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Drenckhahn JD, Nicin L, Akhouaji S, Krück S, Blank AE, Schänzer A, Yörüker U, Jux C, Tombor L, Abplanalp W, John D, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S, Rupp S. Cardiomyocyte hyperplasia and immaturity but not hypertrophy are characteristic features of patients with RASopathies. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 178:22-35. [PMID: 36948385 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS RASopathies are caused by mutations in genes that alter the MAP kinase pathway and are marked by several malformations with cardiovascular disorders as the predominant cause of mortality. Mechanistic insights in the underlying pathogenesis in affected cardiac tissue are rare. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of RASopathy causing mutations on the human heart. METHODS AND RESULTS Using single cell approaches and histopathology we analyzed cardiac tissue from children with different RASopathy-associated mutations compared to age-matched dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and control hearts. The volume of cardiomyocytes was reduced in RASopathy conditions compared to controls and DCM patients, and the estimated number of cardiomyocytes per heart was ~4-10 times higher. Single nuclei RNA sequencing of a 13-year-old RASopathy patient (carrying a PTPN11 c.1528C > G mutation) revealed that myocardial cell composition and transcriptional patterns were similar to <1 year old DCM hearts. Additionally, immaturity of cardiomyocytes is shown by an increased MYH6/MYH7 expression ratio and reduced expression of genes associated with fatty acid metabolism. In the patient with the PTPN11 mutation activation of the MAP kinase pathway was not evident in cardiomyocytes, whereas increased phosphorylation of PDK1 and its downstream kinase Akt was detected. CONCLUSION In conclusion, an immature cardiomyocyte differentiation status appears to be preserved in juvenile RASopathy patients. The increased mass of the heart in such patients is due to an increase in cardiomyocyte number (hyperplasia) but not an enlargement of individual cardiomyocytes (hypertrophy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg-Detlef Drenckhahn
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Congenital Heart Disease, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Luka Nicin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sara Akhouaji
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Congenital Heart Disease, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Svenja Krück
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Congenital Heart Disease, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Eva Blank
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Congenital Heart Disease, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Uygar Yörüker
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Jux
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Congenital Heart Disease, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lukas Tombor
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Cardiopulmonary Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wesley Abplanalp
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Cardiopulmonary Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David John
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Cardiopulmonary Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas M Zeiher
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Cardiopulmonary Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Cardiopulmonary Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Rupp
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Congenital Heart Disease, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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2
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Cao Y, Duan H, Su A, Xu L, Lai B. A pan-cancer analysis confirms PTPN11's potential as a prognostic and immunological biomarker. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5590-5610. [PMID: 35802774 PMCID: PMC9320542 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) is a multifunctional tyrosine phosphatase and has a significant part in many types of tumors. As of yet, neither the expression profile of PTPN11 nor its significance in pan-cancer diagnosis has been clarified. With the assistance of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), we have comprehensively mapped the expression profiles, prognostic significance, genetic alteration, phosphorylation status, infiltration of immune cells, and functional properties of PTPN11 in 33 human tumors. There was an inconsistent expression of PTPN11 in different tumors, and the alteration of PTPN11 expression predicted the survival outcomes of cancer patients. A significant association was found between the genetic alteration levels of PTPN11 and some tumor predictions. Besides, the reduced PTPN11 phosphorylation levels were observed in breast cancer, clear cell RCC, head and neck carcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Furthermore, there was a significant association between PTPN11 expression and infiltration of cancer-associated fibroblasts and endothelial cells, along with tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, mismatch repair genes, and immunoregulators. Finally, pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that PTPN11-associated terms and pathways were involved in malignancy. Taken together, PTPN11 may become a new biomarker and target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Cao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Haixia Duan
- Department of Reproduction Gynecology, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Ailing Su
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Liran Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Baochang Lai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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3
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Liu J, Li W, Deng KQ, Tian S, Liu H, Shi H, Fang Q, Liu Z, Chen Z, Tian T, Gan S, Hu F, Hu M, Cheng X, Ji YX, Zhang P, She ZG, Zhang XJ, Chen S, Cai J, Li H. The E3 Ligase TRIM16 Is a Key Suppressor of Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy. Circ Res 2022; 130:1586-1600. [PMID: 35437018 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is one of the leading causes of heart failure with highly complicated pathogeneses. The E3 ligase TRIM16 (tripartite motif-containing protein 16) has been recognized as a pivotal regulator to control cell survival, immune response, and oxidative stress. However, the role of Trim16 in cardiac hypertrophy is unknown. METHODS We generated cardiac-specific knockout mice and adeno-associated virus serotype 9-Trim16 mice to evaluate the function of Trim16 in pathological myocardial hypertrophy. The direct effect of TRIM16 on cardiomyocyte enlargement was examined using an adenovirus system. Furthermore, we combined RNA-sequencing and interactome analysis that was followed by multiple molecular biological methodologies to identify the direct target and corresponding molecular events contributing to TRIM16 function. RESULTS We found an intimate correlation of Trim16 expression with hypertrophy-related heart failure in both human and mouse. Our functional investigations and unbiased transcriptomic analyses clearly demonstrated that Trim16 deficiency markedly exacerbated cardiomyocyte enlargement in vitro and in transverse aortic constriction-induced cardiac hypertrophy mouse model, whereas Trim16 overexpression attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Mechanistically, Prdx1 (peroxiredoxin 1) is an essential target of Trim16 in cardiac hypertrophy. We found that Trim16 interacts with Prdx1 and inhibits its phosphorylation, leading to a robust enhancement of its downstream Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2) pathway to block cardiac hypertrophy. Trim16-blocked Prdx1 phosphorylation was largely dependent on a direct interaction between Trim16 and Src and the resultant Src ubiquitinational degradation. Notably, Prdx1 knockdown largely abolished the anti-hypertrophic effects of Trim16 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence supporting Trim16 as a novel suppressor of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and indicate that targeting the Trim16-Prdx1 axis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for hypertrophy-related heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (J.L., W.L., T.T., Z.-G.S., H.L.).,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (J.L., W.L., T.T., Z.-G.S., H.L.).,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Ke-Qiong Deng
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China. (K.-Q.D., Z.C.)
| | - Song Tian
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China. (H. Liu, M.H., X.C.).,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China. (H. Liu, M.H., X.C.)
| | - Hongjie Shi
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, China (H.S., S.G., Y.-X.J., P.Z., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Qian Fang
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Ze Chen
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China. (K.-Q.D., Z.C.)
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (J.L., W.L., T.T., Z.-G.S., H.L.).,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Shanyu Gan
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, China (H.S., S.G., Y.-X.J., P.Z., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Fengjiao Hu
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China. (F.H., H. Li)
| | - Manli Hu
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China. (H. Liu, M.H., X.C.).,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China. (H. Liu, M.H., X.C.)
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China. (H. Liu, M.H., X.C.).,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China. (H. Liu, M.H., X.C.)
| | - Yan-Xiao Ji
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, China (H.S., S.G., Y.-X.J., P.Z., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, China (H.S., S.G., Y.-X.J., P.Z., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (J.L., W.L., T.T., Z.-G.S., H.L.).,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, China (H.S., S.G., Y.-X.J., P.Z., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
| | - Shaoze Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Huanggang Central Hospital, China (S.C.).,Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, China (S.C.)
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (J.C.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (J.L., W.L., T.T., Z.-G.S., H.L.).,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, China (J.L., W.L., K.-Q.D., S.T., H. Liu, H.S., Q.F., Z.L., Z.C., T.T., S.G., F.H., M.H., X.C., Y.-X.J., P.Z., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H. Li).,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China. (F.H., H. Li).,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, China (H.S., S.G., Y.-X.J., P.Z., X.-J.Z., H. Li)
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4
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Lu S, Peng X, Lin G, Xu K, Wang S, Qiu W, Du H, Chang K, Lv Y, Liu Y, Deng H, Hu C, Xu X. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) SHP2 suppresses IFN I expression via decreasing the phosphorylation of GSK3β in a non-contact manner. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:150-160. [PMID: 34265416 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a tyrosine phosphatase, Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) serves as an inhibitor in PI3K-Akt pathway. In mammals, SHP2 can phosphorylate GSK3β at Y216 site to control the expression of IFN. So far, the multiple functions of SHP2 have been reported in mammals. However, little is known about fish SHP2. In this study, we cloned and identified a grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) SHP2 gene (CiSHP2, MT373151). SHP2 is conserved among different vertebrates by amino acid sequences alignment and the phylogenetic tree analysis. CiSHP2 shared the closest homology with Danio rerio SHP2. Simultaneously, SHP2 was also tested in grass carp tissues and CIK (C. idellus kidney) cells. We found that it responded to poly I:C stimulation. CiSHP2 was located in the cytoplasm just as the same as those of mammals. Interestingly, it inhibited the phosphorylation level of GSK3β in a non-contact manner. Meanwhile CiGSK3β interacted with and directly phosphorylated CiTBK1. In addition, we found that CiSHP2 also reduced the phosphorylation level of CiTBK1 by CiGSK3β, and then it depressed the expression of IFN I via GSK3β-TBK1 axis. These results suggested that CiSHP2 was involved in CiGSK3β and CiTBK1 activity but not regulated their transcriptional level. At the same time, we also found that CiSHP2 also influenced the activity of CiIRF3. Therefore, fish SHP2 inhibited IFN I expression through blocking GSK3β-TBK1 signal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shina Lu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaojue Peng
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gang Lin
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kang Xu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shanghong Wang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weihua Qiu
- Teaching Material Research Office of Jiangxi Provincial Education Department, Nanchang, 330046, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hailing Du
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kaile Chang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yangfeng Lv
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yapeng Liu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hang Deng
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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5
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Dong L, Han D, Meng X, Xu M, Zheng C, Xia Q. Activating Mutation of SHP2 Establishes a Tumorigenic Phonotype Through Cell-Autonomous and Non-Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630712. [PMID: 33777940 PMCID: PMC7991796 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutation of SHP2 is a central regulator in tumorigenesis and cancer progression through cell-autonomous mechanisms. Activating mutation of SHP2 in microenvironment was identified to promote cancerous transformation of hematopoietic stem cell in non-autonomous mechanisms. It is interesting to see whether therapies directed against SHP2 in tumor or microenvironmental cells augment antitumor efficacy. In this review, we summarized different types of gain-of-function SHP2 mutations from a human disease. In general, gain-of-function mutations destroy the auto-inhibition state from wild-type SHP2, leading to consistency activation of SHP2. We illustrated how somatic or germline mutation of SHP2 plays an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis, stemness maintenance, invasion, etc. Moreover, the small-molecule SHP2 inhibitors are considered as a potential strategy for enhancing the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy and chemotherapy. We also discussed the interconnection between phase separation and activating mutation of SHP2 in drug resistance of antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Da Han
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengchuan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chuwen Zheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Qin Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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6
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Nakagama Y, Inuzuka R, Ichimura K, Hinata M, Takehara H, Takeda N, Kakiuchi S, Shiraga K, Asakai H, Shindo T, Hirata Y, Saitoh M, Oka A. Accelerated Cardiomyocyte Proliferation in the Heart of a Neonate With LEOPARD Syndrome-Associated Fatal Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2019; 11:e004660. [PMID: 29602897 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.117.004660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nakagama
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Inuzuka
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kayoko Ichimura
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munetoshi Hinata
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takehara
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiraga
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Asakai
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shindo
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Oka
- Department of Pediatrics (Y.N., R.I., H.T., S.K., K.S., H.A., T.S., Y.H., A.O.), Department of Pathology (K.I., M.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.T.), and Department of Developmental Medical Sciences (M.S.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Liu WS, Wang RR, Li WY, Rong M, Liu CL, Ma Y, Wang RL. Investigating the reason for loss-of-function of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) caused by Y279C mutation through molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2509-2520. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1634641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Ya Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chi-Lu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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8
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Zhao Y, Wang C, Hong X, Miao J, Liao Y, Hou FF, Zhou L, Liu Y. Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates both heart and kidney injury in type 2 cardiorenal syndrome. Kidney Int 2019; 95:815-829. [PMID: 30770217 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In type 2 cardiorenal syndrome, chronic heart failure is thought to cause or promote chronic kidney disease; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We investigated the role of Wnt signaling in heart and kidney injury in a mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). At 8 weeks after TAC, cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis were prominent, and echocardiography confirmed impaired cardiac function. The cardiac lesions were accompanied by upregulation of multiple Wnt ligands and activation of β-catenin, as well as activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Wnt3a induced multiple components of the RAS in primary cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. TAC also caused proteinuria and kidney fibrosis, accompanied by klotho depletion and β-catenin activation in the kidney. Pharmacologic blockade of β-catenin with a small molecule inhibitor or the RAS with losartan ameliorated cardiac injury, restored heart function, and mitigated the renal lesions. Serum from TAC mice was sufficient to activate β-catenin and trigger tubular cell injury in vitro, indicating a role for circulating factors. Multiple inflammatory cytokines were upregulated in the circulation of TAC mice, and tumor necrosis factor-α was able to inhibit klotho, induce β-catenin activation, and cause tubular cell injury in vitro. These studies identify Wnt/β-catenin signaling as a common pathogenic mediator of heart and kidney injury in type 2 cardiorenal syndrome after TAC. Targeting this pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy to protect both organs in cardiorenal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Liao
- Division of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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9
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Abstract
More than any other organ, the heart is particularly sensitive to gene expression deregulation, often leading in the long run to impaired contractile performances and excessive fibrosis deposition progressing to heart failure. Recent investigations provide evidences that the protein phosphatases (PPs), as their counterpart protein kinases, are important regulators of cardiac physiology and development. Two main groups, the protein serine/threonine phosphatases and the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), constitute the PPs family. Here, we provide an overview of the role of PTP subfamily in the development of the heart and in cardiac pathophysiology. Based on recent in silico studies, we highlight the importance of PTPs as therapeutic targets for the development of new drugs to restore PTPs signaling in the early and late events of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fallou Wade
- Cardiovascular Research Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karim Belhaj
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Coralie Poizat
- Cardiovascular Research Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia. .,Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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10
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Roy R, Krenz M. Heterozygous deletion of AKT1 rescues cardiac contractility, but not hypertrophy, in a mouse model of Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 112:83-90. [PMID: 28911943 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines (NSML) is associated with congenital heart disease in form of pulmonary valve stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Genetically, NSML is primarily caused by mutations in the non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Importantly, certain SHP2 mutations such as Q510E can cause a particularly severe form of HCM with heart failure in infancy. Due to lack of insight into the underlying pathomechanisms, an effective custom-tailored therapy to prevent heart failure in these patients has not yet been found. SHP2 regulates numerous signaling cascades governing cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Experimental models have shown that NSML mutations in SHP2 cause dysregulation of downstream signaling, in particular involving the protein kinase AKT. AKT, and especially the isoform AKT1, has been shown to be a major regulator of cardiac hypertrophy. We therefore hypothesized that hyperactivation of AKT1 is required for the development of Q510E-SHP2-induced HCM. We previously generated a transgenic mouse model of NSML-associated HCM induced by Q510E-SHP2 expression in cardiomyocytes starting before birth. Mice display neonatal-onset HCM with initially preserved contractile function followed by functional decline around 2months of age. As a proof-of-principle study, our current goal was to establish to which extent a genetic reduction in AKT1 rescues the Q510E-SHP2-induced cardiac phenotype in vivo. AKT1 deletion mice were crossed with Q510E-SHP2 transgenic mice and the resulting compound mutant offspring analyzed. Homozygous deletion of AKT1 greatly reduced viability in our NSML mouse model, whereas heterozygous deletion of AKT1 in combination with Q510E-SHP2 expression was well tolerated. Despite normalization of pro-hypertrophic signaling downstream of AKT, heterozygous deletion of AKT1 did not ameliorate cardiac hypertrophy induced by Q510E-SHP2. However, the functional decline caused by Q510E-SHP2 expression was effectively prevented by reducing AKT1 protein. This demonstrates that AKT1 plays an important role in the underlying pathomechanism. Furthermore, the functional rescue was associated with an increase in the capillary-to-cardiomyocyte ratio and normalization of capillary density per tissue area in the compound mutant offspring. We therefore speculate that limited oxygen supply to the hypertrophied cardiomyocytes may contribute to the functional decline observed in our mouse model of NSML-associated HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajika Roy
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Dr, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Maike Krenz
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Dr, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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11
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Lauriol J, Cabrera JR, Roy A, Keith K, Hough SM, Damilano F, Wang B, Segarra GC, Flessa ME, Miller LE, Das S, Bronson R, Lee KH, Kontaridis MI. Developmental SHP2 dysfunction underlies cardiac hypertrophy in Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2989-3005. [PMID: 27348588 PMCID: PMC4966304 DOI: 10.1172/jci80396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common cause of mortality in congenital heart disease (CHD). Many gene abnormalities are associated with cardiac hypertrophy, but their function in cardiac development is not well understood. Loss-of-function mutations in PTPN11, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP2, are implicated in CHD and cause Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), a condition that often presents with cardiac hypertrophic defects. Here, we found that NSML-associated hypertrophy stems from aberrant signaling mechanisms originating in developing endocardium. Trabeculation and valvular hyperplasia were diminished in hearts of embryonic mice expressing a human NSML-associated variant of SHP2, and these defects were recapitulated in mice expressing NSML-associated SHP2 specifically in endothelial, but not myocardial or neural crest, cells. In contrast, mice with myocardial- but not endothelial-specific NSML SHP2 expression developed ventricular septal defects, suggesting that NSML-associated mutations have both cell-autonomous and nonautonomous functions in cardiac development. However, only endothelial-specific expression of NSML-associated SHP2 induced adult-onset cardiac hypertrophy. Further, embryos expressing the NSML-associated SHP2 mutation exhibited aberrant AKT activity and decreased downstream forkhead box P1 (FOXP1)/FGF and NOTCH1/EPHB2 signaling, indicating that SHP2 is required for regulating reciprocal crosstalk between developing endocardium and myocardium. Together, our data provide functional and disease-based evidence that aberrant SHP2 signaling during cardiac development leads to CHD and adult-onset heart hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lauriol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janel R. Cabrera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashbeel Roy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly Keith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara M. Hough
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Federico Damilano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bonnie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriel C. Segarra
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Meaghan E. Flessa
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren E. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Maria I. Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Zhou M, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhu J, Du M, Zhou L, Zhang L, Wang W, Sun G. PTEN-Foxo1 signaling triggers HMGB1-mediated innate immune responses in acute lung injury. Immunol Res 2016; 62:95-105. [PMID: 25759027 PMCID: PMC4424276 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PTEN is a multifunctional phosphatase that regulates immune responses through a PI3K/Akt signaling cascade. HMGB1 plays an important role in the initiation of innate immune responses to induce acute lung injury (ALI). This study was designed to investigate the role of PTEN/Foxo1 signaling in the regulation of in vivo and in vitro innate immune responses in ALI. Using a mouse model of ALI, wild-type (WT) and myeloid-specific PTEN knockout (PTEN(M-KO)) mice were instilled with a recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) or PBS. In some experiments, Foxo1 siRNA or non-specific siRNA was injected into mice 6 h prior to rHMGB1 instillation into lung. We found that rHMGB1 treatment in WT mice increased the expression of PTEN, Foxo1, TLR4, and NF-κB in alveolar macrophages from WT mice. However, macrophage-specific PTEN ablation resulted in reduced Foxo1 and TLR4 while increasing β-catenin (Ser552) and Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation in these cells. Knockdown of Foxo1 with siRNA administration in WT mice ameliorated lung injury and inhibited myeloperoxidase activity followed by rHMGB1 treatment, which was accompanied by decreased mRNA expression coding for TNF-α, IL-1β, MIP2, and IP-10. Moreover, Foxo1 knockdown inhibited the expression of TLR4-dependent IRF3 and IFN-β both in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that PTEN/Foxo1 signaling is critical for triggering HMGB1-mediated innate TLR4 activation during ALI. By identifying the molecular signaling pathways within innate immune system, our studies provide the potential therapeutic targets for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, JiXi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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13
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SHP2 sails from physiology to pathology. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:509-25. [PMID: 26341048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the two past decades, mutations of the PTPN11 gene, encoding the ubiquitous protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2), have been identified as the causal factor of several developmental diseases (Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NS-ML), and metachondromatosis), and malignancies (juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia). SHP2 plays essential physiological functions in organism development and homeostasis maintenance by regulating fundamental intracellular signaling pathways in response to a wide range of growth factors and hormones, notably the pleiotropic Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and the Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascades. Analysis of the biochemical impacts of PTPN11 mutations first identified both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations, as well as more subtle defects, highlighting the major pathophysiological consequences of SHP2 dysregulation. Then, functional genetic studies provided insights into the molecular dysregulations that link SHP2 mutants to the development of specific traits of the diseases, paving the way for the design of specific therapies for affected patients. In this review, we first provide an overview of SHP2's structure and regulation, then describe its molecular roles, notably its functions in modulating the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, and its physiological roles in organism development and homeostasis. In the second part, we describe the different PTPN11 mutation-associated pathologies and their clinical manifestations, with particular focus on the biochemical and signaling outcomes of NS and NS-ML-associated mutations, and on the recent advances regarding the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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14
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Clay SA, Domeier TL, Hanft LM, McDonald KS, Krenz M. Elevated Ca2+ transients and increased myofibrillar power generation cause cardiac hypercontractility in a model of Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1086-95. [PMID: 25724491 PMCID: PMC4551123 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00501.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) is primarily caused by mutations in the nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and associated with congenital heart disease in the form of pulmonary valve stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Our goal was to elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying the development of HCM caused by the Q510E mutation in SHP2. NSML patients carrying this mutation suffer from a particularly severe form of HCM. Drawing parallels to other, more common forms of HCM, we hypothesized that altered Ca(2+) homeostasis and/or sarcomeric mechanical properties play key roles in the pathomechanism. We used transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-specific expression of Q510E-SHP2 starting before birth. Mice develop neonatal onset HCM with increased ejection fraction and fractional shortening at 4-6 wk of age. To assess Ca(2+) handling, isolated cardiomyocytes were loaded with fluo-4. Q510E-SHP2 expression increased Ca(2+) transient amplitudes during excitation-contraction coupling and increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) content concurrent with increased expression of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase. In skinned cardiomyocyte preparations from Q510E-SHP2 mice, force-velocity relationships and power-load curves were shifted upward. The peak power-generating capacity was increased approximately twofold. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the relative intracellular area occupied by sarcomeres was increased in Q510E-SHP2 cardiomyocytes. Triton X-100-based myofiber purification showed that Q510E-SHP2 increased the amount of sarcomeric proteins assembled into myofibers. In summary, Q510E-SHP2 expression leads to enhanced contractile performance early in disease progression by augmenting intracellular Ca(2+) cycling and increasing the number of power-generating sarcomeres. This gives important new insights into the cellular pathomechanisms of Q510E-SHP2-associated HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Clay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology/Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Timothy L Domeier
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology/Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Laurin M Hanft
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology/Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kerry S McDonald
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology/Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology/Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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15
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Zhao L, Yang G, Zhao X. Rho-associated protein kinases play an important role in the differentiation of rat adipose-derived stromal cells into cardiomyocytes in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115191. [PMID: 25522345 PMCID: PMC4270751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) represent a readily available abundant supply of mesenchymal stem cells and have the ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in mice and human, making ADSCs a promising source of cardiomyocytes for transplantation. However, there has been no report of differentiation of rat ADSCs into cardiomyocytes. In addition, signaling pathways in the differentiation process from ADSCs to cardiomyocytes are unknown. In this study, we first demonstrated that rat ADSCs spontaneously differentiated into cardiomyocytes in vitro, when cultured on a complete medium formulation MethoCult GF M3534. These differentiated cells possessed cardiomyocyte phenotype and expressed cardiac markers. Moreover, these cells showed open excitation-contracting coupling and Ca2+ transient and contracted spontaneously. The role of Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCKs) in the differentiation process was then studied by using ROCK-specific inhibitor Y-27632 and ROCK siRNAs. These agents changed the arrangement of cytoskeleton and diminished appearance of cardiomyocyte phenotype, accompanied by inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and promotion of Akt phosphorylation. Collectively, this is the first study to demonstrate that rat ADSCs could spontaneously differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro and ROCKs play an important role in the differentiation of ADSCs into beating cardiomyocytes in conjunction of the PI3K/Akt pathway and the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Edwards MA, Crombie K, Schramm C, Krenz M. The Q510E mutation in Shp2 perturbs heart valve development by increasing cell migration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:124-31. [PMID: 25359717 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tightly regulated cellular signaling is critical for correct heart valve development, but how and why signaling is dysregulated in congenital heart disease is not very well known. We focused on protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2, because mutations in this signaling modulator frequently cause valve malformations associated with Noonan syndrome or Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML). To model NSML-associated valve disease, we targeted overexpression of Q510E-Shp2 to mouse endocardial cushions (ECs) using a Tie2-Cre-based approach. At midgestation, Q510E-Shp2 expression increased the size of atrioventricular ECs by 80%. To dissect the underlying cellular mechanisms, we explanted ECs from chick embryonic hearts and induced Q510E-Shp2 expression using adenoviral vectors. Valve cell outgrowth from cultured EC explants into surrounding matrix was significantly increased by Q510E-Shp2 expression. Because focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a critical regulator of cell migration, we tested whether FAK inhibition counteracts the Q510E-Shp2-induced effects in explanted ECs. The FAK/src inhibitor PP2 normalized valve cell outgrowth from Q510E-Shp2-expressing ECs. Next, chick ECs were further dissociated to assess cell proliferation and migration. Valve cell proliferation was not increased by Q510E-Shp2 as determined by label incorporation. In contrast, valve cell migration as reflected in a wound-healing assay was increased by Q510E-Shp2 expression, indicating that increased migration is the predominant effect of Q510E-Shp2 expression in ECs. In conclusion, PP2-sensitive signaling mediates the pathogenic effects of Q510E-Shp2 on cell migration in EC explant cultures. This suggests a central role for FAK and provides new mechanistic insight into the molecular basis of valve defects in NSML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Edwards
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia Missouri
| | - Kathryn Crombie
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia Missouri
| | - Christine Schramm
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia Missouri
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia Missouri
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17
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Germline PTPN11 and somatic PIK3CA variant in a boy with megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome (MCAP)--pure coincidence? Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:409-12. [PMID: 24939587 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Megalencephaly-capillary malformation (MCAP) syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome that is diagnosed by clinical criteria. Recently, somatic and germline variants in genes that are involved in the PI3K-AKT pathway (AKT3, PIK3R2 and PIK3CA) have been described to be associated with MCAP and/or other related megalencephaly syndromes. We performed trio-exome sequencing in a 6-year-old boy and his healthy parents. Clinical features were macrocephaly, cutis marmorata, angiomata, asymmetric overgrowth, developmental delay, discrete midline facial nevus flammeus, toe syndactyly and postaxial polydactyly--thus, clearly an MCAP phenotype. Exome sequencing revealed a pathogenic de novo germline variant in the PTPN11 gene (c.1529A>G; p.(Gln510Arg)), which has so far been associated with Noonan, as well as LEOPARD syndrome. Whole-exome sequencing (>100 × coverage) did not reveal any alteration in the known megalencephaly genes. However, ultra-deep sequencing results from saliva (>1000 × coverage) revealed a 22% mosaic variant in PIK3CA (c.2740G>A; p.(Gly914Arg)). To our knowledge, this report is the first description of a PTPN11 germline variant in an MCAP patient. Data from experimental studies show a complex interaction of SHP2 (gene product of PTPN11) and the PI3K-AKT pathway. We hypothesize that certain PTPN11 germline variants might drive toward additional second-hit alterations.
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Bonetti M, Paardekooper Overman J, Tessadori F, Noël E, Bakkers J, den Hertog J. Noonan and LEOPARD syndrome Shp2 variants induce heart displacement defects in zebrafish. Development 2014; 141:1961-70. [PMID: 24718990 DOI: 10.1242/dev.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in PTPN11, encoding Shp2, cause Noonan syndrome (NS) and LEOPARD syndrome (LS), two developmental disorders that are characterized by multiple overlapping symptoms. Interestingly, Shp2 catalytic activity is enhanced by NS mutations and reduced by LS mutations. Defective cardiac development is a prominent symptom of both NS and LS, but how the Shp2 variants affect cardiac development is unclear. Here, we have expressed the most common NS and LS Shp2-variants in zebrafish embryos to investigate their role in cardiac development in vivo. Heart function was impaired in embryos expressing NS and LS variants of Shp2. The cardiac anomalies first occurred during elongation of the heart tube and consisted of reduced cardiomyocyte migration, coupled with impaired leftward heart displacement. Expression of specific laterality markers was randomized in embryos expressing NS and LS variants of Shp2. Ciliogenesis and cilia function in Kupffer's vesicle was impaired, likely accounting for the left/right asymmetry defects. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was activated to a similar extent in embryos expressing NS and LS Shp2 variants. Interestingly, inhibition of MAPK signaling prior to gastrulation rescued cilia length and heart laterality defects. These results suggest that NS and LS Shp2 variant-mediated hyperactivation of MAPK signaling leads to impaired cilia function in Kupffer's vesicle, causing left-right asymmetry defects and defective early cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bonetti
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
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SHP-2 deletion in postmigratory neural crest cells results in impaired cardiac sympathetic innervation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1374-82. [PMID: 24706815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319208111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic innervation is an essential component of cardiovascular regulation that is first established from the neural crest (NC) lineage in utero and continues developing postnatally. Although in vitro studies have indicated that SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) is a signaling factor critical for regulating sympathetic neuron differentiation, this has yet to be shown in the complex in vivo environment of cardiac autonomic innervation. Targeting SHP-2 within postmigratory NC lineages resulted in a fully penetrant mouse model of diminished sympathetic cardiac innervation and concomitant bradycardia. Immunohistochemistry of the sympathetic nerve marker tyrosine hydroxylase revealed a progressive loss of adrenergic ganglionic neurons and reduction of cardiac sympathetic axon density in Shp2 cKOs. Molecularly, Shp2 cKOs exhibit lineage-specific suppression of activated phospo-ERK1/2 signaling but not of other downstream targets of SHP-2 such as pAKT. Genetic restoration of the phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) deficiency via lineage-specific expression of constitutively active MEK1 was sufficient to rescue the sympathetic innervation deficit and its physiological consequences. These data indicate that SHP-2 signaling specifically through pERK in postmigratory NC lineages is essential for development and maintenance of sympathetic cardiac innervation postnatally.
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Schramm C, Edwards MA, Krenz M. New approaches to prevent LEOPARD syndrome-associated cardiac hypertrophy by specifically targeting Shp2-dependent signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18335-44. [PMID: 23673659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.483800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In LEOPARD syndrome (LS) patients, mutations in the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The prohypertrophic effects of mutant Shp2 are mediated downstream by hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin. Our goal was to further define the signaling cascade that is essential for the underlying pathomechanism, thus expanding the list of potential future therapeutic targets. Using cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with adenoviral gene delivery and pharmacological inhibitors, we found that hypertrophy induced by a particularly aggressive LS mutation in Shp2 depends on hyperactivation of Akt and focal adhesion kinase as well as mammalian target of rapamycin. Dissecting domain-specific functions of Shp2 using double and truncation mutants, we determined that the hypertrophic effects of mutant Shp2 depend on the two SH2 domains and on an intact catalytic center. The latter finding prompted us to test the efficacy of a Shp2 inhibitor targeted directly at the catalytic pocket. This compound, PHPS1, effectively prevented mutant Shp2-induced hypertrophy. In summary, we identified three novel targets for pharmacological therapy of LS-associated cardiac hypertrophy. Of particular importance is the finding that intervention directly at the mutant Shp2 protein is effective because this would facilitate custom-tailored therapeutic approaches for patients carrying LS mutations in Shp2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schramm
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Burmeister BT, Taglieri DM, Wang L, Carnegie GK. Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (Shp2) is a component of the A-kinase-anchoring protein (AKAP)-Lbc complex and is inhibited by protein kinase A (PKA) under pathological hypertrophic conditions in the heart. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40535-46. [PMID: 23045525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.385641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKAP-Lbc is a scaffold protein that coordinates cardiac hypertrophic signaling. RESULTS AKAP-Lbc interacts with Shp2, facilitating its regulation by PKA. CONCLUSION AKAP-Lbc integrates PKA and Shp2 signaling in the heart. Under pathological hypertrophic conditions Shp2 is phosphorylated by PKA, and phosphatase activity is inhibited. SIGNIFICANCE Inhibition of Shp2 activity through AKAP-Lbc-anchored PKA is a previously unrecognized mechanism that may promote pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Pathological cardiac hypertrophy (an increase in cardiac mass resulting from stress-induced cardiac myocyte growth) is a major factor underlying heart failure. Our results identify a novel mechanism of Shp2 inhibition that may promote cardiac hypertrophy. We demonstrate that the tyrosine phosphatase, Shp2, is a component of the A-kinase-anchoring protein (AKAP)-Lbc complex. AKAP-Lbc facilitates PKA phosphorylation of Shp2, which inhibits its protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity. Given the important cardiac roles of both AKAP-Lbc and Shp2, we investigated the AKAP-Lbc-Shp2 interaction in the heart. AKAP-Lbc-tethered PKA is implicated in cardiac hypertrophic signaling; however, mechanism of PKA action is unknown. Mutations resulting in loss of Shp2 catalytic activity are also associated with cardiac hypertrophy and congenital heart defects. Our data indicate that AKAP-Lbc integrates PKA and Shp2 signaling in the heart and that AKAP-Lbc-associated Shp2 activity is reduced in hypertrophic hearts in response to chronic β-adrenergic stimulation and PKA activation. Thus, while induction of cardiac hypertrophy is a multifaceted process, inhibition of Shp2 activity through AKAP-Lbc-anchored PKA is a previously unrecognized mechanism that may promote compensatory cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Burmeister
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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22
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Lauriol J, Kontaridis MI. PTPN11-associated mutations in the heart: has LEOPARD changed Its RASpots? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 21:97-104. [PMID: 22681964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on elucidating the cardiac function of germline mutations in the PTPN11 gene, encoding the Src homology-2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. PTPN11 mutations cause LEOPARD syndrome (LS) and Noonan syndrome (NS), two disorders that are part of a newly classified family of autosomal dominant syndromes termed "RASopathies," which are caused by germline mutations in components of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK mitogen activating protein kinase pathway. LS and NS mutants have opposing biochemical properties, and yet, in patients, these mutations produce similar cardiac abnormalities. Precisely how LS and NS mutations lead to such similar disease etiology remains largely unknown. Recent complementary in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo analyses reveal new insights into the functions of SHP2 in normal and pathological cardiac development. These findings also reveal the need for individualized therapeutic approaches in the treatment of patients with LS and NS and, more broadly, patients with the other "RASopathy" gene mutations as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lauriol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tandon P, Conlon FL, Taylor JM. ROCKs cause SHP-wrecks and broken hearts. Small GTPases 2012; 3:209-12. [PMID: 22858643 PMCID: PMC3520883 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.20960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the heart is one of the first organs to develop. Its formation requires a complex combination of migration of cardiac precursors to the ventral midline coupled with the fusion of these cardiogenic fields and subsequent cellular reorganization to form a linear heart tube. A finely controlled choreography of cell proliferation, adhesion, contraction and movement drives the heart tube to loop and subsequently septate to form the four-chambered mammalian heart we are familiar with. Defining how this plethora of cellular processes is controlled both spatially and temporally is a scientific feat that has fascinated researchers for decades. Unfortunately, the complex nature of this organ’s development also makes it a prime target for mutation-induced malformation, as evidenced by the multitude of prevalent congenital heart disorders identified that afflict up to 1% of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panna Tandon
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Schramm C, Fine DM, Edwards MA, Reeb AN, Krenz M. The PTPN11 loss-of-function mutation Q510E-Shp2 causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by dysregulating mTOR signaling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 302:H231-43. [PMID: 22058153 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00665.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The identification of mutations in PTPN11 (encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2) in families with congenital heart disease has facilitated mechanistic studies of various cardiovascular defects. However, the roles of normal and mutant Shp2 in the developing heart are still poorly understood. Furthermore, it remains unclear how Shp2 loss-of-function (LOF) mutations cause LEOPARD Syndrome (also termed Noonan Syndrome with multiple lentigines), which is characterized by congenital heart defects such as pulmonary valve stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In normal hearts, Shp2 controls cardiomyocyte size by regulating signaling through protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We hypothesized that Shp2 LOF mutations dysregulate this pathway, resulting in HCM. For our studies, we chose the Shp2 mutation Q510E, a dominant-negative LOF mutation associated with severe early onset HCM. Newborn mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Q510E-Shp2 starting before birth displayed increased cardiomyocyte sizes, heart-to-body weight ratios, interventricular septum thickness, and cardiomyocyte disarray. In 3-mo-old hearts, interstitial fibrosis was detected. Echocardiographically, ventricular walls were thickened and contractile function was depressed. In ventricular tissue samples, signaling through Akt/mTOR was hyperactivated, indicating that the presence of Q510E-Shp2 led to upregulation of this pathway. Importantly, rapamycin treatment started shortly after birth rescued the Q510E-Shp2-induced phenotype in vivo. If rapamycin was started at 6 wk of age, HCM was also ameliorated. We also generated a second mouse model in which cardiomyocyte-specific Q510E-Shp2 overexpression started after birth. In contrast to the first model, these mice did not develop HCM. In summary, our studies establish a role for mTOR signaling in HCM caused by Q510E-Shp2. Q510E-Shp2 overexpression in the cardiomyocyte population alone was sufficient to induce the phenotype. Furthermore, the pathomechanism was triggered pre- but not postnatally. However, postnatal rapamycin treatment could still reverse already established HCM, which may have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schramm
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65211, USA
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