1
|
Evlakhov VI, Berezina TP, Pasatetskaya NA. Effects of Ranolazine and Ivabradine on Pulmonary Microhemodynamics in Experimental Model of Pulmonary Thromboembolism. Bull Exp Biol Med 2024; 177:203-206. [PMID: 39093469 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-024-06156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
We studied changes of pulmonary microhemodynamics when modeling pulmonary artery thromboembolism on perfused isolated rabbit lungs after pretreatment with ranolazine and ivabradine. The increase in pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and pre- and postcapillary resistance was less pronounced than in control animals, but was close to that in case of pulmonary thromboembolism after pretreatment with voltage-gated Na+ channel blockers lidocaine and ropivacaine. The increase of capillary filtration coefficient inversely correlated with values of capillary hydrostatic pressure. Thus, ranolazine and ivabradine exhibit the properties of voltage-gated Na+ channel blockers mainly in smooth muscles of pulmonary arterial vessels and promote the decrease in endothelial permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V I Evlakhov
- Laboratory of Physiology of Visceral Systems, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - T P Berezina
- Laboratory of Physiology of Visceral Systems, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N A Pasatetskaya
- Laboratory of Physiology of Visceral Systems, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Davis MJ, Zawieja SD. Pacemaking in the lymphatic system. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38520402 DOI: 10.1113/jp284752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic collecting vessels exhibit spontaneous phasic contractions that are critical for lymph propulsion and tissue fluid homeostasis. This rhythmic activity is driven by action potentials conducted across the lymphatic muscle cell (LMC) layer to produce entrained contractions. The contraction frequency of a lymphatic collecting vessel displays exquisite mechanosensitivity, with a dynamic range from <1 to >20 contractions per minute. A myogenic pacemaker mechanism intrinsic to the LMCs was initially postulated to account for pressure-dependent chronotropy. Further interrogation into the cellular constituents of the lymphatic vessel wall identified non-muscle cell populations that shared some characteristics with interstitial cells of Cajal, which have pacemaker functions in the gastrointestinal and lower urinary tracts, thus raising the possibility of a non-muscle cell pacemaker. However, recent genetic knockout studies in mice support LMCs and a myogenic origin of the pacemaker activity. LMCs exhibit stochastic, but pressure-sensitive, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release (puffs and waves) from IP3R1 receptors, which couple to the calcium-activated chloride channel Anoctamin 1, causing depolarisation. The resulting electrical activity integrates across the highly coupled lymphatic muscle electrical syncytia through connexin 45 to modulate diastolic depolarisation. However, multiple other cation channels may also contribute to the ionic pacemaking cycle. Upon reaching threshold, a voltage-gated calcium channel-dependent action potential fires, resulting in a nearly synchronous calcium global calcium flash within the LMC layer to drive an entrained contraction. This review summarizes the key ion channels potentially responsible for the pressure-dependent chronotropy of lymphatic collecting vessels and various mechanisms of IP3R1 regulation that could contribute to frequency tuning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lei PJ, Ruscic KJ, Roh K, Rajotte JJ, O'Melia MJ, Bouta EM, Marquez M, Pereira ER, Kumar AS, Arroyo-Ataz G, Razavi MS, Zhou H, Menzel L, Kumra H, Duquette M, Huang P, Baish JW, Munn LL, Ubellacker JM, Jones D, Padera TP. Lymphatic muscle cells are unique cells that undergo aging induced changes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.18.567621. [PMID: 38014141 PMCID: PMC10680808 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.18.567621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) within the wall of collecting lymphatic vessels exhibit tonic and autonomous phasic contractions, which drive active lymph transport to maintain tissue-fluid homeostasis and support immune surveillance. Damage to LMCs disrupts lymphatic function and is related to various diseases. Despite their importance, knowledge of the transcriptional signatures in LMCs and how they relate to lymphatic function in normal and disease contexts is largely missing. We have generated a comprehensive transcriptional single-cell atlas-including LMCs-of collecting lymphatic vessels in mouse dermis at various ages. We identified genes that distinguish LMCs from other types of muscle cells, characterized the phenotypical and transcriptomic changes in LMCs in aged vessels, and uncovered a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that suppresses the contractile apparatus in advanced-aged LMCs. Our findings provide a valuable resource to accelerate future research for the identification of potential drug targets on LMCs to preserve lymphatic vessel function as well as supporting studies to identify genetic causes of primary lymphedema currently with unknown molecular explanation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim HJ, Li M, Erlich EC, Randolph GJ, Davis MJ. ERG K + channels mediate a major component of action potential repolarization in lymphatic muscle. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14890. [PMID: 37689781 PMCID: PMC10492848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells in the walls of collecting lymphatic vessels fire spontaneous action potentials (APs), which conduct rapidly over the muscle layer to initiate contractions that propel lymph. Several ion channels have been implicated in the currents underlying the AP spike and the preceding diastolic depolarization, but the molecular identities of K+ channels involved in AP repolarization are unknown. Based on previous studies of other rhythmically active smooth muscles, we hypothesized that ether-a-go-go related gene (ERG) K+ channels (Kv11) play an important role in repolarization of the AP in lymphatic muscle. Message for one or more ERG channel isoforms was detected by RT-PCR analysis of lymphatic vessels from mice, rats and humans. Membrane potential recordings in smooth muscle cells of rat and human lymphatics revealed that nanomolar concentrations of ERG-1 inhibitors (E-4031 and BeKm-1) prolonged the duration of the AP plateau (normally ~ 1 s in duration) and induced multiple spikes, whereas ERG-1 activators (ICA-105574 and RPR-260243) shortened the plateau and could completely inhibit spontaneous APs. At relatively high inhibitor concentrations, the AP plateau duration lasted as long as 24 s. ERG activators reversed the effects of ERG inhibitors and vice-versa. In pressure myograph studies, ERG channel inhibition prolonged the diastolic repolarization phase of the contraction cycle and reduced the frequency of spontaneous contractions. This is the first evidence for a specific K+ channel contributing to the AP in lymphatic muscle. Our results imply that lymphatic contractile dysfunction may occur in long QT type II patients with mutations that result in ERG channel loss-of-function or impaired trafficking of the channel to the cell membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, MA415 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, MA415 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Emma C Erlich
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, MA415 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Solari E, Marcozzi C, Negrini D, Moriondo A. Fluid Osmolarity Modulates the Rate of Spontaneous Contraction of Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Flow by Means of a Cooperation between TRPV and VRAC Channels. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1039. [PMID: 37508468 PMCID: PMC10376700 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are capable of sustaining lymph formation and propulsion via an intrinsic mechanism based on the spontaneous contraction of the lymphatic muscle in the wall of lymphatic collectors. Exposure to a hyper- or hypo-osmolar environment can deeply affect the intrinsic contraction rate and therefore alter lymph flow. In this work, we aimed at defining the putative receptors underlying such a response. Functional experiments were conducted in ex vivo rat diaphragmatic specimens containing spontaneously contracting lymphatic vessels that were exposed to either hyper- or hypo-osmolar solutions. Lymphatics were challenged with blockers to TRPV4, TRPV1, and VRAC channels, known to respond to changes in osmolarity and/or cell swelling and expressed by lymphatic vessels. Results show that the normal response to a hyperosmolar environment is a steady decrease in the contraction rate and lymph flow and can be prevented by blocking TRPV1 channels with capsazepine. The response to a hyposmolar environment consists of an early phase of an increase in the contraction rate, followed by a decrease. The early phase is abolished by blocking VRACs with DCPIB, while blocking TRPV4 mainly resulted in a delay of the early response. Overall, our data suggest that the cooperation of the three channels can shape the response of lymphatic vessels in terms of contraction frequency and lymph flow, with a prominent role of TRPV1 and VRACs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Solari
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation (DIMIT), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Cristiana Marcozzi
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation (DIMIT), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Negrini
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation (DIMIT), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Moriondo
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation (DIMIT), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Davis MJ, Earley S, Li YS, Chien S. Vascular mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1247-1421. [PMID: 36603156 PMCID: PMC9942936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical stimuli and transduction of mechanical signals that result in the acute functional modulation and longer-term transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of blood vessels. The mechanosensors discussed include ion channels, plasma membrane-associated structures and receptors, and junction proteins. The mechanosignaling pathways presented include the cytoskeleton, integrins, extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling molecules. These are followed by discussions on mechanical regulation of transcriptome and epigenetics, relevance of mechanotransduction to health and disease, and interactions between VSMCs and ECs. Throughout this review, we offer suggestions for specific topics that require further understanding. In the closing section on conclusions and perspectives, we summarize what is known and point out the need to treat the vasculature as a system, including not only VSMCs and ECs but also the extracellular matrix and other types of cells such as resident macrophages and pericytes, so that we can fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood vessel as a whole, thus enhancing the comprehension, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Breslin JW. Lymphatic Clearance and Pump Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041187. [PMID: 35667711 PMCID: PMC9899645 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have an active role in draining excess interstitial fluid from organs and serving as conduits for immune cell trafficking to lymph nodes. In the central circulation, the force needed to propel blood forward is generated by the heart. In contrast, lymphatic vessels rely on intrinsic vessel contractions in combination with extrinsic forces for lymph propulsion. The intrinsic pumping features phasic contractions generated by lymphatic smooth muscle. Periodic, bicuspid valves composed of endothelial cells prevent backflow of lymph. This work provides a brief overview of lymph transport, including initial lymph formation along with cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling lymphatic vessel pumping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Negrini D. Morphological, Mechanical and Hydrodynamic Aspects of Diaphragmatic Lymphatics. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121803. [PMID: 36552311 PMCID: PMC9775868 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The diaphragmatic lymphatic vascular network has unique anatomical characteristics. Studying the morphology and distribution of the lymphatic network in the mouse diaphragm by fluorescence-immunohistochemistry using LYVE-1 (a lymphatic endothelial marker) revealed LYVE1+ structures on both sides of the diaphragm-both in its the muscular and tendinous portion, but with different vessel density and configurations. On the pleural side, most LYVE1+ configurations are vessel-like with scanty stomata, while the peritoneal side is characterized by abundant LYVE1+ flattened lacy-ladder shaped structures with several stomata-like pores, particularly in the muscular portion. Such a complex, three-dimensional organization is enriched, at the peripheral rim of the muscular diaphragm, with spontaneously contracting lymphatic vessel segments able to prompt contractile waves to adjacent collecting lymphatics. This review aims at describing how the external tissue forces developing in the diaphragm, along with cyclic cardiogenic and respiratory swings, interplay with the spontaneous contraction of lymphatic vessel segments at the peripheral diaphragmatic rim to simultaneously set and modulate lymph flow from the pleural and peritoneal cavities. These details may provide useful in understanding the role of diaphragmatic lymphatics not only in physiological but, more so, in pathophysiological circumstances such as in dialysis, metastasis or infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Negrini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Davis MJ, Kim HJ, Nichols CG. K ATP channels in lymphatic function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1018-C1035. [PMID: 35785984 PMCID: PMC9550566 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00137.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
KATP channels function as negative regulators of active lymphatic pumping and lymph transport. This review summarizes and critiques the evidence for the expression of specific KATP channel subunits in lymphatic smooth muscle and endothelium, the roles that they play in normal lymphatic function, and their possible involvement in multiple diseases, including metabolic syndrome, lymphedema, and Cantú syndrome. For each of these topics, suggestions are made for directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Majgaard J, Skov FG, Kim S, Hjortdal VE, Boedtkjer DMB. Positive chronotropic action of HCN channel antagonism in human collecting lymphatic vessels. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15401. [PMID: 35980021 PMCID: PMC9387113 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous action potentials precede phasic contractile activity in human collecting lymphatic vessels. In this study, we investigated the expression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in human collecting lymphatics and by pharmacological inhibition ex vivo tested their potential role in controlling contractile function. Spontaneous and agonist-evoked tension changes of isolated thoracic duct and mesenteric lymphatic vessels-obtained from surgical patients with informed consent-were investigated by isometric myography, and ivabradine, ZD7288 or cesium were used to inhibit HCN. Analysis of HCN isoforms by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence revealed HCN2 to be the predominantly expressed mRNA isoform in human thoracic duct and mesenteric lymphatic vessels and HCN2-immunoreactivity confirmed protein expression in both vessel types. However, in functional experiments ex vivo the HCN inhibitors ivabradine, ZD7288, and cesium failed to lower contraction frequency: conversely, all three antagonists induced a positive chronotropic effect with concurrent negative inotropic action, though these effects first occurred at concentrations regarded as supramaximal for HCN inhibition. Based on these results, we conclude that human collecting vessels express HCN channel proteins but under the ex vivo experimental conditions described here HCN channels have little involvement in regulating contraction frequency in human collecting lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, HCN antagonists can produce concentration-dependent positive chronotropic and negative inotropic effects, which are apparently unrelated to HCN antagonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Majgaard
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Vibeke Elisabeth Hjortdal
- Department of Clinical MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular SurgeryAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Donna M. B. Boedtkjer
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Solari E, Marcozzi C, Ottaviani C, Negrini D, Moriondo A. Draining the Pleural Space: Lymphatic Vessels Facing the Most Challenging Task. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:419. [PMID: 35336793 PMCID: PMC8945018 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels exploit the mechanical stresses of their surroundings together with intrinsic rhythmic contractions to drain lymph from interstitial spaces and serosal cavities to eventually empty into the blood venous stream. This task is more difficult when the liquid to be drained has a very subatmospheric pressure, as it occurs in the pleural cavity. This peculiar space must maintain a very low fluid volume at negative hydraulic pressure in order to guarantee a proper mechanical coupling between the chest wall and lungs. To better understand the potential for liquid drainage, the key parameter to be considered is the difference in hydraulic pressure between the pleural space and the lymphatic lumen. In this review we collected old and new findings from in vivo direct measurements of hydraulic pressures in anaesthetized animals with the aim to better frame the complex physiology of diaphragmatic and intercostal lymphatics which drain liquid from the pleural cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Moriondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (E.S.); (C.M.); (C.O.); (D.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Solari E, Marcozzi C, Negrini D, Moriondo A. Interplay between Gut Lymphatic Vessels and Microbiota. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102584. [PMID: 34685564 PMCID: PMC8534149 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels play a distinctive role in draining fluid, molecules and even cells from interstitial and serosal spaces back to the blood circulation. Lymph vessels of the gut, and especially those located in the villi (called lacteals), not only serve this primary function, but are also responsible for the transport of lipid moieties absorbed by the intestinal mucosa and serve as a second line of defence against possible bacterial infections. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of the general mechanisms allowing lymph drainage and propulsion and will focus on the most recent findings on the mutual relationship between lacteals and intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
|
13
|
Russell PS, Hong J, Trevaskis NL, Windsor JA, Martin ND, Phillips ARJ. Lymphatic Contractile Function: A Comprehensive Review of Drug Effects and Potential Clinical Application. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2437-2457. [PMID: 34415332 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system work together to maintain body fluid homeostasis. Despite that, the lymphatic system has been relatively neglected as a potential drug target and a source of adverse effects from cardiovascular drugs. Like the heart, the lymphatic vessels undergo phasic contractions to promote lymph flow against a pressure gradient. Dysfunction or failure of the lymphatic pump results in fluid imbalance and tissue oedema. While this can due to drug effects, it is also a feature of breast cancer-associated lymphoedema, chronic venous insufficiency, congestive heart failure and acute systemic inflammation. There are currently no specific drug treatments for lymphatic pump dysfunction in clinical use despite the wealth of data from pre-clinical studies. AIM To identify (1) drugs with direct effects on lymphatic tonic and phasic contractions with potential for clinical application, and (2) drugs in current clinical use that have a positive or negative side effect on lymphatic function. METHODS We comprehensively reviewed all studies that tested the direct effect of a drug on the contractile function of lymphatic vessels. RESULTS Of the 208 drugs identified from 193 studies, about a quarter had only stimulatory effects on lymphatic tone, contraction frequency and/or contraction amplitude. Of FDA-approved drugs, there were 14 that increased lymphatic phasic contractile function. The most frequently used class of drug with inhibitory effects on lymphatic pump function were the calcium channels blockers. CONCLUSION This review highlights the opportunity for specific drug treatments of lymphatic dysfunction in various disease states and for avoiding adverse drug effects on lymphatic contractile function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Russell
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John A Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Niels D Martin
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Benzoni P, Bertoli G, Giannetti F, Piantoni C, Milanesi R, Pecchiari M, Barbuti A, Baruscotti M, Bucchi A. The funny current: Even funnier than 40 years ago. Uncanonical expression and roles of HCN/f channels all over the body. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 166:189-204. [PMID: 34400215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Discovered some 40 years ago, the If current has since been known as the "pacemaker" current due to its role in the initiation and modulation of the heartbeat and of neuronal excitability. But this is not all, the funny current keeps entertaining the researchers; indeed, several data discovering novel and uncanonical roles of f/HCN channel are quickly accumulating. In the present review, we provide an overview of the expression and cellular functions of HCN/f channels in a variety of systems/organs, and particularly in sour taste transduction, hormones secretion, activation of astrocytes and microglia, inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, renal ammonium excretion, and peristalsis in the gastrointestinal and urine systems. We also analyzed the role of HCN channels in sustaining cellular respiration in mitochondria and their participation to mitophagy under specific conditions. The relevance of HCN currents in undifferentiated cells, and specifically in the control of stem cell cycle and in bioelectrical signals driving left/right asymmetry during zygote development, is also considered. Finally, we present novel data concerning the expression of HCN mRNA in human leukocytes. We can thus conclude that the emerging evidence presented in this review clearly points to an increasing interest and importance of the "funny" current that goes beyond its role in cardiac sinoatrial and neuronal excitability regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Benzoni
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bertoli
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Giannetti
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Piantoni
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Present Address: Institute of Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Raffaella Milanesi
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Present Address: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Matteo Pecchiari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbuti
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Baruscotti
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bucchi
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Solari E, Marcozzi C, Negrini D, Moriondo A. Lymphatic Vessels and Their Surroundings: How Local Physical Factors Affect Lymph Flow. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120463. [PMID: 33322476 PMCID: PMC7763507 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lymphatic vessels are responsible for the drainage of liquids, solutes, and cells from interstitial spaces and serosal cavities. Their task is fundamental in order to avoid fluid accumulation leading to tissue swelling and edema. The lymphatic system does not possess a central pump, instead lymph is propelled against an overall hydraulic pressure gradient from interstitial spaces to central veins thanks to two pumping mechanisms, which rely on extrinsic forces or the intrinsic rhythmic contractility of lymphatic muscle cells embedded in vessel walls. This latter mechanism can very rapidly adapt to subtle changes in the microenvironment due to hydraulic pressure, lymph flow-induced wall shear stress, liquid osmolarity, and local tissue temperature. Thus, endothelial and lymphatic muscle cells possess mechanosensors that sense these stimuli and promote a change in contraction frequency and amplitude to modulate lymph flow accordingly. In this review, we will focus on the known physical parameters that can modulate lymph flow and on their putative cellular and molecular mechanisms of transduction. Abstract Lymphatic vessels drain and propel lymph by exploiting external forces that surrounding tissues exert upon vessel walls (extrinsic mechanism) and by using active, rhythmic contractions of lymphatic muscle cells embedded in the vessel wall of collecting lymphatics (intrinsic mechanism). The latter mechanism is the major source of the hydraulic pressure gradient where scant extrinsic forces are generated in the microenvironment surrounding lymphatic vessels. It is mainly involved in generating pressure gradients between the interstitial spaces and the vessel lumen and between adjacent lymphatic vessels segments. Intrinsic pumping can very rapidly adapt to ambient physical stimuli such as hydraulic pressure, lymph flow-derived shear stress, fluid osmolarity, and temperature. This adaptation induces a variable lymph flow, which can precisely follow the local tissue state in terms of fluid and solutes removal. Several cellular systems are known to be sensitive to osmolarity, temperature, stretch, and shear stress, and some of them have been found either in lymphatic endothelial cells or lymphatic muscle. In this review, we will focus on how known physical stimuli affect intrinsic contractility and thus lymph flow and describe the most likely cellular mechanisms that mediate this phenomenon.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gur S, Alzweri L, Yilmaz-Oral D, Kaya-Sezginer E, Abdel-Mageed AB, Sikka SC, Hellstrom WJG. Ivabradine, the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel blocker, elicits relaxation of the human corpus cavernosum: a potential option for erectile dysfunction treatment. Aging Male 2020; 23:1088-1097. [PMID: 31741421 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2019.1678125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the If channel inhibitor, ivabradine on human corpus cavernosum (HCC) smooth muscle tone. METHODS HCC samples were obtained from erectile dysfunction(ED) patients (n = 12) undergoing penile prosthesis surgery. Concentration-response curves for ivabradine were exposed to various inhibitory and stimulatory agents. The relaxant and contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS, 10 Hz and 80 Hz) were examined in the presence or absence of ivabradine (10 μM). HCN3 and HCN4 channel expression and localization were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of HCC tissues. RESULTS Increasing ivabradine concentrations dependently reduced the maximal contractile responses of isolated HCC strips induced by KCl (59.5 ± 2.5%) and phenylephrine (84.0 ± 9.8%), which was not affected by nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitors after phenylephrine-induced contraction. Nifedipine and tetraethylammonium inhibited the maximum relaxation to ivabradine by 75% and 39.3%, respectively. Fasudil and sildenafil increased the relaxation response to ivabradine without altering the maximum response. Pre-incubation with ivabradine significantly increased relaxant responses to EFS (p < 0.01) and reduced the contractile tension evoked by EFS (72.3%) (p < 0.001). Ivabradine incubation did not affect the expression and localization of HCN3 and HCN4 channels in the HCC smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS Ivabradine exhibits a relaxant effect on HCC tissues, which is likely to be attributed to the blocking of L-type Ca2+ channels and the opening of K+ channels, independent of changes in the activation of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate system. Inhibition of HCN channels localized in cavernosal smooth muscle cells may offer pharmacological benefits for patients with cardiovascular risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serap Gur
- Departments of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Laith Alzweri
- Departments of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Didem Yilmaz-Oral
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ecem Kaya-Sezginer
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asim B Abdel-Mageed
- Departments of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Suresh C Sikka
- Departments of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wayne J G Hellstrom
- Departments of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marcozzi C, Frattini A, Borgese M, Rossi F, Barone L, Solari E, Valli R, Gornati R. Paracrine effect of human adipose-derived stem cells on lymphatic endothelial cells. Regen Med 2020; 15:2085-2098. [PMID: 33201769 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The proposal of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the potential paracrine effect of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) to promote lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic endothelial cells isolated from rat diaphragmatic lymphatic vessels. Materials & methods: ELISA on VEGFA, VEGFC and IL6 in hASC-conditioned medium; LYVE1 immunostaining; and gene expression of PROX1, VEGFR3, VEGFC, VEGFA and IL6 were the methods used. Results: In 2D culture, hASC-conditioned medium was able to promote lymphatic endothelial cell survival, maintenance of endothelial cobblestone morphology and induction to form a vessel-like structure. Conclusion: The authors' results represent in vitro evidence of the paracrine effect of hASCs on lymphatic endothelial cells, suggesting the possible role of hASC-conditioned medium in developing new therapeutic approaches for lymphatic system-related dysfunction such as secondary lymphedema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Marcozzi
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Human Physiology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Frattini
- Institute for Genetic & Biomedical Research, CNR, 20138 Milano, Italy.,Department of Medicine & Surgery, Human and Medical Genetics, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marina Borgese
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Federica Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Ludovica Barone
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Eleonora Solari
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Human Physiology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto Valli
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Human and Medical Genetics, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Rosalba Gornati
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Solari E, Marcozzi C, Bistoletti M, Baj A, Giaroni C, Negrini D, Moriondo A. TRPV4 channels' dominant role in the temperature modulation of intrinsic contractility and lymph flow of rat diaphragmatic lymphatics. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H507-H518. [PMID: 32706268 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00175.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system drains and propels lymph by extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms. Intrinsic propulsion depends upon spontaneous rhythmic contractions of lymphatic muscles in the vessel walls and is critically affected by changes in the surrounding tissue like osmolarity and temperature. Lymphatics of the diaphragm display a steep change in contraction frequency in response to changes in temperature, and this, in turn, affects lymph flow. In the present work, we demonstrated in an ex vivo diaphragmatic tissue rat model that diaphragmatic lymphatics express transient receptor potential channels of the vanilloid 4 subfamily (TRPV4) and that their blockade by both the nonselective antagonist Ruthenium Red and the selective antagonist HC-067047 abolished the response of lymphatics to temperature changes. Moreover, the selective activation of TRPV4 channels by means of GSK1016790A mirrored the behavior of vessels exposed to increasing temperatures, pointing out the critical role played by these channels in sensing the temperature of the lymphatic vessels' environment and thus inducing a change in contraction frequency and lymph flow.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present work addresses the putative receptor system that enables diaphragmatic lymphatics to change intrinsic contraction frequency and thus lymph flow according to the changes in temperature of the surrounding environment, showing that this role can be sustained by TRPV4 channels alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Solari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristiana Marcozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Negrini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Moriondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Solari E, Marcozzi C, Bartolini B, Viola M, Negrini D, Moriondo A. Acute Exposure of Collecting Lymphatic Vessels to Low-Density Lipoproteins Increases Both Contraction Frequency and Lymph Flow: An In Vivo Mechanical Insight. Lymphat Res Biol 2019; 18:146-155. [PMID: 31526222 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2019.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lymphatic vessels drain fluids and solutes from interstitial spaces and serosal cavities. Among the solutes, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are drained and can be detected in peripheral lymph, where they have been reported to exert a modulatory action on lymphatic vessels intrinsic contraction rate. In the present work, we investigated lymphatic vessel mechanical properties (contraction frequency and amplitude) that may be modulated by LDL application and the consequence on lymph flow. Methods and Results: Human-derived LDL were resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and microinjected in the interstitial space surrounding spontaneously contracting lymphatic vessels of the rat diaphragm, in vivo. Vessels' contraction rate and diameter were measured in control conditions (PBS) and after LDL injection. Lymph flow (Jlymph) was computed from contraction rate and diameter change. In some animals, after the recording procedure, diaphragmatic tissue samples were excised and immunostained with antilymphatic muscle (LM) actin to investigate the correlation between LM signal level and contraction amplitude. Data indicate a positive, saturating correlation between the abundance of LM actin and contraction amplitude, and LDL microinjection caused an acute increase in contraction frequency (+126%), a reduction of contraction amplitude to 75% of that obtained after PBS injection, and a +63% increase in Jlymph. Conclusions: From our in vivo analysis of the mechanical parameters affected by LDL, Jlymph was increased by a predominant effect on the contraction rate rather than amplitude, suggesting that the still elusive messaging system might be linked to the pacemaker sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Solari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristiana Marcozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Barbara Bartolini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Negrini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Moriondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jo M, Trujillo AN, Yang Y, Breslin JW. Evidence of functional ryanodine receptors in rat mesenteric collecting lymphatic vessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H561-H574. [PMID: 31274355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00564.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the potential contributions of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) to intrinsic pumping and responsiveness to substance P (SP) were investigated in isolated rat mesenteric collecting lymphatic vessels. Responses to SP were characterized in lymphatic vessels in the absence or presence of pretreatment with nifedipine to block L-type Ca2+ channels, caffeine to block normal release and uptake of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, ryanodine to block all RyR isoforms, or dantrolene to more selectively block RyR1 and RyR3. RyR expression and localization in lymphatics was also assessed by quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The results show that SP normally elicits a significant increase in contraction frequency and a decrease in end-diastolic diameter. In the presence of nifedipine, phasic contractions stop, yet subsequent SP treatment still elicits a strong tonic contraction. Caffeine treatment gradually relaxes lymphatics, causing a loss of phasic contractions, and prevents subsequent SP-induced tonic contraction. Ryanodine also gradually diminishes phasic contractions but without causing vessel relaxation and significantly inhibits the SP-induced tonic contraction. Dantrolene treatment did not significantly impair lymphatic contractions nor the response to SP. The mRNA for all RyR isoforms is detectable in isolated lymphatics. RyR2 and RyR3 proteins are found predominantly in the collecting lymphatic smooth muscle layer. Collectively, the data suggest that SP-induced tonic contraction requires both extracellular Ca2+ plus Ca2+ release from internal stores and that RyRs play a role in the normal contractions and responsiveness to SP of rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms that govern contractions of lymphatic vessels remain unclear. Tonic contraction of lymphatic vessels caused by substance P was blocked by caffeine, which prevents normal uptake and release of Ca2+ from internal stores, but not nifedipine, which blocks L-type channel-mediated Ca2+ entry. Ryanodine, which also disrupts normal sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and reuptake, significantly inhibited substance P-induced tonic contraction. Ryanodine receptors 2 and 3 were detected within the smooth muscle layer of collecting lymphatic vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Jo
- Department of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Andrea N Trujillo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Solari E, Marcozzi C, Negrini D, Moriondo A. Fluid Osmolarity Acutely and Differentially Modulates Lymphatic Vessels Intrinsic Contractions and Lymph Flow. Front Physiol 2018; 9:871. [PMID: 30026707 PMCID: PMC6041695 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph formation and propulsion rely on an extrinsic mechanism based on the forces that surrounding tissues exert upon the vessel wall and lumen and an intrinsic mechanism based on spontaneous, rhythmic contractions of the lymphatic muscle layer of collecting vessels. The two spontaneous pacemakers described in literature involve chloride-dependent depolarizations (STDs) and If-like currents, both giving rise to a variable contraction frequency (fc) of lymphatic vessels functional units (lymphangions). Several stimuli have been shown to modulate fc, such as temperature, shear stress, and several tissue chemical modulators (prostaglandins, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, substance P, and others). However, no detailed description is present in literature on the acute modulation of fc by means of osmolarity change of the surrounding interstitial space. Using a well-developed ex-vivo rat diaphragmatic preparation, in which osmolarity was changed by varying the concentration of D-mannitol in the perfusing solution and in later experiments the concentration of NaCl and then of Na+ and Cl− ions separately by ionic substitution, we provide detailed experimental evidences that a stepwise increase in osmolarity from control value (308 mOsm) up to 324 mOsm caused a reduction of fc down to ~-70% within the first 14 min, and that a stepwise decrease in osmolarity up to 290 mOsm induced an early fc increase to ~+34% of control, followed by a decline to an fc of ~-18% of control value. These variations were more dramatic when the same osmolarity changes were obtained by varying NaCl and/or Na+ or Cl− ions concentration, which caused an almost complete arrest of spontaneous contractility within 14 min from the application. Diastolic and systolic diameters and stroke volume were not affected by osmolarity changes, so that modulation of lymph flow closely followed that of fc. Modulation of lymph flow secondary to osmolarity changes is relevant if one considers that interstitial fluid balance is also dependent upon lymph drainage, and thus it is possible that, at least in the acute phase following variations of interstitial fluid osmolarity, its volume control might eventually be impaired due to the reduced or in the worst scenario null lymph drainage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Solari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristiana Marcozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Negrini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Moriondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pelosi P, Rocco PRM, Gama de Abreu M. Close down the lungs and keep them resting to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2018; 22:72. [PMID: 29558993 PMCID: PMC5861643 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-1991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2018. Other selected articles can be found online at https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2018. Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gama de Abreu
- Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Engineering Group, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Solari E, Marcozzi C, Negrini D, Moriondo A. Temperature-dependent modulation of regional lymphatic contraction frequency and flow. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H879-H889. [PMID: 28778912 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00267.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymph drainage and propulsion are sustained by an extrinsic mechanism, based on mechanical forces acting from the surrounding tissues against the wall of lymphatic vessels, and by an intrinsic mechanism attributable to active spontaneous contractions of the lymphatic vessel muscle. Despite being heterogeneous, the mechanisms underlying the generation of spontaneous contractions share a common biochemical nature and are thus modulated by temperature. In this study, we challenged excised tissues from rat diaphragm and hindpaw, endowed with spontaneously contracting lymphatic vessels, to temperatures from 24°C (hindpaw) or 33°C (diaphragmatic vessels) to 40°C while measuring lymphatic contraction frequency (fc) and amplitude. Both vessel populations displayed a sigmoidal relationship between fc and temperature, each centered around the average temperature of surrounding tissue (36.7 diaphragmatic and 32.1 hindpaw lymphatics). Although the slope factor of the sigmoidal fit to the fc change of hindpaw vessels was 2.3°C·cycles-1·min-1, a value within the normal range displayed by simple biochemical reactions, the slope factor of the diaphragmatic lymphatics was 0.62°C·cycles-1·min-1, suggesting the added involvement of temperature-sensing mechanisms. Lymph flow calculated as a function of temperature confirmed the relationship observed on fc data alone and showed that none of the two lymphatic vessel populations would be able to adapt to the optimal working temperature of the other tissue district. This poses a novel question whether lymphatic vessels might not adapt their function to accommodate the change if exposed to a surrounding temperature, which is different from their normal condition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates to what extent lymphatic vessel intrinsic contractility and lymph flow are modulated by temperature and that this modulation is dependent on the body district that the vessels belong to, suggesting a possible functional misbehavior should lymphatic vessels be exposed to a chronically different temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Solari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristiana Marcozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Negrini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Moriondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|