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Lu Y, Liu H, Dong B, Yang J, Kou L, Qin Q. Correlation between platelet-derived growth factor-B gene polymorphism and coronary heart disease. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24683. [PMID: 36059119 PMCID: PMC9550974 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECT The aim of the present work was to investigate the correlation of plasma platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB level and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs1800817 and rs2285094) of PDGF-B gene with the onset and stability condition of coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS Totally, 335 subjects were included in and divided into CHD (n = 247) and control group (n = 88) according to coronary angiography. Besides, the patients in the CHD group were divided into acute coronary syndrome (ACS) group (n = 165) and stable angina pectoria (SAP) group (n = 82), based on CHD stability condition. The plasma PDGF-BB level was measured by ELISA, and the genotype of PDGF-B was examined through qPCR assay. RESULTS The PDGF-BB level was positively correlated with hsCRP level (r = 0.149, p < 0.05). The genotype frequencies of SNP rs1800817 and rs2285094 match Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was weak linkage disequilibrium between SNP rs1800817 and rs2285094: D' = 0.419, r2 = 0.04, which has no correlation with CHD. There was no statistical difference in plasma PDGF-BB level among different genotypes in rs1800817 and rs2285094. There were no differences in the plasma PDGF-BB level among patients with any genotype of SNP rs1800817 and rs2285094, no matter how it was grouped. Logistic regression results indicated that the plasma PDGF-BB level was the independent risk factor of CHD onset (OR = 1.003, 95% CI 1.001-1.006, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS High plasma PDGF-BB level is the risk factor of CHD and has correlation with instability of CHD. The plasma PDGF-BB level change may be related to inflammatory response. PDGF-B gene rs1800817 and rs2285094 polymorphisms are not correlated with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Chest Hospital Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Chest Hospital Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Chest Hospital Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Kou
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Chest Hospital Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Chest Hospital Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Sano M, Akagi D, Naito M, Hoshina K, Miyata K, Kataoka K, Ishihara S. Systemic single administration of anti-inflammatory microRNA 146a-5p loaded in polymeric nanomedicines with active targetability attenuates neointimal hyperplasia by controlling inflammation in injured arteries in a rat model. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22486. [PMID: 35929425 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101481r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) after revascularization is a key unsolved clinical problem. Various studies have shown that attenuation of the acute inflammatory response on the vascular wall can prevent NIH. MicroRNA146a-5p (miR146a-5p) has been reported to show anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, a well-known key player of inflammation of the vascular wall. Here, a nanomedicine, which can reach the vascular injury site, based on polymeric micelles was applied to deliver miR146a-5p in a rat carotid artery balloon injury model. In vitro studies using inflammation-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) was performed. Results showed anti-inflammatory response as an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway and VSMC migration, suppression of reactive oxygen species production, and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in VSMCs. A single systemic administration of miR146a-5p attenuated NIH and vessel remodeling in a carotid artery balloon injury model in both male and female rats in vivo. MiR146a-5p reduced proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in injured arteries and monocyte/macrophage infiltration into the vascular wall. Therefore, miR146a-5p delivery to the injury site demonstrated therapeutic potential against NIH after revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Sano
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Akagi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Naito
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Hoshina
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Mallapragada S, Kasana J, Agrawal P. Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on Serum Highly Sensitive Capsule Reactive Protein and Homocysteine Levels in Chronic Periodontitis: A Pilot Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2017; 8:279-285. [PMID: 28839416 PMCID: PMC5551335 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_140_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on circulating serum high-sensitivity capsule reactive protein (hs-CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) levels in patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved fifty participants. The test group included 25 systemically healthy controls (mean age 38.44 ± 3.27 years) with severe chronic periodontitis and the control group (n = 25) included age- and sex-matched systemically and periodontally healthy controls. Clinical parameters were recorded, intraoral periapical radiographs were taken, hematological tests and assessment of serum hs-CRP levels and Hcy levels were performed at baseline and 3 months after completion of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. RESULTS Mean serum hs-CRP and Hcy concentration in patients with chronic periodontitis were 3.37 ± 0.54 mg/L and 21.47 ± 7.93 μmol/L, respectively, and was significantly higher than the controls (1.68 ± 0.71 mg/L and 13.93 ± 8.30 μmol/L, respectively) (P < 0.05). Posttreatment, the mean serum hs-CRP and Hcy concentration reduced significantly in both test and control groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Chronic periodontitis leads to an increase in circulating levels of hs-CRP and Hcy in plasma and nonsurgical periodontal therapy decreases periodontal inflammation, which in turn reduces systemic inflammation and consequently decreases serum levels of hs-CRP and Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Mallapragada
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jyoti Kasana
- Department of Dentistry, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Agrawal
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Fairaq A, Shawky NM, Osman I, Pichavaram P, Segar L. AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist, attenuates PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation through inhibition of mTOR signaling independent of AMPK: Implications toward suppression of neointimal hyperplasia. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:289-302. [PMID: 28237515 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Although adiponectin replenishment mitigates neointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis in mouse models, adiponectin therapy has been hampered in a clinical setting due to its large molecular size. Recent studies demonstrate that AdipoRon (a small-molecule adiponectin receptor agonist) improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetic mice and attenuates postischemic cardiac injury in adiponectin-deficient mice, in part, through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). To date, it remains unknown as to whether AdipoRon regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, which plays a major role in neointima formation. In the present study, oral administration of AdipoRon (50mg/kg) in C57BL/6J mice significantly diminished arterial injury-induced neointima formation by ∼57%. Under in vitro conditions, AdipoRon treatment led to significant inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced VSMC proliferation, DNA synthesis, and cyclin D1 expression. While AdipoRon induced a rapid and sustained activation of AMPK, it also diminished basal and PDGF-induced phosphorylation of mTOR and its downstream targets, including p70S6K/S6 and 4E-BP1. However, siRNA-mediated AMPK downregulation showed persistent inhibition of p70S6K/S6 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, indicating AMPK-independent effects for AdipoRon inhibition of mTOR signaling. In addition, AdipoRon treatment resulted in a sustained and transient decrease in PDGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, respectively. Furthermore, PDGF receptor-β tyrosine phosphorylation, which controls the phosphorylation state of Akt and ERK, was diminished upon AdipoRon treatment. Together, the present findings suggest that orally-administered AdipoRon has the potential to limit restenosis after angioplasty by targeting mTOR signaling independent of AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Fairaq
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Noha M Shawky
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Islam Osman
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Prahalathan Pichavaram
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lakshman Segar
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Plasma homocysteine levels are related to medium-term venous graft degeneration in coronary artery bypass graft patients. Anatol J Cardiol 2016; 16:868-873. [PMID: 27147400 PMCID: PMC5324890 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2016.6738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Saphenous venous grafts (SVGs) are established choices for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); however, their lumen patency is limited. Our goal was to investigate the risk factors of SVG degeneration. Methods: Seventy-five patients (mean age, 57.5±10.4 years) with 133 SVG conduits who had cardiac catheterization ≥1 year after CABG were selected; follow-up period was 67.6±36.8 months. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to angiographic status at follow up [intact: <20% (n=23); narrowed: 20–99% (n=24); and occluded (n=28)]. Baseline clinical conditions were evaluated in relation to follow-up angiography. As onset date of chronic total occlusions is usually uncertain, they arise typically from thrombotic lesions; thus, their value in evaluation is limited. Results: There were no significant differences between the 3 groups in clinical parameters. Linear correlation analysis found significant (p<0.01) positive connection of SVG disease (luminal diameter reduction 20–99%) with C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy), as well as between CRP and Hcy. Multiple regression analysis showed plasma Hcy level to be significantly related to graft diameter reduction normalized to time elapsed until angiography in narrowed grafts: 1 µmol/L increase of Hcy was associated with 0.053%/month decrease in lumen diameter (p<0.01; R2=0.428); extrapolating: +10 µmol/L higher Hcy level during 5 years is associated with 32.1% lumen reduction. Conclusion: Medium- to long-term SVG degeneration is related to elevated plasma total Hcy in patients with sub-occlusive graft stenosis, while in cases with intact SVGs, the beneficial local flow conditions may protect the grafts from degeneration.
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Akagi D, Chen M, Toy R, Chatterjee A, Conte MS. Systemic delivery of proresolving lipid mediators resolvin D2 and maresin 1 attenuates intimal hyperplasia in mice. FASEB J 2015; 29:2504-13. [PMID: 25777995 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular injury induces a potent inflammatory response that influences vessel remodeling and patency, limiting long-term benefits of cardiovascular interventions such as angioplasty. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) derived from ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] orchestrate resolution in diverse settings of acute inflammation. We hypothesized that systemic administration of DHA-derived SPMs [resolvin D2 (RvD2) and maresin 1 (MaR1)] would influence vessel remodeling in a mouse model of arterial neointima formation (carotid ligation). In vitro, SPM treatment inhibited mouse aortic smooth muscle cell migration (IC₅₀ ≅ 1 nM) to a PDGF gradient and reduced TNF-α-stimulated p65 translocation, superoxide production, and proinflammatory gene expression (MCP-1). In vivo, adult FVB mice underwent unilateral carotid artery ligation with administration of RvD2, MaR1, or vehicle (100 ng by intraperitoneal injection at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d after ligation). In ligated carotid arteries at 4 d, SPM treatment was associated with reduced cell proliferation and neutrophil and macrophage recruitment and increased polarization of M2 macrophages in the arterial wall. Neointimal hyperplasia (at 14 d) was notably attenuated in RvD2 (62%)- and MaR1 (67%)-treated mice, respectively. Modulation of resolution pathways may offer new opportunities to regulate the vascular injury response and promote vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Akagi
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mian Chen
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Toy
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anuran Chatterjee
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael S Conte
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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7
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Ji Y, Fish PM, Strawn TL, Lohman AW, Wu J, Szalai AJ, Fay WP. C-reactive protein induces expression of tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and promotes fibrin accumulation in vein grafts. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1667-77. [PMID: 25081365 PMCID: PMC4194135 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) promotes tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in vitro, and an elevated plasma CRP concentration is associated with an increased risk of vein graft (VG) thrombosis after coronary artery bypass surgery. However, little is known about the effects of CRP on VG TF and PAI-1 expression in vivo, or on VG thrombosis. OBJECTIVES We studied transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human CRP in a VG model to explore in vivo cause-and-effect relationships between CRP and TF, PAI-1, and VG thrombosis. METHODS Vein segments from wild-type (WT) and CRP-Tg donors were transplanted into carotid arteries of WT and CRP-Tg recipients. VGs were analyzed 1-4 weeks later. RESULTS Human CRP accumulated in VGs during the first 4 weeks after surgery, but appeared to originate exclusively from systemic sources, rather than local production. Human CRP significantly increased TF gene expression, protein concentration and activity in VGs. Human CRP also increased PAI-1 concentrations in VGs, although only in vascular endothelial cells. Human CRP stimulated macrophage migration, invasion into VGs, and TF expression. Fibrin deposition was significantly greater in VGs of CRP-Tg mice than in WT controls. CONCLUSIONS CRP accumulates in VGs early after surgery, originating from systemic sources rather than local synthesis. Human CRP promotes TF and PAI-1 expression in VGs, although with different expression patterns. Human CRP stimulates macrophage invasion and fibrin deposition within VGs. These results suggest that CRP induces pathologic changes in VGs that contribute to early VG occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ji
- Department of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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8
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Owens CD, Gasper WJ, Rahman AS, Conte MS. Vein graft failure. J Vasc Surg 2013; 61:203-16. [PMID: 24095042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After the creation of an autogenous lower extremity bypass graft, the vein must undergo a series of dynamic structural changes to stabilize the arterial hemodynamic forces. These changes, which are commonly referred to as remodeling, include an inflammatory response, the development of a neointima, matrix turnover, and cellular proliferation and apoptosis. The sum total of these processes results in dramatic alterations in the physical and biomechanical attributes of the arterialized vein. The most clinically obvious and easily measured of these is lumen remodeling of the graft. However, although somewhat less precise, wall thickness, matrix composition, and endothelial changes can be measured in vivo within the healing vein graft. Recent translational work has demonstrated the clinical relevance of remodeling as it relates to vein graft patency and the systemic factors influencing it. By correlating histologic and molecular changes in the vein, insights into potential therapeutic strategies to prevent bypass failure and areas for future investigation are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Owens
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Warren J Gasper
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Amreen S Rahman
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Michael S Conte
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif
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Miyahara T, Runge S, Chatterjee A, Chen M, Mottola G, Fitzgerald JM, Serhan CN, Conte MS. D-series resolvin attenuates vascular smooth muscle cell activation and neointimal hyperplasia following vascular injury. FASEB J 2013; 27:2220-32. [PMID: 23407709 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that specialized lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids control resolution of inflammation, but little is known about resolution pathways in vascular injury. We sought to determine the actions of D-series resolvin (RvD) on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype and vascular injury. Human VSMCs were treated with RvD1 and RvD2, and phenotype was assessed by proliferation, migration, monocyte adhesion, superoxide production, and gene expression assays. A rabbit model of arterial angioplasty with local delivery of RvD2 (10 nM vs. vehicle control) was employed to examine effects on vascular injury in vivo. Local generation of proresolving lipid mediators (LC-MS/MS) and expression of RvD receptors in the vessel wall were assessed. RvD1 and RvD2 produced dose-dependent inhibition of VSMC proliferation, migration, monocyte adhesion, superoxide production, and proinflammatory gene expression (IC50≈0.1-1 nM). In balloon-injured rabbit arteries, cell proliferation (51%) and leukocyte recruitment (41%) were reduced at 3 d, and neointimal hyperplasia was attenuated (29%) at 28 d by RvD2. We demonstrate endogenous biosynthesis of proresolving lipid mediators and expression of receptors for RvD1 in the artery wall. RvDs broadly reduce VSMC responses and modulate vascular injury, suggesting that local activation of resolution mechanisms expedites vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyahara
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0222, USA
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10
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Zhang MJ, Spite M. Resolvins: Anti-Inflammatory and Proresolving Mediators Derived from Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Annu Rev Nutr 2012; 32:203-27. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Zhang
- Diabetes and Obesity Center,
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
| | - Matthew Spite
- Diabetes and Obesity Center,
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202;
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of post-PCI restenosis involves neointimal formation that consists of three phases: thrombosis (within 24 h), recruitment (3-8 days), and proliferation, which starts on day 8 of PCI. Various factors suggested to be predictors/risks for restenosis include C-reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory mediators (cytokines and adhesion molecules), oxygen radicals, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors (RAGE), and soluble RAGE (sRAGE). The earlier noted factors produce thrombogenesis, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix formation. Statins have pleiotropic effects. Besides lowering serum cholesterol, they have various other biological effects including antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, CRP-lowering, antioxidant, antimitotic, and inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation. They inhibit matrix metalloproteinase and cyclooxygenase-2, lower AGEs, decrease expression of RAGE and increase levels of serum sRAGE. They also increase the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by increasing endothelial NO synthase expression and activity. Preprocedural statin therapy is known to reduce peri- and post-PCI myonecrosis and reduce the need for repeat revascularization. There is evidence that statin-eluting stents inhibit in-stent restenosis in animal models. It is concluded that because of the above attributes of statins, they are suitable candidates for reduction of post-PCI restenosis and post-PCI myonecrosis. The future directions for the use of statins in reduction of post-PCI restenosis and myonecrosis have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Specialized proresolving mediator targets for RvE1 and RvD1 in peripheral blood and mechanisms of resolution. Biochem J 2011; 437:185-97. [PMID: 21711247 PMCID: PMC3133883 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation when unchecked is associated with many prevalent disorders such as the classic inflammatory diseases arthritis and periodontal disease, as well as the more recent additions that include diabetes and cardiovascular maladies. Hence mechanisms to curtail the inflammatory response and promote catabasis are of immense interest. In recent years, evidence has prompted a paradigm shift whereby the resolution of acute inflammation is a biochemically active process regulated in part by endogenous PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid)-derived autacoids. Among these are a novel genus of SPMs (specialized proresolving mediators) that comprise novel families of mediators including lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins. SPMs have distinct structures and act via specific G-protein seven transmembrane receptors that signal intracellular events on selective cellular targets activating proresolving programmes while countering pro-inflammatory signals. An appreciation of these endogenous pathways and mediators that control timely resolution opened a new terrain for therapeutic approaches targeted at stimulating resolution of local inflammation. In the present review, we provide an overview of the biosynthesis and actions of resolvin E1, underscoring its protective role in vascular systems and regulating platelet responses. We also give an overview of newly described resolution circuitry whereby resolvins govern miRNAs (microRNAs), and transcription factors that counter-regulate pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines and lipid mediators.
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13
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Remote ischemic preconditioning will reduce graft-related events after surgical infrainguinal revascularization: Evidence-based surgery hypothesis. Surgery 2010; 148:1020-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ho KJ, Spite M, Owens CD, Lancero H, Kroemer AHK, Pande R, Creager MA, Serhan CN, Conte MS. Aspirin-triggered lipoxin and resolvin E1 modulate vascular smooth muscle phenotype and correlate with peripheral atherosclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2116-23. [PMID: 20709806 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall. Recent evidence suggests that chronic vascular inflammation ensues as an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Recently identified lipid mediators (eg, lipoxins and resolvins) play active roles in promoting the resolution of inflammation. Alterations in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype, which manifest as a loss of contractile protein expression and increased proliferation and migration, are prominent mechanistic features of both atherosclerosis and restenosis following various interventions (eg, angioplasty and bypass grafting). We sought to determine whether human atherosclerosis is associated with a "resolution deficit" and whether lipoxins and resolvins influence VSMC phenotype. Here we report that plasma levels of aspirin-triggered lipoxin are significantly lower in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease than in healthy volunteers. Both aspirin-triggered lipoxin and resolvin E1 block platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated migration of human saphenous vein SMCs and decrease phosphorylation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β. Importantly, receptors for aspirin-triggered lipoxin and resolvin E1 (ALX and ChemR23, respectively) were identified in human VSMCs. Overall, these results demonstrate that stimulatory lipid mediators confer a protective phenotypic switch in VSMCs and elucidate new functions for these mediators in the regulation of SMC biology. These results also suggest that peripheral artery disease is associated with an inflammation-resolution deficit and highlight a potential therapeutic opportunity for the regulation of vascular injury responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ho
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Megson E, Fitzsimmons T, Dharmapatni K, Bartold PM. C-reactive protein in gingival crevicular fluid may be indicative of systemic inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:797-804. [PMID: 20618548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Periodontitis is associated with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) in both serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Although the liver is the primary source of CRP, extra-hepatic production of CRP has been reported. This study aimed to determine whether CRP in GCF is produced locally in the gingivae. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gingivae and GCF were collected from non-periodontitis and periodontitis sites. Presence of CRP in gingivae was assessed by immunohistochemistry. CRP in GCF was measured using ELISA. Gene expression for CRP in gingivae was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS CRP was found in both the gingivae and GCF. No gingivae had detectable amounts of CRP mRNA. Not all patients with periodontitis had detectable levels of CRP in the GCF. Some non-periodontitis patients had detectable levels of CRP in the GCF. CONCLUSION CRP in the GCF appears to be of systemic origin, and therefore may be indicative of systemic inflammation from either a periodontal infection or inflammatory disease elsewhere. The correlation between levels of CRP in GCF and serum requires validation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Megson
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Kenagy RD, Fukai N, Min SK, Jalikis F, Kohler TR, Clowes AW. Proliferative capacity of vein graft smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in vitro correlates with graft stenosis. J Vasc Surg 2009; 49:1282-8. [PMID: 19307078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE About a quarter of peripheral vein grafts fail due in part to intimal hyperplasia. The proliferative capacity and response to growth inhibitors of medial smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts in vitro were studied to test the hypothesis that intrinsic differences in cells of vein grafts are associated with graft failure. METHODS Cells were grown from explants of the medial and adventitial layers of samples of vein grafts obtained at the time of implantation. Vein graft patency and function were monitored over the first 12 months using ankle pressures and Duplex ultrasound to determine vein graft status. Cells were obtained from veins from 11 patients whose grafts remained patent (non-stenotic) and from seven patients whose grafts developed stenosis. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) derived from media and fibroblasts derived from adventitia were growth arrested in serum-free medium and then stimulated with 1 muM sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), 10 nM thrombin, 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), 10 ng/ml platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), PDGF-BB plus S1P, or PDGF-BB plus thrombin for determination of incorporation of [(3)H]-thymidine into DNA. Cells receiving PDGF-BB or thrombin were also treated with or without 100 microg/ml heparin, which is a growth inhibitor. Cells receiving thrombin were also treated with or without 150 nM AG1478, an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor. RESULTS SMCs and fibroblasts from veins of patients that developed stenosis responded more to the growth factors, such as PDGF-BB alone or in combination with thrombin or S1P, than cells from veins of patients that remained patent (P = .012). In addition, while PDGF-BB-mediated proliferation of fibroblasts from grafts that remained patent was inhibited by heparin (P < .03), PDGF-BB-mediated proliferation of fibroblasts from veins that developed stenosis was not (P > .5). CONCLUSION Inherent differences in the proliferative response of vein graft cells to PDGF-BB and heparin may explain, in part, the variability among patients regarding long term patency of vein grafts.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Ankle/blood supply
- Becaplermin
- Blood Pressure
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Constriction, Pathologic
- DNA Replication
- Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/etiology
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/pathology
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/physiopathology
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Lower Extremity/blood supply
- Lysophospholipids/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Peripheral Vascular Diseases/pathology
- Peripheral Vascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Peripheral Vascular Diseases/surgery
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Quinazolines
- Saphenous Vein/drug effects
- Saphenous Vein/pathology
- Saphenous Vein/physiopathology
- Saphenous Vein/transplantation
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/metabolism
- Thrombin/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
- Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex
- Vascular Patency
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Kenagy
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Wash. 98195-6410, USA
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