide intrinsic measures of progress in or deviations from this program. Emerging three-dimensional imaging methods now allow for more sophisticated morphological assessment than ever before, enabling comprehensive phenotyping, visualization of anatomical context and patterns, automated and quantitative morphological analysis, as well as improved understanding of the developmental time course. Furthermore, these imaging tools are becoming increasingly available and will consequently play a prominent role in elucidating the factors that direct and influence mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Chromatin remodelling complex dosage modulates transcription factor function in heart development. Nat Commun 2011; 2:187. [PMID: 21304516 PMCID: PMC3096875 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in cardiac transcription factor genes cause human inherited congenital heart defects (CHDs); however, their molecular basis is not understood. Interactions between transcription factors and the Brg1/Brm-associated factor (BAF) chromatin remodelling complex suggest potential mechanisms; however, the role of BAF complexes in cardiogenesis is not known. In this study, we show that dosage of Brg1 is critical for mouse and zebrafish cardiogenesis. Disrupting the balance between Brg1 and disease-causing cardiac transcription factors, including Tbx5, Tbx20 and Nkx2–5, causes severe cardiac anomalies, revealing an essential allelic balance between Brg1 and these cardiac transcription factor genes. This suggests that the relative levels of transcription factors and BAF complexes are important for heart development, which is supported by reduced occupancy of Brg1 at cardiac gene promoters in Tbx5 haploinsufficient hearts. Our results reveal complex dosage-sensitive interdependence between transcription factors and BAF complexes, providing a potential mechanism underlying transcription factor haploinsufficiency, with implications for multigenic inheritance of CHDs. Inherited congenital heart defects are prevalent in the human population, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this article, deficiency in the chromatin remodelling factor, Brg1, is shown to alter cardiac development in both mouse and zebrafish laboratory models.
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Abstract
The completed sequencing of genomes has forced upon us the challenge of understanding how the detailed information in the genome gives rise to the specific characteristics--phenotype--of the individual. This is crucial for understanding not only normal development but also, from a medical perspective, the genetic basis of disease. Much of the mammalian genome-to-phenotype relationship will be worked out in the mouse, for which powerful genetic-manipulation tools are available. Mouse imaging combined with powerful statistical methods has a unique and growing role to play in phenotyping genetically modified mice. This review outlines the challenges for image-based phenotyping, summarizes the current state of three-dimensional imaging technologies for the mouse, and highlights new opportunities in systems biology that are opened by imaging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mark Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada.
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An evaluation of transmitral and pulmonary venous Doppler indices for assessing murine left ventricular diastolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23:887-97. [PMID: 20591622 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the continued development of genetically engineered mouse models of cardiac disease, further advancement of noninvasive techniques for evaluating cardiac diastolic dysfunction in these models would be valuable. Therefore, we performed comprehensive transmitral and pulmonary venous Doppler echocardiographic studies to devise novel indices of diastolic function in a mouse model with cardiac hypertrophy, which were validated against invasively measured hemodynamic parameters. We examined 10 HopX(Tg) transgenic mice with diastolic dysfunction and 10 age-matched controls sedated with 1% to 2% isoflurane (male, age 14-18 weeks). These studies revealed that the acceleration time of the transmitral Doppler E-wave was the best Doppler parameter for unmasking LV diastolic dysfunction in HopX(Tg) mice. This is the first study to assess the utility of the acceleration time of the E-wave and pulmonary venous Doppler echocardiography as a primary diagnostic modality for assessing murine diastolic function.
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Sauvé M, Ban K, Momen MA, Zhou YQ, Henkelman RM, Husain M, Drucker DJ. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 improves cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction in mice. Diabetes 2010; 59:1063-73. [PMID: 20097729 PMCID: PMC2844815 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36)amide (GLP-1) is cleaved by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) to GLP-1 (9-36)amide. We examined whether chemical inhibition or genetic elimination of DPP-4 activity affects cardiovascular function in normoglycemic and diabetic mice after experimental myocardial infarction. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cardiac structure and function was assessed by hemodynamic monitoring and echocardiography in DPP-4 knockout (Dpp4(-/-)) mice versus wild-type (Dpp4(+/+)) littermate controls and after left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation-induced myocardial infarction (MI). Effects of sustained DPP-4 inhibition with sitagliptin versus treatment with metformin were ascertained after experimental MI in a high-fat diet-streptozotocin model of murine diabetes. Functional recovery from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury was measured in isolated hearts from Dpp4(-/-) versus Dpp4(+/+) littermates and from normoglycemic wild-type (WT) mice treated with sitagliptin or metformin. Cardioprotective signaling in the murine heart was examined by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Dpp4(-/-) mice exhibited normal indexes of cardiac structure and function. Survival post-MI was modestly improved in normoglycemic Dpp4(-/-) mice. Increased cardiac expression of phosphorylated AKT (pAKT), pGSK3beta, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was detected in the nonischemic Dpp4(-/-) heart, and HO-1, ANP, and pGSK3beta proteins were induced in nonischemic hearts from diabetic mice treated with sitagliptin or metformin. Sitagliptin and metformin treatment of wild-type diabetic mice reduced mortality after myocardial infarction. Sitagliptin improved functional recovery after I/R injury ex vivo in WT mice with similar protection from I/R injury also manifest in hearts from Dpp4(-/-) versus Dpp4(+/+) mice. CONCLUSIONS Genetic disruption or chemical inhibition of DPP-4 does not impair cardiovascular function in the normoglycemic or diabetic mouse heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Sauvé
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiwon Ban
- Toronto General Hospital, the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, and the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Abdul Momen
- Toronto General Hospital, the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, and the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu-Qing Zhou
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. Mark Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mansoor Husain
- Toronto General Hospital, the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, and the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Drucker
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Daniel J. Drucker,
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Corrigan N, Brazil DP, Auliffe FM. High-frequency ultrasound assessment of the murine heart from embryo through to juvenile. Reprod Sci 2009; 17:147-57. [PMID: 19843878 DOI: 10.1177/1933719109348923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to assess the murine heart of normal embryos, neonates, and juveniles using high-frequency ultrasound. METHODS Diastolic function was measured with E/A ratio (E wave velocity/A wave velocity) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT), systolic function with isovolumetric contraction time (ICT), percentage fractional shortening (FS %), percentage ejection fraction (EF %). Global cardiac performance was quantified using myocardial performance index (MPI). RESULTS Isovolumetric relaxation time remained stable from E10.5 to 3 weeks. Systolic function (ICT) improved with gestation and remained stable from E18.5 onward. Myocardial performance index showed improvement in embryonic life (0.82- 0.63) and then stabilized from 1 to 3 week (0.60-0.58). Percentage ejection fraction remained high during gestation (77%-69%) and then decreased from the neonate to juvenile (68%-51%). CONCLUSION The ultrasound biomicroscope allows for noninvasive in-depth assessment of cardiac function of embryos and pups. Detailed physiological and functional cardiac function readouts can be obtained, which is invaluable for comparison to mouse models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Corrigan
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Basu R, Oudit GY, Wang X, Zhang L, Ussher JR, Lopaschuk GD, Kassiri Z. Type 1 diabetic cardiomyopathy in the Akita (Ins2WT/C96Y) mouse model is characterized by lipotoxicity and diastolic dysfunction with preserved systolic function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H2096-108. [PMID: 19801494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00452.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is an important contributor to diastolic and systolic heart failure. We examined the nature and mechanism of the cardiomyopathy in Akita (Ins2(WT/C96Y)) mice, a model of genetic nonobese type 1 diabetes that recapitulates human type 1 diabetes. Cardiac function was evaluated in male Ins2WT/C96Y and their littermate control (Ins2WT/WT) mice using echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging, in vivo hemodynamic measurements, as well as ex vivo working heart preparation. At 3 and 6 mo of age, Ins2WT/C96Y mice exhibited preserved cardiac systolic function compared with Ins2WT/WT mice, as evaluated by ejection fraction, fractional shortening, left ventricular (LV) end-systolic pressure and maximum rate of increase in LV pressure in vivo, cardiac work, cardiac power, and rate-pressure product ex vivo. Despite the unaltered systolic function, Ins2WT/C96Y mice exhibited significant and progressive diastolic dysfunction at 3 and 6 mo of age compared with Ins2WT/WT mice as assessed by tissue and pulse Doppler imaging (E-wave velocity, isovolumetric relaxation time) and by in vivo hemodynamic measurements (LV end-diastolic pressure, time constant of LV relaxation, and maximum rate of decrease in LV pressure). We found no evidence of myocardial hypertrophy or fibrosis in the Ins2WT/C96Y myocardium. Consistent with the lack of fibrosis, expression of procollagen-alpha type I, procollagen-alpha type III, and fibronectin were not increased in these hearts. Ins2WT/C96Y hearts showed significantly reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a (cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump) levels, elevated beta-myosin heavy chain isoform, increased long-chain fatty acids, and triacylglycerol with evidence of lipotoxicity, as indicated by a significant rise in ceramide, diacylglycerol, and lipid deposits in the myocardium. Consistent with metabolic perturbation, and a switch to fatty acid oxidation from glucose oxidation in Ins2WT/C96Y hearts, expression of mitochondrial long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 4 were increased. Insulin treatment reversed the diastolic dysfunction, the elevated B-type natriuretic peptide and beta-myosin heavy chain, and the reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a levels with abolition of cardiac lipotoxicity. We conclude that early type 1 diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by diastolic dysfunction associated with lipotoxic cardiomyopathy with preserved systolic function in the absence of interstitial fibrosis and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnadeep Basu
- Department of Physiology, Rm 474, Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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Noyan-Ashraf MH, Momen MA, Ban K, Sadi AM, Zhou YQ, Riazi AM, Baggio LL, Henkelman RM, Husain M, Drucker DJ. GLP-1R agonist liraglutide activates cytoprotective pathways and improves outcomes after experimental myocardial infarction in mice. Diabetes 2009; 58:975-83. [PMID: 19151200 PMCID: PMC2661586 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are used to treat type 2 diabetes, and transient GLP-1 administration improved cardiac function in humans after acute myocardial infarction (MI) and percutaneous revascularization. However, the consequences of GLP-1R activation before ischemic myocardial injury remain unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We assessed the pathophysiology and outcome of coronary artery occlusion in normal and diabetic mice pretreated with the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. RESULTS Male C57BL/6 mice were treated twice daily for 7 days with liraglutide or saline followed by induction of MI. Survival was significantly higher in liraglutide-treated mice. Liraglutide reduced cardiac rupture (12 of 60 versus 46 of 60; P = 0.0001) and infarct size (21 +/- 2% versus 29 +/- 3%, P = 0.02) and improved cardiac output (12.4 +/- 0.6 versus 9.7 +/- 0.6 ml/min; P = 0.002). Liraglutide also modulated the expression and activity of cardioprotective genes in the mouse heart, including Akt, GSK3beta, PPARbeta-delta, Nrf-2, and HO-1. The effects of liraglutide on survival were independent of weight loss. Moreover, liraglutide conferred cardioprotection and survival advantages over metformin, despite equivalent glycemic control, in diabetic mice with experimental MI. The cardioprotective effects of liraglutide remained detectable 4 days after cessation of therapy and may be partly direct, because liraglutide increased cyclic AMP formation and reduced the extent of caspase-3 activation in cardiomyocytes in a GLP-1R-dependent manner in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that GLP-1R activation engages prosurvival pathways in the normal and diabetic mouse heart, leading to improved outcomes and enhanced survival after MI in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kiwon Ban
- Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yu-Qing Zhou
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Department of Medical Biophysics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali M. Riazi
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Department of Medical Biophysics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie L. Baggio
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. Mark Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Department of Medical Biophysics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mansoor Husain
- Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Drucker
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Daniel J. Drucker,
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Du J, Liu J, Feng HZ, Hossain MM, Gobara N, Zhang C, Li Y, Jean-Charles PY, Jin JP, Huang XP. Impaired relaxation is the main manifestation in transgenic mice expressing a restrictive cardiomyopathy mutation, R193H, in cardiac TnI. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H2604-13. [PMID: 18408133 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.91506.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice were generated to express a restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) R192H mutation in the heart (cTnI(193His) mice). The objective of this study was to assess cardiac function during the development of diastolic dysfunction and to gain insight into the pathophysiological impact of the RCM cTnI mutation. Cardiac function and pathophysiological changes were monitored in cTnI193His mice and wild-type littermates for a period of 12 mo. It progressed gradually from abnormal relaxation to diastolic dysfunction characterized with high-resolution echocardiography by a reversed E-to-A ratio, increased deceleration time, and prolonged isovolumetric relaxation time. At the age of 12 mo, cardiac output in cTnI(193His) mice was significantly declined, and some transgenic mice showed congestive heart failure. The negative impact of cTnI193His on ventricular contraction and relaxation was further demonstrated in isolated mouse working heart preparations. The main morphological change in cTnI193His myocytes was shortened cell length. Dobutamine stimulation increased heart rate in cTnI193His mice but did not improve CO. The cTnI193His mice had a phenotype similar to that in human RCM patients carrying the cTnI mutation characterized morphologically by enlarged atria and restricted ventricles and functionally by diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure. The results demonstrate a critical role of the COOH-terminal domain of cTnI in the diastolic function of cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Du
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Boca Regional Campus, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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Tbx5-dependent pathway regulating diastolic function in congenital heart disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:5519-24. [PMID: 18378906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801779105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of every heartbeat, cardiac myocytes must relax to allow filling of the heart. Impaired relaxation is a significant factor in heart failure, but all pathways regulating the cardiac relaxation apparatus are not known. Haploinsufficiency of the T-box transcription factor Tbx5 in mouse and man causes congenital heart defects (CHDs) as part of Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS). Here, we show that haploinsufficiency of Tbx5 in mouse results in cell-autonomous defects in ventricular relaxation. Tbx5 dosage modulates expression of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase isoform 2a encoded by Atp2a2 and Tbx5 haploinsufficiency in ventricular myocytes results in impaired Ca(2+) uptake dynamics and Ca(2+) transient prolongation. We also demonstrate that Tbx5 can activate the Atp2a2 promoter. Furthermore, we find that patients with HOS have significant diastolic filling abnormalities. These results reveal a direct genetic pathway that regulates cardiac diastolic function, implying that patients with structural CHDs may have clinically important underlying anomalies in heart function that merit treatment.
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Okajima K, Abe Y, Fujimoto K, Fujikura K, Girard EE, Asai T, Kwon SH, Jin Z, Nakamura Y, Yoshiyama M, Homma S. Comparative Study of High-resolution Microimaging with 30-MHz Scanner for Evaluating Cardiac Function in Mice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20:1203-10. [PMID: 17588720 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accurate assessment of cardiac function in mice is challenging because of their small heart size and rapid heart rate. METHODS We examined the usefulness of novel high-resolution echocardiography (HRE) with a 30-MHz transducer in evaluating cardiac function in 20 mice compared with conventional echocardiography (CE) with a 13-MHz transducer. The left ventricular (LV) regional wall motion (RWM), LV end-diastolic dimension, fractional shortening, anterior LV wall thickness, E/A, and myocardial performance index were assessed. RESULTS RWM analysis was more feasible by HRE than by CE (P < .05). Interobserver agreement in RWM analysis and correlation in LV end-diastolic dimension, fractional shortening, anterior LV wall thickness, E/A, and myocardial performance index were all better with HRE than CE. CONCLUSIONS HRE is superior to CE in assessing LV function in mice. HRE is potentially a useful method for accurate assessment of cardiac function in various mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Okajima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Liu J, Du J, Zhang C, Walker JW, Huang X. Progressive troponin I loss impairs cardiac relaxation and causes heart failure in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1273-81. [PMID: 17526646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01379.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac troponin I (TnI) knockout mice exhibit a phenotype of sudden death at 17–18 days after birth due to a progressive loss of TnI. The objective of this study was to gain insight into the physiological consequences of TnI depletion and the cause of death in these mice. Cardiac function was monitored serially between 12 and 17 days of age by using high-resolution ultrasonic imaging and Doppler echocardiography. Two-dimensional B-mode and anatomical M-mode imaging and Doppler echocardiography were performed using a high-frequency (∼20–45 MHz) ultrasound imaging system on homozygous cardiac TnI mutant mice (cTnI−/−) and wild-type littermates. On day 12, cTnI−/−mice were indistinguishable from wild-type mice in terms of heart rate, atrial and LV (LV) chamber dimensions, LV posterior wall thickness, and body weight. By days 16 through 17, wild-type mice showed up to a 40% increase in chamber dimensions due to normal growth, whereas cTnI−/−mice showed increases in atrial dimensions of up to 97% but decreases in ventricular dimensions of up to 70%. Mitral Doppler analysis revealed prolonged isovolumic relaxation time and pronounced inversion of the mitral E/A ratio (early ventricular filling wave-to-late atrial contraction filling wave) only in cTnI−/−mice indicative of impaired LV relaxation. cTnI−/−mouse hearts showed clear signs of failure on day 17, characterized by >50% declines in cardiac output, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening. B-mode echocardiography showed a profoundly narrowed tube-like LV and enlarged atria at this time. Our data are consistent with TnI deficiency causing impaired LV relaxation, which leads to diastolic heart failure in this model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiac Output
- Cardiac Output, Low/diagnostic imaging
- Cardiac Output, Low/etiology
- Cardiac Output, Low/genetics
- Cardiac Output, Low/physiopathology
- Disease Progression
- Echocardiography, Doppler
- Electrocardiography
- Genotype
- Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Atria/embryology
- Heart Atria/physiopathology
- Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocardial Contraction/genetics
- Phenotype
- Time Factors
- Troponin I/deficiency
- Troponin I/genetics
- Troponin I/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/complications
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnostic imaging
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd., Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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36
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Zhou YQ, Bishay R, Feintuch A, Tao K, Golding F, Zhu W, West LJ, Henkelman RM. Morphological and functional evaluation of murine heterotopic cardiac grafts using ultrasound biomicroscopy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2007; 33:870-9. [PMID: 17434663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of an ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) to observe murine heterotopic cardiac transplants. By using an UBM (30 MHz), cardiac isografts in eight mice were studied on days 1, 5, 14 and 50 posttransplantation. The same method was tested in allografts in two mice on days 1, 5, 7 and 9. Two-dimensional imaging delineated the graft structures with high spatial resolution. In isografts, M-mode recording showed gradually decreased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and chamber dimension, but increased LV fractional shortening. Doppler sampling measured blood velocities from the ascending aorta, left coronary artery (LCA), aortic and mitral orifices of grafts. In isografts, LCA forward flow caused by native circulation to perfuse the graft myocardium increased from day 1 to 5, then moderately decreased by day 14 and stabilized thereafter. In allografts, LCA forward flow sharply decreased to almost zero between day 5-9. Therefore, UBM is a reliable method for following the survival status of cardiac grafts in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zhou
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada.
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Baurand A, Zelarayan L, Betney R, Gehrke C, Dunger S, Noack C, Busjahn A, Huelsken J, Taketo MM, Birchmeier W, Dietz R, Bergmann MW. Beta-catenin downregulation is required for adaptive cardiac remodeling. Circ Res 2007; 100:1353-62. [PMID: 17413044 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000266605.63681.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The armadillo-related protein beta-catenin has multiple functions in cardiac tissue homeostasis: stabilization of beta-catenin has been implicated in adult cardiac hypertrophy, and downregulation initiates heart formation in embryogenesis. The protein is also part of the cadherin/catenin complex at the cell membrane, where depletion might result in disturbed cell-cell interaction similar to N-cadherin knockout models. Here, we analyzed the in vivo role of beta-catenin in adult cardiac hypertrophy initiated by angiotensin II (Ang II). The cardiac-specific mifepristone-inducible alphaMHC-CrePR1 transgene was used to induce beta-catenin depletion (loxP-flanked exons 3 to 6, beta-cat(Deltaex3-6) mice) or stabilization (loxP-flanked exon 3, beta-cat(Deltaex3) mice). Levels of beta-catenin were altered both in membrane and nuclear extracts. Analysis of the beta-catenin target genes Axin2 and Tcf-4 confirmed increased beta-catenin-dependent transcription in beta-catenin stabilized mice. In both models, transgenic mice were viable and healthy at age 6 months. beta-Catenin appeared dispensable for cell membrane function. Ang II infusion induced cardiac hypertrophy both in wild-type mice and in mice with beta-catenin depletion. In contrast, mice with stabilized beta-catenin had decreased cross-sectional area at baseline and an abrogated hypertrophic response to Ang II infusion. Stabilizing beta-catenin led to impaired fractional shortening compared with control littermates after Ang II stimulation. This functional deterioration was associated with altered expression of the T-box proteins Tbx5 and Tbx20 at baseline and after Ang II stimulation. In addition, atrophy-related protein IGFBP5 was upregulated in beta-catenin-stabilized mice. These data suggest that beta-catenin downregulation is required for adaptive cardiac hypertrophy.
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Renault G, Bonnin P, Marchiol-Fournigault C, Gregoire JM, Serrière S, Richard B, Fradelizi D. L’échographie haute résolution de la souris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 87:1937-45. [PMID: 17211308 DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(06)74179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Small-animal ultrasound imaging has been made possible using high-resolution imaging devices. The spatial resolution is therefore sufficient to accurately measure anatomical parameters in mice. This paper reviews some of the main applications of high-resolution ultrasound imaging of the mouse and highlights what could be the forthcoming advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Renault
- Institut Cochin, Plate-forme d'imagerie du petit animal, 27, rue du faubourg-Saint-Jacques, Paris
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Abstract
The relationship between developing biologic tissues and their dynamic fluid environments is intimate and complex. Increasing evidence supports the notion that these embryonic flow-structure interactions influence whether development will proceed normally or become pathogenic. Genetic, pharmacological, or surgical manipulations that alter the flow environment can thus profoundly influence morphologic and functional cardiovascular phenotypes. Functionally deficient phenotypes are particularly poorly described as there are few imaging tools with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to quantify most intra-vital flows. The ability to visualize biofluids flow in vivo would be of great utility in functionally phenotyping model animal systems and for the elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie flow-related mechano-sensation and transduction in living organisms. This review summarizes the major methodological advances that have evolved for the quantitative characterization of intra-vital fluid dynamics with an emphasis on assessing cardiovascular flows in vertebrate model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Hove
- Department of Genome Science, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA. jay.hove.@uc.edu
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Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in selected imaging technologies focused on the cardiovascular system. The techniques covered are: ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), microSPECT, microPET, near infrared imaging, and quantum dots. For each technique, the basic physical principles are explained and recent example applications demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot R McVeigh
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
With the sequence of the mouse genome known, it is now possible to create or identify mutations in every gene to determine the molecules necessary for normal development. Consequently, there is a growing need for advanced phenotyping tools to best understand defects produced by altering gene function. Perhaps nothing is more satisfying than to directly observe a process in action; to disturb it and see for ourselves how the process changes before our very eyes. No doubt, this desire is what drove the invention of the very first microscopes and continues to this day to fuel progress in the field of biological imaging. Because mouse embryos are small and develop embedded within many tissue layers within the nurturing environment of the mother, directly observing the dynamic, micro- and nanoscopic events of early mammalian development has proven to be one of the greater challenges for imaging scientists. Here, I will review some of the imaging methods being used to study mouse development, highlighting the results obtained from imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Keller BB. Developmental structure-function insights from Tbx5(del/+) mouse model of Holt-Oram syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H975-6. [PMID: 16100253 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00421.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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