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Otunla AA, Shanmugarajah K, Davies AH, Lucia Madariaga M, Shalhoub J. The Biological Parallels Between Atherosclerosis and Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: Implications for Solid Organ Chronic Rejection. Cardiol Rev 2024; 32:2-11. [PMID: 38051983 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and solid organ chronic rejection are pervasive chronic disease states that account for significant morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Recently, a series of shared molecular pathways have emerged, revealing biological parallels from early stages of development up to the advanced forms of pathology. These shared mechanistic processes are inflammatory in nature, reflecting the importance of inflammation in both disorders. Vascular inflammation triggers endothelial dysfunction and disease initiation through aberrant vasomotor control and shared patterns of endothelial activation. Endothelial dysfunction leads to the recruitment of immune cells and the perpetuation of the inflammatory response. This drives lesion formation through the release of key cytokines such as IFN-y, TNF-alpha, and IL-2. Continued interplay between the adaptive and innate immune response (represented by T lymphocytes and macrophages, respectively) promotes lesion instability and thrombotic complications; hallmarks of advanced disease in both atherosclerosis and solid organ chronic rejection. The aim of this study is to identify areas of overlap between atherosclerosis and chronic rejection. We then discuss new approaches to improve current understanding of the pathophysiology of both disorders, and eventually design novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afolarin A Otunla
- From the Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alun H Davies
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial Vascular Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joseph Shalhoub
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial Vascular Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Urschel K, Hug KP, Zuo H, Büttner M, Furtmair R, Kuehn C, Stumpfe FM, Botos B, Achenbach S, Yuan Y, Dietel B, Tauchi M. The Shear Stress-Regulated Expression of Glypican-4 in Endothelial Dysfunction In Vitro and Its Clinical Significance in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11595. [PMID: 37511353 PMCID: PMC10380765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Retention of circulating lipoproteins by their interaction with extracellular matrix molecules has been suggested as an underlying mechanism for atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of glypican-4 (GPC4), a heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, in the development of endothelial dysfunction and plaque progression; Expression of GPC4 and HS was investigated in human umbilical vein/artery endothelial cells (HUVECs/HUAECs) using flow cytometry, qPCR, and immunofluorescent staining. Leukocyte adhesion was determined in HUVECs in bifurcation chamber slides under dynamic flow. The association between the degree of inflammation and GPC4, HS, and syndecan-4 expressions was analyzed in human carotid plaques; GPC4 was expressed in HUVECs/HUAECs. In HUVECs, GPC4 protein expression was higher in laminar than in non-uniform shear stress regions after a 1-day or 10-day flow (p < 0.01 each). The HS expression was higher under laminar flow after a 1 day (p < 0.001). Monocytic THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs was facilitated by GPC4 knock-down (p < 0.001) without affecting adhesion molecule expression. GPC4 and HS expression was lower in more-inflamed than in less-inflamed plaque shoulders (p < 0.05, each), especially in vulnerable plaque sections; Reduced expression of GPC4 was associated with atherogenic conditions, suggesting the involvement of GPC4 in both early and advanced stages of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Urschel
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Karsten P. Hug
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Hanxiao Zuo
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (H.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Michael Büttner
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Roman Furtmair
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Constanze Kuehn
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Florian M. Stumpfe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstraße 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Balaz Botos
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital Nuremberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Breslauer Str. 201, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany;
| | - Stephan Achenbach
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Yan Yuan
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (H.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Barbara Dietel
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Miyuki Tauchi
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
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Fibroblast growth factor 5 overexpression ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes through regulation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2859-2868. [PMID: 36728504 PMCID: PMC9943982 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory syndrome induced by several infectious agents. Multiple organs are affected by sepsis, including the liver, which plays an important role in metabolism and immune homeostasis. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) participate in several biological processes, although the role of FGF5 in sepsis is unclear. METHODS In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administrated to mice to establish a sepsis-induced liver injury. A similar in vitro study was conducted using L-02 hepatocytes. Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining were performed to evaluate the FGF5 expression level in liver tissues and cells. Inflammatory cell infiltrations, cleaved-caspase-3 expressions, reactive oxygen species and levels of inflammatory cytokines were detected by immunofluorescence, dihydroethidium staining, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis level of cells. In addition, ribonucleic acid (RNA)-sequencing was applied to explore the possible mechanism by which FGF5 exerted effects. RESULTS LPS administration caused FGF5 down-regulation in the mouse liver as well as in L-02 hepatocytes. Additionally, with FGF5 overexpression, liver injury and the level of hepatocyte apoptosis were ameliorated. Further, RNA sequencing performed in hepatocytes revealed the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway as a possible pathway regulated by FGF5 . This was supported using an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which abrogated the protective effect of FGF5 in LPS-induced hepatocyte injury. CONCLUSION The anti-apoptotic effect of FGF5 on hepatocytes suffering from LPS has been demonstrated and was dependent on the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Kavurma MM, Bursill C, Stanley CP, Passam F, Cartland SP, Patel S, Loa J, Figtree GA, Golledge J, Aitken S, Robinson DA. Endothelial cell dysfunction: Implications for the pathogenesis of peripheral artery disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1054576. [PMID: 36465438 PMCID: PMC9709122 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1054576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is caused by occluded or narrowed arteries that reduce blood flow to the lower limbs. The treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, management of modifiable risk factors and vascular surgery. In this review we focus on how Endothelial Cell (EC) dysfunction contributes to PAD pathophysiology and describe the largely untapped potential of correcting endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, we describe current treatments and clinical trials which improve EC dysfunction and offer insights into where future research efforts could be made. Endothelial dysfunction could represent a target for PAD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Kavurma
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Bursill
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Freda Passam
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Siân P. Cartland
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacky Loa
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- The Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah Aitken
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Concord Institute of Academic Surgery, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zhang YX, Tang RN, Wang LT, Liu BC. Role of crosstalk between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12980. [PMID: 33502070 PMCID: PMC7941222 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a severe health problem worldwide, and vascular calcification (VC) contributes substantially to the cardiovascular morbidity and high mortality of CKD. CKD is often accompanied by a variety of pathophysiological states, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia, hyperparathyroidism and haemodynamic derangement, that can cause injuries to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) to promote VC. Similar to SMCs, whose role has been widely explored in VC, ECs may contribute to VC via osteochondral transdifferentiation, apoptosis, etc. In addition, given their location in the innermost layer of the blood vessel lumen and preferential reception of various pro‐calcification stimuli, ECs can pass messages to vascular wall cells and communicate with them. Crosstalk between ECs and SMCs via cytokines through a paracrine mechanism, extracellular vesicles, miRNAs and myoendothelial gap junctions also plays a role in VC. In this review, we emphasize the role of intercellular crosstalk between ECs and SMCs in VC associated with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing Lishui People' Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ri-Ning Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing Lishui People' Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ting Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing Lishui People' Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing Lishui People' Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Hong J, Li G, Zhang Q, Ritter J, Li W, Li PL. D-Ribose Induces Podocyte NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Glomerular Injury via AGEs/RAGE Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:259. [PMID: 31737627 PMCID: PMC6831643 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
D-ribose levels are demonstrated to be increased in type II diabetes mellitus and increased blood D-ribose is involved in the development of diabetic complications such as diabetic encephalopathy and nephropathy. However, the mechanism mediating the pathogenic role of D-ribose in nephropathy remains poorly understood. Given that D-ribose was reported to induce advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation, the present study tested whether D-ribose induces NLRP3 activation and associated glomerular injury via AGEs/receptor of AGEs (RAGE) signaling pathway. In vivo, C57BL/6J and Asc-/- mice were treated with D-ribose with or without AGEs inhibitor. Administration of D-ribose daily for 30 days was found to induce NLRP3 inflammasome formation in glomerular podocyte, as shown by increased co-localization of NLRP3 with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) or caspase-1. This D-ribose-induced NLRP3 inflammasome formation was accompanied by its activation as evidenced by increased IL-1β production, a major product of NLRP3 inflammasome. Corresponding to NLRP3 inflammasome activation, D-ribose led to significant glomerular injury in mice. All these D-ribose-induced glomerular inflammasome and associated pathological changes were markedly attenuated by deletion of Asc gene. Furthermore, the accumulation of AGEs and RAGE was found increased in glomeruli of mice receiving D-ribose. In cell studies, we also confirmed that D-ribose induced NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation in podocytes, which was significantly blocked by caspase-1 inhibitor, YvAD. Mechanically, AGEs formation inhibition and cleavage or silencing of RAGE gene were shown to suppress D-ribose-induced NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation, as shown by significant reduction of NLRP3 inflammasome molecular aggregation, caspase-1 activity and IL-1β production. These results strongly suggest that relatively long term administration of D-ribose induces NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation in podocytes via AGEs/RAGE signaling pathway, which may be one of important triggering mechanisms leading to diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Hong
- Integrated Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Joseph Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Weiwei Li
- Integrated Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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7
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Kiss T, Giles CB, Tarantini S, Yabluchanskiy A, Balasubramanian P, Gautam T, Csipo T, Nyúl-Tóth Á, Lipecz A, Szabo C, Farkas E, Wren JD, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation promotes anti-aging miRNA expression profile in the aorta of aged mice, predicting epigenetic rejuvenation and anti-atherogenic effects. GeroScience 2019; 41:419-439. [PMID: 31463647 PMCID: PMC6815288 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding molecular mechanisms involved in vascular aging is essential to develop novel interventional strategies for treatment and prevention of age-related vascular pathologies. Recent studies provide critical evidence that vascular aging is characterized by NAD+ depletion. Importantly, in aged mice, restoration of cellular NAD+ levels by treatment with the NAD+ booster nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) exerts significant vasoprotective effects, improving endothelium-dependent vasodilation, attenuating oxidative stress, and rescuing age-related changes in gene expression. Strong experimental evidence shows that dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has a role in vascular aging. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that age-related NAD+ depletion is causally linked to dysregulation of vascular miRNA expression. A corollary hypothesis is that functional vascular rejuvenation in NMN-treated aged mice is also associated with restoration of a youthful vascular miRNA expression profile. To test these hypotheses, aged (24-month-old) mice were treated with NMN for 2 weeks and miRNA signatures in the aortas were compared to those in aortas obtained from untreated young and aged control mice. We found that protective effects of NMN treatment on vascular function are associated with anti-aging changes in the miRNA expression profile in the aged mouse aorta. The predicted regulatory effects of NMN-induced differentially expressed miRNAs in aged vessels include anti-atherogenic effects and epigenetic rejuvenation. Future studies will uncover the mechanistic role of miRNA gene expression regulatory networks in the anti-aging effects of NAD+ booster treatments and determine the links between miRNAs regulated by NMN and sirtuin activators and miRNAs known to act in the conserved pathways of aging and major aging-related vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kiss
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics / Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cory B Giles
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Tripti Gautam
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Tamas Csipo
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics / Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Public Health / Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre / Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Agnes Lipecz
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics / Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Public Health / Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics / Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics / Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics / Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Public Health / Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Li M, Qian M, Kyler K, Xu J. Endothelial-Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Interactions in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:151. [PMID: 30406116 PMCID: PMC6207093 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory process that can eventually lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite available treatment, the prevalence of atherosclerotic CVD, which has become the leading cause of death worldwide, persists. Identification of new mechanisms of atherogenesis are highly needed in order to develop an effective therapeutic treatment. The blood vessels contain two primary major cell types: endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Each of these performs an essential function in sustaining vascular homeostasis. EC-VSMC communication is essential not only to development, but also to the homeostasis of mature blood vessels. Aberrant EC-VSMC interaction could promote atherogenesis. Identification of the mode of EC-VSMC crosstalk that regulates vascular functionality and sustains homeostasis may offer strategic insights for prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic CVD. Here we will review the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between EC and VSMC that could contribute to atherosclerosis. We also highlight open questions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manna Li
- Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Ming Qian
- Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Kathy Kyler
- Office of Research Administration, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
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Holistic Regulation of Angiogenesis with Chinese Herbal Medicines as a New Option for Coronary Artery Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3725962. [PMID: 30186354 PMCID: PMC6110048 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3725962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Effectively improving myocardial blood flow and controlling atherosclerotic plaque have always been key and difficult points in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Although “therapeutic angiogenesis” is regarded as a promising approach for ischemic heart disease by improving blood flow, angiogenesis itself can induce the destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque, which reflects the double-edged role of angiogenesis. Modulating the balance of angiogenesis can be an important target for CAD treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) emphasizes the holistic view and dynamic balance of the body. Furthermore, the principle of activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis (ABCRS) is closely connected with angiogenesis and CAD. Recent research suggests that Chinese herbal medicines for ABCRS are effective in balancing the regulation of angiogenesis. This review presents the progress of recent research on the angiogenesis regulation with Chinese herbal medicines for ABCRS in CAD. Moreover, this review demonstrates that Chinese herbal medicines for ABCRS can not only promote angiogenesis in the ischemic area to improve myocardial blood flow but also alleviate angiogenesis to stabilize plaque in atherosclerosis, which reflects the holistic regulatory role in CAD treatment.
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Bozic M, Betriu A, Bermudez-Lopez M, Ortiz A, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM. Association of FGF-2 Concentrations with Atheroma Progression in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 13:577-584. [PMID: 29519952 PMCID: PMC5969461 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.07980717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Atherosclerosis is highly prevalent in CKD. The rate of progression of atherosclerosis is associated with cardiovascular events. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a member of the FGF family with potentially both protective and deleterious effects in the development of atherosclerosis. The role of circulating FGF-2 levels in the progression of atherosclerosis in CKD is unknown. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We used a multicenter, prospective, observational cohorts study of 481 patients with CKD. We determined the presence of atheroma plaque in ten arterial territories by carotid and femoral ultrasounds. Progression of atheromatosis was defined as an increase in the number of territories with plaque after 24 months. Plasma levels of FGF-2 were measured by multiplex analysis. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether plasma FGF-2 levels were associated with atheromatosis progression. RESULTS Average age of the population was 61 years. The percentage of patients in each CKD stage was 51% in stage 3, 41% in stages 4-5, and 8% in dialysis. A total of 335 patients (70%) showed plaque at baseline. Atheromatosis progressed in 289 patients (67%). FGF-2 levels were similar between patients with or without plaque at baseline (79 versus 88 pg/ml), but lower in patients with atheromatosis progression after 2 years (78 versus 98 pg/ml; P<0.01). In adjusted analyses, higher plasma FGF-2 was associated with lower risk of atheromatosis progression (odds ratio [OR], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.76 to 0.96; per 50 pg/ml increment). Analysis of FGF-2 in tertiles showed that atheroma progression was observed for 102 participants in the lowest tertile of FGF-2 (reference group), 86 participants in the middle tertile of FGF-2 (adjusted OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.40 to 1.20), and 74 participants in the lowest tertile of FGF-2 (adjusted OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.82). CONCLUSIONS Low FGF-2 levels are independently associated with atheromatosis progression in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Bozic
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain; and
| | - Angels Betriu
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain; and
| | - Marcelino Bermudez-Lopez
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain; and
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Red de Investigación Renal del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Fernandez
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain; and
| | - Jose M. Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain; and
| | - on behalf of the NEFRONA investigators
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain; and
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Red de Investigación Renal del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2018; 93:803-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Chistiakov DA, Melnichenko AA, Myasoedova VA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Role of lipids and intraplaque hypoxia in the formation of neovascularization in atherosclerosis. Ann Med 2017; 49:661-677. [PMID: 28797175 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2017.1366041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the current paradigm, chronic vascular inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The plaque progression is typically completed with rupture and subsequent acute cardiovascular complications. Previously, the role of adventitial vasa vasorum in atherogenesis was underestimated. However, investigators then revealed that vasa vasorum neovascularization can be observed when no clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis is present. Vasa vasorum is involved in various proatherogenic processes such as intimal accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes, intimal thickening, necrotic core formation, intraplaque haemorrhage, lesion rupture and atherothrombosis. Due to the destabilizing action of the intraplaque microenvironment, lesional vasa vasorum neovessels experience serious defects and abnormalities during development that leads to their immaturity, fragility and leakage. Indeed, intraplaque neovessels are a main cause of intraplaque haemorrhage. Visualization techniques showed that presence of neovascularization/haemorrhage can serve as a good indicator of lesion instability and higher risk of rupture. Vasa vasorum density is a strong predictor of acute cardiovascular events such as sudden death, myocardial infarction and stroke. At present, arterial vasa vasorum neovascularization is under intensive investigation along with development of therapeutic tools focused on the control of formation of vasa vasorum neovessels in order to prevent plaque haemorrhage/rupture and thromboembolism. KEY MESSAGE Neovascularization plays an important role in atherosclerosis, being involved in unstable plaque formation. Presence of neovascularization and haemorrhage indicates plaque instability and risk of rupture. Various imaging techniques are available to study neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- a Department of Neurochemistry, Division of Basic and Applied Neurobiology , Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology , Moscow , Russia
| | - Alexandra A Melnichenko
- b Laboratory of Angiopathology , Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Veronika A Myasoedova
- b Laboratory of Angiopathology , Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- c Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology , Moscow , Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- b Laboratory of Angiopathology , Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , Moscow , Russia.,d Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center , Moscow , Russia
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13
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Yang X, Liaw L, Prudovsky I, Brooks PC, Vary C, Oxburgh L, Friesel R. Fibroblast growth factor signaling in the vasculature. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 17:509. [PMID: 25813213 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-015-0509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite their discovery as angiogenic factors and mitogens for endothelial cells more than 30 years ago, much remains to be determined about the role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors in vascular development, homeostasis, and disease. In vitro studies show that members of the FGF family stimulate growth, migration, and sprouting of endothelial cells, and growth, migration, and phenotypic plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells. Recent studies have revealed important roles for FGFs and their receptors in the regulation of endothelial cell sprouting and vascular homeostasis in vivo. Furthermore, recent work has revealed roles for FGFs in atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and vascular dysfunction. The large number of FGFs and their receptors expressed in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells complicates these studies. In this review, we summarize recent studies in which new and unanticipated roles for FGFs and their receptors in the vasculature have been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
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14
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Xu J, Lu X, Shi GP. Vasa vasorum in atherosclerosis and clinical significance. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11574-608. [PMID: 26006236 PMCID: PMC4463718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to several acute cardiovascular complications with poor prognosis. For decades, the role of the adventitial vasa vasorum (VV) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis has received broad attention. The presence of VV neovascularization precedes the apparent symptoms of clinical atherosclerosis. VV also mediates inflammatory cell infiltration, intimal thickening, intraplaque hemorrhage, and subsequent atherothrombosis that results in stroke or myocardial infarction. Intraplaque neovessels originating from VV can be immature and hence susceptible to leakage, and are thus regarded as the leading cause of intraplaque hemorrhage. Evidence supports VV as a new surrogate target of atherosclerosis evaluation and treatment. This review provides an overview into the relationship between VV and atherosclerosis, including the anatomy and function of VV, the stimuli of VV neovascularization, and the available underlying mechanisms that lead to poor prognosis. We also summarize translational researches on VV imaging modalities and potential therapies that target VV neovascularization or its stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhujiang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Xiaotong Lu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhujiang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhujiang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Lilly B. We have contact: endothelial cell-smooth muscle cell interactions. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:234-41. [PMID: 24985327 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00047.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are composed of two primary cell types, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, each providing a unique contribution to vessel function. Signaling between these two cell types is essential for maintaining tone in mature vessels, and their communication is critical during development, and for repair and remodeling associated with blood vessel growth. This review will highlight the pathways that endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells utilize to communicate during vessel formation and discuss how disruptions in these pathways contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Lilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Heart Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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16
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Elliott KJ, Eguchi S. Phosphorylation Regulation by Kinases and Phosphatases in Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Dol-Gleizes F, Delesque-Touchard N, Marès AM, Nestor AL, Schaeffer P, Bono F. A new synthetic FGF receptor antagonist inhibits arteriosclerosis in a mouse vein graft model and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80027. [PMID: 24224032 PMCID: PMC3817113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in the development of vascular diseases remains incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a new small-molecule multi-FGF receptor blocker with allosteric properties, SSR128129E, on neointimal proliferation after a vein graft procedure in mice and on the development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice. Methods and Results Vein grafts were performed in 3 month-old male C57BL6 mice. Segments of the vena cava were interposed at the level of the carotid artery. In SSR128129E (50 mg/kg/d)-treated animals, a dramatic decrease in neointimal proliferation was observed 2 and 8 weeks after the graft (72.5 %, p<0.01, and 47.8 %, p<0.05, respectively). Four-week old male apoE-deficient mice were treated with SSR128129E (50 mg/kg/d) for 3 and 5 months in comparison with a control group. SSR128129E treatment resulted in a reduction of lesion size in the aortic sinus (16.4 % (ns) at 3 months and 42.9 % (p<0.01) at 5 months, without any change in serum lipids. SSR128129 significantly reduced FGFR2 mRNA levels in the aortic sinus (p<0.05, n=5-6), but did not affect the mRNA expression levels of other FGF receptors or ligands. Conclusion These studies indicate that FGFs have an important role in the development of vascular diseases like atherosclerosis and graft arteriosclerosis. These data suggest that inhibition of FGF receptors by compounds like SSR128129E might be useful as a new therapeutic approach for these vascular pathologies.
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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19
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Biological mechanisms of microvessel formation in advanced atherosclerosis: The big Five. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 23:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Liu MH, Tang ZH, Li GH, Qu SL, Zhang Y, Ren Z, Liu LS, Jiang ZS. Janus-like role of fibroblast growth factor 2 in arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease: atherogenesis and angiogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:10-7. [PMID: 23578358 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenic stimulation is a promising new strategy for treating patients with arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease. This strategy aims to ameliorate cardiac function by improving myocardial perfusion and lowering the risk of myocardial infarction. However, angiogenesis may contribute to the growth of atherosclerotic lesions. Atherogenesis is also a potential side effect of angiogenic therapy. Early clinical trials were performed using fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) protein, which enhances the formation of new collateral vessels to reduce ischaemic symptoms. Conversely, angiogenic stimulation by FGF2 is a dilemma because it could cause negative angiogenic effects, such as atherosclerosis. Thus far, clinical trials in patients with recombinant FGF2 protein therapy have not yet yielded undisputable beneficial effects. Future trials should determine whether an improvement can be obtained in patients with coronary artery disease using a combination of FGF2 and other growth factors or a combination of the FGF2 gene and stem cell therapy. This review summarises the multiple roles of FGF2 in the progression of atherosclerosis, its effect on pro-angiogenesis and improvement of cardiac function in coronary artery disease, and the potentially unfavourable effect of angiogenesis on the prevention and treatment of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hua Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
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